Earthquake and Tsunami Damage Survey in Indonesia and Recommendation for

the Reconstruction

Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Team

JETTMulyo Harris Pradono

Kyoto University, Professor

Kyoto University, Post-doc. Researcher

Hirokazu IEMURA

The 8th Conference of the Science Council of Asia (SCA) Qingdao, May 28-30, 2008

東海・東南海・南海地震の震度分布

2003.12.16 中央防災会議資料

東南海地震の想定震度分布

○東南海地震の特徴・やや長周期地震動 （高層ビル 被害大）， ・継続時間 大（強震1分程度）・最大加速度は想定東海地震と同等の大きいもの

○東南海地震の東海道新幹線エリア内の詳細分析・想定地震動（加速度・速度） により激震地域を選定・対策推進地域は，新大阪まで該当

Some of the Team Members

Prof. Scawthorn(U.S.)

Prof. Iemura Leader (Japan) Harris

(Indonesia)Prof. Iai (Japan)

Dr. Tobita (Japan)

Dr. Takahashi (Japan)

Dr. Honda (Japan)

Dr. Ono (Japan)

Recommendations from Our Investigation Team (1)

Tsunami Disaster Prevention Measures (Warning, Wave break, Mangrove, Land use, Evacuation)Institute or Center for Earthquake and Tsunami Research

• Tsunami and Earthquake Museum (Monuments, Facts, Data, Education Materials, etc.)

Recommendations from Our Investigation Team (2)

International Collaborations among Research InstitutionTsunami and Earthquake Safe Structural Design (Technologies and Codes)Tsunami Poles and Disaster Education (Not Forget but Understand)

Our Research and Implementation Activities

• Questionnaires for Earthquake Intensity• Questionnaires for Tsunami Height and

Actions• International Collaboration• Estimation of Tsunami Force from Bridge

Damage• Water Channel Experiments of Tsunami

Attack• Tsunami Height Memorial Poles and

Education

Our Research and Implementation Activities

• Questionnaires for Earthquake Intensity• Questionnaires for Tsunami Height and

Actions• International Collaboration• Estimation of Tsunami Force from Bridge

Damage• Water Channel Experiments of Tsunami

Attack• Tsunami Height Memorial Poles and

Education

Features of Structural Damage in Banda Aceh

Sumatra EarthquakeDec 26, 2004

Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Team

JETT

Main Earthquake and Sequence of

Aftershocks

00:58:53UTC M9.0 3.31N 95.55E

01:21:26UTC M6.1 6.36N 93.35E

01:22:27UTC M6.0 7.68N 93.72E

01:25:49UTC M6.0 5.54N 94.17E

01:40:07UTC M5.5 5.76N 93.03E

01:48:49UTC M5.8 5.40N 94.42E

01:59:14UTC M5.5 8.37N 92.43E

Source: USGS http://neic.usgs.gov

02:00:40UTC M6.0 6.83N 94.61E

02:15:50UTC M5.3 12.10N 92.19E

02:15:59UTC M5.7 12.33N 92.48E

02:22:01UTC M5.8 8.85N 92.42E

南北成分

東西成分

Velocity Record of Off-Sumatra Earthquake in Osaka

TTT（盾津）

Intensities

Source: USGS Earthquake Hazard Program http://neic.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav

The earthquake was felt (VIII) at Banda Aceh and (V) at Medan, Sumatra. It was felt (II-IV) in parts of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Langka, and Thailand. Subsidence and landslides were observed in Sumatra

Digital Globe AnalysisSource: Digital Globe Analysis http://www.digitalglobe.com

Grand Mosque

知事公邸2005年1月5日

Photo Source: Digital Globe http://www.digitalglobe.com

Displaced Bridge

Governor Office

Visited sites

大モスク周辺の衛星写真（バンダアチェ）12月28日, 2004

Source: Digital Globe Analysis http://www.digitalglobe.com

調査した建物 大モスク

Nearby BuildingsMarch 02, 2005

One-story nearby house is intact

Baiturrahman Grand MosqueSurvey March 02, 2004

Main Tower (east of main build.) Severe

cracking and spalling of concrete

Tsunami flood about

80 cm

Baiturrahman Grand MosqueSurvey March 02, 2004

Structural column

Non-structural column

Nearby BuildingsMarch 02, 2005

(Kuala Tripa Hotel)

The hotel was expanded from a 4-story hotel to a 5-story hotel

Nearby BuildingsMarch 02, 2005 (Water Tower)

Spalling of concrete cover at the core tower

Iemura et al., 2005

Carrying out questionnaire

at Syiah Kuala Cemetery

at Krueng Raya

Questionnaires on Earthquake Intensity

• Estimation of earthquake intensity (JMA Intensity) from questionnaires– Professor Ota’s Method in 1979 is used to

calculate the local intensity

Questionnaires on Earthquake Intensity• Typical type of questions:

– Feel the quake? – Where were you? – Duration? – Could you move? – Structures were damaged? – Hanging stuff swinging? – Unstable stuff falling? – Heavy stuff moving? – Other 27 items.

Zoning in Banda Aceh City

• 市内で7ヶ所，他4ヶ所でゾーニング

• A～Cはメインストリート沿い(Jl. Mohammad Daud Beureueh）で津波浸水域

• D～Gは津波被害甚大地域

• HはGrand Mosque周辺（津波による被害少、地震被害のためのレファレンスポイント）

Earthquake Strength

Iemura et al., 2005Respondent saying “weak” was at Mata Ie, a hilly area South of BA

Earthquake Duration

Iemura et al., 2005According to a Syiah Kuala Univ. Staff, the duration of shaking is around 15 minutes

Calculated JMA Intensity from the questionnaires in Banda Aceh

• A: 5.56• B: 5.48• C: 5.52• D: 5.49• E: 5.51• F: 5.79• G: 5.36• H: 5.60• I: 4.92

Corresponds to MMI VII - VIII Relatively uniform value of seismic intensity

Results and LessonsSumatra Earthquake

Dec. 26, 2004• Relatively large scale modern

buildings, water tanks, and mosque tower suffered severe damage due to long period component of ground motion

• Seismic design of these structures has to be carefully reviewed

Features of Structural Damage in Jogjakarta

Central Java EarthquakeMay 27, 2006

Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Team

JETT

Structural DamagesCentral Java Earthquake May 27,

2006

4.30

4.57

4.75

4.523.95

3.67

2.94

Results of Questionnaires on Seismic Intensity

• Gajah Mada大学Dr. Mardjono, Dr. Nizamらと共同でアンケート震度(JMA震度)調査

Results and LessonsCentral Java Earthquake

May 27, 2006• Non-engineered adobe or redbrick

houses are severely damaged• Seismic intensity is not high and

differs a lot depending on the locations

Our Research and Implementation Activities

• Questionnaires for Earthquake Intensity• Questionnaires for Tsunami Height and

Actions• International Collaboration• Estimation of Tsunami Force from Bridge

Damage• Water Channel Experiments of Tsunami

Attack• Tsunami Height Memorial Poles and

Education

Features of Tsunami Damage of Buildings in Banda Aceh

Sumatra EarthquakeDec 26, 2004

Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Team

JETT

Electric Plant Vessel2005年3月2日600トンの船が津波により3キロ内陸部へと

流された

Putri House, November 7, 2005The video* was shot from this balcony

Blue Roof House

From the Balcony

Video shot from Putri House during the 2004 Tsunami

Inside the Putri HouseVideo

Dec, 26, 2004Photo Nov, 7, 2005

Mosque in Ulee Lheue

Mosque

Mosque in Ulee Lheue

Questionnaires on Tsunami Features

• Typical question on tsunami：tsunami height, sequence, how long after the quake, and other 10 questions

Syiah Kuala Cemetery2005年3月2日

Syiah Kuala Cemeteryにおいて生存者にアンケート調査

生存者

Syiah Kuala Cemetery

Knowledge about tsunami

Iemura et al., 2005Knowledge on tsunami was low

When they knew tsunami was coming…

Iemura et al., 2005Tsunami came 19.1 minutes (average) after the big earthquake

Percentage of survivors

Iemura et al., 2005

(and percentage of survivors if they escaped immediately after earthquake)

Percentage of survivors outside BA

Iemura et al., 2005

(and percentage of survivors if they escaped immediately after quake)