EarthQuake Effects

8/20/2019 EarthQuake Effects

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EARTHQUAKE RESISTENT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

ABSTRACT

Earthquakes constitute one o the !reatest ha"ar#s o $ie an# %ro%ert& on the earth'Due to su##enness o their occurrence( the& are $east un#erstoo# an# )ost #rea#e#'

The earthquake resistant construction is consi#ere# to *e +er& i)%ortant to )iti!ate

their eects' This %a%er %resents the *rie essentia$s o earthquake resistant

construction an# a e, techniques to i)%ro+e the resistance o *ui$#in! an# *ui$#in!

)ateria$s to earthquake orces( econo)ica$$&'

CONTENTS• ACKNO-LEDGE.ENT

• ABSTRACT

• INTRODUCTION

• HO- EARTHQUAKE RESISTENT BUILDING IS DI/ERENT0

• E//ECT O/ EARTHQUAKE ON REIN/ORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

• SEIS.IC DESIGN 1HILOSO1H2

• RE.EDIAL .EASURES TO .INI.ISE THE LOSSES DUE TO

• EARTHQUAKES

• EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION -ITH

• REIN/ORCED HOLLO- CONCRETE BLOCK 3RHCB.4• .ID5LE6EL ISOLATION

• EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURR2 IN/ILTRATED

• .AT CONCRETE 3SI.CON4

• TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSING

• CONCLUSIONS

• RE/ERENCES

INTRODUCTION

An earthquake is the +i*ration( so)eti)es +io$ent to the earth7s surace that o$$o,s a

re$ease o ener!& in the earth7s crust' This ener!& can *e !enerate# *& a su##en

#is$ocation o se!)ents o the crust( *& a +o$canic eru%tion or e+en *& a )an)a#e

e8%$osion' The #is$ocation o the crust causes )ost #estructi+e earthquakes' The crust

)a& irst *en# an# then the stresses e8cee# the stren!th o rocks( the& *reak' In the


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%rocess o *reakin!( +i*rations ca$$e# seis)ic ,a+es are !enerate#' These ,a+es tra+e$

out,ar# ro) the source o the earthquake a$on! the surace an# throu!h the earth at

+ar&in! s%ee#s #e%en#in! on the )ateria$ throu!h ,hich the& )o+e' These ,a+es can

cause #isasters on the earth7s surace'

No structure on the %$anet can *e constructe# 9::; earthquake %roo< on$& its

resistance to earthquake can *e increase#' Treat)ent is require# to *e !i+en #e%en#in!

on the "one in ,hich the %articu$ar site is $ocate#' Earthquake occurre# in the recent

%ast ha+e raise# +arious issues an# ha+e orce# us to think a*out the #isaster

)ana!e)ent' It has *eco)e essentia$ to think ri!ht ro) %$annin! sta!e to co)%$etion

sta!e o a structure to a+oi# ai$ure or to )ini)i"e the $oss o %ro%ert&' Not on$& this(

once the earthquake has occurre# an# #isaster has taken %$ace< ho, to use the #e*ris

to construct econo)ica$ houses usin! this ,aste )ateria$ ,ithout aectin! their

structura$ sta*i$it&'

HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS

DIFFERENT?

Since the )a!nitu#e o a uture earthquake an# shakin! intensit& e8%ecte# at a

%articu$ar site cannot *e esti)ate# ,ith a reasona*$e accurac&( the seis)ic orces are

#iicu$t to quanti& or the %ur%oses o #esi!n' /urther( the actua$ orces that can *e

!enerate# in the structure #urin! an earthquake are +er& $ar!e an# #esi!nin! the

structure to res%on# e$astica$$& a!ainst these orces )ake it too e8%ensi+e'

Thereore( in the earthquake resistant #esi!n %ost &ie$# ine$astic *eha+ior

is usua$$& re$ie# u%on to #issi%ate the in%ut seis)ic ener!&' Thus the #esi!n orces o

earthquakes )a& *e on$& a raction o )a8i)u) 3%ro*a*$e4 orces !enerate# i the

structure is to re)ain e$astic #urin! the earthquake' /or instance( the #esi!n seis)ic or

*ui$#in!s )a& at ti)es *e as $o, as one tenths o the )a8i)u) e$astic seis)ic orce'

Thus( the earthquake resistant construction an# #esi!n #oes not ai) to achie+e a

structure that ,i$$ not !et #a)a!e# in a stron! earthquake ha+in! $o, %ro*a*i$it& o

occurrence< it ai)s to ha+e a structure that ,i$$ %eror) a%%ro%riate$& an# ,ithout

co$$a%se in the e+ent o such a shakin!'Ducti$it& is the ca%acit& o the structure to un#er!o #eor)ation *e&on#

&ie$# ,ithout $oosin! )uch o its $oa# carr&in! ca%acit&' Hi!her is the #ucti$it& o the

structure< )ore is the re#uction %ossi*$e in its #esi!n seis)ic orce o+er ,hat one !ets

or $inear e$astic res%onse' Ensurin! #ucti$it& in a structure is a )a=or concern in a

seis)ic construction'


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EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE

BUILDINGS

In recent ti)es( reinorce# concrete *ui$#in!s ha+e *eco)e co))on in

In#ia' A t&%ica$ RC *ui$#in! is )a#e o hori"onta$ )e)*ers 3*ea)s an# s$a*s4 an#

+ertica$ )e)*ers 3co$u)ns an# ,a$$s4 an# su%%orte# *& oun#ations that rest on the

!roun#' The s&ste) consistin! o RC co$u)ns an# connectin! *ea)s is ca$$e# a RC

ra)e'

The RC ra)e %artici%ates in resistin! earthquake orces' Earthquake

shakin! !enerates inertia orces in the *ui$#in!( ,hich are %ro%ortiona$ to the *ui$#in!

)ass' Since )ost o the *ui$#in! )ass is %resent at the $oor $e+e$s( earthquake in#uce#

inertia orces %ri)ari$& #e+e$o% at the $oor $e+e$s' These orces tra+e$ #o,n,ar# throu!h

s$a*s to *ea)s( *ea)s to co$u)ns an# ,a$$s an# then to oun#ations ro) ,here the&

are #is%erse# to the !roun#' As the inertia orces accu)u$ate #o,n,ar# ro) the to% o

the *ui$#in! 3as sho,n in i!>'94 ( the co$u)ns an# ,a$$s at the $o,er store& e8%erience

hi!her earthquake in#uce# orces an# are thereore #esi!ne# to *e stron!er than the

store& a*o+e'

Roles of floor slabs and masonry walls:

/$oor s$a*s are hori"onta$ $ike e$e)ents( ,hich aci$itates unctiona$ use o *ui$#in!s'

Usua$$&( *ea)s an# s$a*s at one store& $e+e$ are cast to!ether' In resi#entia$

)u$tistorie# *ui$#in!s( the thickness o s$a* is on$& a*out 99:))59?:))' ,hen *ea)s

*en# in +ertica$ #irection #urin! earthquakes( these thin s$a*s *en# a$on! ,ith the)'

-hen *ea)s )o+e in hori"onta$ #irection( the s$a* usua$$& orces the *ea)s to )o+e

to!ether ,ith it'


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In )ost o the *ui$#in!s( the !eo)etric #istortion o the s$a* is ne!$i!i*$e in

the hori"onta$ %$ane< the *eha+ior is kno,n as ri!i# #ia%hra!) action' Ater co$u)ns an#

$oors in a RC *ui$#in! are cast an# the concrete har#ens( +ertica$ s%aces *et,een

co$u)ns an# $oors are usua$$& i$$e# in ,ith )asonr& ,a$$s to #e)arcate a $oor area into

unctiona$ s%aces' Nor)a$$&( these )asonr& ,a$$s are ca$$e# ini$$ ,a$$s( are not

connecte# to surroun#in! RC *ea)s an# co$u)ns' -hen the co$u)ns recei+e

hori"onta$ orces at $oor $e+e$s( the& tr& to )o+e in the hori"onta$ #irection( *ut )asonr&

,a$$ ten#

to resist this )o+e)ent'

Due to their hea+& ,ei!ht an# thickness( these ,a$$s #e+e$o% cracks once

their a*i$it& to carr& hori"onta$ $oa# is e8cee#e#' Thus( ini$$ ,a$$s act $ike sacriicia$ uses

in the *ui$#in!s( the& #e+e$o% crack un#er se+ere !roun# shakin! *ut he$% share the

$oa# the $oa# o *ea)s an# co$u)ns unti$ crackin!'

Strength hierarchy:

/or a *ui$#in! to re)ain sae #urin! earthquake shakin! co$u)ns 3,hich

recei+e orces ro) *ea)s4 shou$# *e stron!er than *ea)s an# oun#ations 3,hichrecei+e orces ro) co$u)ns4 shou$# *e stron!er than co$u)ns' /urther the connections

*et,een *ea)s an# co$u)ns( co$u)ns an# oun#ations shou$# not ai$ so that *ea)s

can sae$& transer orces to co$u)ns an# co$u)ns to oun#ations'

-hen this strate!& is a#o%te# in the #esi!n( #a)a!e is $ike$& to occur irst in *ea)s'

-hen *ea)s are #etai$e# %ro%er$& to ha+e $ar!e #ucti$it&( the *ui$#in! as a ,ho$e can


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#eor) *& $ar!e a)ounts #es%ite %ro!ressi+e #a)a!e cause# #ue to consequent

&ie$#in! o *ea)s'

I co$u)ns are )a#e ,eaker( $oca$i"e# #a)a!e can $ea# to the co$$a%se o

*ui$#in!( a$thou!h co$u)ns at store& a*o+e re)ain a$)ost un#a)a!e#'

SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Se+erit& o !roun# shakin! at a !i+en $ocation #urin! earthquake can *e )inor(

)o#erate an# stron!' Re$ati+e$& s%eakin!( )inor shakin! occurs requent$&< )o#erate

shakin! occasiona$$& an# stron! shakin! rare$&' /or instance( on a+era!e annua$$&

a*out @:: earthquakes o )a!nitu#e ?':5?' occurs in the ,or$#( ,hi$e the nu)*er is

on$& 9@ or the )a!nitu#e ran!es ':5'' Since it costs )one& to %ro+i#e a##itiona$earthquake saet& in *ui$#in!s( a con$ict arises shou$# ,e #o a,a& ,ith the #esi!n o

*ui$#in!s or earthquake eects0 Or shou$# ,e #esi!n the *ui$#in! to *e earthquake

%roo ,herein there is no #a)a!e #urin! stron! *ut rare earthquake shakin!' C$ear$&

the or)a$ a%%roach can $ea# to a )a=or #isaster an# secon# a%%roach is too

e8%ensi+e' Hence the #esi!n %hi$oso%h& shou$# $ie so)e,here in *et,een t,o

e8tre)es'

Earthquake resistant building:

The en!ineers #o not atte)%t to )ake earthquake %roo *ui$#in!s that ,i$$ not !et

#a)a!e# e+en #urin! the rare *ut stron! earthquake< such *ui$#in!s ,i$$ *e too ro*ust

an# a$so too e8%ensi+e' Instea#( en!ineerin! intention is to )ake *ui$#in!s earthquake

resistant( such *ui$#in! resists the eects o !roun# shakin!( a$thou!h the& )a& !et

#a)a!e# se+ere$& *ut ,ou$# not co$$a%se #urin! the stron! earthquake' Thus( saet& o

%eo%$es an# contents is assure# in earthquake resistant *ui$#in!s an# there*&( a

#isaster is a+oi#e#' This is a )a=or o*=ecti+e o seis)ic #esi!n co#es throu!h the ,or$#'


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Earthquake design philosophy:

The earthquake #esi!n %hi$oso%h& )a& *e su))ari"e# as o$$o,s

Un#er )inor( *ut requent shakin!( the )ain )e)*ers o the *ui$#in! that carr& +ertica$

an# hori"onta$ orces shou$# not *e #a)a!e#< ho,e+er the *ui$#in! %arts that #o not

carr& $oa# )a& sustain re%aira*$e #a)a!e'

Un#er )o#erate *ut occasiona$ shakin!( the )ain )e)*er )a& sustain re%aira*$e

#a)a!e( *ut the other %arts o the *ui$#in! )a& *e #a)a!e# such that the& )a& e+en

ha+e to *e re%$ace# ater the earthquake'

Un#er stron! *ut rare shakin!( )a& sustain se+ere 3e+en irre%ara*$e4 #a)a!e( *ut the

*ui$#in! shou$# not co$$a%se'

Thus ater )inor shakin!( the *ui$#in! ,i$$ *e o%erationa$ ,ithin a short ti)e an# re%air

cost ,i$$ *e s)a$$ an# ater )o#erate shakin!( the *ui$#in! ,i$$ *e o%erationa$ once the

re%air an# stren!thenin! o the #a)a!e# )ain )e)*ers is co)%$ete#' But( ater astron! earthquake( the *ui$#in! )a& *eco)e #isunctiona$ or urther use( *ut ,i$$ stan#

so that %eo%$e can *e e+acuate# an# %ro%ert& reco+ere#'

The consequences o #a)a!e ha+e to *e ke%t in +ie, in the #esi!n %hi$oso%h&' /or

e8a)%$e( i)%ortant *ui$#in!s $ike hos%ita$s an# ire stations %$a& a critica$ ro$e in %ost

earthquake acti+ities an# )ust re)ain unctiona$ i))e#iate$& ater earthquake' These


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structures )ust sustain +er& $itt$e #a)a!e an# shou$# *e #esi!ne# or a hi!her $e+e$ o

earthquake %rotection' Co$$a%se o #a)s #urin! earthquake can cause $oo#in! in the

#o,nstrea) reaches( ,hich itse$ can *e a secon#ar& #isaster' Thereore( #a)s an#

nuc$ear %o,er %$ants shou$# *e #esi!ne# or sti$$ hi!her $e+e$ o earthquake )otion'

REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO

EARTHQUAKES

-hene+er a *ui$#in! %ro=ect is %re%are# an# #esi!ne#( the irst an# the )ost i)%ortant

as%ect o #esi!n is to kno, the "one to ,hich this structure is $ike$& to rest' De%en#in!

u%on these( %recautionar& )easures in structura$ #esi!n ca$cu$ation are consi#ere# an#

structure can *e constructe# ,ith suicient a)ount o resistance to earthquake orces'

6arious )easures to *e a#o%te# are e8%$aine# %oint,ise( !i+in! e)%hasis to increaseearthquake resistance o *ui$#in!s'

Building planning:

The recor#s o +arious earthquake ai$ures re+ea$ that uns&))etrica$ structure %eror)s

%oor$& #urin! earthquake' The uns&))etrica$ *ui$#in! usua$$& #e+e$o%s torsion #ue to

seis)ic orces( ,hich causes #e+e$o%)ent o crack $ea#in! to co$$a%se o a structure'

Bui$#in! thereore shou$# *e constructe# rectan!u$ar an# s&))etrica$ in %$an' I a

*ui$#in! has to *e %$anne# in irre!u$ar or uns&))etrica$ sha%e( it shou$# *e treate# as

the co)*ination o a e, rectan!u$ar *$ocks connecte# ,ith %assa!es' It ,i$$ a+oi#

torsion an# ,i$$ increase resistance o *ui$#in! to earthquake orces'

Foundation:

IS co#e reco))en#s that as ar as %ossi*$e entire *ui$#in! shou$# *e oun#e# on

unior) soi$ strata' It is *asica$$& to a+oi# #ierentia$ sett$e)ent' In case i $oa#s

trans)itte# on #ierent co$u)n an# co$u)n ootin! +aries( oun#ation shou$# *e

#esi!ne# to ha+e unior) sett$e)ent *& chan!in! oun#ation si"e as %er co#e

con#itions to ha+e a $oa#in! intensit& or unior) sett$e)ent'

Rat oun#ation %eror)s *etter or seis)ic orces' I %i$es are #ri+en to so)e #e%th o+er

,hich a rat is constructe# 3rat cu) %i$e oun#ation4( the *eha+iour o oun#ation un#er seis)ic $oa# ,i$$ *e ar *etter' 1i$es ,i$$ take care o #ierentia$ sett$e)ent ,ith rat an#

resistance o structure to earthquake orces ,i$$ *e +er& $ar!e'

Provision of band:


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IS co#e reco))en#s construction o concrete *an# at $inte$ $e+e$ to resist earthquake'

The stu#ies re+ea$e# that *ui$#in! ,ith *an# at $inte$ $e+e$ an# one at %$inth $e+e$

i)%ro+es $oa# carr&in! o *ui$#in! to earthquake tre)en#ous$&' It is su!!este# here that

i *an#s are %$inth $e+e$( si$$ $e+e$( $inte$ $e+e$ an# roo $e+e$ in the case o )asonr&

structure on$&( the resistance o *ui$#in! to earthquake ,i$$ increase tre)en#ous$&' Ban#

at si$$ $e+e$ shou$# !o ,ith +ertica$ *an# an# #oor o%enin!s to )eet at $inte$ $e+e$' Ho$#

ast o #oors can *e itte# in their si$$ *an#' In case o earthquake o +er& hi!h intensit&

or $ar!e #uration on$& ini$$ ,a$$ *et,een ,a$$s ,i$$ ai$ )ini)i"in! casua$ties an# su##en

co$$a%se o structure' 1eo%$e ,i$$ !et suicient ti)e to esca%e *ecause o these *an#s'

rches and domes:

Beha+ior o arches has *een oun# +er& unsatisactor& #urin! earthquake' Ho,e+er

#o)es %eror) +er& satisactor& #ue to s&))etrica$ in nature' Arches #urin!

earthquake ha+e ten#enc& to se%arate out an# co$$a%se' .i$# stee$ ties i %ro+i#e# at theen#s( their resistance can *e increase# to a consi#era*$e e8tent'

Staircases:

These are the ,orst aecte# %art o an& *ui$#in! #urin! earthquake' Stu#ies re+ea$ that

this is )ain$& #ue to #ierentia$ #is%$ace)ent o connecte# $oors' This can *e a+oi#e#

*& %ro+i#in! o%en =oints at each $oor at the stair,a& to e$i)inate *racin! eect'

Beam column !oints:

In ra)e# structures the )ono$ithic *ea) co$u)n connections are #esira*$e so as to

acco))o#ate re+ersi*$e #eor)ations' The )a8i)u) )o)ents occur at *ea)5co$u)n

=unction' Thereore )ost o the #ucti$it& require)ents shou$# *e %ro+i#e# at the en#s'

Thereore s%acin! o ties in co$u)n is restricte# to 9::)) centre an# in case o *ea)

stri%s an# rin!s shou$# *e c$ose$& s%ace# near the =oints' The s%acin! shou$# *e

restricte# to 9::)) centre to centre on$& near the su%%orts' In case o co$u)ns( +ertica$

ties are %ro+i#e#< %eror)ance o co$u)ns to earthquake orces can *e increase# to a

consi#era*$e e8tent'

Stee$ co$u)ns or ta$$ *ui$#in!s ie *ui$#in!s )ore than @ store& hei!ht shou$# *e

%ro+i#e# as their %eror)ance is *etter than concrete co$u)n #ue to #ucti$it& *eha+ior o

)ateria$'"asonry building:

.ortar %$a&s an i)%ortant ro$e in )asonr& construction' .ortar %ossessin! a#equate

stren!th shou$# on$& *e use#' Stu#ies re+ea$ that a ce)ent san# ratio o 9? or 9F is

quite stron! as ,e$$ as econo)ica$ a$so' I reinorcin! *ars are %ut ater @ to 9:

*rick$a&ers( their %eror)ance to earthquake is sti$$ *etter' Other stu#ies ha+e re+ea$e#

that )asonr& ini$$ shou$# not *e consi#ere# as non5structura$ e$e)ent' It has *een seen


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that in case o co$u)n *ars are %ro+i#e# ,ith =oints at %articu$ar $e+e$ a*out F::5::))

a*o+e $oor $e+e$ at a$$ store& shou$# *e sta!!ere#' It )a& *e ,orkin! as a ,eak "one at

co)%$ete $oor $e+e$ in that store&'

As such i e, )easures are a#o%te# #urin! sta!es o #esi!n an# construction o

*ui$#in! their resistance to earthquake orces can *e i)%ro+e# consi#era*$&' Thou!h

*ui$#in!s cannot *e )a#e 9::; earthquake %roo *ut their resistance to seis)ic orces

can *e i)%ro+e# to )ini)i"e $oss o %ro%ert& an# hu)an $ie #urin! the tre)ors'

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH

REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM)

Reinorce# ho$$o, concrete *$ocks are #esi!ne# *oth as $oa#5*earin! ,a$$s or !ra+it&

$oa#s an# a$so as shear ,a$$s or $atera$ seis)ic $oa#s( to sae$& ,ithstan# the

earthquakes' This structura$ s&ste) o construction is kno,n as shear ,a$$5#ia%hra!)conce%t( ,hich !i+es three5#i)ensiona$ structura$ inte!rit& or the *ui$#in!s'

Structural features:

Each )asonr& e$e)ent is +ertica$$& reinorce# ,ith stee$ *ars an# concrete !routs i$$( at

re!u$ar inter+a$s( throu!h the continuous +ertica$ ca+ities o ho$$o, *$ocks'

Si)i$ar$&( each )asonr& e$e)ent is hori"onta$$& reinorce# ,ith stee$ *ars an# concrete

!rout i$$s at %$inth( si$$( $inte$ an# roo $e+e$s( as continuous RC *an#s usin! U5sha%e#

concrete *$ocks in the )asonr& course( at re%etiti+e $e+e$s'

Gri# o reinorce)ent can *e *ui$t into each )asonr& e$e)ent ,ithout the require)ent

o an& e8tra shutterin! an# it re#uces the sco%e o corrosion o the reinorce)ent'


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As the reinorce)ent *ars in *oth +ertica$ an# hori"onta$ #irections can *e continue#

into the roo s$a* an# $atera$ ,a$$s res%ecti+e$&( the structura$ inte!rit& in a$$ three

#i)ensions is achie+e#'

Structural advantages:

In this construction s&ste)( structura$$&( each ,a$$ an# s$a* *eha+es as a shear ,a$$ an#

a #ia%hra!) res%ecti+e$&( re#ucin! the +u$nera*i$it& o #isastrous #a)a!e to the

structure #urin! natura$ ha"ar#s'

Due to the unior) #istri*ution o reinorce)ent in *oth +ertica$ an# hori"onta$

#irections( throu!h each )asonr& e$e)ent( increase# tensi$e resistance an# #ucti$e

*eha+ior o e$e)ents cou$# *e achie+e#' Hence the construction s&ste) can sae$&

resist $atera$ or c&c$ic $oa#in!( ,hen co)%are# to other )asonr& construction s&ste)s'

This construction s&ste) has a$so *een %ro+e# to oer *etter resistance un#er #&na)ic

$oa#in!( ,hen co)%are# to the other con+entiona$ s&ste)s o construction'#onstructional advantages:

No a##itiona$ or),ork or an& s%ecia$ construction )achiner& is require# or reinorcin!

the ho$$o, *$ock )asonr&'

On$& se)i5ski$$e# $a*our is require# or this t&%e o construction'

It is aster an# easier construction s&ste)( ,hen co)%are# to the other con+entiona$

construction s&ste)s'

It is a$so oun# to *e cost5eecti+e'

rchitectural and other advantages:

This constructiona$ s&ste) %ro+i#es *etter acoustic an# ther)a$ insu$ation or the

*ui$#in!'

This s&ste) is #ura*$e an# )aintenance ree'

Stu#ies on the co)%arati+e cost econo)ics o RHCB.

There is a !enera$ a%%rehension that the RHCB. ,ou$# *e a cost$ier s&ste)( as it

a#+ocates reinorcin! an# use o concrete !rout in the ho$$o, s%aces ,ithin the

)asonr&' To #is%e$ the a%%rehension( the re$ati+e cost econo)ics o RHCB. structures

are ,orke# out in co)%arison ,ith con+entiona$ construction s&ste)s'

Structura$ sche)e cost %er sq') in Rs'

Reinorce# ho$$o, concrete *$ock )asonr& Rs'9@

RC ra)e# structure ,ith *rick )asonr& ini$$ Rs'9@?

Loa# *earin! )asonr& Rs'9@

RHCB. has structura$ a#+anta!es o $i!hter #ea# ,ei!ht an# increase# $oor area'

These a#+anta!es are quantitati+e$& ,orke# out ro) the act that( RHCB. is *ui$t o


11/15

:c) thick ho$$o, *$ock ,a$$( ,hen co)%are# to the >c) thick one *rick ,a$$ o RCC

ra)e# structure an# >c) thick one an# ha$ *rick ,a$$ o $oa# *earin! structure'

MID-LEVEL ISOLATION

This inc$u#es )i#5$e+e$ iso$ation s&ste) insta$$e# ,hi$e the *ui$#in!s are

sti$$ *ein! use#' This ne, )etho# entai$s i)%ro+in! an# c$assi&in! the co$u)ns on

inter)e#iate $oors o an e8istin! *ui$#in! into $e8i*$e co$u)ns that incor%orate ru**er

*earin!s 3*ase iso$ation s&ste)s4 an# ri!i# co$u)ns ,hich ha+e *een ,ra%%e# in stee$

%$ates to a## to their tou!hness' A co)*ination o these t,o t&%es o co$u)ns is then

use# to i)%ro+e the earthquake5resistant %eror)ance o the *ui$#in! as a ,ho$e

This is the irst )etho# o i)%ro+in! earthquake resistance in a%an that

c$assiies the co$u)ns on the sa)e $oor as $e8i*$e co$u)ns an# ri!i# co$u)ns( an# it is

the irst case in ,est a%an 3the Kansai re!ion4 o attachin! ru**er *earin!s *& cuttin!

co$u)ns on the inter)e#iate $oors an e8istin! *ui$#in!' This )etho# in+o$+es i)%ro+in!

earthquake resistance ,hi$e the *ui$#in!s are sti$$ *ein! use# as nor)a$ o%erations'

There are three t&%es o *ase iso$ation s&ste)s( #e%en#in! on the

$ocation ,here ru**er *earin!s are incor%orate#

1i$e hea# iso$ation

/oun#ation iso$ation

.i#5$e+e$ iso$ation

B& cuttin! hori"onta$$& a$$ co$u)ns an# ,a$$s on a s%eciic inter)e#iate

$oor an# insta$$in! ru**er *earin!s in the co$u)ns that ha+e *een cut( that $oor

*eco)es e8tre)e$& $e8i*$e( an# the *ui$#in! ,i$$ s,a& hori"onta$$& ,ith the $ar!e s,a&

a)%$itu#e o :5?: centi)eters un#er )a8i)u) $e+e$ earthquakes' It thereore

*eco)es %ossi*$e that the inishin! )ateria$s( %i%in! an# e8istin! e$e+ators )a& not *e

a*$e to kee% %ace ,ith the #eor)ations an# *reak( %erha%s resu$tin! in their %rotru#in!

ro) the site o the *ui$#in!'

In the hea# oice o Hi)e=i Shinkin Bank( co$u)ns ,ith ru**er *earin!s

incor%orate# in the) to a$$o, the) to )o+e $e8i*$& an# ri!i# co$u)ns ,hich ,ere )a#e

tou!her *& ,ra%%in! stee$ %$ate ,ere %$ace# eecti+e$&( there*& su%%ressin! hori"onta$

#eor)ation an# i)%ro+in! the earthquake resistance o the *ui$#in! as a ,ho$e'

6i*ration contro$ units incor%oratin! +iscous )ateria$s ,ith hi!h ener!& a*sor%tion

%eror)ance ,ere insta$$e# in ,a$$s( to %$a& the ro$e o #a)%ers' This re#uce# the

s,a&in! o the *ui$#in!' .i#5$e+e$ iso$ation %roce#ure is sho,n in the i!'


12/15

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY INFILTRATED MATCONCRETE (SIMCON)

/o$$o,in! the #e+astatin! earthquakes in Turke& this su))er that ki$$e# as

)an& as :(::: %eo%$e an# in=ure# another (:::( i)a!es o sur+i+ors tra%%e#

*eneath the ru**$e o co$$a%se# *ui$#in!s a%%eare# #ai$& in ne,s re%orts ,or$#,i#e'

No, a North Caro$ina State Uni+ersit& en!ineer is #e+e$o%in! a ne, t&%e o concrete to

he$% %re+ent such scenes ro) ha%%enin! a!ain' Because itJs reinorce# ,ith )ats

)a#e o thousan#s o stain$ess stee$ i*ers in=ecte# ,ith s%ecia$ concrete s$urr&( the ne,

)ateria$( ca$$e# S$urr& Ini$trate# .at Concrete 3SI.CON4( can sustain )uch hi!her

stress $oa#s an# #eor)ations than tra#itiona$ concrete' Tests sho, that concrete

*ui$#in!s or *ri#!es reinorce# ,ith SI.CON are ar )ore earthquake5resistant an# $ess

$ike$& to *reak a%art in $ar!e chunks that a$$ o an# cause in=ur& to %eo%$e *e$o,'

I e8tre)e stresses cause SI.CON to ai$( its )ass o i*ers an# concrete

#oesnJt co$$a%se in the sa)e ,a& tra#itiona$ concrete #oes' Instea# o $ar!e chunks

*reakin! an# a$$in! ro) a structure( the )ateria$ cru)*$es into s)a$$( har)$ess $akes'

This contro$$e# or) o ai$ure is a ke& a#+anta!e o SI.CON' Because ai$ure is

ine+ita*$e in a$$ structures( en!ineers )ust #esi!n *ui$#in!s an# *ri#!es to ai$ in the

saest ,a&' In con+entiona$ concrete structures( this is achie+e# throu!h the use o stee$reinorcin! *ars 55 re*ars 55 that !i+e the concrete tensi$e stren!th it ,ou$# other,ise

$ack' /or saet& an# #esi!n reasons( the concrete is #esi!ne# so that the re*ars ,i$$ ai$

*eore the concrete #oes' Unortunate$&( )an& structures ha+e not *een #esi!ne# to

sustain the %o,eru$ stresses cause# *& earthquakes' -hen such e8tre)e stresses

occur( the concrete can crack( e8%$o#e an# *reak a,a& ro) the re*ars( causin! the

structure to co$$a%se' B& contrast( ai$ure o SI.CON ,ou$# %resent $itt$e #an!er to

%eo%$e or %ro%ert& *e$o,'

TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE REISTANT HOUSING

Earthquakes are not co))on %heno)ena in )ost %arts o the ,or$#'

Hence( houses in )ost rura$ areas are not *ui$t to ,ithstan# seis)ic orces( resu$tin! in

hea+& causa$ities e+en in )o#erate quakes' In so)e %arts o the ,or$#( ho,e+er( ,here

earthquakes are co))on( %eo%$e ha+e incor%orate# the critica$ e$e)ents o quake5

resistance in their tra#itiona$ construction )etho#' Tra#itiona$ house *ui$#in! techniques


13/15

ha+e successu$$& #e)onstrate#( #urin! %ast earthquakes in the Hi)a$a&an re!ion( that

there is inherent ater co)%onent associate# ,ith the constructiona$ #esi!n' This ,as

oun# #urin! the 9:? Kan!ra earthquake( the tra#itiona$ Kat5Ki Kunni houses in Ku$$u

+a$$e& )a#e u% o ti)*er re)aine# unaecte#' The Dha==i5Di,ari *ui$#in!s re)aine#

intact in the 9@@? Srina!ar earthquake' Si)i$ar$&( in Uttarkashi the tra#itiona$ 9:: &ears

o$# )u$tistorie# *ui$#in!s ca$$e# 1hero$s ha+e incor%orate# *asic eatures o earthquake

resistance'

$he Pherols of %ttarkashi:

1hero$s are o$# tra#itiona$$& *ui$t )u$tistorie# structures oun# in Uttarkashi

#istrict' The )ain )ateria$s o constructions are stone an# ,oo# ,ith )u# )ortar' The

construction is essentia$$& coarse5ru**$e )asonr& t&%e' The +arious earthquake

resistant eatures in these t&%es o houses are the use o ,oo#en tie5*an#s as *ea)s

an# +ertica$ ti)*er co$u)ns as %ins to tie the insi#e an# outsi#e -&eths o a ,a$$' Lon!stones ,ith $at suraces are #istri*ute# in the ,a$$s to )ake the $oa#s +ertica$ in the ,a$$

units an# )ini)i"e the ten#enc& o the ,a$$ stones to %ush or run out,ar#' .oreo+er( to

#istri*ute so)e o the seis)ic $oa# +ertica$$& corner reinorce)ents are %ro+i#e# *& the

use o ,oo#en *$ocks an# $on! $at stones' A$so( the hei!ht o the $oor is ke%t $o, an#

there are )ini)u) nu)*ers o o%enin!s( or kee%in! the centre o !ra+it& $o, an# a$so

or the insu$ation %ur%oses'

$he &ha!!i'&iwari buildings of (ashmir:

The Dha==i5Di,ari *ui$#in!s ,ere the one that sur+i+e# ,hen %art o the

%a$ace an# other )assi+e o$# *ui$#in! co$$a%se# in the Srina!ar quake o 9@@?' The

)ost si!niicant as%ect o the Dha==i5Di,ari *ui$#in!s is the co)*ination o the *ui$#in!

)ateria$s use#' These )ateria$s are $oca$$& a+ai$a*$e an# ha+e *een use# or

!enerations' The *asic e$e)ents in these *ui$#in!s are the $oa# *earin! )asonr& %iers

an# ini$$ ,a$$s' There are ,oo#en tie5*an#s at each $oor $e+e$' The oun#ation consists

o ru**$e )asonr& ,ith $i)e )ortar ,hereas< )u# )ortar is use# or the rest o the

structure'

The ini$$ )ateria$s are usua$$& a*o#e *ricks *on#e# ,ith )u# )ortar' The

,oo#en *an#s tie the ,a$$s o the structure ,ith the $oors an# a$so i)%art #ucti$it& to astructure that is other,ise *ritt$e' The unreinorce# )asonr& ,a$$s ha+e stiness *ut not

stren!th' In the a*sence o stren!th( $e8i*i$it& is essentia$ or quake resistance' Here(

the #esire# $e8i*i$it& is %ro+i#e# *& the co)*ination o ,oo# an# unreinorce# )asonr&

$ai# in a ,ear )ortar' The ,oo#en *ea)s tie the ,ho$e house to!ether an# ensure that

the entire *ui$#in! s,a&s to!ether as one unit in an earthquake'

$he (at'(i' (unni Buildings of (ulu )alley:


14/15

Si)i$ar to the 1hero$s an# the Dha==i5Di,ari *ui$#in!s( the Kat5Ki5Kunni or

ti)*er cornere# *ui$#in!s suere# )ini)a$ #a)a!e in the e%icentra$ tract o Ku$u 6a$$e&

#urin! the 9:? Kan!ra earthquake' This structure is a$)ost i#entica$ to the 1hero$s o

Uttarkashi' It co)*ines the ,ei!ht( so$i#it& an# coo$ness o a stone *ui$#in! ,ith the

$e8i*i$it& an# earthquake5resistin! qua$ities o a ,oo#en one' Here the ,oo# *on#in!

takes %$ace at +ertica$ inter+a$s o three to i+e eet' T,o %ara$$e$ *ea)s are $ai# a$on!

,ith $a&er o )asonr&( one on the insi#e an# one on the outsi#e' At the en# o one ,a$$

the *ea)s cross the) on the ,a$$s at ri!ht an!$e( an# the ,oo#en %ins ho$# the

crossin! to!ether' Crossties o ,oo# si)i$ar$& ho$# the t,o %ara$$e$ *ea)s in %osition at

inter+a$s a$on! their $en!th'

*uincha earthquake resistant buildings:

/o$$o,in! a #e+astatin! earthquake in the A$to .a&o re!ion o 1eru in

9: ITDGJs She$ter 1ro!ra))e *eca)e in+o$+e# in a )a=or reconstruction %ro=ect to*ui$# earthquake resistant housin! usin! Ji)%ro+e# quinchaJ 5 a ti)*er an# $attice ra)e

#esi!n ,ith an earth ini$$ 5 *ase# on tra#itiona$ techno$o!ies' Tra#itiona$ quincha

*ui$#in! techno$o!& resu$ts in a $e8i*$e structure ,ith an inherent earthquake resistance'

It has *een use# in %arts o 1eru or )an& centuries' Tra#itiona$$&( a quincha house

,ou$# ha+e a roun# %o$e set #irect$& in the !roun#< in i$$e# ,ith s)a$$er ,oo#en %o$es

an# inter,o+en to or) a )atri8( ,hich is then %$astere# ,ith one or )ore $a&ers o

earth' ITDG ,orke# c$ose$& ,ith *ui$#ers( househo$#ers an# co))unit& or!anisations in

A$to .a&o to intro#uce i)%ro+e#( earthquake resistant *ui$#in! techno$o!& 5 quincha

)e=ora#a'

I)%ro+e# quincha ha# the o$$o,in! characteristics o+er an# a*o+e tra#itiona$ quincha

• Concrete oun#ations or !reater sta*i$it&'

• -oo#en co$u)ns treate# ,ith tar or %itch to %rotect a!ainst hu)i#it&( concrete#

into the !roun# ,ith nai$s e)*e##e# in the ,oo# at the *ase to !i+e e8tra anchora!e'

• Usin! concrete ,a$$ *ases to %re+ent hu)i#it& aectin! the ,oo# an# the canes

in the ,a$$s'

• Careu$ =ointin! *et,een co$u)ns an# *ea)s to i)%ro+e structura$ inte!rit&'

• Canes ,o+en in a +ertica$ ashion to %ro+i#e !reater sta*i$it&'

• Li!ht,ei!ht )eta$ sheet rooin! to re#uce #an!er o a$$in! ti$es'

• Nai$in! rooin! )ateria$ to roo *ea)s< t&in! o *ea)s an# co$u)ns ,ith roo

,ires'


15/15

• Incor%oratin! roo ea+es o suicient ,i#th to ensure %rotection o ,a$$s ro)

hea+& rains'

CONCLUSIONS

There is a $ack o a,areness in the earthquake #isaster )iti!ations' A+oi#in! non5en!ineere# structures ,ith unski$$e# $a*our e+en in uni)%ortant te)%orar& constructions

can he$% a !reat ,a&'

State,i#e a,areness %ro!ra))es ha+e to *e con#ucte# *& u$$& e8%$oitin! the

a#+ance)ent in the inor)ation techno$o!&'

Ur!ent ste%s are require# to *e taken to )ake the co#a$ %ro+isions re!ar#in!

earthquake resistant construction un#e*ata*$e'

• The *ui$#ers an# constructors shou$# a#o%t the co#a$ %ro+isions in a$$ the uture

construction( as %re+ention is *etter than cure' On the $i!ht o a+oi#in! the risk( this )a&

not *e an i)%ossi*$e task as earthquake resistant )easures in *ui$#in! in+o$+es on$&

;5F; a##itiona$ cost #e%en#in! on the t&%e o *ui$#in!'

Usin! construction techniques $ike SI.CON an# RHCB. can not on$& )iti!ate

earthquake eects *ut a$so are cost eecti+e'

REFERENCES

9' Cho%ra'R( Ku)ar'R( Cha,$a'K'S( T'1'Sin!h( $raditional Earthquake Resistant

+ouses( Hone& Bee( 6o$ 99M6o$ 9(Oct :::5No+ ::9'

' Deo#har'S'6( Du*e&'S'K( Remedial "easures gainst Earthquake disaster (

Nationa$ Bui$#in! .ateria$ an# Construction -or$#( 6o$ ( an ::>( 1! ?5?F'

>' Earthquake Ti% @( ,hat is seismic design philosophy- ( In#ian Concrete ourna$(

an ::( 6o$ '

' Earthquake Ti% 9( +ow do earthquakes affect reinforced concrete buildings-

In#ian Concrete ourna$( A%ri$ ::( 6o$ 9'

?' In#ian Stan#ar# IS 9@>5:

Documents

EarthQuake Effects