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Early FlightEarly Flight
1904 – 19141904 – 1914
““Passion for WingsPassion for Wings
Octave ChanuteOctave Chanute
Successful engineerSuccessful engineerAuthority in iron bridgesAuthority in iron bridgesTruss construction techniquesTruss construction techniquesWood preservationWood preservation
Retired earlyRetired earlyAviation InterestAviation Interest
Octave ChanuteOctave Chanute
Progress in Flying MachinesProgress in Flying MachinesWritten in 1894Written in 1894Widely read and respectedWidely read and respectedGuidebook for othersGuidebook for others
Constructed several craftConstructed several craftHerring/Chanute biplane gliderHerring/Chanute biplane gliderBasis of Wright biplane designBasis of Wright biplane designNever flewNever flewInspired others to flyInspired others to fly
Chanute-Herring Chanute-Herring Two Surfaced GliderTwo Surfaced Glider
Octave ChanuteOctave Chanute
Wright BrothersWright BrothersVisited Kitty Hawk in 1902 & 1903Visited Kitty Hawk in 1902 & 1903MentorMentorCorresponded for yearsCorresponded for yearsContinual inspiration paved way Continual inspiration paved way
for their successfor their success
Octave ChanuteOctave Chanute
European RevivalEuropean RevivalInternational promoter of airplane developmentInternational promoter of airplane developmentShared news around globeShared news around globeParis lecturesParis lectures
Wrights successesWrights successesRekindled interest in flight among Rekindled interest in flight among
many European engineersmany European engineers
Robert Esnault-PelterieRobert Esnault-Pelterie
Tried to reproduce 1902 Wright gliderTried to reproduce 1902 Wright gliderFailedFailedNo specificationsNo specificationsNo experience of gliding flightsNo experience of gliding flightsNo theoretical understanding of flightNo theoretical understanding of flightEuropean skepticismEuropean skepticism
Devised own glider using aileronsDevised own glider using ailerons
Gabriel VoisinGabriel Voisin
Syndicat d’AviationSyndicat d’AviationFirst company organized to build aircraftFirst company organized to build aircraftProduced glidersProduced gliders
Teamed with Louis BleriotTeamed with Louis BleriotMade powered aircraftMade powered aircraft
UnsuccessfulUnsuccessful
Devised boxkite-like featuresDevised boxkite-like features
Alberto Santos-DumontAlberto Santos-Dumont
1906 - Designed biplane (boxkite-like wing)1906 - Designed biplane (boxkite-like wing)Hired Voisin to buildHired Voisin to buildFlight testing in SeptemberFlight testing in September
Hanging from Dumont’s dirigible No.14Hanging from Dumont’s dirigible No.1450-horsepower Antoinette motor50-horsepower Antoinette motor
October – won Archdeacon PrizeOctober – won Archdeacon PrizeFirst flight of at least 25 metersFirst flight of at least 25 meters
Alberto Santos-DumontAlberto Santos-Dumont
First official recognized flight in EuropeFirst official recognized flight in Europe12 November 190612 November 1906Several flightsSeveral flightsLongest – 21 seconds /722 feetLongest – 21 seconds /722 feet
Alberto Santos-DumontAlberto Santos-Dumont
French Aero Club prizeFrench Aero Club prizeFirst flight over 100 metersFirst flight over 100 metersOfficial RecognitionOfficial Recognition
First manned powered flight in EuropeFirst manned powered flight in EuropeHonored for two yearsHonored for two years
Alberto Santos-DumontAlberto Santos-DumontDemoiselle monoplaneDemoiselle monoplane
Specially reinforce bamboo boomSpecially reinforce bamboo boomTail unit functioned as elevator and rudderTail unit functioned as elevator and rudder
Airplane ProductionAirplane Production
Aviators made own aircraftAviators made own aircraftFrench turned production into businessFrench turned production into business
Gabriel VoisinGabriel VoisinInfluenced by Wright BrothersInfluenced by Wright BrothersPusher planesPusher planesProduced about 20 by WWIProduced about 20 by WWI
Airplane ProductionAirplane Production
Henry Farman – EnglishmanHenry Farman – EnglishmanOrdered airplane from VoisinOrdered airplane from VoisinAdded ailerons/modified tailAdded ailerons/modified tail
1908 – Grand Prix d’ Aviation prize1908 – Grand Prix d’ Aviation prize50,000 francs50,000 francsFirst flight around circular routeFirst flight around circular route
Ordered second airplane from VoisinOrdered second airplane from VoisinVoisin sold to someone elseVoisin sold to someone elseEstablished own production companyEstablished own production company
Henry FarmanHenry Farman
Produced biplanesProduced biplanesRheims International Air MeetRheims International Air Meet
First pilot to fly over 100 milesFirst pilot to fly over 100 miles111.8 Miles – Closed circuit111.8 Miles – Closed circuitTop Prize winnerTop Prize winner
Farman Type 40
Henry FarmanHenry Farman
First long-distance passenger airlinerFirst long-distance passenger airlinerParis – London flightsParis – London flights8 February 19198 February 1919
Farman Goliath
Short BrothersShort Brothers
Experienced balloonersExperienced balloonersFirst airplane manufacturing companyFirst airplane manufacturing company
BritainBritainObtained Wright license (6 aircraft)Obtained Wright license (6 aircraft)First to produce airplanes in seriesFirst to produce airplanes in seriesDesigned own aircraftDesigned own aircraft
Short BrothersShort Brothers
Short bi-plane #2Short bi-plane #2
Short Bomber 1915
Louis BleriotLouis Bleriot
1909 – first successful airplane produced1909 – first successful airplane producedBleriot XIBleriot XIMonoplaneMonoplane
Three-wheel undercarriageThree-wheel undercarriagePylons supporting wingsPylons supporting wingsRectangular fuselageRectangular fuselageSmall rudder and rear elevatorSmall rudder and rear elevatorUsed wing warpingUsed wing warping
Louis BleriotLouis Bleriot
London Daily Mail prizeLondon Daily Mail prizeFly airplane across English ChannelFly airplane across English Channel25 May 190925 May 190936 minutes 30 seconds36 minutes 30 seconds
Flew demonstration flightsFlew demonstration flightsCrashCrash
Romania – December 1909Romania – December 19093232ndnd crash crash
Louis BleriotLouis Bleriot
Blériot XIBlériot XI
Wreckage of Blériot's plane, Air Meet, August 1909
Igor SikorskyIgor SikorskyRussian bornRussian bornFlying machine lifted by the propellerFlying machine lifted by the propeller
Built two helicopters (1909/1910)Built two helicopters (1909/1910)Neither flewNeither flewAttention turned to airplanesAttention turned to airplanes
Taught himself to flyTaught himself to flyS-5S-5
Rudders controlled by pedalsRudders controlled by pedalsSingle wheel for ailerons and elevatorSingle wheel for ailerons and elevator
Igor SikorskyIgor SikorskyS-21 GrandS-21 Grand
Four engineFour engineEnclosed cabinEnclosed cabinObservation platformObservation platform
Igor SikorskyIgor SikorskyRussian Civil War
Emigrates to United States (1919)
Sikorsky Manufacturing CompanyS-29 One of fist twin-engine aircraft in America
14 passenger capacity115 MPH
Aviation AchievementsAmerican Clipper – largest airliner producedWing flaps (1934)
Igor SikorskyIgor SikorskyHelicopters
VS-300First tethered flight (14 Sep 1935)First free flight (24 May 1940)
R-4First mass produced
helicopter (1942)Configuration still used
today
Igor SikorskyIgor SikorskyBlackhawkBlackhawk
German AirplanesGerman AirplanesLagged behind worldLagged behind world
Obtained licenses for foreign design productionObtained licenses for foreign design production
German airplane worksGerman airplane worksE. Rumpler founded with an Etrich licenseE. Rumpler founded with an Etrich licenseBird-like design called Taube (Dove)Bird-like design called Taube (Dove)License waivedLicense waivedBasic German designBasic German design
German AirplanesGerman AirplanesBefore war, 25 aircraft production companiesBefore war, 25 aircraft production companies
French influenceFrench influenceAlbatross designAlbatross designFarman boxkite typeFarman boxkite typeGovernment backingGovernment backing
H. OelerichH. OelerichAltitude RecordAltitude Record26,740 feet26,740 feet
German AlbatrossGerman Albatross
Aerial Experiment AssociationAerial Experiment AssociationAlexander Graham Bell organized in1907Alexander Graham Bell organized in1907
J.A.D. McCurdyJ.A.D. McCurdyLt. Thomas SelfridgeLt. Thomas SelfridgeThomas BaldwinThomas BaldwinGlenn CurtissGlenn Curtiss
Purpose – build a practical aircraftPurpose – build a practical aircraft
Aerial Experiment AssociationAerial Experiment AssociationBuilt 4 airplanes in 1908Built 4 airplanes in 1908
#1 Red Wing#1 Red WingBiplaneBiplaneForward elevatorForward elevatorFixed rear stabilizer and movable rear rudderFixed rear stabilizer and movable rear rudderNo wing warping or aileronsNo wing warping or aileronsIce skidsIce skids
Thomas Baldwin flew twiceThomas Baldwin flew twiceCrash landed both timesCrash landed both times
Aerial Experiment AssociationAerial Experiment Association#2 White Wing#2 White Wing
BiplaneBiplaneTricycle landing gearTricycle landing gearAileronsAilerons
Movable control surfaces on four wingtipsMovable control surfaces on four wingtipsBaldwin, Curtiss, McCurdy successful flightsBaldwin, Curtiss, McCurdy successful flights
McCurdy crashedMcCurdy crashed
Aerial Experiment AssociationAerial Experiment Association#3 June Bug/Loon#3 June Bug/Loon
Improved on #1 and #2Improved on #1 and #2Numerous flightsNumerous flightsScientific American TrophyScientific American Trophy
Won by CurtissWon by CurtissFly one kilometer in a straight lineFly one kilometer in a straight line
LoonLoonEquipped with pontoonsEquipped with pontoonsSank during taxiSank during taxi
Aerial Experiment AssociationAerial Experiment Association#4 Silver Dart#4 Silver Dart
50 HP water-cooled engine50 HP water-cooled engineFirst flight in CanadaFirst flight in Canada
McCurdy flewMcCurdy flew
AEA disbanded in 1909AEA disbanded in 1909Completed agendaCompleted agendaApplied for many patentsApplied for many patents
Legacy – Herring-Curtiss aircraft Legacy – Herring-Curtiss aircraft manufacturing companymanufacturing company
Glen CurtissGlen Curtiss
Glenn H. Curtiss at the Grande Semaine d'Aviation in France in 1909
Glen CurtissGlen CurtissManufactured motorcycles and bicyclesBuilt motor for Baldwin dirigiblesJoined AEA
Scientific knowledge/practical experienceFirst aircraft manufacturing companyPusher bi-planes
Used ailerons – patent dispute with Wright Bros.Designed aircraft for US NavyTake off from and land on shipsFlying boats in 1912
Second only to Wright Bros. in influence
Pusher AirplanesPusher Airplanes
A British WWI-era F.E.2b pusher. The propeller is just behind the wing
The pusher configuration on a Rutan Long-EZ home-built aircraft
Curtiss AirplanesCurtiss Airplanes
"NC-1" after completion, in 3 engine configuration, 3 October, 1918.
Curtiss Flight SchoolCurtiss Flight School
Naval Flight TrainingNaval Flight Training
Ely takes off from the USS Birmingham, Hampton Roads, Virginia, November 14, 1910
Exhibition/Stunt FlyingExhibition/Stunt Flying
Crowds came to airplane flightsCrowds came to airplane flightsSpeed racesSpeed racesExhibitionsExhibitionsCrashesCrashes
First exhibition flyers?First exhibition flyers?Wright Bros.Wright Bros.Glenn CurtissGlenn CurtissAlberto Santos DumontAlberto Santos DumontLouis BleriotLouis Bleriot
Exhibition/Stunt FlyingExhibition/Stunt Flying
Hudson-Fulton Tercentenary CelebrationHudson-Fulton Tercentenary CelebrationNew York – 1909New York – 1909Winds grounded flightsWinds grounded flightsCurtiss left for engagementCurtiss left for engagementWrights flew two days laterWrights flew two days later
Publicity bonanzaPublicity bonanzaDisaster for CurtissDisaster for Curtiss
Curtiss forms exhibition teamCurtiss forms exhibition teamWrights reactWrights react
Exhibition/Stunt FlyingExhibition/Stunt Flying
Cromwell DixonCromwell DixonCurtiss exhibition flyerCurtiss exhibition flyerContinental DivideContinental Divide$10,000 prize$10,000 prizeDied days later in crashDied days later in crash
Lincoln BeacheyLincoln BeacheyKnown for crashes as his flightsKnown for crashes as his flightsDied in 1915Died in 1915
Wings fell offWings fell off
Aero ClubsAero ClubsNational Aero ClubsNational Aero Clubs
Aviation competitionsAviation competitionsCertified flight recordsCertified flight recordsPresented awardsPresented awardsIssued pilot licensesIssued pilot licenses
Provide witnessesProvide witnessesDocumentation and verification of recordsDocumentation and verification of records
Aero ClubsAero ClubsAero Club of AmericaAero Club of America
First to officially support Wright Bros. claimsFirst to officially support Wright Bros. claimsIssued first licensesIssued first licensesUnlicensed pilots – promote safetyUnlicensed pilots – promote safetyInsurance companiesInsurance companiesGranted licenses in 1910Granted licenses in 1910
Glenn CurtissGlenn CurtissLt. Frank LahmLt. Frank LahmPaulhanPaulhanOrville WrightOrville WrightWilbur WrightWilbur Wright
Aero Club of AmericaAero Club of AmericaApplicantsApplicants
21 years of age21 years of ageMake 3 solo flightsMake 3 solo flights
Under supervision of clubUnder supervision of clubDemonstrate safe flight skillsDemonstrate safe flight skills
Club Agent granted licenseClub Agent granted licenseWatched applicant’s flight testWatched applicant’s flight testFrom groundFrom groundFirst American woman – Harriet Quimby 1911First American woman – Harriet Quimby 1911
Licenses from 1910 to 1927Licenses from 1910 to 1927Federal government beganFederal government began
Air ShowsAir ShowsRheims France - 1909Rheims France - 1909
23 aircraft entered23 aircraft entered
Many air shows followedMany air shows followed
Newspapers Sponsor CompetitionsNewspapers Sponsor CompetitionsDaily Mail of LondonDaily Mail of London
Harry Harper – first full time aviation reporterHarry Harper – first full time aviation reporter
Sponsored competitionsSponsored competitions1907 – fly off for model aircraft1907 – fly off for model aircraft
Alliot Verdon RoeAlliot Verdon RoeBuilt full-size airplane from winningsBuilt full-size airplane from winnings
1909 – First Briton to fly one continuous mile1909 – First Briton to fly one continuous mileJ.T.C. Moore Brabazon – 1,000 poundsJ.T.C. Moore Brabazon – 1,000 pounds
1909 – English Channel Crossing1909 – English Channel Crossing1910 – London-to-Manchester race1910 – London-to-Manchester race
Louis Paulhan – 10,000 poundsLouis Paulhan – 10,000 pounds
American Newspaper CompetitionsAmerican Newspaper CompetitionsNew York WorldNew York World
New York to AlbanyNew York to AlbanyGlenn Curtiss - May 1910Glenn Curtiss - May 1910
Philadelphia Public LedgerPhiladelphia Public LedgerRound trip New York to PhiladelphiaRound trip New York to Philadelphia
Charles Hamiltaon - $10,000Charles Hamiltaon - $10,000
William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst$50,000 prize – first transcontinental flight$50,000 prize – first transcontinental flight
Within 30 daysWithin 30 daysCal RodgersCal RodgersTook 49 daysTook 49 days
Gordon Bennett RacesGordon Bennett Races International Cup balloon racesInternational Cup balloon racesSwitched to airplane races - 1908Switched to airplane races - 1908
First at Rheims 1909First at Rheims 1909Glenn Curtiss wonGlenn Curtiss wonMoved to United States in 1910Moved to United States in 1910
Atlantic CrossingAtlantic CrossingDaily Mail offered 10,000 poundsDaily Mail offered 10,000 poundsMany considered it suicideMany considered it suicideWarWar
PatentsPatentsWright Bros. vs. Herring-CurtissWright Bros. vs. Herring-Curtiss
Curtiss Gold Bug was center of patent fightCurtiss Gold Bug was center of patent fightAileron placement was keyAileron placement was keyCurtiss defenseCurtiss defense
Deny infringementDeny infringementHerring patent defenseHerring patent defenseHerring-Curtiss bankruptcyHerring-Curtiss bankruptcyInjunction liftedInjunction lifted
Curtiss Aeroplane CompanyCurtiss Aeroplane Company
European BattlesEuropean Battles
TechnologyTechnologyWrights lagged in technologyWrights lagged in technologyAutomatic StabilityAutomatic Stability
Orville Wright vs. Elmer SperryOrville Wright vs. Elmer SperryAutomatic stability system – 1911Automatic stability system – 1911Gyroscopic stabilizer – 1914Gyroscopic stabilizer – 1914
Ailerons vs wing warpingAilerons vs wing warpingWheelsWheelsControlControl
Curtiss – Control wheelCurtiss – Control wheelWrights - LeversWrights - Levers
TechnologyTechnologyEngine ProductionEngine Production
France led wayFrance led way165 pounds/50 HP165 pounds/50 HP
United StatesUnited States34 manufacturers before war34 manufacturers before war25 to 200 HP25 to 200 HP
Flight SchoolsFlight SchoolsManufacturers taught schoolManufacturers taught school
AirportsAirportsUnited StatesUnited States
College Park MarylandCollege Park MarylandLights for night flightsLights for night flights
Airfield usageAirfield usageMilitaryMilitary
Training and maneuversTraining and maneuvers
ManufacturersManufacturersTest flights and demonstration flightsTest flights and demonstration flights
Proximity to both land and waterProximity to both land and water
Aviation DevelopmentsAviation DevelopmentsFrench Aero ClubsFrench Aero Clubs
Aerial RoadsAerial RoadsLine of visual aids to guide along routeLine of visual aids to guide along route
AirmailAirmailThroughout worldThroughout world
CommercialCommercialLimited prior to warLimited prior to war
ManufacturersManufacturersTest flights and demonstration flightsTest flights and demonstration flights
Proximity to both land and waterProximity to both land and water
Aviation DevelopmentsAviation DevelopmentsAerial LawsAerial Laws
First appeared in 1911First appeared in 1911Aerial traffic freeAerial traffic freeSubject to nation controlling airspaceSubject to nation controlling airspace
Aircraft Aircraft Register in one country/residency of ownerRegister in one country/residency of ownerDisplay mark of nationalityDisplay mark of nationalityLand in open fieldsLand in open fields
Not within cities or military fortificationsNot within cities or military fortifications
No jettisoning or dropping of objectsNo jettisoning or dropping of objects
Early FlightEarly Flight
Octave Chanute – glidersOctave Chanute – gliders Airplane ProductionAirplane Production German AirplanesGerman Airplanes Curtiss Airplanes/Flight SchoolCurtiss Airplanes/Flight School Naval Flight TrainingNaval Flight Training CompetitionsCompetitions
