Early 500sBC . . . .Early 500sBC . . . .

• India was not a unified India was not a unified countrycountry

• 16 kingdoms existed in 16 kingdoms existed in northern India. northern India.

540BC-Kingdom of 540BC-Kingdom of MagadhaMagadha

• In about 520BC, King Bimbisara In about 520BC, King Bimbisara made Magadha the most powerful made Magadha the most powerful kingdom of Northern India. kingdom of Northern India.

• Magadha extended influence across Magadha extended influence across much of Northern Indiamuch of Northern India

• King Bimbisara of Magadha lived at King Bimbisara of Magadha lived at about the same time as the about the same time as the Buddha. He heard the Buddha Buddha. He heard the Buddha himself preach and converted to himself preach and converted to BuddhismBuddhism

Meanwhile, in the Indus Meanwhile, in the Indus ValleyValley

• Between 520BC-510BC, King Darius of Persia Between 520BC-510BC, King Darius of Persia conquered the Indus Valley, and for a time the conquered the Indus Valley, and for a time the Indus Valley was part of the Persian Empire. Indus Valley was part of the Persian Empire.

• Soon the kingdom of Magadha took the Indus Soon the kingdom of Magadha took the Indus Valley from the Persians, and ruled it for a Valley from the Persians, and ruled it for a while.while.

• In 326BC, the Indus Valley was conquered by In 326BC, the Indus Valley was conquered by Alexander the Great. It was a part of his Alexander the Great. It was a part of his empire until it was re-conquered by empire until it was re-conquered by Chandragupta Maurya in 304BC. Chandragupta Maurya in 304BC.

Chandragupta Maurya& The Chandragupta Maurya& The Mauryan Empire(320BC-184BC)Mauryan Empire(320BC-184BC)

• 320BC-Chandragupta Maurya 320BC-Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the king of Magadha and overthrew the king of Magadha and started the Mauryan Empirestarted the Mauryan Empire

• We know a lot about We know a lot about Chandragupta’s rule, because a Chandragupta’s rule, because a Greek diplomat at his court kept a Greek diplomat at his court kept a detailed record of his experiences. detailed record of his experiences.

• Built a grand palace in Built a grand palace in his capital, Pataliputra, his capital, Pataliputra, on the Ganges Riveron the Ganges River

• Raised an army of Raised an army of 600,000 soldiers and 600,000 soldiers and many chariots & war many chariots & war elephantselephants

• Conquered & unified all Conquered & unified all of northern India and of northern India and much of Pakistan much of Pakistan

Conquests of Chandragupta Conquests of Chandragupta Maurya Maurya

Chandragupta Maurya’s Chandragupta Maurya’s war elephantswar elephants

KautilyaKautilyaKautilyaKautilya Chandragupta was Chandragupta was advised by a man named advised by a man named KautilyaKautilya

Kautilya wrote “Kautilya wrote “The The Treatise on Material Treatise on Material Gain”Gain”

This guide for the king This guide for the king said that a king should said that a king should assert strict authority; assert strict authority; that the greatest evil in that the greatest evil in society is anarchy, and society is anarchy, and therefore a single therefore a single authority is needed to authority is needed to keep order.keep order.

Chandragupta MauryaChandragupta Maurya• He was a very strict ruler!He was a very strict ruler!

• He took over much of the land and made He took over much of the land and made the peasants work for him. He set up the peasants work for him. He set up state controlled industries, including state controlled industries, including mining, spinning and weaving. mining, spinning and weaving.

• He unified by country by setting up He unified by country by setting up standardized weights and measures standardized weights and measures throughout the country, and even throughout the country, and even established standards for physicians. established standards for physicians.

•   •   •   

Chandragupta MauryaChandragupta Maurya

• Chandragupta Maurya became very Chandragupta Maurya became very afraid of being assassinated. afraid of being assassinated.

• He slept in a different room of his He slept in a different room of his palace every night, and was palace every night, and was surrounded by trained female surrounded by trained female warriors who served as body guards warriors who served as body guards (women were thought to be less (women were thought to be less likely to seek power for likely to seek power for themselves.) themselves.)

Chandragupta MauryaChandragupta Maurya

• Finally, in about 300BC, Finally, in about 300BC, as he neared death, he as he neared death, he converted to Jainism, converted to Jainism, gave power to his son, gave power to his son, Bindusara, and starved Bindusara, and starved himself to death, which himself to death, which was regarded as a holy was regarded as a holy death. death.

Asoka(ruled 270BC-232BC)Asoka(ruled 270BC-232BC) After Chandragupta Maurya ruled, his After Chandragupta Maurya ruled, his

son Bindusara ruled. son Bindusara ruled.

Then Asoka, the grandson of Then Asoka, the grandson of Chandragupta, became the most famous Chandragupta, became the most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire. He took ruler of the Mauryan Empire. He took the throne about 270BC. the throne about 270BC.

Asoka fought bloody wars to increase Asoka fought bloody wars to increase the size of his empire. the size of his empire.

He enlarged the Mauryam Empire until He enlarged the Mauryam Empire until it included all of India & Pakistan except it included all of India & Pakistan except the southern tip. The Mauryans became the southern tip. The Mauryans became the first to hold nearly all of India. the first to hold nearly all of India.

Mauryan Empire at its Mauryan Empire at its largest extent largest extent

ASOKAASOKA After the bloody battle of After the bloody battle of

KalingaKalinga in 262 BC, in which in 262 BC, in which over 100,000 people died, over 100,000 people died, Asoka became sickened by war. Asoka became sickened by war. He became a man of peace. He became a man of peace.

He became a Buddhist. He He became a Buddhist. He became a vegetarian and became a vegetarian and vowed to spend the rest of his vowed to spend the rest of his life making life better for his life making life better for his people. people.

ASOKAASOKA• Asoka set up hospitals to provide Asoka set up hospitals to provide

medical care for both humans and medical care for both humans and animals. animals.

• Asoka built roads, and along the main Asoka built roads, and along the main roads he built shelters and wells, and roads he built shelters and wells, and planted mango trees for fruit and banyan planted mango trees for fruit and banyan trees for shade. trees for shade.

• Asoke forbade animal sacrifices and Asoke forbade animal sacrifices and hunting for sport. hunting for sport.

• Asoka promoted Buddhism and sent out Asoka promoted Buddhism and sent out Buddhist missionaries, but respected all Buddhist missionaries, but respected all religions.religions.

WomenWomenUnder Under

ananAsokaAsokatreetree

WomenWomenUnder Under

ananAsokaAsokatreetree

Edicts of AsokaEdicts of Asoka

• Asoka had large stone monuments Asoka had large stone monuments set up all over India, with his set up all over India, with his policies and good advice carved on policies and good advice carved on them. them.

• His policies are called the Edicts of His policies are called the Edicts of Asoka, and the stone monuments Asoka, and the stone monuments are called the Pillars of Asoka. are called the Pillars of Asoka.

Edict of AsokaEdict of Asoka• ““Beloved-of-the-Gods conquered Kalinga eight Beloved-of-the-Gods conquered Kalinga eight

years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty thousand were deported, one hundred thousand thousand were deported, one hundred thousand were killed and many more died (from other were killed and many more died (from other causes). After Kalinga had been conquered, causes). After Kalinga had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dhamma (right conduct as inclination towards the Dhamma (right conduct as taught by the Buddha) Now Beloved-of-the-Gods taught by the Buddha) Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalinga. Kalinga.

• Indeed, Beloved-of-the-Gods is deeply pained by Indeed, Beloved-of-the-Gods is deeply pained by the killing, dying and deportation that take place the killing, dying and deportation that take place when an unconquered country is conquered.” when an unconquered country is conquered.”

Edict of AsokaEdict of Asoka

• ““Beloved-of-the-Gods speaks thus: Father Beloved-of-the-Gods speaks thus: Father and mother should be respected and so and mother should be respected and so should elders, kindness to living beings should elders, kindness to living beings should be made strong and the truth should should be made strong and the truth should be spoken. be spoken.

Edict of AsokaEdict of Asoka

• ““All men are my children. What I All men are my children. What I desire for my own children, and I desire for my own children, and I desire their welfare and happiness desire their welfare and happiness both in this world and the next, that I both in this world and the next, that I desire for all men. You do not desire for all men. You do not understand to what extent I desire understand to what extent I desire this, and if some of you do this, and if some of you do understand, you do not understand understand, you do not understand the full extent of my desire.” the full extent of my desire.”

Edict of AsokaEdict of Asoka

• ““Beloved-of-the-Gods says: Along roads I have Beloved-of-the-Gods says: Along roads I have had banyan trees planted so that they can give had banyan trees planted so that they can give shade to animals and men, and I have had shade to animals and men, and I have had mango groves planted. At intervals along the mango groves planted. At intervals along the roads, I have had wells dug, rest-houses built, roads, I have had wells dug, rest-houses built, and in various places, I have had watering-places and in various places, I have had watering-places made for the use of animals and men. But these made for the use of animals and men. But these are but minor achievements. Such things to make are but minor achievements. Such things to make the people happy have been done by former the people happy have been done by former kings. I have done these things for this purpose, kings. I have done these things for this purpose, that the people might practice the Dhamma.” that the people might practice the Dhamma.”

After AsokaAfter Asoka

• After Asoka died in 232BC, the After Asoka died in 232BC, the Mauryan Empire declined. Mauryan Empire declined.

• Asoka’s sons battled one another for Asoka’s sons battled one another for control of the throne, and invaders control of the throne, and invaders attacked from the north & east. attacked from the north & east.

• In 184BC, the last Mauryan emperor In 184BC, the last Mauryan emperor was killed by one of his generals. was killed by one of his generals.

Between the Mauryan Between the Mauryan Empire and the Gupta Empire and the Gupta

EmpireEmpire• Between the end of the Mauryan Between the end of the Mauryan

Empire in 184BC, and the beginning Empire in 184BC, and the beginning of the Gupta Empire in 320AD, India of the Gupta Empire in 320AD, India was again divided into many small was again divided into many small kingdoms. kingdoms.

GUPTA EMPIRE 320AD-GUPTA EMPIRE 320AD-550AD550AD

• In 320AD, Chandra Gupta I came to In 320AD, Chandra Gupta I came to power in the region of Magadha. power in the region of Magadha.

• He began expanding his power He began expanding his power through conquest and marriage. through conquest and marriage.

• His successors continued the His successors continued the expansions, until it included all of expansions, until it included all of northern India & Pakistan (Indus northern India & Pakistan (Indus Valley) , but it never included as much Valley) , but it never included as much area as the old Mauryan Empire. area as the old Mauryan Empire.

• Chandra Gupta Chandra Gupta I’s successors I’s successors continued the continued the expansions, until expansions, until it included all of it included all of northern India & northern India & Pakistan (Indus Pakistan (Indus Valley) , but it Valley) , but it never included never included as much area as as much area as the Mauryan the Mauryan EmpireEmpire

Chandra GuptaChandra Gupta I I Founder of the Gupta Founder of the Gupta EmpireEmpire

Chandra Gupta I Chandra Gupta I favored favored Hinduism,and Hinduism Hinduism,and Hinduism again became more popular again became more popular than Buddhism. This became than Buddhism. This became known as the Hindu revival.known as the Hindu revival.

Chandra Gupta II: Chandra Gupta II: During the During the reign of Chandra Gupta II, reign of Chandra Gupta II, prosperity continued; prosperity continued;

Gupta EmpireGupta Empire

• During the period of the Gupta During the period of the Gupta Empire, India was prosperous, Empire, India was prosperous, but the Gupta Empire never but the Gupta Empire never covered as much area as the covered as much area as the Mauryan Empire had, Mauryan Empire had,

• Gupta Empire and was never as Gupta Empire and was never as centralized as the Mauryan centralized as the Mauryan Empire. It gave more power to Empire. It gave more power to local leaderslocal leaders

• Came to an end in 550 ADCame to an end in 550 AD

Life in Gupta IndiaLife in Gupta IndiaLife in Gupta IndiaLife in Gupta India

Fa Xian, a Fa Xian, a Chinese Buddhist monk Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in about 500ADIndia in about 500AD

He was following the path of the Buddha.He was following the path of the Buddha.

He described life in India during the Gupta He described life in India during the Gupta Empire. His journal said: Empire. His journal said:

Most people were happy and free of Most people were happy and free of government oppression government oppression

Laws were lenient, with no capital Laws were lenient, with no capital punishment (death penalty). punishment (death penalty).

However, the caste system was However, the caste system was developing, and untouchables had to developing, and untouchables had to had to use noise-makers to warn others had to use noise-makers to warn others of their approach. of their approach.

From the journal of Fa Xian, From the journal of Fa Xian, describing Gupta Empiredescribing Gupta Empire

• ““The people are numerous and happy; The people are numerous and happy; they have not to register their they have not to register their households, or attend to any households, or attend to any magistrates and their rules; only those magistrates and their rules; only those who cultivate the royal land have to who cultivate the royal land have to pay (a portion of) the gain from it. If pay (a portion of) the gain from it. If they want to go, they go; if they want to they want to go, they go; if they want to stay on, they stay.”stay on, they stay.”

From the journal of Fa Xian, From the journal of Fa Xian, describing Gupta Empiredescribing Gupta Empire

• The king governs with out decapitation The king governs with out decapitation or (other) corporal punishments. or (other) corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined, lightly or Criminals are simply fined, lightly or heavily, according to the circumstances heavily, according to the circumstances (of each case). Even in the cases of (of each case). Even in the cases of repeated attempts at wicked rebellion, repeated attempts at wicked rebellion, they only have their right hands cut they only have their right hands cut off. . . . Throughout the whole country off. . . . Throughout the whole country the people do not kill any living creature, the people do not kill any living creature, nor drink intoxicating liquor, nor eat nor drink intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic.” onions or garlic.”

From the journal of Fa Xian, describing From the journal of Fa Xian, describing the Gupta Empirethe Gupta Empire

• ““The only exception is that of the The only exception is that of the Chandalas (Pariahs/Untouchables) Chandalas (Pariahs/Untouchables) That is the name for those who are That is the name for those who are (held to be) wicked men, and live (held to be) wicked men, and live apart from others. When they enter apart from others. When they enter the gate of a city or a market-place, the gate of a city or a market-place, they strike a piece of wood to make they strike a piece of wood to make themselves known, so that men themselves known, so that men know and avoid them, and do not know and avoid them, and do not come into contact with them.”come into contact with them.”

Chandra Gupta Chandra Gupta II II II II 1111

Chandra Gupta Chandra Gupta II II II II 1111

Life and culture in India during Life and culture in India during from the Maurya through the from the Maurya through the

Gupta dynasties. Gupta dynasties.

Economy & tradeEconomy & trade• Most people lived by farming the landMost people lived by farming the land• Trade expanded greatly during the Gupta Trade expanded greatly during the Gupta

dynastydynasty• Along the coasts of Southern India, there Along the coasts of Southern India, there

were ports, and merchants engaged in trade were ports, and merchants engaged in trade by sea. by sea.

• In Northern India, in the Gupta Empire, In Northern India, in the Gupta Empire, merchants traded along overland trade merchants traded along overland trade routes, including the famous silk road. routes, including the famous silk road.

• India exported spices, cotton, wheat & rice, India exported spices, cotton, wheat & rice, and gold & ivory and precious gemsand gold & ivory and precious gems

• India imported silk and horses. India imported silk and horses.

4c4c4c4c

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivory

gold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goodssilkssilks

International Trade International Trade Routes during the Routes during the

Gupta EmpireGupta Empire

International Trade International Trade Routes during the Routes during the

Gupta EmpireGupta Empire

LAWS OF MANULAWS OF MANU

• The laws of Manu were written The laws of Manu were written between 200BC-200AD, and set between 200BC-200AD, and set forth the rules for society, including forth the rules for society, including rules of the caste system and rules rules of the caste system and rules about the role of women. about the role of women.

SECTION 5-Life in IndiaSECTION 5-Life in India

Laws of Manu-VarnasLaws of Manu-Varnas• 87. But in order to protect this universe He, the 87. But in order to protect this universe He, the

most resplendent one, assigned separate (duties most resplendent one, assigned separate (duties and) occupations to those who sprang from his and) occupations to those who sprang from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet. mouth, arms, thighs, and feet.

• 88. To Brahmins he assigned teaching and 88. To Brahmins he assigned teaching and studying (the Vedas), sacrificing for their own studying (the Vedas), sacrificing for their own benefit and for others, giving and accepting (of benefit and for others, giving and accepting (of alms). alms).

• 89. The Kshatriya he commanded to protect the 89. The Kshatriya he commanded to protect the people, to bestow gifts, to offer sacrifices, to study people, to bestow gifts, to offer sacrifices, to study (the Veda), and to abstain from attaching himself (the Veda), and to abstain from attaching himself to sensual pleasures; to sensual pleasures;

• 90. The Vaisya to tend cattle, to bestow gifts, to 90. The Vaisya to tend cattle, to bestow gifts, to offer sacrifices, to study (the Veda), to trade, to offer sacrifices, to study (the Veda), to trade, to lend money, and to cultivate land. lend money, and to cultivate land.

• 91. One occupation only the lord prescribed to the 91. One occupation only the lord prescribed to the Sudra, to serve meekly even these (other) three Sudra, to serve meekly even these (other) three castes. castes.

Laws of Manu-WomenLaws of Manu-Women• 147. By a girl, by a young woman, or even by an aged 147. By a girl, by a young woman, or even by an aged

one, nothing must be done independently, even in her one, nothing must be done independently, even in her own house. own house.

• 148. In childhood a female must be subject to her 148. In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent. to her sons; a woman must never be independent.

• 149. She must not seek to separate herself from her 149. She must not seek to separate herself from her father, husband, or sons; by leaving them she would father, husband, or sons; by leaving them she would make both (her own and her husband's) families make both (her own and her husband's) families contemptible. contemptible.

• 150. She must always be cheerful, clever in (the 150. She must always be cheerful, clever in (the management of her) household affairs, careful in management of her) household affairs, careful in cleaning her utensils, and economical in expenditure. cleaning her utensils, and economical in expenditure.

• 151. Him to whom her father may give her, or her 151. Him to whom her father may give her, or her brother with the father's permission, she shall obey brother with the father's permission, she shall obey as long as he lives, and when he is dead, she must not as long as he lives, and when he is dead, she must not insult (his memory). insult (his memory).

Status of womenStatus of women• A woman was never independent. She was under A woman was never independent. She was under

the protection & control of a man. Women were the protection & control of a man. Women were expected to obey: fathers, husbands, and (after the expected to obey: fathers, husbands, and (after the death of the husband), their sons.death of the husband), their sons.

• Women could not own property, and were not Women could not own property, and were not allowed to study sacred writings. allowed to study sacred writings.

• Marriages were arranged. Marriages were arranged. • Polygyny, the practice of having more than one wife, Polygyny, the practice of having more than one wife,

was practiced by the wealthy. was practiced by the wealthy.

Status of Women-SutteeStatus of Women-Suttee• It was a great virtue for a woman to be It was a great virtue for a woman to be

devoted to her husband.devoted to her husband.• During the Gupta Empire, the practice of During the Gupta Empire, the practice of

suttee (sati) began. suttee (sati) began. • Suttee-when a man died, his wife threw Suttee-when a man died, his wife threw

herself on his funeral pyre (fire) and herself on his funeral pyre (fire) and burned herself to death. burned herself to death.

• Suttee was more common among the Suttee was more common among the higher castes. In theory it was voluntary, higher castes. In theory it was voluntary, but sometimes women were forced. but sometimes women were forced.

SutteeSuttee

SutteeSuttee

Cultural Achievements- Cultural Achievements- literatureliterature

• In addition to the great religious In addition to the great religious writings, stories such as the writings, stories such as the Panchatantra became very popular. Panchatantra became very popular. The Panchatantra had stories with a The Panchatantra had stories with a moral, teaching traits such as moral, teaching traits such as adaptability, shrewdness, adaptability, shrewdness, determination. determination.

• Plays became popular during the Plays became popular during the Gupta period. They had tragic Gupta period. They had tragic scenes, but always ended happily. scenes, but always ended happily. They were usually performed in the They were usually performed in the open air. open air.

KalidasaKalidasaKalidasaKalidasa

Kalidasa was the most famous poet Kalidasa was the most famous poet and writer of plays. and writer of plays.

His most famous play was His most famous play was ShakuntalaShakuntala..

ART-Buddhist cave paintingsART-Buddhist cave paintings• The most famous paintings of the The most famous paintings of the

period are the Buddhist cave period are the Buddhist cave painting in the caves at Ajanta. painting in the caves at Ajanta.

• They show scenes from the life of They show scenes from the life of the Buddha and his followersthe Buddha and his followers

• Indian sculptors made images of Indian sculptors made images of Buddha and the Hindu Gods. Buddha and the Hindu Gods.

Architecture-Architecture-• Buddhist shrines were called stupas. Buddhist shrines were called stupas.

They were typically dome-shaped. They were typically dome-shaped. Objects associated with the Buddha Objects associated with the Buddha were inside. were inside.

• Many Hindu temples were built during Many Hindu temples were built during the Hindu revival of the Gupta Empire. the Hindu revival of the Gupta Empire. They had a square base and heavy They had a square base and heavy walls. Inside was a statue of a God. They walls. Inside was a statue of a God. They usually had tall, ornate towers on top, usually had tall, ornate towers on top, shaped like beehives or pinecones, often shaped like beehives or pinecones, often covered with sculpture. covered with sculpture.

Education-NalandaEducation-Nalanda• The most famous university of the The most famous university of the

period was Nalanda, a Buddhist period was Nalanda, a Buddhist university, which became the center university, which became the center of higher learning in India during the of higher learning in India during the time of the Gupta Empire.time of the Gupta Empire.

• Thousands of students attended. It Thousands of students attended. It was free. was free.

• Students studied the Vedas and other Students studied the Vedas and other Hindu and Buddhist literature, along Hindu and Buddhist literature, along with mathematics and medicine. with mathematics and medicine.

EducationEducation

• Education was very advanced for Education was very advanced for boys of the higher varnas. They boys of the higher varnas. They studied the Vedas and other great studied the Vedas and other great literature, including the literature, including the Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita and Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita and Ramayana, as well as the Ramayana, as well as the Upanishads. Upanishads.

• They also learned astronomy, math They also learned astronomy, math and government. and government.

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

Greatly influenced Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & Southeast Asian art &

architecture.architecture.

MathematicsMathematicsIndian mathematicians of this period Indian mathematicians of this period

invented the number system we use invented the number system we use today. We call our numerals the “Indo-today. We call our numerals the “Indo-Arabic” numerals. This system uses Arabic” numerals. This system uses numerals 0-9, along with place value, to numerals 0-9, along with place value, to express any number.express any number.

. . . Thousands, hundreds, tens, ones. . . Thousands, hundreds, tens, ones

They were the first to develop the concept They were the first to develop the concept of 0, and to use a symbol for 0. of 0, and to use a symbol for 0.

They developed the concept of negative They developed the concept of negative numbers and the concept of infinity. numbers and the concept of infinity.

• The famous mathematician-astronomer The famous mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata was one of the first to use Aryabhata was one of the first to use algebra and to solve quadratic equations.algebra and to solve quadratic equations.

• He also described the earth as rotating on He also described the earth as rotating on its axis. Before that, most people believed its axis. Before that, most people believed that the sky turned. that the sky turned.

AstronomyAstronomy

• Indian astronomers understood that Indian astronomers understood that the earth was a sphere, and that the earth was a sphere, and that the earth rotated on its axis the earth rotated on its axis (although they—like most others– (although they—like most others– thought the earth was in the center thought the earth was in the center and the sun revolved around it.)and the sun revolved around it.)

• Indian astronomers identified the 6 Indian astronomers identified the 6 planets visible to the naked eye. planets visible to the naked eye.

MedicineMedicine

• Indian medicine was very Indian medicine was very advanced. advanced.

• Indians developed the practice of Indians developed the practice of inoculation for smallpox. This was inoculation for smallpox. This was done by giving a person (usually a done by giving a person (usually a child) a mild form of the disease, child) a mild form of the disease, so he would not get the disease so he would not get the disease later,later,

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal

guidesguides

1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified

PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery

C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme

dd

InoculatioInoculationsns

500 healing500 healingplants plants

identifiedidentified

DecimalDecimalSystemSystem

ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero

PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416

KalidasKalidasaa

SolarSolarCalendarCalendar

The The earthearth

is roundis round

GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia

Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen

tsts

Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen

tsts

The Decline of the The Decline of the Gupta EmpireGupta Empire

The Decline of the The Decline of the Gupta EmpireGupta Empire

Invasion of the White Huns in the 400sAD Invasion of the White Huns in the 400sAD signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated even though at first, the Guptas defeated them.them.

After the decline of the Gupta empire, After the decline of the Gupta empire, northnorth India broke into a number of separate India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms. Hindu kingdoms.