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E. Napp
The Unification of Italy and Germany
In this lesson, students will be able to identify the actions of the following individuals as well as define the term “Blood and Iron”:
Count CavorGiuseppe GaribaldiOtto Von Bismarck
“Blood and Iron”
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Nationalism isthe belief
that each ethnicgroup should have
its own nationalstate and
government. For centuries, Italyhad consisted ofsmaller states.Italians wanted
unification.
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In 1852, Count Cavourbecame the Prime
Minister of theKingdom of Piedmont
or Sardinia. WithFrench help, Cavour
drove theAustrians out of
Northern Italy aftera war in 1859.
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Cavour then annexed most of the otherstates of northern and central Italy.
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The nationalist leader, GiuseppeGaribaldi, overthrew the king of
Naples in the south. He then joined Naples to Cavour’s enlarged Piedmont.
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By 1860, Italy had become a unitedkingdom.
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Nationalunificationfailed toend the
cultural andeconomicdivisions
that separated
Italy’s north and south.
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Like Italy, Germany consisted of many smaller states. German liberals had
failed to unite their nation in therevolutions of 1848.
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Prussia was one of thelargest German
states. Its Prime Minister,Otto von Bismarck,
used skillful diplomacyand Prussian military
power to achieve German unification.
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Otto von Bismarckfollowed a policy
of “blood and iron”to achieve his goals.
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“The greatest questions of the daywill not be settled by speeches andmajority decisions but by iron and
blood.”
Otto von Bismarck
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Germany achieved unification in 1871.The Prussian king became the Kaiser
(emperor) of all Germany.
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Although there was a national assembly,it was controlled by conservative Prussian
landowners, not the working people.
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Questions for Reflection:
• Define nationalism.
• Who was Count Cavour and what did he do?
• How did Giuseppe Garibaldi help Count Cavour?
• Why did Otto von Bismarck believe in a policy of “blood and iron”?
• Describe German unification.
