E-participation for the Determination of Best Available Techniques in Industrializing Countries Dipl.-Geoökol. Hannes Schollenberger, Dr. Jutta Geldermann,

E-participation for the Determination of Best Available Techniques in

Industrializing Countries

Dipl.-Geoökol. Hannes Schollenberger, Dr. Jutta Geldermann, Dipl.-Wi.-Ing. Martin Treitz, Prof. Dr. Otto Rentz

French-German Institute for Environmental Research (DFIU)University of Karlsruhe (TH), Hertzstr. 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany

Tel:+49-721-608.4584 Fax:+49-721-758909 http://www-dfiu.wiwi.uni-karlsruhe.de/

TED Workshop:

e-Participation in Environmental Decision Making

19. - 22. of May 2005 Helsinki and Conference Boat, Finland

2

Environmental sound techniques are in the focus of techno-economic evaluations of industrial processes

Introduction

Best Available Techniques (BAT)

Conditions in Emerging Countries

A Metric for the Determination of Best Available Techniques

Case Study: Painting of Plastic Parts

Conclusions

Outline

3

Introduction





Conclusions

Outline


4

Improving resource efficiency is one key element for sustainable development

Due to their rapid growth and their demand for resources, emerging economies have to be included in the development of new strategies for a sustainable development.

Best Available Techniques (BAT), being a key element of European environmental policy, might be one possible approach to be considered by global strategies for sustainability.

Due to the differences in the technological structure and the environmental priorities between countries, a consistent and flexible assessment method is needed for the evaluation of process improvements based on resource efficiency.

Introduction

A metric for the determination of BAT is defined, which considers country specific criteria and may also be used in the context of technology transfer

5


Introduction





Conclusions

Outline

6

The transfer of the determination method of BAT to emerging economies requires the adaptation of the criteria

The objective of BAT is the improvement considering the use of primary resources and other production factors

The determination of BAT requires the assessment of parameters from the three pillars of sustainability: economic, ecological and social

Due to preferences and criteria being specific for each country, a flexible approach is necessary for the evaluation of the techniques in the global context

The European IPPC-Directive (1996/61/EC) defines BAT as follows:

The concept of BAT

7


Introduction





Conclusions

Outline

8

“By not considering the special circumstances of particular countries, one-size-fits-all policies are less likely to succeed”1)

Financial Situation and Policy Financing is a key barrier to investment in cleaner production facilities in industrializing

countries Local certification bodies in many countries are not accredited by the importing

countries’ authorities. Differences in personnel costs, energy and material costs (dependency of expensive

imported material (e.g. coatings), investment planning, planning horizon and reliability

Environmental Conditions Air pollution from man-made sources are a major problem. Ground level ozone

concentrations are a major concern in both urban and rural areas. Insufficient wastewater regulations based on a central authority vs. a demand-oriented

management Rising energy demand of industrializing countries requires major improvements in

efficiency and the incorporation of renewable energy sources.

Industrial Structures Differences in ownership Geographical conditions and differences in infrastructure

Conditions in Industrializing Countries

1) Source: Steenblik, R., Andrew, D., 2002. Trade and environment, Observer 233.

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Introduction





Conclusions

Outline

10

The determination of Best Available Techniques is based on one single aggregated measure

The presented concept can be used by political authorities as well as by equipment suppliers

The difference to actual concepts is that this approach allows the aggregation of parameters with different background (economic, ecological,social) and units

BAT-Metric (1/5)

Description of an existing technique

The number n of criteria define the dimension of the problem

Nomenclature

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A positive reference is defined based on the optimal values of each of the criteria

Description of an optimal technique

Nomenclature

BAT-Metric (2/5)

In general the ideal technique representing this optimal state does not exist.

opt is used as a positive reference for the techniques under consideration.

For each criterion an optimal value can be defined, or using the minimum value of the set of techniques, or by e-participation of stakeholders.

12

Legal requirements are used to define the maximum tolerable values of the criteria

The limit values of the criteria represent legal norms in the case of natural resources

They can also be defined by authorities if no legal amendment exists

Economic values may e.g. describe the maximum contribution (investment) to be expected by a company

Nomenclature

BAT-Metric (3/5)

13

The requirements to be fulfilled by a technique being classified as BAT are described by one single measure

The obtained values (1) reflect the local preferences

The reciprocal of the sum defines the measure dBAT (2)

Advantages: Differences between the countries are

depicted by the measure The stricter the requirements, the lower the

value of the measure The increase of one criterion must be

compensated by an improvement of another

Definition of a measure for BAT

(1)

(2)

Nomenclature

BAT-Metric (4/5)

14

(2)

A normalization is required for the aggregation all criteria of a technique to one single measure (1)

For the evaluation of a specific technique, the measure dΓ (2) is compared directly with dBAT

The contribution factors (3) describe the influence of each criterion on the final measure and are specific for each country

The evaluation of a technique in the context of BAT is based on different measures

(1)

Evaluation of a technique in the framework of BAT

(3)

BAT-Metric (5/5)

Nomenclature

15


Introduction





Conclusions

Outline

16

The application of paint is of high environmental concern due to the related emissions

Completely automated process

Transport of parts on skids

Robot application using air assisted spray gun

Exhaust gas passes a double S Venturi-washer

Evaluated application process

Cle

ar c

oa

t a

pp

l ica

tio

n

Ba

sec

oat

ap

pli

cati

on

Pri

mer

ap

plic

atio

n

Spray boothprimer

Spray boothbasecoat 2

Spray boothbasecoat 1

Drying ovenprimer

Drying ovenbasecoat

Spray boothclear coat

Drying ovenclear coat

Flash offclear coat

Flash offbasecoat 2

Flash-offbasecoat 1

Flash-off primer

unpaintedplasticparts

primedplastic parts

pri

me

dp

las

tic

par

ts

basecoatedplastic parts

bas

eco

ate

dp

las

tic

par

ts

plasticparts withcompletecoating

17

Parameters have to be selected for the characterization of the technique to be studied

The paint application on plastic parts can be characterized using the following parameters:

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) VOC-emissions (VOC) Energy consumption per square meter of painted surface

Description of the technique

18

The limit and optimal values are the basis of the country specific measure to be calculatedDefinition of the framework

Limit values define the maximal acceptable conditions

Optimal values reflect the best possible solution for each country

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Local preferences can be obtained by stakeholder participation using web-based instrumentsInvolvement of e-participation

General idea In a lot of emerging countries no legal restrictions (= limit values) are defined for

emissions to air, water and soil Through the e-participation of stakeholders local preferences concerning environmental

impacts can be determined including more stakeholders than today (optimal values)

Implications for the approach Instead of legal requirements or expert panels, a public census may be used to obtain

optimal and limit values The metric itself remains unchanged, but the weighting factors may reflect local

preferences in a more reliable way

Actors involved Companies need to fulfill the requirements Banks, Credit Institutes finance the necessary investments Citizens interested in certain environmental standards Authorities need to develop the respective instruments

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The actual start-of-the-art of a country may be used for the definition of e.g. a discrete scalePossible implementation

Example VOC-emissions: Determination of the distribution of existing emission values based e.g. on the

technology screening, existing measurements etc. Possible definition of a discrete scale for emerging countries:

Verbal expression Related distribution percentile[%]

Not important 90

Less important 75

More or less important 50

More important 25

Very important 10

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The comparison of dBAT and the measure of the technique d shows the need of process improvementEvaluation

Basic technique

Switch to waterborne paints

Installation of a biological water treatment plant

Installation of a thermal incineration

Requirements fulfilled (d · dBAT)

22

The different preferences determine the shape of the solution space (= BAT domain)

40050 9080

83

67

50

0,1

73

43

1,7

0

2000

1500

600

300

150

700

950

300

DBAT (Germany)DBAT (Germany)

11250

DBAT (Chile)

33

222opt

opt

VOC [mg C/m³]

COD[mg/l]

Energy[kWh/m²]

4500

23

The contribution factors indicate which of the parameters should be improvedImprovement process

Water treatment

Thermal incineration

Waterborne paints

COD

VOC

Energy

24


Introduction





Conclusions

Outline

25

BAT are a measure to support sustainable development in industrializing countries

Best Available Techniques: Are an instrument for authorities on the way towards a more environmental sound

production. Can be used by equipment suppliers involved in the transfer of technologies to other

countries as an orientation.

The presented metric: Is a flexible approach for the consideration of preferences and specific legal framework of

different countries. Allows the evaluation of techniques under different conditions using always the same

mathematical concept. Uses one single measure (dBAT) for the determination of BAT which allows the

consideration of parameters with different background, in contrast to other approaches as e.g. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA).

Indicates which of the selected parameters should be improved in order to fulfill legal requirements using contribution factors.

Conclusions (1/2)

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A lot of open questions need to be answered before involving stakeholders by e-participations

How to weight the inputs? Is the expertise of each participant equivalent?

Does the number of stakeholders interested in a subject (e.g. VOC-emissions) has an influence on the weight among the criteria?

Which kind of information should be used? A discrete scale or unformatted text?

Who defines the necessary transformations?

Which are the most suitable technical means for addressing all stakeholders?

Conclusions (2/2)

Documents

E-participation for the Determination of Best Available Techniques in Industrializing Countries Dipl.-Geoökol. Hannes Schollenberger, Dr. Jutta Geldermann,