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E0 192.168.3.1
LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
BANGLORE OFFICE
E0 192.168.1.1
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
HYDERABAD OFFICEE0 192.168.2.1
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
CHENNAI OFFICE
HYD
CHE
BAN
Frame Relay Stack
OSI Reference Model Frame Relay
Physical
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Application
EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21, EIA/TIA-530
Frame Relay
IP/IPX/AppleTalk, etc.
• Frame Relay is a data link layer
packet-switching protocol that uses digital circuits.
• It is used for medium to longer distances and for
longer connectivity.
• Leased lines also provide longer connectivity but a
physical circuit is used to make connection between
2 sites and the same circuit path is used always.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay topologies
Full Mesh
Partial Mesh Hub & Spoke
• VCs overcome the scalability problems of leased lines by providing multiple logical circuits over the same physical connection.
• Only one serial interface of a router is needed to handle the VC connections to multiple sites Whereas using leased lines multiple serial interfaces are needed to connect to multiple sites.
• VCs provide full connectivity at a much lower price compared to leased lines.
• Frame Relay connections use logical circuits to make
connections between 2 sites. These logical circuits are
referred to as Virtual Circuits (VCs).
• Multiple VCs can exist on the same physical connection.
• VCs are Full duplex
Advantages of Frame Relay
• Sub-interfaces
• Uses Shared bandwidth
• Local Management interface(LMI):
– used between the Frame relay DTE(eg.Router) and the
Frame Relay DCE(eg. Frame Relay switch)
– Defines how the DTE interacts with the DCE
– Locally significant
– Provides VCs status information(a keep-alive
mechanism)
– LMI standards : Cisco, ANSI, Q933a
The DTE and DCE must have the same LMI signaling type
Frame Relay Terminology
• Data Link Connection Identifier(DLCI) :
– used to identify each VC on a physical interface
(i.e.) Each VC has a unique local address called a DLCI
number.
– switch will map to the destination depending on
the DLCI number
– Inverse ARP is used to map DLCIs to next hop
addresses.
– Mapping can also be done manually.
– Its Locally significant.
– These numbers are given by the Frame relay
service providers, Service providers assign DLCIs in
the range of 16 to 1007.
Frame Relay Terminology
Status Enquiry
Status Enquiry
Local DLCI 100 = Active Local DLCI 400 = Active
Hello, I am 172.168.2.1
Hello, I am 172.168.2.2
FRAME RELAY MAP
172.168.2.2 DLCI 400 ACTIVE
FRAME RELAY MAP
172.168.2.1 DLCI 100 ACTIVE
Hello, I am 172.168.2.1
Keep Alive Keep Alive
DLCI 100 DLCI 400
LMI and inverse ARP
• Virtual circuits are of two types:
– Permanent Virtual Circuits – PVCs
– Switched Virtual Circuits –SVCs
• Permanent Virtual Circuit :
– similar to a dedicated leased line , permanent connection.
– used when constant data is being generated.
• Switched Virtual Circuit :
– also called as Semi-permanent virtual circuit
– similar to a circuit switched connection where the VC is dynamically built and then torn down once the data has been sent.
– used when data has to be sent in small amounts and at periodic intervals.
Frame Relay Terminology
• Committed Information Rate(CIR) :
– Average data rate measured over a fixed period
of time that the carrier guarantees for a VC.
– committed bandwidth
• Burst Rate(BR) :
– Average data rate provider guarantees for a VC.
– Excess bandwidth
Frame Relay Terminology
Frame Relay Traffic Flow Terminology (Cont.)
• FECN and BECN :
– Forward Explicit Congestion Notification
– Backward Explicit Congestion Notification
• When congestion occurs switch marks the FECN
and BECN bits in the frame header.
• FECN is sent to the destination
• BECN is sent to the source
• Thereby notifying both source and destination
about the congestion.
• FECN = 0 and BECN =0 implies no congestion.
Frame Relay Terminology
Frame-Relay - Network Diagram
E0 192.168.1.1/24
HYD
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
E0 192.168.2.1/24
CHE
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
E0 192.168.3.1/24
BAN
LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
10.0.0.1/8S0
S111.0.0.2/8
DLCI NO : 100 DLCI NO : 200
FRAME-RELAYSWICH
S110.0.0.2/8
11.0.0.1/8S0
HYD CHE BAN
Frame-Relay - Network Diagram
E0 192.168.1.1/24
HYD
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
E0 192.168.2.1/24
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
E0 192.168.3.1/24
LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
10.0.0.1/8S0
S110.0.0.2/8
DLCI NO : 100 DLCI NO : 200
FRAME-RELAYSWICH
HYD CHE BAN
• Manual MappingRouter(config)#interface <int-type> <int-no>Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip <next hop ip
address> <local DLCI No> broadcast
• Sub-interface configuration
Router(config)#interface <int-type> <int-no>.<sub-int no>
frame-relay interface-dlci 100Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#
telnet 192.168.1.1
================================Welcome to Hyderabad Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****
****enable
configure terminal
interface serial 0ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0no shutencapsulation frame-relayframe-relay lmi-type cisco
Hyderabad>password :Hyderabad#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Hyderabad(config)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195](C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.C:\>Connecting .....
exitHyderabad(config)#
Configuring Serial interfaceRouter(config)#interface serial <no>Router(config-if)#ip address <address> <mask>Router(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relayRouter(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci <dlci no>
Configuring Serial interfaceRouter(config)#interface serial <no>Router(config-if)#ip address <address> <mask>Router(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relayRouter(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci <dlci no>
frame-relay interface-dlci 200Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#
================================Welcome to Banglore Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****
****enable
configure terminal
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0no shutencapsulation frame-relayframe-relay lmi-type cisco
Banglore>password :Banglore#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Banglore(config)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195](C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.C:\>Connecting .....
telnet 192.168.3.1
interface serial 1
exitBanglore(config)#
Configuring Serial interfaceRouter(config)#interface serial <no>Router(config-if)#ip address <address> <mask>Router(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relayRouter(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci <dlci no>
Configuring Serial interfaceRouter(config)#interface serial <no>Router(config-if)#ip address <address> <mask>Router(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relayRouter(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci <dlci no>
Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#
================================Welcome to Chennai Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****
****enable
configure terminal
no ip addressno shutencapsulation frame-relayclockrate 64000
Chennai>password :Chennai#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Chennai(config)#
Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195](C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.C:\>Connecting .....
Chennai(config-if)#
telnet 192.168.2.1
interface serial 1
frame-relay lmi-type ciscoframe-relay intf-type dceframe-relay route 100 interface serial 0 200
Chennai(config)#frame-relay switching
Configuring Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#interface serial <no>Router(config-if)#no ip addressRouter(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#clockrate <clock rate> Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relayRouter(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dceRouter(config-if)#frame-relay route <Source dlci no>
interface <int type> <int. no> <Destination dlci no>
Configuring Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#interface serial <no>Router(config-if)#no ip addressRouter(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#clockrate <clock rate> Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relayRouter(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dceRouter(config-if)#frame-relay route <Source dlci no>
interface <int type> <int. no> <Destination dlci no>
Converting Router to Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#frame-relay switching
Converting Router to Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#frame-relay switching
Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#
no ip addressno shutencapsulation frame-relayclockrate 64000
Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#
Chennai(config-if)#
interface serial 0
frame-relay lmi-type ciscoframe-relay intf-type dceframe-relay route 200 interface serial 1 100
Chennai(config)#
Chennai(config-if)#
Configuring Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#interface serial <no>Router(config-if)#no ip addressRouter(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#clockrate <clock rate> Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relayRouter(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dceRouter(config-if)#frame-relay route <Source dlci no>
interface <int type> <int. no> <Destination dlci no>
Configuring Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#interface serial <no>Router(config-if)#no ip addressRouter(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#clockrate <clock rate> Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relayRouter(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type <lmi type>Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dceRouter(config-if)#frame-relay route <Source dlci no>
interface <int type> <int. no> <Destination dlci no>
show frame-relay pvcHyderabad#PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE)DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 0 output pkts 2 in bytes 0 out bytes 60 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 2 out bcast bytes 60 pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20
Hyderabad#
PVC STATUS = ACTIVE
Implies, all configurations and the connectivity are
fine.
PVC STATUS = ACTIVE
Implies, all configurations and the connectivity are
fine.
show frame-relay pvcHyderabad#PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE)DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL,PVC STATUS = INACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 0 output pkts 2 in bytes 0 out bytes 60 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 2 out bcast bytes 60 pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20
Hyderabad#
PVC STATUS = INACTIVE
Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with
Remote LMI
PVC STATUS = INACTIVE
Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with
Remote LMI
show frame-relay pvcHyderabad#PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE)DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL,PVC STATUS = DELETED,INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 0 output pkts 2 in bytes 0 out bytes 60 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 2 out bcast bytes 60 pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20
Hyderabad#
PVC STATUS = DELETED
Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with
Local LMI
PVC STATUS = DELETED
Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with
Local LMI
show frame-relay pvcBanglore#PVC Statistics for interface Serial1 (Frame Relay DTE)DLCI = 200, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial1 input pkts 8 output pkts 7 in bytes 570 out bytes 586 dropped pkts 2 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 7 out bcast bytes 586 pvc create time 00:12:26, last time pvc status changed 00:02:06Banglore#
show frame-relay pvcChennai#PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DCE)DLCI = 200, DLCI USAGE = SWITCHED,PVC STATUS = ACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 0 output pkts 0 in bytes 0 out bytes 0 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 0 out bcast bytes 0 pvc create time 00:02:07, last time pvc status changed 00:00:56 Num Pkts Switched 0
PVC Statistics for interface Serial1 (Frame Relay DCE)DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = SWITCHED,PVC STATUS = ACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial1 input pkts 4 output pkts 3 in bytes 186 out bytes 202 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 0 out bcast bytes 0 pvc create time 00:02:21, last time pvc status changed 00:01:04 Num Pkts Switched 4Chennai#
show frame-relay mapHyderabad#Serial0 (up): ip 10.0.0.2, dlci 100(0x64,0x1840), dynamic, broadcast, status defined, activeHyderabad#
show frame-relay mapBanglore#Serial1 (up): ip 10.0.0.1, dlci 200(0xC8,0x3080), dynamic, broadcast, status defined, activeBanglore#
show frame-relay routeChennai#Input Intf Input Dlci Output Intf Output Dlci StatusSerial0 200 Serial1 100 activeSerial1 100 Serial0 200 activeChennai#
Hyderabad(config)#router rip
Hyderabad(config-router)#
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
no ip routingHyderabad(config)#
Hyderabad(config)#ip routing
show ip routeHyderabad#Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODRGateway of last resort is not setC 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0Hyderabad#
^ZConfiguring RIP
Router(config)# router ripRouter(config-router)# network <Network ID>
Configuring RIPRouter(config)# router ripRouter(config-router)# network <Network ID>
ping 192.168.3.1Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msHyderabad#
!!!!!
Banglore(config)#router rip
Banglore(config-router)#
Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0Banglore(config-router)#
no ip routingBanglore(config)#
Banglore(config)#ip routing
show ip routeBanglore#Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODRGateway of last resort is not setC 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0Banglore#
^Znetwork 10.0.0.0
Configuring RIPRouter(config)# router ripRouter(config-router)# network <Network ID>
Configuring RIPRouter(config)# router ripRouter(config-router)# network <Network ID>
ping 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msBanglore#
!!!!!