E-waste Knowledge Series

8/19/2019 E-waste Knowledge Series

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In Bhopal we can be reached at

CII's Young Indians – Bhopal,

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Western Region,

Madhya Pradesh State Office, E-2/109,

Arera Colony, Bhopal – 462016,

Phone: +91-755-2425752-3, 4293792,

Fax: +91-755-4271824


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Contents

Page no.

PREFACE

ELECTRONIC WASTE 06

Introduction 06

What is Waste 07

What is E-Waste 07

Categorization of E-Waste 08

E-Waste Scenario in India 09

E-waste rules 09

Environmental Health Issues 10

Challenges 12

How Children can help 13

E-WASTE MANAGEMENT: THINK OUT OF THE BOX 14

Lesson - 1 14

Lesson - 2 14

Lesson - 3 15

DO AND DONTS OF E - WASTE 15

IMPORTANT LINKS 15


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Introduction

conomic developm

India and across the

quantity and compl

industrial diversification and

care facilities have added s

hazardous waste and biome

with potentially severe e

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nt and rising living standards in the

world have led to increases in the

exity of generated waste, whilst

the provision of expanded health-

bstantial quantities of industrial

ical waste into the waste stream

nvironmental and human health

consequences.

Schools and colleges a

waste—from paper and

and books. By learning

handle this waste, school

have an opportunity to gr

future of their school, an

can also have a signific

environment.

Every day, school offici

time to get everything doreduction efforts an

protection feasible and p

and school districts,

Institute of Waste Man

this easy-to-use book

implement new, or exp

waste reduction, reu

knowledge programs.

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cumulate tons of

omputers to food

how to properly

officials not only

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the International

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nd upon existing,

e and recycle


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What is waste

A ‘waste’ is a ‘resource remaining unutilized’ or ‘a resource out of place’. For example,

out of the food that we consume, only a part is ‘utilized’ by the body system and the balance

are thrown out as ‘waste’. The part ‘utilized’ is converted into useful components such as

blood, bones, flesh, nerves and so on, or looked at in another way, into cells and

microorganisms constituting the body, and these too, in turn are thrown out as ‘waste’.

Finally, the body itself, on death, becomes a ‘waste’.

Type or categories of waste

Municipal wastes: Contain durable goods, e.g., tires, furniture; nondurable goods, e.g.,

newspapers, plastic plates/cups; containers and packaging, e.g., milk cartons, plastic wrap;

and other wastes, e.g., yard waste, food.

Industrial wastes: Generated from cement, power plant, textile, pulp & paper, food &

beverages, iron and steel industries etc.

Agricultural wastes: Contain forest waste, garden waste, back yard organic waste etc.

Biomedical wastes: Contain Discarded sharps, Non-liquid human tissue and body parts,

Laboratory/clinical waste containing/contaminated with blood, tissue, cell cultures & other

potentially infectious body fluids.

Electronic wastes: Contain discarded electrical and electronic equipment.

Mining wastes: generated from coal and lignite, iron ore, bauxite and uranium mines.

Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household

rubbish, sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing

activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old electronic

items, garden waste, old paint containers etc. Thus all our

daily activities can give rise to a large variety of differentwastes arising from different sources. Solid waste

management, which is already a mammoth task in India, is

becoming more complicated by the invasion of e-waste,

particularly computer waste.

What is E-Waste

The E-waste stream includes discarded electrical and

electronic equipment such as used TV sets, personal

Recycling one million

laptops saves the energy

equivalent to the

electricity used by more

than 3,500 US homes in

a year.

For every million cell

phones we recycle, 35

thousand pounds of

copper, 772 pounds of

silver, 75 pounds of

gold, and 33 pounds of

palladium can be

recovered.


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computers, monitors, laptops, digital cameras, printers, scanners, mobile phones, smoke

detectors, batteries used in the electronics etc. E-waste contains scarce metal resources;

however, it also contains hazardous toxic metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, and Cr6+

) in addition to plastic

and brominated flame retardants among others.

Key information of E-waste

o Recently, in Asian countries including India, e-waste generation is increasing due to

economic development, and informal recycling of e-waste has been a major concern for

environmental pollution and health damage.

o Globally, about 30 to 50 million metric tons of E-waste is disposed each year, which is

5% of all municipal solid waste.

o Based on the present growth rate it is expected that E-waste generation will reach 40 to 70

million tons per year by 2015.

o Contain hazardous substances such as lead, cadmium, mercury, Americium, sulphur,

beryllium, or brominated flame retardants.

o Elements found in trace amounts include americium, antimony, arsenic, barium,

bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, lithium,

manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium,

silver, tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium.

o Generally non hazardous components i.e. Tin, Aluminium, Iron, Germanium Gold etc.

o Growing population, rising economies and advancements in technology, the consumer

oriented growth is causing a rapid electronic product obsolescence.

o Electronic industry is growing at a 25% compounded annual growth rate.

o In India, business and individual households make approximately 1.38 million personal

computers obsolete every year.

Characterization of E-waste

1. IT and telecommunication equipment :

Centralized data processing,

Mainframes, Minicomputers

Personal computing:

Personal Computers (CPU with input

and output devices)

Laptop (CPU with input and output

devices)

Notebook, Notepad etc.,

Printers including cartridges

Copying equipment


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Electrical and electronic typewriters

User terminals and systems

Facsimile

Telex

Telephones

Pay telephones

Cordless telephones

Cellular telephones

Answering systems

2. Consumer electrical and electronics:

Television sets (including LCD & LED), Refrigerator, Washing Machine, Air conditioners

excluding centralized AC plants.

What’s the Problem?

o The electronics we buy don’t last very long

o Electronic equipment contains many toxic materials

o More e-waste is thrown in the trash than recycled

o Toxic components and poor design make e-waste hard to

recycle

o Most recyclers export the products to developing countries

with no worker safety or environmental protections

E-Waste Scenario in India

o 10 States contribute around 70 percent of the total e-waste generated in the country:

1. Maharashtra ranks first;

2. Tamil Nadu,

3. Karnataka

4. Kerala

5. Andhra Pradesh,

6. Uttar Pradesh,

7. West Bengal,

8. Delhi,

9. Gujarat,

10. Madhya

Pradesh

o While 65 cities generate more than 60 per cent of the total

e-waste in India.

o India produced more than 0.8 Million Tons of e-waste in

year 2012 up from about 0.15 Million Tons of E-waste

generated in the country during 2005.

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E-waste generation in

Madhya Pradesh

Bhopal: 437 MT

Indore: 823 MT

Gwalior: 410 MT

Jabalpur: 210 MT


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o Over 1.5 lakh workers are employed in various

organized and unorganized recycling units. As per the

estimates, more then 35,000-45,000 child labourers in

the age group from 10 to 14 years are observed to be

engaged in various e-waste activities, without adequate

protection and safeguards in Delhi's.

E-waste rules

o The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) had

notified E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules

in May 2011, which came into force with effect from

May 1, 2012.

o As per the rules, the producers are required to collect

the e-waste generated by setting up collections centres

or take back systems either individually or collectively.

o The rule will not apply to lead acid batteries as covered under the Batteries

(Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 and radio-active wastes as covered under the

provisions of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962) and rules made there under.o The Electronic Waste (Handling and Disposal) Bill, 2013 is also to be introduced in

Lok Sabha by Dr. M. P. Chauhan, M.P. (Bill No. 16 of 2013)

Environmental Health Issues

o Rapid increase in E-waste is creating major risks for public health and environment.

o In India, it is an emerging problem as well as a business opportunity of increasing

significance, given the volumes of e-waste being generated.

The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components

E-Waste Component Process Used Potential Environmental Hazard

Cathode ray tubes (used

in TVs, computer

monitors, ATM, video

cameras, and more)

Breaking and removal of

yoke, then dumping

Lead, barium and other heavy metals

leaching into the ground water and release

of toxic phosphor

Printed circuit board

(image behind table - a

thin plate on which chips

and other electronic

components are placed)

De-soldering and removal

of computer chips; open

burning and acid baths to

remove final metals after

chips are removed.

Air emissions as well as discharge into

rivers of glass dust, tin, lead, brominated

dioxin, beryllium cadmium, and mercury

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Chips and other gold

plated components

Chemical stripping using

nitric and hydrochloric

acid and burning of chips

Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, brominated

substances discharged directly into rives

acidifying fish and flora. Tin and lead

contamination of surface and groundwater.

Air emissions of brominated dioxins, heavy

metals and hydrocarbonsPlastics from printers,

keyboards, monitors, etc.

Shredding and low temp

melting to be reused

Emissions of brominated dioxins, heavy

metals and hydrocarbons

Computer wires

Open burning and

stripping to remove

copper

Hydrocarbon ashes released into air, water

and soil.

Key Information

o Children are especially vulnerable to the health risks

that may result from e-waste exposure and, therefore,

need more specific protection.

o Children’s intake of air, water and food in proportion

to their weight is significantly increased compared

to adults, - and with that, the risk of hazardous

chemical absorption.

o Furthermore, their bodies’ functional systems such

as the central nervous, immune, reproductive anddigestive system are still developing and exposure

to toxic substances, by hampering further

development, may cause irreversible damage.

o Many children are exposed to e-waste-derived

chemicals in their daily life due to unsafe

recycling activities that are often conducted at

their home- either by family members or by the

children themselves. Furthermore, children may

be exposed through dump sites located close to

their homes, schools and play areas.

o The processes of dismantling and disposing of electronic waste in the third world lead to

a number of environmental impacts as illustrated in the graphic. Liquid and atmospheric

releases end up in bodies of water, groundwater, soil and air and therefore in land and sea

animals – both domesticated and wild, in crops eaten by both animals and human, and in

drinking water.

Scientists at Zhejiang University

in the Chinese province of the

same name have revealed a new

global threat facing mankind.

They took air samples from oneof the largest e-waste

dismantling areas in the country

and examined their effects on

human lung epithelial cells. They

discovered that the air contains

pollutants that affect the lung

cells. Normally, one gene is

always “sleeping”, but under the

influence of pollutants it

becomes active and triggers

inflammatory processes, whichlead to the formation of cancer

cells.


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Challenges

o Although awareness and readiness for

implementing improvements is increasing

rapidly, the major obstacles to manage the e-

wastes safely and effectively remain.

o The lack of reliable data that poses a

challenge to policy makers wishing to design

an e-waste management strategy and to an

industry wishing to make rational investment

decisions.

o Only a fraction of the e waste (estimated

10%) finds its way to recyclers due to

absence of an efficient take back scheme for

consumers.

o The lack of a safe e waste recycling

infrastructure in the formal sector and thus

reliance on the capacities of the informal

sector pose severe risks to the environment and human health.

o The existing e waste recycling systems are purely business-driven that have come about

without any government intervention. Any development in these e waste sectors will have

to be built on the existing set-up as the waste collection and pre-processing can be

handled efficiently by the informal sector, at the same time offer numerous job

opportunities.

Toxic elements in e-waste and their effectsPVC -- leads to cancer, affects reproductive system

Lead -- affects kidney, brain, nervous system

Mercury -- leads to brain and liver damage

Arsenic -- causes lung cancerCadmium -- damages kidney, bone diseases

Chromium -- damages DNABarium -- leads to brain swelling, damage to heart and liver

Beryllium -- causes lung cancer, skin disease

Chlorofluoroccarbons -- causes skin cancer

Dioxins -- causes malformation of foetus

The Swiss State Secretariat for

Economic Affairs mandated theSwiss Federal Laboratories for

Materials Testing and Research

(EMPA) to implement the

programme “Knowledge Partner-

ships in e-Waste Recycling" and

India is one of the partner

countries. The programme aims at

improving e-waste management

systems through Knowledge

Management and Capacity

Building. It has analyzed e-wasterecycling frameworks and

processes in different parts of the

world (Switzerland, India, China,

South Africa) in its first phase

(2003-04) and all results of the

project are documented on the

website http://www.ewaste.ch/.


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How Children Can Help

o Start or encourage students to join an environmental club.

o Collect and sort materials by type.

o Monitor recycling bins to reduce contamination.

o Participate in school assemblies to increase enthusiasm for the waste reduction program.

o Enter school wide contests to name the program or design a poster or other educational

materials.

o Write articles for the school, school district, or community newspaper about the program

or the importance of waste reduction.

o Manage parts of the school’s waste reduction program. Don’t forget to ask for volunteers

and reward students for their participation if not already part of a classroom lesson.


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his chapter focuses on the contemporary issue of electronic waste. Students will

examine the increasing volume of e-waste in consumer societies and the extensiveexportation of obsolete electronic equipment to developing countries. They will

consider the socioeconomic forces and consumer behaviors contributing to this

phenomenon. Through the analysis of authentic

materials, students will gain a broader perspective

on the social, health and environmental impact of

e-waste on different communities around the

globe.

Lesson First

1. Warm-up activity

Display a flyer or catalog from an electronics

chain and ask the class to name electronic devices

that are currently on the market. Elicit a range of

devices from students and list them on the board.

Ask students to work individually to develop a

concept map, or mind map. In the middle of the

map, they should write the phrase Electronic

Devices, then complete the map with ideas about

electronic devices. Invite them to share their

responses with a partner or in small groups.

Discussion

Working in pairs or small groups, ask students to

answer the following questions:

• What kind of electronic devices do you own?

• What electronic devices do you find essential in

your life?

• How many mobile and laptop you have?

• How long do you usually keep electronic

devices?

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• How do people dispose of obsolete electronic devices?

• What happens to the discarded electronic devices?

• What are some government policies regarding disposal of electronic devices?

Conducting a Survey

Distribute copies of the chart below to students. Ask students to interview classmates about

their behaviors with regard to purchasing and discarding electronic gadgets. While

conducting the survey, students should complete the chart. When they have completed the

activity, ask them to report their findings in small groups.

Electronic Gadgets

Name What new gadgets do

you want to own?

How many gadgets

you have?

What do you do with

obsolete gadgets?

Contact assignment

Suggest that students conduct the same survey in the community and prepare a short written

or oral report on their findings in and outside class.

Lesson Second1. Warm-up activity

Introduce the term “electronic waste” to the class. Ask them to write in a two-column chart

what they know about this issue and what they would like to know.

2. Listening activity

Explain to the class that they will listen to an teacher/instructor on "Dos and Donts" of E-

Waste” [(http://www.nswai.org/ index.php?id=110 and http://cpcb.nic.in/ Citizens_ charte.


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php#1) and while listening to the teacher/ instructor, they will read and answer the

comprehension questions.

• What happens to the electronic waste produced by the India?

• What happens to e-waste after it arrives in developed countries?

• What are the negative effects of dumping e-waste?

• What can concerned citizens do about e-waste?

Discuss the questions and share students’ reactions together as a class.

Lesson Third

1. video activity

Screen the E-waste: issues, challenges and management video”. Prior to their viewing, ask

students to skim through a transcript of the introduction in order to gain a general idea of the

issue and to predict the content in the videos.

Video Links: ://..///4586903

://../924

Do’s

Sell only to registered recyclers Store in safe and close loop system

Collection strategy

Disposal in safe landfill

Reduce, Refuse & Recycle

strategy

Dont’s

Sell to local kabadiwala Throw in open environment

Mix with municipal solid waste

Dump near water bodies

Segregate manually

Useful Publications

CII (2006). “E-waste management”, Green Business Opportunities, Vol.12, Issue 1,

Confederation of Indian Industry, DelhiKurian Joseph: Electronic Waste management in India- Issues and Strategies, Centre for

Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai.

Important Links

www.cpcb.nic.in

www.mppcb.nic.in

www.envfor.nic.in

www.nswai.com

www.ecoreco.comwww.uerindia.com


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About International Institute of Waste Management About International Institute of Waste Management About International Institute of Waste Management About International Institute of Waste Management

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International Institute of Waste Management (IIWM)

64, Samaj Sewa Nyas Building, E-8 Extension, Arera Colony, Bhopal (M.P.), India

www.iiwm.in, [email protected]; Ph: 07552422360

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E-waste Knowledge Series