Earth Science Introduction LabEarth Science Introduction Lab

Goals:Goals:

• Students understand the concept of densityStudents understand the concept of density

• Students determine densities of various objectsStudents determine densities of various objects

• Students understand the relationship between variousStudents understand the relationship between various systems and how they relatesystems and how they relate

• Students utilize the scientific method to play the Students utilize the scientific method to play the game of NIMS and win every time. game of NIMS and win every time.

DensityDensity of Matter – How “heavy” matter is of Matter – How “heavy” matter isfor it’s size.for it’s size.

Which is heavier? Which is heavier?

A pound ofA pound ofGold?Gold?

A pound of A pound of feathersfeathers

DENSITYDENSITY- is the comparison of - is the comparison of massmass to a to a volumevolume that the mass sits in that the mass sits in

AA BB

Box A and B are equal volumes. Which boxBox A and B are equal volumes. Which boxhas more mass?has more mass?

Box B has more mass in it’s volume and has a higherBox B has more mass in it’s volume and has a higherdensitydensity

Calculating the density of matterCalculating the density of matter

Density = Density = MassMass

VolumeVolume

Mass (g)Mass (g)Volume (cmVolume (cm33))Density g/cmDensity g/cm33

MassMass is amount of matter is amount of matterVolumeVolume is the “how much space” there is for mass is the “how much space” there is for mass

Calculating Volume of an object:Calculating Volume of an object:

LLWW

HH

LL xx WW xx HH

What is the volume of an What is the volume of an object withobject with

L = 3 cmL = 3 cmW = 2 cmW = 2 cmH = 3 cmH = 3 cm

18 cm18 cm33

Find the volume of the following objectsFind the volume of the following objects

101022

33

44

66

22

1212

1122

V = 60 cmV = 60 cm33

V = 48 cmV = 48 cm33

V = 24 cmV = 24 cm33

Calculating the density of matter:Calculating the density of matter:

Density = Density = MassMass

VolumeVolumeDD

MM

VVXX

Calculate the following densities:Calculate the following densities:

M = 35gM = 35gV = 7 cmV = 7 cm33

D = D =

M = 20gM = 20gV = 10 cmV = 10 cm33

D = D =

M = M = V = 4 cmV = 4 cm33

D = 5 g/cmD = 5 g/cm33

MM = = V = 2 cmV = 2 cm33

D = 6 g/cmD = 6 g/cm33

M = 25gM = 25gV = V = D = 5 g/cmD = 5 g/cm33

M = 8gM = 8gV =V =D = 8 g/cmD = 8 g/cm33

5 g/cm5 g/cm33 2 g/cm2 g/cm33

20g20g

12g12g5 cm5 cm33 1 cm1 cm33

How does density relate to a How does density relate to a solidsolid, , liquid liquid andandgasgas??

Let’s Let’s assume equal volumesassume equal volumes below. Which volume below. Which volumehas the most to least density?has the most to least density?

SolidSolid LiquidLiquid GasGas

MostMost LeastLeast

So, what happens to the So, what happens to the densitydensity of matter of matterwhen changing from a when changing from a solidsolid to to liquidliquid to to gas?gas?

Examples:Examples:

(Think of how the particles appear in a solid,(Think of how the particles appear in a solid, liquid and gas)liquid and gas)

Solid SolidSolid SolidNo density changeNo density change

liquidliquid VaporVapor(gas)(gas)

liquidliquid GasGas

Change in densityChange in density

D=36/9D=36/9

D=12/3D=12/3

44

44

Change in density occurs:Change in density occurs:

• density will change when moving from onedensity will change when moving from one phase of matter to another:phase of matter to another:

solid----liquidsolid----liquidliquid----gasliquid----gasgas ---- liquidgas ---- liquidsolid --- liquid --gassolid --- liquid --gas

Does all matter float? –Yes, it depends onDoes all matter float? –Yes, it depends onthe density!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!the density!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Density of Water isDensity of Water is1.0 g/cm1.0 g/cm33

Any matter with a density Any matter with a density GREATERGREATER than water than waterwill will SINKSINK

Any matter with a density Any matter with a density LESSLESS than waterthan waterwill will FLOATFLOAT

Water = 1.0 g/cmWater = 1.0 g/cm33

What objects will sink or float?What objects will sink or float?

3.23.2

.6.6

1.81.8

19.319.3AuAu

.9.9

g/cmg/cm33

Where will the following objects float in theWhere will the following objects float in thefollowing fluid densities?following fluid densities?

1.01.0

3.03.0

5.05.0

7.07.0

9.09.0

4.04.0

.7.7

6.06.0

9.59.5

5.05.0

g/cmg/cm33

A lower densityA lower densitymaterial will alwaysmaterial will alwaysFLOAT on a FLOAT on a higher densityhigher densitymaterialmaterial

Earth as a systemEarth as a system::• How systems exchange How systems exchange mattermatter and and energyenergy

Earth as a systemEarth as a system::• How systems exchange How systems exchange mattermatter and and energyenergy

SUNSUN

IsolatedIsolatedSystemSystemIsolatedIsolatedSystemSystem

NoNo exchange of exchange ofmattermatter or or energyenergyNoNo exchange of exchange of

mattermatter or or energyenergy

SUNSUN

ClosedClosedSystemSystemClosedClosedSystemSystem

Exchange of Exchange of energyenergybut, no but, no mattermatter

Exchange of Exchange of energyenergybut, no but, no mattermatter

SUNSUN

OpenOpenSystemSystemOpenOpen

SystemSystem

Exchange of bothExchange of bothmattermatter and and energyenergyExchange of bothExchange of both

mattermatter and and energyenergy

Which system is the Earth?Which system is the Earth?Which system is the Earth?Which system is the Earth?

The fragile Earth as a The fragile Earth as a closed systemclosed system is supported by is supported by fourfourinterrelated interrelated open systemsopen systems

The fragile Earth as a The fragile Earth as a closed systemclosed system is supported by is supported by fourfourinterrelated interrelated open systemsopen systems

LithosphereLithosphereRepresents the solid earthRepresents the solid earth

minerals, rocks, and minerals, rocks, and interiorinterior

LithosphereLithosphereRepresents the solid earthRepresents the solid earth

minerals, rocks, and minerals, rocks, and interiorinterior

Atmosphere:Atmosphere:Thin blanket of gas keepingThin blanket of gas keeping

life alive, warm, and protectedlife alive, warm, and protected

Atmosphere:Atmosphere:Thin blanket of gas keepingThin blanket of gas keeping

life alive, warm, and protectedlife alive, warm, and protected

Hydrosphere:Hydrosphere:Interaction of all water processes,Interaction of all water processes,

only planet with wateronly planet with water71% ocean, 12,500 feet deep71% ocean, 12,500 feet deepstreams, lakes, groundwaterstreams, lakes, groundwater

Hydrosphere:Hydrosphere:Interaction of all water processes,Interaction of all water processes,

only planet with wateronly planet with water71% ocean, 12,500 feet deep71% ocean, 12,500 feet deepstreams, lakes, groundwaterstreams, lakes, groundwater

BiosphereBiosphere::Includes all living Includes all living

organisms on land, organisms on land, in water, and in airin water, and in air

BiosphereBiosphere::Includes all living Includes all living

organisms on land, organisms on land, in water, and in airin water, and in air

GeosphereGeosphereInteraction of Interaction of

all open systemsall open systems

GeosphereGeosphereInteraction of Interaction of

all open systemsall open systems

Scientific InquiryScientific Inquiry – How do we know earth – How do we know earth processes are accurate?processes are accurate?

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodA set of A set of logicallogical steps scientist use to steps scientist use to “get to the“get to the

truth”truth” of processes acting in the universe of processes acting in the universe

Making Making ObservationsObservations Collecting facts, asking why questions, Collecting facts, asking why questions,

Making a Making a Hypothesis Hypothesis (predictions on why)(predictions on why)explaining how and why it works (after fact finding)explaining how and why it works (after fact finding)

““educated guessing”educated guessing”Testing the hypothesis Testing the hypothesis (experimenting)(experimenting)

performing experimentations that test the accuracyperforming experimentations that test the accuracy the hypothesisthe hypothesisScientific TheoryScientific Theory

well tested hypothesis – widely accepted view thatwell tested hypothesis – widely accepted view thatexplains the observable factsexplains the observable facts 1616

Part D – Scientific MethodPart D – Scientific MethodPart D – Scientific MethodPart D – Scientific Method

The Game of NIM’s The Game of NIM’s

Objective:Objective:Use the scientific method to find strategies that allow Use the scientific method to find strategies that allow

you to win EVERYTIME!!!you to win EVERYTIME!!!

The Game of NIM’s The Game of NIM’s

Objective:Objective:Use the scientific method to find strategies that allow Use the scientific method to find strategies that allow

you to win EVERYTIME!!!you to win EVERYTIME!!!

1.1.On each turn, you can take as many chips out of anyOn each turn, you can take as many chips out of any ONE row you desire.ONE row you desire.

2. You CANNOT take chips out of columns.2. You CANNOT take chips out of columns.

3. The person taking the last chip loses.3. The person taking the last chip loses.

1.1.On each turn, you can take as many chips out of anyOn each turn, you can take as many chips out of any ONE row you desire.ONE row you desire.

2. You CANNOT take chips out of columns.2. You CANNOT take chips out of columns.

3. The person taking the last chip loses.3. The person taking the last chip loses.

RowsRowsRowsRowsColumnsColumnsColumnsColumns

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Part-DPart-DUse the last page (scientific method)Use the last page (scientific method)

Record yourRecord your

• observationsobservations (the way the game is played (the way the game is played

• hypothesishypothesis (predictions to win) (predictions to win)

• test your hypothesis (test your hypothesis (experimentexperiment))

• What strategies are workingWhat strategies are working

• Do you win every-time (Do you win every-time (theorytheory))

Part-DPart-DUse the last page (scientific method)Use the last page (scientific method)

Record yourRecord your

• observationsobservations (the way the game is played (the way the game is played

• hypothesishypothesis (predictions to win) (predictions to win)

• test your hypothesis (test your hypothesis (experimentexperiment))

• What strategies are workingWhat strategies are working

• Do you win every-time (Do you win every-time (theorytheory))

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