Earthwork

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EARTHWORKMasterplan, Design and Authority’s Requirement

Ir. Abdul Aziz Abas P.Eng, C.PEng, Int.PE

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EARTHWORKPREFACE

• As a module of the Integrated Design Project course for the Bachelor of Civil Engineering programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah Alam

This program provides basic overview of all aspects of Earthwork planning and design, guidelines, legislative and regulatory requirements

Preparation for life…

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EARTHWORKPREFACE

• UNDERSTANDING the subject of Civil Engineering in wider perspective, inter-relation with other subjects influencing the performance of Engineering works and challenges.

Benefit

• ACQUIRRING cutting edge practical design knowledge & skills that last forever in the world of ever-changing infrastructural engineering.

• GAINING LEVERAGE by demonstrating knowledge of engineering in a multi-disciplinary context.

• DEVELOPING your engineering knowledge significantly and permanently.

• PROVIDING your dashing factor (distinguish factor) for better chance of employment upon graduation.

• EXPAND your employment versatility in an ever-changing marketplace.

• WINNING at the office and in daily job with the power of practical skill.

• ADVANCING your career as an Engineer.

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1 INTRODUCTION

EARTHWORK

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EARTHWORKINTRODUCTION

Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of soil or unformed rock.

1Definition of Earthwork

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Purpose of Earthwork

EARTHWORKINTRODUCTION1

To obtain balance cut & fill – Economical & Practical Design

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Purpose of Earthwork

EARTHWORKINTRODUCTION1

To obtain balance cut & fill – Economical & Practical Design

Cut

Fill

Cut

Cut

Fill

2 Masterplan & Design Guiding Principle

EARTHWORK

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EARTHWORK

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2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE

To establish the overall earthworks for the viability of the project and to assist on planning of landuse, compliance with prevailing guidelines and laws.

Objectives

• Enhance Early Scoping

• Minimize Scope Changes

• Provide base platforms & Layout Plan

• Costs Plan

• Reduce Conflicts/ Disputes

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EARTHWORK

Controlled Earthwork

1Typical Earthwork Development –

Compliance

Slopes turfed

Silt trap / rubbish trap

Centralised facility

MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE

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EARTHWORK

Uncontrolled Earthwork

1Typical Earthwork Development – Non-

Compliance

Earth not graded

No sediment / silt trap


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Development Masterplan

Ggreen / Forest

Institution

Industrial

Residential

Existing Development

Commercial

N

• Development Landuse determined by Masterplanner

• Engineer to advise on platform & drainage pattern and other aspects of engineering

• Engineer to balance cut & fill design (wherever possible)

• Engineer to minimise import earth

• Engineer to establish Term Of Reference

• Engineer to establish Specification

• Engineer to obtain approvals

• Engineer to supervise construction

EARTHWORK2

Typical Development MasterplanLayout


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EARTHWORK2Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork

Design

Detention Pond – 3% to 5% of area


Main Stream

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

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EARTHWORK2Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork

Design


- Generally flat area with only prominent highest ground

-Gravity Flow Water Supply is most possible

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

ROAD SYSTEM - Max 9% of road gradient

3 Preliminary Design

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Confirm Site Location

EARTHWORK PRELIMINARY DESIGN 3

Typical Cadestral Plan – Obtained from Land Survey Department

Identificationof correct site &Project Boundary“CRUCIAL”

• Obtain CP from Survey Dept.

• Check lot numbers

• Check boundaries

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Obtaining Confirmed Requirements & Data

EARTHWORK3

• Approved Development Layout Masterplan

• Development Order

• Topographical Survey

• Highest Flood Level

• Soil Investigation

• Local Guidelines

Architect or Town Planner / JPBD

Local Council

Land Surveyor

DID

Geotechnical Engineer

Local Council / Authority / Agency

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

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Site Reconnaissance

EARTHWORK

• Mandatory site visit

• To confirm site location and development boundaries

• To familiarize with the site geographical condition

• To identify adjacent development, Access, etc.

• To observe & assess site constraints

• To have general idea of existing & future design system

• To gather information about flooding history

3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

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Assess Site Constraints / Issues

Sg. Balok at Coastal Road

EARTHWORK3

Low laying areas &Flooding issueRaise platform or earth bunding?

Main river system, No pollution permittedControl flows from development

Tidal influence

Swampy areaSoft soil

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

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Objectives


EARTHWORK

SOIL INVESTIGATION

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• To identify general sub-soil profile i.e. suitability

• To provide detail picture of soil stratigraphy & geological settings i.e. extend of soft & hard underlayings, ground water

• To obtaining representative geotechnical parameters of various sub-soil strata for engineering design i.e. N-Values

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

4 Detail Design

EARTHWORK

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Design Guiding Principles


EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4

• Integrate the design platform levels with existing developments.

• Design platform levels shall tie in with the roads.

• All Slope formations shall be kept within the plot boundaries.

• Achieve an almost balanced cut and fill volume within the development

• Establishing preliminary platform levels based on development scheme requirements, infrastructure and utilities.

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Design Procedure

EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4• Design Criteria

• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan

• Propose Platform Levels

• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill

• Propose Retaining Structure

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Design Procedure







• Design Criteria

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Design Criteria


EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4• Clearing, grubbing, stripping top soil, cut & fill, compact, trimming, turfing, soil test for FGL

• Embankment in swamp or soft ground, Height ≥ 1.5m, cross-slopes ≤ 1V : 3H

• Gradient for cut slope, 1 : 1.2

• Gradient for fill slope, 1 : 2

• Height of slopes, 3m intervals with toe, berm & intercepting drains

• Layers of 300mm intervals, compacted to 95% (Cohesive soil) or 100% (Cohesionless soil) of max Dry Density. Ref BS1377 – 4.5kg rammer method

Inteceptor

Berm

Toe

3m

3m

1

3

1

1.2

1

2

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Design Options For Cut Slopes


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Design Options For Fill Slopes


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Design Procedure


• Design Criteria




• Balancing Cut & Fill Volume


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Study Project Layout (Development Plan)


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Design Procedure


• Design Criteria






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Assessment of Available Survey Information

EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Slopes direction

Slopes direction

Slopes direction

Potential highGround for WaterSupply Tank

Swampy+2m to 3m

Hilly 80m

Existing+5m to 9m

Existing+5.5m

Existing+3m

Cut

Fill

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Design Procedure


• Design Criteria






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Purpose of Platform


• To avoid minor & major floods

• To protect safety of lives & properties

• To provide sufficient gradient for Sewerage & Drainage

• To avoid unnecessary earthwork

• Good Engineering Practice & Planning

• Increase value of property

• Peace in mind

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Conceptual Platform


Platform Level to be above Highest Flood Level (HFL) or Major Flood Level

Major Flood Level in 100 years Flood Cycle

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Assessment of Minimum Platform Level

EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4• Say, HFL = 2.2 m ODL

• Freeboard = 1.0m

• Drainage Gradient = 1.5m

• Recommended Min. Platform Level = 4.7m ODL

Highest Flood Level (JPS record or ever known)

Freeboard = +1m

Highest Flood Level = +2.2m ODL

Water body

Proposed Platform Level Formation

Min.

Max.

Drainage grad.

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Cut area

Fill area

Notes:1. All levels are in meter O.D.L

• Min Platform Level = 4.7m

Follow drainagepattern

Proposed Platform Levels


Highest Platform LevelDetermined by Cut & Balance Analysis

37Notes:1. All levels are in meter O.D.L


Typical Cross-Sections


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EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Proposed Platform Levels

Typical Building Platforms

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Design Procedure


• Design Criteria






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Design Procedure

EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Principle

• To obtain balance cut & Fill (If possible)

• Too much access cut material – Difficult to dispose

• Too much fill material - Difficult to obtain borrow source & Cost

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Design Procedure

EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Methods

• Grid System Method

• Large area or excavation

• Using area method calculation

• Land development

• Computer software – triangulation interpolation (more accurate & ease of modeling)

• Require spot levels survey

• Cross-section Method

• Longitudinal “strip” profile

• Used for road, pipeline, drainage constructions

• Require strip survey

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Volume of Cut & Fill

A

B

C

D

E

F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GRID SYSTEM METHOD

• To obtain large area of excavation

• Square rectangular and levels at each cross-sections established

• Establish datum

• Calculate volume of existing ground

• Calculate volume of proposed platform

• Difference s constitute cut or fill volume

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Methodology Volume of Cut & Fill

A

B

C

D

E

F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Average areas of column grids 1 & 2

Average areas of row grids A & B

X

X

Existing levels& proposed levelsBased on spots &interpolation

X = 10m for accuracy (undulating areas)X = 5m gives accurate figures (undulating areas)X ≥ 10m for flat areasX ≥ 50m for large area / Masterplan purposes

Typical assumption

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Volume of Cut & Fill

Grid System

1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10A E 10 10 10 8 8 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 510 C 250 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F 0 0 0 -212.5 -275 -275 -300 -250 -200P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

10 C 325 300 212.5 0 0 0 0 0 0F 0 0 0 -25 -250 -250 -247.5 -245 -195P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9E 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4E 10 10 19 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9

10 C 325 500 225 50 0 0 0 0 0F 0 0 0 0 -150 -150 -115 -105 -80P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

10 C 250 162.5 137.5 75 25 0 0 30 30F 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10 0 0P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

10 C 225 162.5 137.5 137.5 162.5 100 15 30 30F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.5 5.5 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

F E 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

All dimensions are in meters Total Area = AcresTotal Cut = CuMSpoil @ 20% = CuMAvailable Fill = CuMTotal Fill = CuMTo import Fill = CuMAccess Cut = CuM

E

2 3 4 5 8 9

B

C

D

6 7

Nil

50.024,072.50

814.503,258.003,335.0077.00

Legend

E ExistingP ProposedC CutF Fill

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Design Procedure


• Design Criteria






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Purpose of Earth Retaining Structure


Active Wedge

OriginalGroundSurface

Backfill

• To stabilise engineering slopes

Active Wedge

OriginalGroundSurface

Backfill • To provide safety and protect lives & properties

• To protect engineering slopes collapses & erosion

• To provide split of levels at tight earthwork

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Design Procedure

EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Earth Retaining Structure

Standards Used in Design

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Split Levels


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Earth Retaining Structure


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Earth Retaining Structure – Typical Detail


5 Authority

Compliance & Approvals

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Governing Law

EARTHWORK AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals5

Earthworks regulation and approval is under the jurisdiction of Local Council.

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Submission Checklist

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

Copy of Letter of Appointment As Consulting Engineer

Copy of D.O. Letter from Planning Dept.

Copy of Land Title / S & P Agreement

Earthwork Plan (duly endorsed by PE) / Erosion & Sedimentation Control Plan (ESCP)

Copy of Approved D.O. Plan / Development Layout by Architect

Copy of Quit Rent of Current Year

Site Photos of present condition

Copy of Approval Letter From JKR For Road SystemOr Prove Of Submission

Copy of Approval Letter From JPS For Drainage SystemOr Prove Of Submission

Copy of Approval Letter of Main Infra / Main Earthwork (if app.)

Copy of Geological Mapping (for hill dev) & Erosion Control Plan Report

EARTHWORK5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals

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Submission Process Flow

EARTHWORK5SUBMITTING

PERSON

JPS

JKR

PTG

LC

Approval

No

Yes

OSC One Stop Centre

AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals

6 Construction

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Earthwork Construction

EARTHWORK6 CONSTRUCTION

• Identification of project site

• Planning of temporary drainage system

• Access and wash through location

• Detention ponds / silt traps

• Project office & facility

• Construction of Hoarding

• Observe all laws pertaining to construction

• Plan, design, manage all temporary works

• Earthwork construction & supervision

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Earthwork Construction


• Review costruction programme

• Control & Monitor

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Quality Control


• General Instruction• Construction Drawings• Specifications Contract Document• Bills of Quantities• Compliance to Authority’s requirement

• Compaction 95% max of dry density @ BS 1377 Building footprints, roads & services corridor, runways, etc

• Compaction 75% Building footprints but to allow Suspended Floor slab design Area not subject to buildings construction i.e fields, landscape, etc

• Each layer ≤ 200mm thick

• For road sub-base, soaked CBR value ≥ 30 for 95% consolidation

Site Supervision to comply ;

July 2009Site Clearing Work

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In-land Development

Low Land Earthwork Platforming

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Mandatory Hoarding

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Installation of Mandatory Paver Blocks at Entrance of Construction Site

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Mandatory Wash Through

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Installation of Geosynthetic Materials For Earthwork in Soft Ground

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Cut Slopes Formation With Closed Turf

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Installation of Geomembrane to prevent ground contamination @ solid waste disposal

Urban Construction - Completed Earthwork Being CloseTurfed – Final Stage

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Problems Associated With Earthwork

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High tide

Sinkhole

Slope Failure


7 Post – Construction – Issuance of Certificate of Completion & Compliance

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Inspection & As-Built Documents

EARTHWORK7 POST - CONSTRUCTION

• Engineer to carry out confirmatory Soil Investigation to verify full compliance i.e. Compaction, Soil Stabilization, etc.

• Land Surveyor to survey As-Built earthworks platforms to verify full compliance pertaining to FGL or PL.

• Land Surveyor & Engineer to certify As-Built survey drawings

• Engineer Review Construction Drawings & Correct to As-Built Drawings

• Engineer updating As-Built information not covered i.e. Authority’s requirement not spelt out in Construction Drawings, V.O.

• Engineer to ensure all mandatory dues to Authority are complied

• Engineer arranged mandatory inspections with JPS, JKR, LC, etc to facilitate handing over works & recommendation for CCC

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CCC Process Flow


SUBMITTING PERSON (SP)

JPS

JKR

PTG

LC

Recommendation

No

Yes

PSP Issue CCC PSP Principal Submitting Person

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Post - CCC


• Issue Certificate Of Completion & Compliance

• Defects Liability Period. Generally 1 to 1.5 years

• Issue Certificate of Completion After Defects

• Final Account

• Total Completion of Project

Thank YouTerima Kasih

77July 2009

Questions & Answers

78July 2009

[email protected]