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Geologic and Hydrogeologic Factors Controlling How Stray Gasfrom the English #1 Well Invaded Residences in Geauga
County, Ohio, Causing an In‐House Explosion
Geologic and Hydrogeologic Factors Controlling How Stray Gasfrom the English #1 Well Invaded Residences in Geauga
County, Ohio, Causing an In‐House Explosion
E. Scott Bair – Ohio State University3 Toms - Tomastik, Benko, Hill – Ohio DNR-Oil & Gas
E. Scott Bair – Ohio State University3 Toms - Tomastik, Benko, Hill – Ohio DNR-Oil & Gas
Oil & Gas Fields in Ohio
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
Scotland Drive
PaynehousePaynehouseJordan
water wellJordan
water well
Clinton Sandstone (Silurian), Carroll County4960 ft depth
k = 0.05 md, n = 4.15%
Clinton Sandstone (Silurian), Carroll County4960 ft depth
k = 0.05 md, n = 4.15%
Mud‐Rotary Drill
Time Line of Events
10/02/07 – Urban Drilling Permit from ODNR
10/18/07 – Spudded, set 88’ of 11¾” casing
10/19/07 – Set 263’ of 8⅝” casing into top ofOhio Shale, below USDW, cemented to surface10/20‐26/07 – TD in Clinton Ss at 3926’ 10/26/07 – Set and cemented 4½” productioncasing, lost circulation at 3640’ in Packer Shell
11/01/07 – Cement bond log run; top of cement at 3640’
Diagram of English Well
Cement Bond LogTop Bottom
Gamma logGamma log
Percent
bond
ing
Percent
bond
ing
100100
70%70%
00
no cementno cement cement < 70% bondedcement < 70% bonded
3750’3700’3650’3600’3550’
Only 17' of cement was 100% bonded
11/05/07 – Perforated Clinton 3720‐3740’;breakdown Clinton displacing 7750 gallonsacid and freshwater
(only 80’ cement above perfs)
Diagram of English Well Time Line of Events
10/02/07 – Urban Drilling Permit from ODNR
10/18/07 – Spudded, set 88’ of 11¾” casing
10/19/07 – Set 263’ of 8⅝” casing into top ofOhio Shale, below USDW, cemented to surface10/20‐26/07 – TD in Clinton Ss at 3926’ 10/26/07 – Set and cemented 4½” productioncasing, lost circulation at 3640’ in Packer Shell
11/01/07 – Cement bond log run; top of cement at 3640’
Perforation gun
11/05/07 – Perforated Clinton 3720‐3740’;breakdown Clinton displacing 7750 gallonsacid and freshwater
(only 80’ cement above perfs)
Diagram of English Well Time Line of Events
10/02/07 – Urban Drilling Permit from ODNR
10/18/07 – Spudded, set 88’ of 11¾” casing
10/19/07 – Set 263’ of 8⅝” casing into top ofOhio Shale, below USDW, cemented to surface10/20‐26/07 – TD in Clinton Ss at 3926’ 10/26/07 – Set and cemented 4½” productioncasing, lost circulation at 3640’ in Packer Shell
11/01/07 – Cement bond log run; top of cement at 3640’
11/12/07 – Swabbed well to 3600’, fluid at1500’, shut‐in well
11/13/07 – Production zone fracked, stoppedwhen oil/brine circulated out of open valve onproduction casing, swabbing frac fluid
Hydraulic FracturingFractures propagate parallel to the plane of greatest principal stress and perpendicular to the plane of least principle stress.
BREAKDOWN PRESSURE
HYDRAULIC FRACTURINGwater millions of gallonssand millions of poundsfracking compounds .thousands of poundsfracking liquids thousands of gallons
Hydraulic Fracturing
Pumpingline ‐ inPumpingline ‐ inMixing & pumping
truckMixing & pumping
truck
Mixing & pumpingtruck
Mixing & pumpingtruck
Freshwatertanks
Freshwatertanks
OutflowlineOutflowline
Filling tank withflowback waterFilling tank withflowback water
Oil./Gas Shale Deposits
Diagram of English Well
11/05/07 – Perforated Clinton 3720‐3740’;Breakdown Clinton displacing 7750 gallonsacid and freshwater
(only 80’ cement above perfs)
Time Line of Events
10/02/07 – Urban Drilling Permit from ODNR
10/18/07 – Spudded, set 88’ of 11¾” casing
10/19/07 – Set 263’ of 8⅝” casing into top ofOhio Shale, below USDW, cemented to surface10/20‐26/07 – TD in Clinton Ss at 3926’ 10/26/07 – Set and cemented 4½” productioncasing, lost circulation at 3640’ in Packer Shell
11/01/07 – Cement bond log run; top of cement at 3640’
11/12/07 – Swabbed well to 3600’, fluid at1500’, shut‐in well
11/13/07 – Production zone fracked, stoppedwhen oil/brine circulated out of open valve onproduction casing, swabbing frac fluid
11/14‐16/07 – Pressure testing, well shut‐in at 5:00 pm 11/16
Straygas
Payne residence, 17975 English DrivePayne residence, 17975 English Drive
12/11/07 ‐ water turns cloudy12/11/07 ‐ water turns cloudy
12/13‐14/07 ‐ Reports of gas in other wells on English Drive
Payne residence, 17975 English DrivePayne residence, 17975 English Drive
12/15/07 – gas invades basementexplosion at 2:45 amblue flames around outside of house
12/15/07 – gas invades basementexplosion at 2:45 amblue flames around outside of house
12/15/07 – Water blows out of Jordan well 15‐18 feetinto the air for several hours, then blows gasfor several days
12/15/07 – Water blows out of Jordan well 15‐18 feetinto the air for several hours, then blows gasfor several days
Payne residence, 17990 English DrivePayne residence, 17990 English Drive
12/15/07 – Fire Department evacuates 19 homes based onmethane measurements (values not recorded)
Emergency RespondersFire Dept, Cty Health Dept, ODNR, OVE
19 Homes Evacuated
Homes Provided Bottled Water
Homes Provided Gas Detectors
Homes Monitored for LELs
Methane Meter(percent LEL)
Lower Explosive Limit50,000 ppm methane = 100%
40,000 ppm = 80%10,000 ppm = 20%
Remedial Cement Squeeze Jobs
Source of stray gaseliminated
Segmented Bond Log
400’ 600’500’
Poor qualitycement
Top of cement640’
High qualitycement
September 1, 2008
ODNR Report
January 30, 2008Lawsuit filed by 42 property owners
Payne et al. versus OVE et al.$8,000,000
Summary of ClaimsPayne et al. versus OVE et al.
Plaintiffs bring this action against Defendants [for] ultra hazardous activity,fraudulent concealment, failure to warn, and negligent infliction of emotionaldistress… stemming from drilling a gas well that caused the explosion of Richardand Thelma Payne’s home and the contamination of Plaintiffs’ properties,including but not limited to the groundwater aquifer that serves as [the] drinkingwater supply for Plaintiffs’ properties.
[Header and Logo Removed]
Expert Report: Plaintiffs
Differences in Interpretation of LEL Data
ODNRLEL values are an inaccurate measureof methane gas concentration; shouldonly be used to indicate the presenceor absence of methane.
Affected Probably affected
Plaintiffs’ ExpertLEL data clearly show three types offractures generated by the English #1well incident, which created a sourceof methane that could last forever.
“The trend‐line on each LEL record is a sixth‐order polynomial, which minimizes the influence of outlier points and amplifies points clustered in tight groups.”
Type 1 Fractures: 6 wells
These responses occur in wells locatedat fractures fed by gas directly fromthe English #1 well annulus.
Type 2 Fractures: 4 wells
These responses occur in wells located at fractures developed by overpressuring the deep gas‐producing formation.
Type 3 Fractures: 9 wells
These wells are located at fractures developed by deep fracturing of bedrock down to the gas‐producing formation.
Deeply Divided Opinions
Parties (Payne et al. and OVE et al.) agreed to attempt settlement by arbitration
Parties agreed to forming a panel of experts to evaluate opinionsS. Bair – Ohio State, hydrogeologyD. Freeman – Marietta, fracture mechanicsJ. Senko – Akron, groundwater chemistry, geobiology
Panel provided with funds and personnel to obtain necessary data
Scientific MethodScientific Method
Panel Grouped Disparate Opinions Into 4 Hypotheses
ODNRnononono
Plaintiffsyesyesyesyes
Additional Data / Maps Developed by Expert PanelGeologic• geologic cross sections, isopach & structure contour maps – Berea Ss• measurement of joint orientations and frequencies
Hydrodynamic• repeat borehole videos in wells from 2008, plus more wells• measure – water levels in residential wells & K and n in core samples
Hydrochemical• well water samples – inside selected homes & regional• sediment samples – inside selected homes
1. Overpressurizing the English #1 well fractured Ohio Shale no yes2. Fracturing created a perpetual source of invasive gas no yes3. Wellhead LEL readings revealed 3 types of fractures no yes 4. Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated wells no yes
Geologist
ChemistPhysicist
If the hypothesis is correct, then the conclusions from…
Sharon SandstoneSharon Sandstone
Cuyahoga ShaleCuyahoga Shale
SEM Images of Cuyahoga Shale Sample
1500x 20 microns
abundant illitic clay in field of view
authigenic pyritereplacing organicsin pore spaces
pyriteframboidsapatite
crystal
sodium plagioclasecrystal (probable)
silt grain coatedwith illitic clay
abundant illitic clay in field of view
800x 25 microns
pluckedgrain
Berea SandstoneBerea Sandstone
Photomicrograph of Berea Sandstone Thin Section
Bedford ShaleBedford Shale
Ohio ShaleOhio Shale
SEM Images of Ohio Shale Sample
2000x 20 microns
abundant illitic clay in field of view abundant illitic clay in field of view
800x 25 microns
pluckedgrains silt grain coated
with illitic clay
authigenicpyrite plucked
grains
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
Joints in Cuyahoga Shale
0 1 2 3 4
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
Joints in Berea Sandstone
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
Joints in Ohio Shale
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
Joints in Sharon Conglomerate
0 2 4 6 8
Sharon Sandstone Cuyahoga Shale
Berea Sandstone Ohio Shale
Neotectonic Joints – post orogeny
Tectonic Joints – Alleghenian Orogeny
(Engelder, 1993)
English #1Gas WellEnglish #1Gas Well
JordanJordan
PaynePayne
Conceptualization of Vertical Joints(frequency dependent on rock type)Conceptualization of Vertical Joints(frequency dependent on rock type)
3 Rounds of VideosJanuary 2008March 2008
3 Rounds of VideosJanuary 2008March 2008
Summer – Fall 2009Summer – Fall 2009
Borehole Videos in Wells
ODNR Color Borehole Camera
$9,000$9,000
Hydrogeologic Cross Section(southwest – northeast)
Structure Contour Map on Top of Berea Sandstone(base of Cuyahoga Shale)
Approximate high point onBerea Sandstonestructural top
Approximate high point onBerea Sandstonestructural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
PaynewellPaynewell 910910
English #1Gas WellEnglish #1Gas Well
00 500 ft500 ft
BacteriaBacteria
Bedding planeBedding plane
High-angle jointHigh-angle joint
Sharon SandstoneSharon Sandstone
Cuyahoga ShaleCuyahoga Shale
Berea SandstoneBerea Sandstone
Roiling gas bubblesat water surface
Roiling gas bubblesat water surface
Solitary gas bubble movingup from deeper source
to lower pressure
Solitary gas bubble movingup from deeper source
to lower pressure
Solitary gas bubbleemanating from jointSolitary gas bubble
emanating from joint
Solitary gas bubbleemanating from bedding planeSolitary gas bubbleemanating from bedding plane
Gas bubble fromdeeper source
Gas bubble fromdeeper source
Multiple gas bubblesemanating from bedding plane
Multiple gas bubblesemanating from bedding plane
Multiple source openingson same bedding plane
Multiple source openingson same bedding plane
Borehole Videotape
Shale Gas Migration Model
(Milica, 1996)
Fracture Flow Concepts
Fracture Porosity Double PorosityDouble Porosity
Low porosityHigh permeability
Low storage
High porosityHigh permeability
High storage
High porosityHigh permeability
High storage
Gas Migration Along Joints
Gas Migration Along Bedding Planes
2
162.6 log 3.23Q ktpkb cr
The change in pressure at any radial distance from an injection wellcan be computed from the following equation:
(Matthews and Russell, 1967)
where Δp = reservoir pressure change (psi) at radius r and time tQ = fluid injection rate (bbls/day)µ = viscosity (centipoise)k = intrinsic permeability of the reservoir (millidarcies)b = reservoir thickness (feet)t = time since injection began (hours)c = reservoir compressibility (1/psi)r = radial distance from wellbore to point of interest (feet)Φ = reservoir porosity (decimal)
Assumes reservoir is: isotropic, homogeneous, infinite, and the wellinjects fluid at a constant rate and fully penetrates the reservoir.
Hypothesis Testing
The Bainbridge Gas Invasion is well‐known for the stray methane gas that entered the Payne house at 12345 English Drive, ignited, and the explosion caused the ground‐floor to separate from the basement, rise into the air, and fall back largely intact into the exploded cinder‐block foundation.
Less well known, but equally diagnostic as to how the gas invaded the Payne house, is that water from the Jordanwell, immediately across the street, flowed 15 ‐18 feet
above the land surface for most of the same nightand then blew methane gas out of the borehole.
Jordanwater wellJordan
water wellPaynehousePaynehouse
Englishgas wellEnglishgas well
Estimates of Fluid Pressure Buildup in Residential Wells‐‐‐ Berea Sandstone Wells ‐‐‐
Panel’sInterpretations & Hypotheses
Geologic data Borehole videos Methane (Y/N)
Pressure Buildup & Gas MovementPressure Buildup & Gas Movement
Stage 1Pressure Buildup
Mid‐November to Mid‐December 2007
Stage 3Natural Pressure DissipationSummer 2008 through present
Stage 2Artificial Pressure ReleaseLate December 2007 to July 2008Hypothesis Testing
Temporal LEL patterns
AA
A′A′BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′
00 500 ft500 ft
910910
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupGas rises through Ohio Shale, low porosity & permeability keep gas close to borehole
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupGas rises through Ohio Shale, low porosity & permeability keep gas close to borehole
Explanation
High point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
Mid‐November 2007gas starts to rise up into BereaSandstone near English well
Gas capGas cap
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
AA
A′A′BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′910910
Late November 2007gas cap ≈ 2 feet thicknear English well
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
00 500 ft500 ft
PaPaCzCz
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupGas rises to top of Berea Ss, moves toward high point, old Payne well pressurizes
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupGas rises to top of Berea Ss, moves toward high point, old Payne well pressurizes
Explanation
Berea / Cuyahoga wellCuyahoga well
High point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour
Gas capGas cap
JoJo
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Old Payne Well in Air‐Tight Vault Under Deck
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10012
/19/
2007
1/19
/200
8
2/19
/200
8
3/19
/200
8
4/19
/200
8
5/19
/200
8
6/19
/200
8
7/19
/200
8
8/19
/200
8
9/19
/200
8
10/1
9/20
08
11/1
9/20
08
12/1
9/20
08
1/19
/200
9
2/19
/200
9
3/19
/200
9
4/19
/200
9
5/19
/200
9
6/19
/200
9
7/19
/200
9
8/19
/200
9
9/19
/200
9
10/1
9/20
09
11/1
9/20
09
12/1
9/20
09
1/19
/201
0
Date
Wel
lhea
d LE
L (p
erce
nt o
f 5%
met
hane
)Hypothesis Testing
Delay in Arrival of Fugitive Gas
7941 Scotland Drive
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Radial Distance from English #1 Gas Well (feet)
Wel
lhea
d LE
L D
elay
Tin
e (d
ays)
Hypothesis Testing Delay in Arrival of Fugitive Gas
Cuyahoga / Sharon wellBerea / Cuyahoga well
Delay = f.(distance, well depth, geologic location)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10012
/19/
2007
1/19
/200
8
2/19
/200
8
3/19
/200
8
4/19
/200
8
5/19
/200
8
6/19
/200
8
7/19
/200
8
8/19
/200
8
9/19
/200
8
10/1
9/20
08
11/1
9/20
08
12/1
9/20
08
1/19
/200
9
2/19
/200
9
3/19
/200
9
4/19
/200
9
5/19
/200
9
6/19
/200
9
7/19
/200
9
8/19
/200
9
9/19
/200
9
10/1
9/20
09
11/1
9/20
09
12/1
9/20
09
1/19
/201
0
Date
Wel
lhea
d LE
L (p
erce
nt o
f 5%
met
hane
)
High
Low
High
Low
Hypothesis Testing Methane Content Varies Seasonally
7969 Scotland Drive
1/1/70 1/1/71 1/1/72 1/1/73 1/1/74 1/1/75 1/1/76 1/1/77 1/1/78 1/1/79 1/1/80Date
28
24
20
16
12
8
Dep
th to
Wat
er (f
eet)
Seasonal Water‐Level Variations: up to ± 8 feet
AA
A′A′BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′
Early December 2007gas cap ≈ 3 feet thicknear English well
910910
JoJo
CoCo
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
00 500 ft500 ft
PaPaCzCz
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupPressure rises in Berea Ss, gas moves to wells, Payne well leaks gas into Sharon Ss
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupPressure rises in Berea Ss, gas moves to wells, Payne well leaks gas into Sharon Ss
Explanation
Berea / Cuyahoga wellCuyahoga well
High point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour
Gas capGas cap
BaBaMaMa KuKu
KoKo
BuBuMcMcCaCa
dede
PrPrJhJh
OhOh
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′
A′A′
AADecember 15, 2007gas cap ≈ 4 feet thicknear English well
910910
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
JoJo
CoCo
00 500 ft500 ft
PaPaCzCz
KoKo
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupMore gas rises into Berea Ss, fluid pressures increase more, gas spreads in Sharon Ss
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupMore gas rises into Berea Ss, fluid pressures increase more, gas spreads in Sharon Ss
BaBaKuKu
Gas capGas cap
McMc
BuBu
DoDoGaGa
SeSe SaSa
MaMa
Explanation
Berea / Cuyahoga wellCuyahoga well
High point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour
no information about well
OhOh
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
AA
A′A′BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′
Stage 2 – Artificial Pressure ReleaseBerea Ss gas moves to purging wells & rises into Cuyahoga Sh, Sharon Ss gas escapes
Early January 2008near English well gas still rises under lower pressure, 16 wells overpump for 7 months, gas
seeps under saddle
910910
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
00 500 ft500 ft
Explanation
Residential wells used topurge gas (Jan–Jun 2008)
High point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour
Gas capGas cap
JoJoMcMcCaCa
dede
BaBaKuKu
SaSa CzCzMaMa
GaGa JhJh
CoCoKoKo
DoDoPrPr
OhOh
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Numberof
Wells
1 day pumping8 hrs/day
1 week pumping8 hrs/day
1 monthpumping8 hrs/day
6 monthspumping8 hrs/day
1 4,800 34,000 146,000 878,000
5 24,000 168,000 732,000 4,392,000
10 48,000 336,000 1,464,000 8,784,000
Gallons of Water Removed by Intentional Overpumping[varying use of 16 wells for 7 months]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10012
/19/
2007
1/19
/200
8
2/19
/200
8
3/19
/200
8
4/19
/200
8
5/19
/200
8
6/19
/200
8
7/19
/200
8
8/19
/200
8
9/19
/200
8
10/1
9/20
08
11/1
9/20
08
12/1
9/20
08
1/19
/200
9
2/19
/200
9
3/19
/200
9
4/19
/200
9
5/19
/200
9
6/19
/200
9
7/19
/200
9
8/19
/200
9
9/19
/200
9
10/1
9/20
09
11/1
9/20
09
12/1
9/20
09
1/19
/201
0
Date
Wel
lhea
d LE
L (p
erce
nt o
f 5%
met
hane
)
Main gas cap thickens and seeps east under saddle
Longer delay as gas cap deepens and expands
17971 Kingswood Drive
Hypothesis TestingSaddle in Berea Sandstone Top
AA
A′A′BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′
Stage 2 – Artificial Pressure ReleaseGas in Berea Ss flows toward purging wells and continues to rise into Cuyahoga Shale
March 2008Gas cap beginning to dissipatelaterally and vertically from overpumping wells, gas cap above Berea Ss in Jordan well,
east gas cap separating
910910
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
00 500 ft500 ft Gas capGas cap
JoJoMcMcCaCa
dede
BaBaKuKu
SaSa CzCzMaMa
GaGa
OhOh CoCoKoKo
Explanation
Residential wells used topurge gas (Jan–Jun 2008)
High point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour
DoDoPrPrJoJo
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
No gasin Berea SsNo gas
in Berea Ss
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10012
/19/
2007
1/19
/200
8
2/19
/200
8
3/19
/200
8
4/19
/200
8
5/19
/200
8
6/19
/200
8
7/19
/200
8
8/19
/200
8
9/19
/200
8
10/1
9/20
08
11/1
9/20
08
12/1
9/20
08
1/19
/200
9
2/19
/200
9
3/19
/200
9
4/19
/200
9
5/19
/200
9
6/19
/200
9
7/19
/200
9
8/19
/200
9
9/19
/200
9
10/1
9/20
09
11/1
9/20
09
12/1
9/20
09
1/19
/201
0
Date
Wel
lhea
d LE
L (p
erce
nt o
f 5%
met
hane
)
OVERPUMPING
Hypothesis TestingDissipation by Intentional Overpumping
17995 English Drive
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′
Stage 3 – Natural Pressure DissipationGas in Berea Ss flows toward purging wells and continues to rise into Cuyahoga Shale
Summer 2009Dissipation causes gas
cap to split apart
910910
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
00 500 ft500 ft Gas capGas cap
KoKo
Explanation
Berea wellHigh point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour
A′A′
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
12/1
9/20
07
1/19
/200
8
2/19
/200
8
3/19
/200
8
4/19
/200
8
5/19
/200
8
6/19
/200
8
7/19
/200
8
8/19
/200
8
9/19
/200
8
10/1
9/20
08
11/1
9/20
08
12/1
9/20
08
1/19
/200
9
2/19
/200
9
3/19
/200
9
4/19
/200
9
5/19
/200
9
6/19
/200
9
7/19
/200
9
8/19
/200
9
9/19
/200
9
10/1
9/20
09
11/1
9/20
09
12/1
9/20
09
1/19
/201
0
Date
Wel
lhea
d LE
L (p
erce
nt o
f 5%
met
hane
)
Hypothesis TestingNatural Pressure Dissipation
Main gas cap deepens and extends east under saddle
Dissipation of east gas cap and separation from main gas cap
17926 Kingswood Drive
AA
A′A′BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′
Stage 3 – Natural Pressure DissipationNo gas source beds found in Berea Ss in borehole videotapes, gas in Cuyahoga Sh
December 2009gas cap dissipates
up into Cuyahoga Sh
910910
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
00 500 ft500 ft
Explanation
Borehole videotape madein residential well
High point in Berea Ss topTop of Berea Ss contour
JoJoMcMcCaCa
dede
BaBaKuKuCzCz
JoJo
CoCoKoKo
AdAd
BrBr
StSt
PaPa
BuBu
MoMo
Orientations of Profiles along the Top of Berea SurfaceOrientations of Profiles along the Top of Berea Surface
AA
A′A′BB
CC
DD
EE
B′B′
C′C′
D′D′
E′E′
English #1gas wellEnglish #1gas well
00 500 ft500 ft
910910
PaynewellPaynewell
Approximate high point onBerea Sandstonestructural top
Approximate high point onBerea Sandstonestructural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Approximate position ofsaddle in Berea Sandstone
structural top
Jordanwell
Jordanwell
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Distance Along Profile (inches)
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
Eleva
tion (fe
et, a
msl)
860
880
900
920
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860
880
900
920
west east
north south
English #1 GasWell
B - B'
C - C'
D - D'
E - E'
A - A' E - E'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
D - D' C - C' B - B'
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupMid‐November 2007
Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale
CuyahogaShale
Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension
Adams
Payne(old)
Payne(old)
Komockide Gaetano
Prochaska
McGee
Buddenhagen
Mason
Kukoleck
Bastifell Jordan
Calo
Ohara
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Distance Along Profile (inches)
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
Eleva
tion (fe
et, a
msl)
860
880
900
920
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860
880
900
920
west east
north south
English #1 GasWell
B - B'
C - C'
D - D'
E - E'
A - A' E - E'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
D - D' C - C' B - B'
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupLate November 2007
Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale
CuyahogaShale
Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension
Adams
Payne(old)
Payne(old)
Komockide Gaetano
Prochaska
McGee
Buddenhagen
Mason
Kukoleck
Bastifell Jordan
Calo
Ohara
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Distance Along Profile (inches)
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
Eleva
tion (fe
et, a
msl)
860
880
900
920
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860
880
900
920
west east
north south
English #1 GasWell
B - B'
C - C'
D - D'
E - E'
A - A' E - E'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
D - D' C - C' B - B'
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupEarly December 2007
Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale
CuyahogaShale
Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension
Adams
Payne(old)
Payne(old)
Komockide Gaetano
Prochaska
McGee
Buddenhagen
Mason
Kukoleck
Bastifell Jordan
Calo
Ohara
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Distance Along Profile (inches)
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
Eleva
tion (fe
et, a
msl)
860
880
900
920
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860
880
900
920
west east
north south
English #1 GasWell
B - B'
C - C'
D - D'
E - E'
A - A' E - E'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
D - D' C - C' B - B'
Stage 1 – Pressure BuildupDecember 15, 2007
Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale
CuyahogaShale
Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension
Adams
Payne(old)
Payne(old)
Komockide Gaetano
Prochaska
McGee
Buddenhagen
Mason
Kukoleck
Bastifell Jordan
Calo
Ohara
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Distance Along Profile (inches)
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
Eleva
tion (fe
et, a
msl)
860
880
900
920
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860
880
900
920
west east
north south
English #1 GasWell
B - B'
C - C'
D - D'
E - E'
A - A' E - E'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
D - D' C - C' B - B'
Stage 2 – Artificial Pressure ReleaseEarly January 2008
Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale
CuyahogaShale
Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension
Adams
Payne(old)
Payne(old)
Komockide Gaetano
Prochaska
McGee
Buddenhagen
Mason
Kukoleck
Bastifell Jordan
Calo
Ohara
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Distance Along Profile (inches)
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
Eleva
tion (fe
et, a
msl)
860
880
900
920
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860
880
900
920
west east
north south
English #1 GasWell
B - B'
C - C'
D - D'
E - E'
A - A' E - E'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
D - D' C - C' B - B'
Stage 2 – Artificial Pressure ReleaseMarch 2008
Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale
CuyahogaShale
Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension
Adams
Payne(old)
Payne(old)
Komockide Gaetano
Prochaska
McGee
Buddenhagen
Mason
Kukoleck
Bastifell Jordan
Calo
Ohara
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Distance Along Profile (inches)
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
Eleva
tion (fe
et, a
msl)
860
880
900
920
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860
880
900
920
west east
north south
English #1 GasWell
B - B'
C - C'
D - D'
E - E'
A - A' E - E'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
D - D' C - C' B - B'
Stage 3 – Natural Pressure DissipationAutumn 2008
Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale
CuyahogaShale
Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension
Adams
Payne(old)
Payne(old)
Komockide Gaetano
Prochaska
McGee
Buddenhagen
Mason
Kukoleck
Bastifell Jordan
Calo
Ohara
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Distance Along Profile (inches)
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
860
880
900
920
Eleva
tion (fe
et, a
msl)
860
880
900
920
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0860
880
900
920
west east
north south
English #1 GasWell
B - B'
C - C'
D - D'
E - E'
A - A' E - E'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
A - A'
D - D' C - C' B - B'
Stage 3 – Natural Pressure DissipationSummer 2009
Berea SandstoneBerea SandstoneCuyahogaShale
CuyahogaShale
Profiles greatly exaggerated in the vertical dimension
Adams
Payne(old)
Payne(old)
Komockide Gaetano
Prochaska
McGee
Buddenhagen
Mason
Kukoleck
Bastifell Jordan
Calo
Ohara
Panel’s Evaluation of HypothesesODNRnononono
Plaintiffsyesyesyesyes
1. Overpressurizing the English #1 well fractured Ohio Shale no yes2. Fracturing created a perpetual source of invasive gas no yes3. Wellhead LEL readings revealed 3 types of fractures no yes 4. Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated wells no yes
Hypothesis No. 1Overpressurizing the English #1 well fractured Ohio Shale?
A deep hydraulically fractured zoneproduces a vertical, rectangular fracture
A shallow hydraulically fractured zoneproduces a horizontal, radial fracture
“To summarize, calculations and field observations suggest, to a reasonable degree of engineering certainty, that any fracture created in the Ohio Shale by the overpressurization of the English #1 gas well surface‐production casing annulus was likely shallow and oriented horizontally.”
“To summarize, it is unlikely the Clinton sandstone fracture treatment in theEnglish #1 gas well grew out of zone. However, the inadequate primary cementjob likely failed to maintain a hydraulic seal, resulting in… possible leakage ofClinton gas into the same annulus during the subsequent 31 days when the wellwas mostly shut in.”
Hypothesis No. 2Fracturing Created a Perpetual Source
of Invasive Gas?
Videos document gas cap rising Methane becoming non‐detect in
residential wells No fracturing by overpressuring
English well
Hypothesis No. 3Wellhead LEL readings revealed 3 types of fractures?
Type 1 Type 2
Type 3
LEL Patterns Caused by Several Independent Factors Distance from English well Location under top of Berea Ss Overpumping of residential wells Seasonal variations of methane migration Fractured nature of Cuyahoga Sh caprock Elimination of gas source (squeeze jobs)
English #1 Gas WellEnglish #1 Gas Well
Abrams2110 feetAbrams2110 feet
KomockiKomocki
DonaldsonDonaldson GaubGaub
de Gaetano1027 feetde Gaetano1027 feet
CzernickiCzernicki
Plaintiffs’ Type 1Wells receive gas from vertical
fractures connected directly to the surfaceproduction casing annulus of the English #1 well
Plaintiffs’ Type 1Wells receive gas from vertical
fractures connected directly to the surfaceproduction casing annulus of the English #1 well
16,000 linear feet of fracturing17,600,000 square feet of fracture planes
16,000 linear feet of fracturing17,600,000 square feet of fracture planes
Equivalent Area of Fracture Planes to Plaintiffs Group 1 WellsEquivalent fracture radius = 2,367 feet
Area of fracturing = 17,600,000 square feet
Equivalent Area of Fracture Planes to Plaintiffs Group 1 WellsEquivalent fracture radius = 2,367 feet
Area of fracturing = 17,600,000 square feet
Petroleum Engineering AnalysisHorizontal fracture radius = 235 feetFracture area = 173,500 square feet
Petroleum Engineering AnalysisHorizontal fracture radius = 235 feetFracture area = 173,500 square feet
English #1 Gas WellEnglish #1 Gas Well
McGee McGee
Adams Adams
CaloCalo
Hypothesis No. 4Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated wells?
Methane does not dissolve easily into water at the temperatures and pressures at Earth’s surface, where its solubility is between 28 to 30 milligrams of methane in a liter of water (mg/L). There are no public health standards for dissolved methane in water.
Methane is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas. In confined spaces, it can cause oxygen‐deficient atmospheres and flammable and explosive environments.
The median dissolved methane concentration of the 42 well‐water samples listed in Table 3‐10 is 0.25 mg/L.
Hypothesis No. 4Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated wells?
“The postulated trip taken by asperities derived from the Ohio Shale would require them to be transported by free gas (think bubbles) more than two thousand feet upward in the Ohio and Bedford shales along vertical joints and their intersections with bedding planes, through pinpoint‐size intergranular pores in the Berea Sandstone, along more vertical joints and bedding planes in the Cuyahoga Shale, and finally into uncased wellbores in residential wells in the investigation area.” In terms of hydrodynamics, this is highly likely. XRD analysis indicates that the sediments are from rusted casing.
Hypothesis No. 4Methane, metals, and black goo contaminated
residential wells?
Did Fracking and Overpressuring the English #1 Well CauseMethane to Contaminate the Berea Sandstone and
the Payne Residence to Explode?
Did Fracking and Overpressuring the English #1 Well CauseMethane to Contaminate the Berea Sandstone and
the Payne Residence to Explode?
E. Scott Bair – Ohio State UniversityDavid Freeman – Marietta CollegeJohn Senko – University of Akron
E. Scott Bair – Ohio State UniversityDavid Freeman – Marietta CollegeJohn Senko – University of Akron
Aftermath Panel presented its data collection methods, analysis techniques,
interpretations, and findings to Director’s staff at ODNR, DMRM;Plaintiffs’ attorneys and expert; OVE President, staff, and attorneys;Geauga County Commissioners and attorney; Bainbridge Township attorney.
Arbitrator used panel report to reach a settlement between parties.
Report findings used to award damages to specific home owners.
Findings miss‐cited in a recent U.S. EPA report on ground‐water . impacts from hydraulic fracturing.