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EARTH SCIENCE
KESSEL
Bell Ringer
Explain the concept of matter.
?’s to answer that might help you in your
explanation:
1. What is it?
2. What is it made of?
3. Does it have a shape?
4. How would you know if you saw it?
Bell Ringer
Study for your Atomic Calculations Quiz!!!
Bell Ringer
Rocks are made of minerals. In your notes
you have how minerals are formed. Based
off of this information, explain how rocks
might be formed?
Bell Ringer
With your knowledge of minerals, rocks and the
rock cycle. Briefly describe what processes
occur for the following events to occur:
1. Sedimentary rocks to form from sediments.
2. Metamorphic rocks to form.
3. Igneous rocks to form.
4. Sedimentary rocks to become metamorphic
rocks.
Bell Ringer
Weathering is the breaking down of
rocks on Earth’s surface. Infer some
actions/events/factors that would cause
rocks to experience weathering.
Bell Ringer
Are soil and dirt the same material? In your
explanation be sure to talk about plants.
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Explain your concept of matter.
Elements and the Periodic Table
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Matter is anything that has mass and
takes up space.
Solid Liquid Gas
definite shape takes shape of
container
takes shape of
container
definite volume definite volume has volume of
container
ability to flow ability to flow
Elements and the Periodic Table
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
All matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms are particles that make up
elements.
Elements are the basic building blocks
of minerals.
The Periodic Table of Elements
Atoms
Smallest particles of matter
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
• neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges
The nucleus is the central part of an atom
and contains
• protons, which have positive electrical charges
Atoms
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Energy levels, or shells
• surround the nucleus
•electrons, which have negative electrical charges
When two or more elements combine, we
have a compound.
• electrons are used for bonding between atoms
Atoms
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Chemical Symbols Chemical Formulas
Represent elements Represents compounds
One or two letters Chemical symbols and
subscript
First letter is always
capitalized
Subscript-number written
slightly below the symbol
Tells us the elements name
Atomic Calculations
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
The Periodic Table tells us how many protons,
neutrons, and electrons make up an atom of each
element.
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Atomic Calculations
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
The mass
number is
found by
rounding the
atomic mass to
the nearest
whole number.
Atomic Calculations
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Atomic Calculation Formulas
Atomic number = Protons
Mass number = Protons + Neutrons
Protons = Electrons
The Periodic Table of Elements
Bell Ringer
Using the periodic table on the wall, how
many protons, neutrons, and electrons
does Zinc (Zn) possess?
DO NOT TOUCH THE LAB MATERIALS
What is a Mineral?
Minerals are
the building
blocks of
rocks.
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
What is a Mineral ?
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
A substance must satisfy all of the
following 5 characteristics in order to be
classified as a mineral.
1. Naturally occurring
• Must be formed through natural
geologic processes.
Definition of a Mineral
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
2. Solid substance
• Must exist in
the solid state
under normal
temperatures
on Earth’s
surface.
Definition of a Mineral
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
3. Orderly crystalline structure
• Atoms must
be arranged in
a repeating
geometric
structure.
Definition of a Mineral
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
4. Definite chemical composition
• Must be either an element or
compound. Cannot be a mixture.
5. Generally considered inorganic
• Cannot come from living things
How Minerals Form
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
• Crystallization from magma
• Precipitation
• Pressure and temperature
• Hydrothermal solutions
These processes occur without people
and are different ways that minerals can
form on Earth.
Color
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Small amounts of different elements can
give the same mineral different colors.
Streak
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Streak is the
color of a
mineral in its
powdered form.
Luster
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Luster is used
to describe how
light is reflected
from the surface
of a mineral.
Crystal Form
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Crystal form is the
visible expression
of a mineral’s
internal
arrangement of
atoms.
Hardness
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Hardness is a measure of the resistance
of a mineral to being scratched.
Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals
arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
Mohs Scale of Hardness
Cleavage
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Cleavage is the
tendency of a
mineral to
cleave, or break,
along flat, even
surfaces.
Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction
Fracture
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Fracture is the
uneven
breakage of
a mineral
Conchoidal Fracture
Density
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Density is a property of all matter that
is the ratio of an object’s mass to its
volume.
>
Bell Ringer
What qualities are used to help in the
identification of an unknown mineral?
Rocks
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Rocks are any
solid mass of
mineral or
mineral-like
matter
occurring
naturally as part
of our planet.
Rocks
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Types of Rocks
• Igneous rock is
formed by the
crystallization
of molten
magma.
Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.
Rocks
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Types of Rocks
• Sedimentary rock is
formed from the
weathered products of
preexisting rocks that
have been transported,
deposited, compacted,
& cemented.
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks
• Erosion involves the weathering and the
removal of rock.
• Deposition occurs when an agent of
erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses
energy and drops sediments.
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks
• Compaction is a process that squeezes, or
compacts, sediments.
• Cementation takes place when dissolved
minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces
among the sediments.
Compaction and Cementation
Shale with Plant Fossils
Conglomerate
Rocks
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Types of Rocks
• Metamorphic rock is
formed by the
alteration of pre-
existing rock within
the Earth’s crust
and upper mantle
by heat, pressure,
and/or chemically
active fluids.
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism means “to change
form.”
Conditions for formation are found a few
kilometers below the Earth’s surface and
extend into the upper mantle.
Most metamorphic changes occur at
elevated temperatures and pressures.
Origin of Pressure in
Metamorphism
Gneiss Typically Displays a
Banded Appearance
The Rock Cycle
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Shows the
interrelationships
among the three
rock types (igneous,
sedimentary, and
metamorphic)
Bell Ringer
With your knowledge of minerals, rocks and the
rock cycle. Briefly describe what processes
occur for the following events to occur:
1. Sedimentary rocks to form from sediments.
2. Metamorphic rocks to form.
3. Igneous rocks to form.
4. Sedimentary rocks to become metamorphic
rocks.
Mechanical Weathering
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Mechanical
weathering occurs
when physical
forces break rock
into smaller and
smaller pieces
without changing
the rock’s mineral
composition.
Mechanical Weathering
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
1. Frost wedging
• The mechanical breakup of rock caused by the
expansion of freezing water in cracks & crevices
Mechanical Weathering
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
2. Unloading
• Reduced pressure on igneous rock causes it to
expand and allows slabs of outer rock to break
off in layers in a process called exfoliation.
Mechanical Weathering
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
3. Biological activity • The activity of
organisms, including
plants (root
wedging), burrowing
animals, and
humans, can also
cause mechanical
weathering.
Mechanical Weathering
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
3. Biological activity
Chemical Weathering
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Chemical weathering is the transformation
of rock into one or more new compounds.
• Chemical
weathering is most
effective in areas
with high
temperatures and
abundant moisture.
Chemical Weathering
Spheroidal Weathering
Differential Weathering
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Differential weathering is caused by
variations in rock composition.
• Creates unusual
and spectacular
rock formations &
landforms
Rate of Weathering
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Factors affecting the rate of weathering
are:
1. Rock characteristics
2. Climate
• Temperature and moisture of a climate are
the most crucial factors of weathering.
Characteristics of Soil
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Soil is part of the
regolith (layer of
Earth that covers
most of Earth’s
surface) that
supports the
growth of plants.
Characteristics of Soil
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Soil Composition
• Soil has four major
components:
1. mineral matter (broken-
down rock)
2. humus (the decayed
remains of organisms)
3. Water
4. Air.
Characteristics of Soil
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Soil Texture
• Loam (a mixture of all three sizes) is best suited
for plant life.
• Texture refers to the proportions of different
particle sizes.
Sand (large size)
Silt
Clay (small size)
Characteristics of Soil
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Soil Texture
Soil Texture
Soil Formation
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
The most important factors in soil
formation are parent material, time,
climate, organisms, and slope.
Soil Formation
The Soil Profile
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Soil varies in composition, texture, structure,
and color at different depths. Soil horizons
are zones or layers of soil. A soil profile is a
vertical section through all the soil horizons.
• The A horizon is commonly known as topsoil.
• The B horizon is subsoil and contains clay
particles washed out from the A horizon.
• The C horizon is between B horizon and
unaltered parent material.
Soil Profile
A Soil Profile Showing
Different Horizons
Soil Types
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
Three common types of soil are pedalfer,
pedocal, and laterite.
1. Pedalfer
• Best developed under forest vegetation
2. Pedocal
• Associated with drier grasslands
3. Laterite
• Hot, wet, tropical climates
Soil Erosion
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
• Human activities that remove natural vegetation,
such as farming, logging, and construction, have
greatly accelerated erosion.
Water erodes soil.
Rates of Erosion
Soil Erosion
Minerals, Rocks, & Soil
• Planting rows of trees called windbreaks
Controlling Erosion
• Terracing hillsides
• Plowing along the contours of hills
• Rotating crops