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Psych3BN3 Lecture 1History of Cognitive
Neuroscience
Readings: Gazzaniga Chapter 1
Early theories of brain function
• Phrenology (Gall &Spurzheim, early 1800’s),Anatomical personology(see fig 1.2).
• Aggregate fields (PierreFlourens, late 1800’s)
• Topographic organization(Hughlings Jackson, Broca,Fritsch, Brodmann, late1800’s – early 1900’s)
01-05b
W. W. Norton
Figure 1.5, B: Broca’s area of motor speech, A: Wernicke’s area of sensory Speech, Pc: language area
01-07
Brodmann, K., Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihrenPrinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: J.A. Barth, 1909.
Figure 1.7 Brodmann’s 52 areas defined cytoarchitectonically.
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Early brain theories Cont’d
• The brain is a “syncytium” (Golgi, Nobelprize in 1906)
• The “neuron doctrine” (Cajal, Purkinje,early 1900’s), see Figs 1.10, 1.11 (nextslide)
01-10
W. W. Norton
Figure 1.10 A bipolar retinal cell.
Figure 1.11 A Purkinje cell of the cerebellum
Early brain theories Cont’d
• The brain as a holistic system (vonMonakow, Sir Henry Head, early 1900’s,Karl Lashley’s lesion studies)
• Associationism, behaviourism, S-Rtheories (Ebbinghaus, Thorndike, Watsonetc, early to mid 1900’s)
• The cognitive revolution (1950’s, 1960’s)
The Beginnings of CognitiveNeuroscience
• Marr’s ideas about neural computation(1980’s)
• Functional brain imaging (1980’s,1990’s)