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Early American History
1. Native Americans
2. Early explorers
3. The 13 English colonies
Indian Cultures, 1450
Native American societies
Most tribes were hunter-gatherers (move to different places each season according to food in that area)
Some tribes had some forms of farming (corn, beans, vegetables).
In the west, buffalo were an important part of life – food, clothing.
Plains Indians buffalo hunt
Native American cultures
Many American words and city names come from Indian languages. “Mississippi”, “Manhattan”, etc.
Indian forms of government influenced the American system of government.
They had a strong respect for nature, animals, and spiritual life.
In Mexico and Central America, they developed into powerful civilizations like Maya, Aztec, and Inca.
Different types of houses
Eastern woodlands longhouse
Trading with European explorers
Norsemen in America
Vikings (Norsemen) explored North America & established a short-lived colony in 1000AD.
Christopher Columbus
American history traditionally begins with the 1492 “discovery” of America by Columbus
Voyages of Columbus, 1492-1503
Christopher Columbus
An Italian explorer. He was hired by the Queen of Spain to look
for a Western route to India. He landed in Central America in 1492.
Effects of Columbus’ Voyages
Introduction of European diseases Many of the natives died from the diseases Invasion of Spanish conquistadors (“conquerors”) Conquest of great Indian civilizations:
Mexica (Aztec) of Mexico and Inca of Peru
Conquest of American Civilizations
Other explorers
Ferdinand Magellan: first to sail around the whole world (1519-1522)
Marco Polo: Travelled along the Silk Road to China and wrote a book about his adventures.
Amerigo Vespucius: the first to realize that North America was a new continent, and not India. America was named after him. After this it was also called “the New World”.
Columbian Exchange
Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no tomatoes in Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no cattle in Texas, no chile peppers in Thailand and India, no cigarettes in France and no chocolate in Switzerland.
Spanish settlements
Florida was explored by Spain in 1513. California and New Mexico also had Spanish
settlements. The Spanish were mainly interested in
finding gold. Today many South and Central American
countries are Spanish speaking because of Spanish colonization.
Jamestown, Virginia 1607
Jamestown: first permanent English colony in America (there were several other colonies before this that didn’t survive).
Established as trading colony (they heard about the Spanish finding gold). But actually, there was no gold there, and that place wasn’t even good for farming.
Only 61 of 500 survived the first year – starvation and sickness.
Developed tobacco as cash crop, which led to success.
Captain John Smith saved the colony from starvation
Pocahontas saved Captain Smith & married John Rolfe
Jamestown house foundation
Jamestown mansion ruins
Jamestown, 1619
First white women sent from England as wives
First representative assembly in America (House of Burgesses)
First slaves from Africa arrive
Plymouth Plantation: another early colony
1620: Pilgrims came to Plymouth Plantation on the Mayflower
Pilgrims: Puritans who separated from Church of England
Plymouth Plantation, Massachusetts
Pilgrims wrote Mayflower Compact: first self-government in America
“Consent of the governed”
Early example of American democracy: rule by majority
Pilgrims and Indians
An Indian named “Squanto” knew some English and helped them learn about the new land.
They were able to form a peace treaty. First Thanksgiving celebration 1621.
The 13 Colonies
Each colony was sent and controlled by the British Monarch.
Colonists were free to make money and own the land, but they had to obey British laws and pay taxes.
These 13 colonies later became the original United States of America.
Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston) 1629
Largest Puritan settlement Governor John Winthrop: “City upon a hill”. Self-government, but only church members
could participate. The Puritans were very strict in their religious
beliefs.
Rhode Island
Roger Williams was kicked out of Boston for religious differences; he founded the town of Providence.
Anne Hutchinson was also kicked out; joined Williams
New principle: separation of church and state Foundation for American tradition of religious
freedom and tolerance
Pennsylvania
William Penn, founder. “Quakers” (Society of Friends) – sought
religious freedom in America. Colony welcomed all who read the Bible and
believed in God. Many persecuted Germans settle in “Penn’s
Woods” – bring new religious traditions. Later played a big role in America’s
independence.
William Penn signing treaty with Indians
Maryland
Lord Baltimore, founder Haven for persecuted Roman Catholics 1649 religious freedom for all Christians
Other colonies
New Netherland settled by Dutch– English take over; rename it New York
Delaware settled by Swedes: log cabins Connecticut founded by religious dissenters
from Massachusetts Other colonies founded for commercial
purposes
Dutch & Swedish Colonies
New Amsterdam (New York)
New Jersey Delaware
Georgia: the last colony
Founded by General James Oglethorpe, 1732 Intended as a refuge for debtors – a place to
work instead of go to prison. Military colony as buffer against Spanish in
Florida.
Benign Neglect
English generally left the colonies alone – very little supervision or support
Colonies develop self-government & representative assemblies
Labor shortage aids freedom & results in almost classless society
Colonial America: 1607-1775
2 centuries of neglect allows colonies much freedom & democratic institutions
Threats to colonies: Spanish in Florida, Indians in the West, & French in Canada
French & Indian War, 1754-1763
It was related to the Seven Years’ War in Europe (France lost Canada to the British).
In America, Britain also won all the land between the 13 Colonies and the Mississippi River. They also got Florida from Spain.
Different Indian tribes were fighting on different sides of the war.
French & Indian War, 1754-1763
1754 attack by George Washington in western Pennsylvania begins conflict
1756: colonial war becomes world war (Seven Years’ War)
1759: British capture Quebec 1763: Treaty of Paris – British empire in
America doubles in size
North America, 1763
Conflicts leading to independence
Large British debts from Seven Years’ War. Problem of defending colonies from French &
Indians. British need for new revenue (money) leads
to new taxes. British put soldiers in colonies for defense –
but they were seen as threats to liberty.
Stamp Act, 1765
Tax on documents & printed matter Sons of Liberty (political group of American
patriots) protest; riots; boycotts “No taxation without representation” Tax repealed
Colonists “tar & feathering” a British stamp tax collector
Many new taxes made the colonists more and more angry.
Boston Massacre
March, 1770, Boston, Massachusetts
Drunken crowd attacks British soldiers
Soldiers fire into crowd; kill 5
Sons of Liberty claims it’s a British plot to destroy colonial liberty, call it a “Massacre”
Boston Massacre: Paul Revere propaganda (p. 278)
Boston Tea Party, 1773
New taxes lead to new protests British repeal taxes, except tax on tea Tea becomes symbol of British “tyranny” Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians destroy
tea in protest of “tyranny”
British Response
British respond with “Intolerable” Acts: close Boston Port, suspend legislature.
Colonists see this as plot to destroy colonial liberty
First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia to plan strategy: first inter-colonial government
First Continental Congress, 1774
12 colonies (not Georgia) sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss the situation.
Some wanted to break away from England, but some wanted to reconcile.
They decided to boycott trade with England, and sent a letter to King George III to explain the problem.
English Parliament rejected the letter and so both sides started to prepare for war.
“Shot Heard Round the World”
Minutemen: farmers prepared to fight at a “minute’s notice”
British plan to seize arms Paul Revere & others warn
minutemen Lexington & Concord: armed
clashes – start of war
Battle of Lexington, 1775
Radicals
Patrick Henry: “Give me liberty or give me death!”
Thomas Paine: Common Sense, 1776 – rejected idea of monarchy
America in 1776
Patriots: 1/3 favor independence Loyalists: 1/3 remain loyal to England Neutrals: 1/3 neutral
Declaration of Independence
July 2, 1776: Independence
July 4: Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration adopted by Second Continental Congress
P. 281 quote from Declaration
Declaration of Independence
Introduction Preamble Indictment Denunciation Conclusion Signatures
Writing the Declaration of Independence: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, & Thomas Jefferson
“Spirit of 1776”
The American army had little organization or training.
But they fought to protect their homes and political beliefs.
Many of the British soldiers were mercenaries (paid to fight) from other countries.
Even though the Americans were fewer and unprofessional, they would not give up.
Saratoga, 1777
Colonial victory in New York
Consequence: treaty with French (and later Spanish)
Cold winter; great suffering: army dwindles to 5000
George Washington
Most respected man in America
Washington preserves the army – saves cause of independence
Washington’s Valley Forge headquarters
Yorktown, 1781
Decisive battle French aid is crucial Lord Cornwallis
surrenders to Washington
England decides the war is too costly, they leave.
Treaty of Paris, 1783
13 colonies free & independent Canada remains part of British Empire Britain cedes Northwest Territory to United
States
North America, 1783
Required Reading
• Sections 3 and 4