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Module-1 -Wastewater Management & Sanitation, promoting Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) in South-East Asia
E-learning Course on Water Security Asia and the Pacific
Contents of Module 1
• Objectives of the Module 1• Need for wastewater management in South-East Asia • Household water security in Asia and Pacific• Quiz
1. Introduction
• Basic process flow charts of centralized and decentralized wastewater management • Benefits of decentralized wastewater management systems (e.g. DEWATS)• Quiz
2. Overview Wastewater Management
• FA1-7: Policy Instruments • FA 8: Framework for financing sustainable sanitation services and market opportunities for DEWATS• FA 9-10: Exit Strategy and Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Systems• Quiz
3. Stepwise Focus Areas (FA) to Implement DEWATS Process Cycle
Objectives of Module 1 on Wastewater Management and Sanitation, promoting DEWATS in South-East Asia
● Guide national and local policy makers and experts on pro-poor policies,strategies, legal, institutional, social, environmental, and financialframeworks for the sustainable sanitation services (3S).
● Advocate DEWATS for 3S in South-East Asia.
● Suggest solutions and options for reforms aimed at delivery of 3S inrelation to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the post- 2015development agenda.
4
Policy Legal AspectsTechnologies InstitutionalAspects
Financial Instruments
Wastewater Issues
Means / Instruments / Tools
Household Water Security
Water Supply HealthSanitation
Status of MDG Targets
Data Collection, Monitoring
Climate Concerns
Technology Management and
Coordination
Financing and
Investment
Capacities, Networks
Human Rights / Equity
Household Water Security Index of 2012
Georgia, Armenia, Samoa, Tonga, Malaysia, Thailand, Iran (IR), Maldives, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Cook Islands, Niue, DPR Korean, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Viet Nam,
China, Vanuatu, Micronesia (F.S), Tajikistan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Bangladesh
Pakistan, Solomon Islands, Lao PDR, India, Nepal, Kiribati, Timor-Leste, Cambodia
Papua New Guinea, Afghanistan
Data Not Available, 2010 Data usedJapan, R. Korea, Australia, Singapore, Palau
Countries
3,4 – Highest5,7 – High8,10 – Moderate11,13 – Low14,15 – Lowest
Rank Raw Score
*The correctness of the map is subject to the availability and accuracy of data in access to improved water supply and DALYs attributable to water, sanitation, and hygiene.
Why do we need of Wastewater Management and Sanitation in South-East Asia?
● 176 million people have no access to improved sanitation in South-East Asia
● In Cambodia only 36.8% of the population has access to improved sanitation.
● 29%of the population in the south of Lao PDR still practice open defecation
● An average 1,774 people die each year in Viet Nam because of inadequate access to clean water and poor sanitation and hygiene.
Wastewater management is the process of taking wastewater and managing to reduce the contaminants to acceptable levels before discharging it back into the environment.
There are effectively two basic types of wastewater treatment: o Centralized wastewater treatment o Decentralized wastewater treatment
Centralized Decentralized
What is Wastewater Management?
Collection of wastewater from community at one place and then
treated.8
o Advantages: Just one treatment facility need which is easy to maintenance with less treatment infrastructures.
o Disadvantages: Expensive to make infrastructure including long size sewer pipelines, pumping stations, and treatment plants. If the system failures, it affects entire area.
Typical WTP
Col
lect
ion
Tank
H-2
H-1
H-4
H-3
H-6
H-5
H-2
2H
-23
H-2
0H
-21
H-1
8H
-19
H-1
7H
-16
H-1
3H
-14
H-8
H-7
H-1
0H
-9H
-11
H-1
2H
-15
H-2
4H
-25
H-3
4H
-35
H-3
2H
-33
H-2
6H
-27
H-2
8H
-29
H-3
0H
-31
H-4
3H
-40
H-3
9
H-4
2H
-41
H-3
8H
-37
H-5
4H
-53
H-5
0H
-49
H-4
6
H-5
5H
-52
H-5
1H
-48
H-4
7
H-6
6H
-65
H-6
2H
-61
H-5
8
H-6
7H
-64
H-6
3H
-60
H-5
9
H-7
6H
-75
H-7
2H
-71
H-6
8
H-7
7H
-74
H-7
3H
-70
H-6
9
H-7
8H
-81
H-8
2
H-7
9H
-80
H-8
3
H-8
4H
-87
H-8
8
H-8
5H
-86
H-8
9
H-9
3H
-90
H-9
2H
-91
H-9
7H
-94
H-9
6H
-95
H-5
7 H-5
6
H-1
06H
-10
5H
-10
2H
-101
H-9
8
H-1
07
H-1
04H
-103
H-1
00H
-99
H-1
08
H-1
11H
-11
2H
-115
H-1
16
H-1
09H
-110
H-1
13H
-114
H-1
17
H-1
38
H-1
37
H-1
34
H-1
33
H-1
30
H-1
39H
-136
H-1
35H
-132
H-1
31
H-1
20H
-121
H-1
24H
-125
H-1
28
H-1
22H
-123
H-1
26
H-1
27
H-1
19
H-1
18
H-1
47H
-14
6H
-143
H-1
42
H-1
48
H-1
45H
-144
H-1
41
H-1
40
H-1
84H
-183
H-1
80H
-179
H-1
76
H-1
85H
-182
H-1
81H
-178
H-1
77
H-1
58H
-161
H-1
62H
-165
H-1
66
H-1
59
H-1
60H
-16
3H
-164
H-1
67
H-1
69H
-170
H-1
73H
-174
H-1
68H
-171
H-1
72H
-175
H-1
51H
-152
H-1
55H
-156
H-1
50H
-153
H-1
54H
-157
H-2
01H
-196
H-1
95
H-1
94
H-2
00H
-197
H-1
93
H-1
90
H-1
89
H-1
86
H-1
92H
-191
H-1
88H
-187
H-2
17H
-214
H-2
13H
-210
H-2
16H
-215
H-2
12H
-211
H-1
49
H-1
29
H-2
05H
-202
H-2
04
H-2
03
H-1
99H
-198
H-2
09H
-206
H-2
08H
-207
H-4
4H
-36
H-4
5
WTPP
What is Centralized Wastewater Management ?
P
DEWATS is the treatment of wastewater within the house premises.
Housing ColonySingle Houses
What is Decentralized Wastewater Management ?
What are the reasons for choosing DEWATS ?DEWATS:● NO wastewater transport ● TECHNOLOGICAL options● ADAPTABLE discharge requirements.● reduces the RISK ● increases REUSE opportunities.● Opportunities development and
INVESTMENT● All kind of TREATMENT for water● taken into ACCOUNT the economic and
social situations.● INTEGRAL part of wastewater and
sanitation strategies.● Source of RENEWABLE energy
DEWATS
Resources and cost efficient
Modular Designs
Reliability and
longevity
Minimal maintenance
Re-usability of treatment
products
Compliance
Option for integration
into landscape
Integration into
sanitation strategies
13
Benefits of DEWATS
Economic• Low investment• Design works in
multiple settings• Incremental
growth• Sustainable
revenue source
Social• Improved
hygiene• Opportunity for
PPP• Opportunities
for local to invest.
• DEWASTS provide low-cost solutions
Environmental• water quality
improvement• Reduces water
needs• Adaptable to
discharge standards
• Water reuse opportunities
Photo credit: BORDA
Improved Livelihoods
Public Health Safeguarded
Informed Choice
Time EfficientCapacities
Strengthened
Replication / Upscaling
Professional Design and
Workmanship
Cost Efficiency
Social
14
Focus Areas within the Process Cycle for DEWATS
Environmental TechnicalSocial Institutional Economic FinancialLegend of Dimensions
Step
3. E
valu
atio
n
FA 6.Technology
FA 3.Institutions
and Partners
FA 8. Investment
Needs & Financing
FA 7. Demand
FA 5.Scenarios
FA 9
. Sus
tain
abili
ty
FA 4.Cost-
Benefit
FA 2.StrategiesFA 1.
Vision & Targets
Timeline
50:9
0%47
:7%
3%
Vision and Target Setting for Sanitation [FA 1]
Links between national and city visions Vision and criteria for total sanitation services
SANITATIONVISION
CITY DEVELOPMENTPLANS AND POLICIES
VISION AND MISSIONCITY DEVELOPMENT
CITY DEVELOPMENTPLANS AND POLICIES
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PLANS AND POLICIESNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PLANS AND POLICIES
PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENTPLANS AND POLICIES
ACTUAL SANITATION CONDITIONS OF THE
CITY
ACTUAL SANITATIONCONDITIONS OF THE CITY
Accessibility
Coverage
TechnicallyComplete
Participatory
Sustainability
EnvironmentalProtection
TotalSanitationServices
18
The Sanitation Ladder
Middle
Top
Start
City-wide centralized facilities
On site facilities
Individual sanitation & hygiene behavior
Collective facilities at community level
19
The Sanitation Ladder
Pour or mechanical flush with sewerage
Pour or mechanical flush with septic tank
Pour or mechanical flush latrine with pit
Improved dry pit latrine
Improved public or shared latrine
Unimproved pit latrine
Public or unimproved Shared latrine
Open defecation (to land or water)
Cost per household
with appropriate excreta management
or reuse
Water Quality
Benefits per household
Access Time
Health Status
Intangibles
20
Assessment of Sanitation Strategies and Socio-economic Impacts [FA-2]
● Quantitative assessment of current policies and strategies in terms of costs andbenefits.
● Assessment of cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of current policies, strategiesand economic decisions on investments and operations.
● Cost-benefit analysis of current DEWATS projects in terms of planning, construction,financing.
● Assessment of social impact in terms of social consequences that are likely to followspecific policy and government actions.
● Assessment of environmental benefit by examining positive outcomes for thesociety.
● Assessment of economic incentives and cost recovery.
21
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is process which promotes the coordinated development andmanagement of water, land, and related resources in order to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitablemanner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.
IWRM is internationally accepted as the best approach to water resources management
Following 4 principles are derived from the Dublin principles:
Integrated Water Resources Management [FA-2]
Principle 1
• Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment
Principle 2
• Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels
Principle 3
• Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water
Principle 4
• Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good
Integration in Water Resource Management [FA-2]
Vertical integration
National Government
Local Government
MunicipalitiesPrivate Sector,
NGOs
The water governance structure is vertically integrated to better coordinatepolicies and encourage bottom-up water management. Horizontal integration caninclude several water management components within the water system andacross sectors and institutional boundaries.
Water system: Water resource catchment and storage, resource conservation,ecosystem maintenance, flood mitigation and water security
Cross-sector: Energy system, land use, urban design, health and sanitationpolicies and agriculture policies
Horizontal integration
Water system
Water security Water reuse Stormwatermanagement
Ecosystem Maintenance
Cross Sectoral
Energy Land use & Urban Design
Health & Sanitation Agriculture
23
Source: Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap, ESCAP, 2012
Policy Instruments: Governance Structures & Economic Instruments [FA-2]
Integrated water resource management
1. Integrated water resource provision and a water treatment system2. Optimizing water infrastructure3. Promoting an environment-friendly water cycle system
Distributed wastewater management system
Has 3 main objectives:1. Public health improvement2. Energy and water conservation3. Environmental protection
Reuse and recycling Minimize freshwater demand and reduce wastewater treatment needs. The following treatment technologies can be used: membranes, wetlands, sand filters and waste stabilizing ponds.
Low impact development (LID)
Local and decentralized measures, mitigate development impacts to land, water and air by: mimicking natural drainage, using small-scale practices, managing storm water at source, using simple and natural practices and making landscape and infrastructure multifunctional
Water pricing Increase of block tariffs, providing subsidies to the lower-income households, etc.
24
Analysis of Institutions and Partners for the Sustainable Sanitation Services (3S) [FA-3]
3S for all
UN
National Government
Local Government
Academia
NGOPrivate Sector
Investors
Social Entrepre-
neurs
Community
● By identifying stakeholders for Sustainable Sanitation Services (3S)
● By establishing a suitable mechanism for collaboration
25
Steps for organizing a successful 5P for 3S [FA-3]
Step 1• Develop a National Programme (NP) to implement the 3S strategy
Step 2• Ensure Government commitment towards enabling policy on PPP for 3S
Step 3• Outreach/Negotiate with the philanthropists to create 5P environment
Step 4• Encouragement of SMEs and Private Sector to act as Service Providers
Step 5• Develop the detailed tripartite (multi-stakeholder, multi-philantropist) MoUs,
Contracts, Agreements for PPP
26
Analysis of Cost and Benefits of DEWATS [FA-4)POPULATION WITH
UNIMPROVED SANITATIONPOPULATION WITH
IMPROVED SANITATIONBENEFIT
ESTIMATEDBENEFIT
CATEGORY
HEALTHData on health risk per
person, by age category and socioeconomic status
Generic risk reduction, using international literature
Averted health care cost, reduced productivity loss,
reduced deaths
INTANGIBLES Attitudes and preferences of householders to sanitation
Benefits cited of improved sanitation
Strength of preferences for different sanitation aspects
and willingness to pay
ACCESS TIME Data on water source and treatment practices
Observed reductions in time to access toilet
Opportunity cost of time applied to time gains
WATER Data on water source and treatment practices
Reduced water sourcing and water treatment cost
Observe changes in practices in populations with
improved sanitation
REUSEValue gained, based on sales
or own usePractices related to excreta
reuse
27
Regional trends in Cost-Benefit Analysis [FA-4, 5]
0123456789
Dry Pit Wet Pit Septic Tank CompostingLatrines
SewerageTank withtreatment
Septic Tankwith
treatment
VietnamRural Sites Urban Sites
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
Dry Pit Wet Pit Septic Tank CompostingLatrines
SewerageTank withtreatment
Septic Tankwith
treatment
Cambodia
0
5
10
15
Dry Pit Wet Pit Septic Tank CompostingLatrines
SewerageTank withtreatment
Septic Tankwith
treatment
Lao PDR
28
● Investment ● Population density● Technology Efficiency● Operation & Maintenance● Residuals Management
● Public health protection● Government policy and
regulations● Human settlement● Planning
● Environmental protection● Resources conservation● Water Reuse● Nutrient recycling
Selection of Technology for DEWATS [FA-6]
Reference case studies for technology selection: ● Biodigesters in Cambodia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKdruWBlHck&feature=youtu.be● Pro- Phosphorus PPP (5P) by Sweden and Australia: https://vimeo.com/13365354
Socially Acceptable
Economically Affordable
Environmentally Sustainable
Most Appropriate Technology
29
Pros and Cons of the DEWATS Technologies [FA-6]Type Treatment Wastewater type Advantage Disadvantage
Septic Tank sedimentation, sludgestabilization
wastewater of settablesolids
simple, durable, underground low treatment efficiency
Imhoff Tank sedimentation, sludgestabilization
wastewater of settablesolids
simple, durable, underground need regular de-sludging
Aerobic Filter
anaerobic degradationof SS and DS
pre-settled industrial and domestic wastewater with narrow COD/BOD ratio
simple, durable, underground, high treatment efficiency
costly, filter blockage
Baffled Septic Tank
anaerobic degradationof SS and DS
pre-settled industrial wastewater with narrow COD/BOD ratio
simple, durable, little permanent space, high treatment efficiency,relatively cheaper compared to anaerobic
required large space, less efficient compared to anaerobic
HorizontalGrave Filter
aerobic facultative, anaerobic degradationof SS and DS, pathogen removal
suitable for domestic and weak industrial wastewater when SS and DS already removed
high efficiency, no nuisance, no wastewater on ground
need permanent space, requited intensive maintenance with expertise, relatively costly
Anaerobic Pond
sedimentation, anaerobic degradation, sludge stabilization
strong or medium industrial wastewater
simple in construction, little maintenance required with flexible degree of treatment
occupy open land , can be a nuisance due to odour and mosquitoes
AerobicPond
aerobic degradation, pathogen removal
pre-treated industrial and domestic wastewater
simple in construction, reliable in performance, pathogen removal, appears natural pond, fish farming possible
occupy large permanent space, can be a nuisance due to odour and mosquitoes, algae can raise BOD level
30
Increasing the Demand for DEWATS [FA-7]
IncreasingDEWATS demand
Sanitation behavior change
Capacity and willingness
Economic incentives and cost recovery
31
Policy Instruments for Enabling Business [FA-7]Regulatory Instruments
Target Setting National or sector targets for greenhouse gas emissions, carbon intensity, energy intensity, etc
Standards Performance standards, technology standards, ambient standards, bans and limitations, etc
Environmental Regulations Mandatory assessments (such as an environmental impact assessment)Economic Instruments
Fiscal instruments Taxes, subsidies
Charge systems Pollution charges, Product charges, user charges, etc.
Market creation Tradable emission permits
Financial mechanisms Grants, soft loans, funds and green ProcurementInformation Instruments and tools to engage the private sector and civil society
Eco-labelling Mandatory or voluntary labelling for various products – general or impact-specific (such as energy labels)
Voluntary agreements Voluntary agreements with specific industries, for example on greenhouse gas emissions reductions or energy efficiency, eco-industrial parks
Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR) andenvironmental reporting
Voluntary for overall CSR, partially mandatory agreements with environmental reporting, such as the amount of greenhouse gas Emissions
Partnerships Partnerships with research institutes and private sector for R&D in key sectors or Technologies
Education and training Education for sustainable development, awareness campaigns or awards 32
Demand Creation Collection
MDG Focus Environmental Focus
On-site with reuse
Promote sanitation, create
demand, community
organization
On-site without reuse
Sewer connections to offsite network
Reuse sludge (energy, agriculture)
Partial on-site treatment
Decentralized treatment facilities
Treatment plans
Services
Value ChainTransport Treatment
Disposal/Re-use
Environment
Ensure Financial and Investment Climate from Government, Donors and Entrepreneurs[FA-8]
Enabling policy and special trust fund for 3S
Improved health and surface water quality
Sanitation Service Fees
-Taxes & Revenues-Potable water fees
Sanitation Service Fees
- Income from wastewatermaagement:3R(reduce, reuse, recycle) resource recovery, water saving, non-sewer
- USER’s charges
Second Phase: access to global SFPTF after 5P for 3S is enforced
Technical Support
- Subseedees for poor
- Discharge permits
- Water Tarrif
- Enabling policy Ex. 5Pfor3S
Sanitation Financing
Partnership Trust Fund (SFPTF)
DONORS AND PARTNERS
Government
- CAPEX & OPEX- Monitoring &Evaluation
- Co-Finance WasteWater Treatment Facilities
Wastewater discharge fees
Pollution Fees
Financing Water and Sanitation services
Training on Technologies & Operations
Approval of the State Budget: Special Trust Fund/
Revolving FundState Budget
Service provider for 3S, following sustainable financing
Beneficiaries (Communities) in Urban and Peri- Urban Areas
Framework for Financing Sustainable Sanitation Services (3S).
Market Segments:
IndustrySME
Service providers for 3S, following
sustainable financing
Private Sector
National Programme, Including Special Trust Fund/Revolving Fund
Government
Clients in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas: factories, hotels, etc.
-Policy Framework-Legislation requiring better sanitation-Monitoring & Evaluation
-Investment in infrastructure
Benefits/Impacts
-Improved health-New job opportunities-Preserved environmentIncreased taxes
Green Taxes
-Monitoring & Evaluation-Loan
-CAPEX and OPEX-Transport Services-User’s charges
-Reporting on Indicators-Data Collection
-Construction-Sanitation Service fees
Financial framework for Industry and SMEs
Private Sector, Banks and NGOs
DonorFoundation
I.e. Sanitation Financing Partnership Trust Fund (SFPTF)
Government
-Construction services-CAPEX, OPEX-Co-Finance-Transport services-Collectiong Sanitation Service Fees
Service providers for 3S, Intermediaries
National Programme, Including Special Trust Fund/Revolving Fund
User’s Charges
-Subsidized loans-Grants
Clients of the Market Segments:
HouseholdPoor Household
Beneficiaries (communities) in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas
-Request for better sanitation
-Microfinance-Grants-Co-Finance
-Proposal based on Request
-Initiate the Programme-National Performance indicators-Financial Schemes, ex: 1:1
Commitment of funds, conditioned to the outcome
Benefits/Impacts
-Improved health-New job opportunities-Preserved environmentIncreased taxes
Financial Framework for Households
The COILED Method
Reference:Development Financing for Tangible Results: A paradigm shift to impact investing and outcome models http://www.unescap.org/resources/development-financing-tangible-results-paradigm-shift-impact-investing-and-outcome-models
37
Ensure Exit Strategy and Sustainability [FA 9]
Governments can use several sustainability frameworks using basic five sustainability elements, i.e. FIETS model: Financial: continuity of DEWATS through local financing. Institutional: sustained and functional local DEWATS systems with capable institutions, policies and procedures. Environmental: sustainable management of water and waste for clean natural environment and climate. Technical: operation and maintenance of hardware, by local people, that preserves not depletes natural resources . Social sustainability: demand-driven, inclusive, gender equal, culturally sensitive and needs-based approach to
WASH
Evaluation of Implementation [FA 10]Evaluation of DEWATS implementation can be done as follow: Evaluation of effectiveness of the planning process of national and city sanitation strategy and development
framework. Evaluate the progress and level of achievement of sanitation development activities. T Assessing the benefits of sanitation development programs against trends in sanitation conditions and
environmental conditions, and behaviour of the community, public health conditions, and environmental health risk.
38
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Vietnam
Cambodia
Laos
GovernmentDonor/NGOHousehold
Financing Sources for Sanitation in Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam
Source: Adapted from the World Bank : Average funding sources of sanitation projects studied 2012
Grant Maker foundations Recipient Years Purpose Country Amount($)Gates Foundation, Bill & Melinda East Meets West Foundation 2012 Basic sanitation Vietnam, Cambodia 10,900,000
Gates Foundation, Bill & Melinda East Meets West Foundation 2012 Drinking water supply and sanitation Vietnam, Cambodia 10,892,820
Gates Foundation, Bill & Melinda International Development Enterprises
2011 WASH research Cambodia 3,987,717
Stone Family Foundation, iDE Cambodia 2012 Education and training in water supply and sanitation
Cambodia 2,132,433
Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program
Splash 2011 Basic drinking water supply Cambodia, China, Ethiopia,
1,200,650
39
Key Message
● Policies and strategic government investments may spark the private sector as strong financial contributor and support households.
● 3S coordinates DEWATS with conventional centralized treatment systems
● DEWATS have numerous potential financing opportunities
● DEWATS have a high Benefit-Cost Ratio
40