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Natural Products and Bioprospecting (2019) 9:175–200 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-019-0202-5
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand) Used in the Traditional Medicine for Diabetes by Jaunsari Tribe
Ankit Kumar1 · Sonali Aswal1 · Ashutosh Chauhan2 · Ruchi Badoni Semwal3 · Abhimanyu Kumar4 · Deepak Kumar Semwal5
Received: 20 January 2019 / Accepted: 26 March 2019 / Published online: 9 April 2019 © The Author(s) 2019
AbstractThe Himalayan region is the treasure house of natural wealth, particularly of medicinal and aromatic plants. These plants are used by the Indian traditional healers for the past many centuries to treat various ailments such as skin disorders, asthma, diabetes, snake bite, fever, pain, eye diseases, diarrhoea, indigestion, jaundice, burn, wound, liver disorder, CNS disorders and urinary tract infection. The indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and therapies of various local communities has been lost due to changes in traditional culture and the introduction of modern technologies. Therefore, it is essential to explore the traditional knowledge of the indigenous medicinal plants mainly in such areas where there is a severe threat to natural vegetation owing to human inhabitation. The present study aimed to explore the medicinal plants of Chakrata region (Jaunsar–Bawar Hills), Uttarakhand, India used in the folk medicine for the management of diabetes by Jaunsari Tribe. In a comprehensive field survey, the information about the medicinal plants have been mainly collected from the traditional healers and other elderly people belong to the tribal community. All the information about the medicinal plants of the study area was documented in a field book. Various tools have been used to collect the samples for identification purpose and the authentication of the plants was done with the help of taxonomists. The literature on these plants was also searched from online (PubMed and Scopus) as well as from some textbooks and Ayurvedic classical texts. The present survey-based work described a total of 54 plants belonging to 47 genera and 30 families used in the traditional medicine for the management of diabetes in Chakrata region. The information gathered from the local community revealed that the plants are effective in diabetes and one can use most of them without consulting a practitioner or traditional healer. The literature revealed that most of the surveyed plants are already used in the preparation of various antidiabetic formulations such as Chandraprabha vati, Nishamalaki chunra, Amritamehari churna and Nisakathakadi kashayam along with various patent drugs which are frequently prescribed by the Ayurvedic practitioners in India. The present study explored the traditional as well as scientific knowledge on the antidiabetic plants used by the tribal community. The documented information on these plants can be further used by the scientific community to develop new drugs/formulations with the help of modern techniques.
Keywords Ayurveda · Diabetes · Herbal formulations · Traditional healers · Folk medicine
* Deepak Kumar Semwal [email protected]
1 Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, India
2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, India
3 Department of Chemistry, Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma Government Postgraduate College, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249201, India
4 Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, India
5 Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, India
176 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
AbbreviationsSTZ StreptozotocinALX AlloxanGTT Glucose tolerance test
1 Introduction
Human has been directly or indirectly depending on the plants since time immemorial to fulfil his daily needs like food, oxygen, medicine and timber. Medicine is one of the essential necessities of a human, and the plants are the pri-mary source of it. The plants have therapeutical importance to treat various kind of human and livestock ailments due to the presence of a variety of bioactive secondary metabolite. In different traditional medicinal systems like Indian and Chinese, these plants are used as a whole or their derived products in the form of different formulations. This ancient system of healthcare is also relevant and effective in the pre-sent time when technological progress has been drastically altered the individual’s lifestyle.
India is one of the mega-diversity countries recognised by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre in 2000. Its total geographical area is nearly 329 million hectares comprised of forests, grasslands, wetlands, coastal, marine and desert. India has an enormous ecological diversity ranging from sea level to the highest mountains. It represents 2.4% of world’s total geographical area with about 47,513 plants species out of 465,668 including microorganisms like virus, bacteria and fungi worldwide. The total numbers of species of angio-sperms, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms found worldwide are 268600, 16236, 12000 and 1021, respectively [1], whereas, in India, these are 18043, 2523, 1267 and 74, respectively. Among them, 4036, 629, 47 and 8, respec-tively are reported to endemic to India [2]. In India, about 280 medicinal plants belonging to 79 families are used by pharmaceutical industries to prepare different formulation used in Ayurvedic, Homeopathy, Unani, Siddha and even in Allopathic medicine, of which about 175 medicinal plants are found in the Himalayan region of India [3].
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by a high blood glucose level mainly due to the problem of inadequate insulin secretion by the pancreatic β-cells. A continuous high level of glucose in the blood can lead to serious complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. In addition, one can become prone to heart attack and stroke if the glucose level is not maintained regu-larly. The patients of this deadly disease have been increased sharply in the past few years and still, the graph is rising rapidly. In 2013, the number of diabetic patients was about 422 million whereas this number was about 108 million in 1980. The cases of diabetes are recorded more in middle and low-income countries than in high-income countries.
In 2015, about 1.6 million deaths were recorded due to diabetes mellitus. The majority of cases belong to type 2 diabetes mellitus, and these are about 80–90% of total dia-betic cases. According to the World Health Organization [4], diabetes imputes the largest burden on the global econ-omy and healthcare system. South-East Asia region which includes India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Mauritius and Sri Lanka has one fifth (~ 84 million) of the total number of people with diabetes in the world, and hence called as the home of diabetes.
2 Geography and Culture of the Study Area
Uttarakhand Himalaya is characterised as one of the micro-diversity centres of the Indian subcontinent. Chakrata, also known as Jaunsar–Bawar, is a hilly region in district Deh-radun situated at a height ranging from 1500 to 2150 m. The Jaunsar region is the lower half while the snow-clad upper region is called Bawar. A tribal community, known as Jaunsari is inhabited in this region, and the native lan-guage spoken by them is Jaunsari, although Hindi is also spoken frequently. The culture of Jaunsari people is distinct from other natives of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, a neighbour hill state. The main occupation of this commu-nity is agriculture and animal husbandry. Geographically, it has rich vegetation and mostly covered by forest areas. The region is well-known for the medicinal plant diversity which includes many rare plants [5].
The villages of Chakrata come under remote areas, there-fore, less developed community centres and hospitals situ-ated in the region. The insufficient medical facilities make compulsion to the people to use home remedies for all kind of health problems. Local traditional healers or Vaidyas works as the medical practitioner using native herbs based on traditional knowledge. Majority of the population believe in traditional medicine rather than modern treatment until unless a major problem occurs. The geographical location of the study area is shown in Fig. 1.
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Data Collection
The literature based on the area, vegetation, population, social customs and culture of the study area has been stud-ied before starting the field visits to the Chakrata region. A comprehensive field survey was conducted in the entire Chakrata region, including Tiuni, Deovan, Sahiya and Lok-bar sites during February to March 2018. A total of four visits have been organised to get the maximum advantage of the tribal population to collect information about their plant
177Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
resources for various purposes, mainly for the treatment of diabetes. The information was collected from the local tribal community, elder people, local traditional healers (Vaid-yas) and some employees from the State Forest Department posted in this area. In addition to the general conversations with the informants, the questionnaires were also used to obtain information on the medicinal plants with their local names, parts used, mode of preparation and administration. The plants/parts used for the purpose of diabetes were also collected during the field visits for their taxonomical authen-tication. The collected plants/parts were kept in the deep fridge (− 20 °C) until their further use. After the identifica-tion, the plants/parts were pressed, dried and mounted on the herbarium sheets and preserved in the phytochemistry laboratory for future records.
3.2 Data Analysis
During the survey, a total of 54 antidiabetic plants belong-ing to 47 genera and 30 families have been collected. The identification of the plants was done by Dr. M.R. Uniyal (Materia Medica Expert), Dr. A.K. Agrawal (Taxonomist, Govt PG College, Uttarkashi), Dr. Suresh Chaubey and Dr. R.C. Tiwari (Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Rishikul Campus, Haridwar). The identification also confirmed on basis of the local names of plants mentioned in the local Floras of Uttarakhand and the Himalayas. An in-depth lit-erature search was conducted to confirm the scientific names of the antidiabetic plants. The updated botanical names of all plants were cross-checked from the Plant List, a working list of all plant species [6]. After identification, the scientific literature based on the antidiabetic potential of the medici-nal plants was reviewed from the online database (PubMed and Scopus) and textbooks as well as from ancient Ayurve-dic texts (Samhitas and Nighantus). Based on the literature survey, selected antidiabetic activity-based information has
been included in the text for the scientific validation of tra-ditional knowledge.
4 Results and Discussion
Based on the field survey, about 120 species of medicinal plants were initially identified in the Chakrata region, of which, 54 plants (belonging to 47 genera and 30 families) were recorded as antidiabetic plants used in the traditional medicine. The highest number of anti-diabetic plants were documented in the family Lamiaceae (5) followed by Zin-giberaceae (4), Amaryllidaceae (3), Apocynaceae (3), Com-positae (3), Menispermaceae (3) and Moraceae (3). Out of 54 plants, 31 plants were found as cultivated and 15 as wild whereas 8 species were recorded as both cultivated and wild. The details of the above plants are given in Table 1, which contains information about the methods of administration and the selected pharmacological evidence of the antidia-betic plants with well-supported by relevant references. The results showed that most of the plants/parts are used in the form of decoction to treat diabetes.
During the field survey, it has been noted that Artemisia sp., C. pareira, J. adhatoda, S. virginianum and V. negundo are commonly found in roadside areas from Sahiya to Chakrata. On the other hand, B. aristata, M. philippensis and S. glabra are the common plants in light forest areas. T. chebula, T. bellirica and P. emblica are found in edges of fields whereas B. ciliata is available at the rocky areas.
Various preclinical and clinical studies, as shown in Table 1, confirmed the role of surveyed plants in the diabe-tes mellitus. In addition to the crude extracts, various pure molecules have also been investigated as antidiabetic agents such as alliin, betulin, berberine, gymnemic acid and vasi-cine. Some mechanism-based studies also unravelled the involvement of different pathways in the antidiabetic activity of crude extracts or isolated molecules (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1 Geographical location of Chakrata region
178 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Tabl
e 1
Tra
ditio
nally
use
d an
tidia
betic
pla
nts f
ound
in th
e su
rvey
ed a
rea
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Api
acea
e A
neth
um g
rave
olen
s L.
Shat
apus
hpa
(S),
Soyu
(H),
Indi
an D
ill (E
)H
erb
(C)/s
eeds
Esse
ntia
l oil
(mai
nly
cont
ains
d-c
arvo
ne,
limon
ene
and
α-ph
ella
ndre
ne) [
7]
An
infu
sion
of s
eeds
in
wat
er is
take
n or
ally
(1) A
queo
us se
ed e
xtra
ct (3
.04
g/kg
) de
crea
sed
bloo
d gl
ucos
e le
vel i
n A
LX-
indu
ced
diab
etic
mic
e w
hen
treat
ed
oral
ly o
nce
a da
y fo
r 15
days
[8]
(2) H
ydro
-alc
ohol
ic le
af e
xtra
ct (5
%
of to
tal d
iet)
redu
ced
gluc
ose
leve
ls,
LDL-
C, T
C, A
ST, A
LT, a
nd fi
brin
ogen
in
hyp
er-c
hole
stero
lem
ic ra
bbits
in a
3
days
ora
l tre
atm
ent [
9](3
) Hyd
ro-a
lcoh
olic
leaf
ext
ract
(300
mg/
kg) s
how
ed h
ypog
lyce
mic
effe
ct si
mi-
lar t
o gl
iben
clam
ide
in A
LX-in
duce
d ty
pe 1
dia
betic
rat [
10]
(4) S
cien
tifica
lly, i
t has
ant
idia
betic
eff
ect i
n bo
th h
uman
s and
ani
mal
s, an
d ca
n be
sugg
este
d fo
r the
dia
betic
pa
tient
s [11
] C
arum
car
vi L
.K
ashm
irajir
aka
(S),
Kris
hna
Jeer
a (A
), K
ala
Jeer
a (H
), B
lack
cum
in/C
araw
ay (E
)
Her
b (C
)/see
dsEs
sent
ial o
il (m
ainl
y co
n-ta
ins c
arvo
ne, l
imon
ene,
an
etho
le a
nd c
arve
ol)
[12]
An
infu
sion
of s
eeds
in
wat
er is
take
n or
ally
Aqu
eous
seed
s ext
ract
(1 g
/kg/
day)
de
crea
sed
bloo
d gl
ucos
e le
vel a
nd
alle
viat
ed th
e bo
dy w
eigh
t los
s of
STZ-
indu
ced
diab
etic
rat i
n a
21 d
ays
treat
men
t [12
]A
cant
hace
ae B
arle
ria
prio
nitis
L.
Vjra
dant
i (S)
(H),
Porc
upin
e flo
wer
(E)
Shru
b (C
)/who
le p
lant
Bar
lerin
osid
e, b
arle
rin,
acet
yl b
arle
rin, b
arte
rin,
scut
ella
rin [1
3]
A d
ecoc
tion
of th
e w
hole
pl
ant i
s tak
en w
ith
empt
y sto
mac
h
Alc
ohol
ic e
xtra
ct o
f the
leaf
(200
mg/
kg)
decr
ease
d bl
ood
gluc
ose
and
glyc
o-sy
late
d ha
emog
lobi
n w
here
as in
crea
sed
insu
lin le
vel a
nd li
ver g
lyco
gen
leve
l in
ALX
-indu
ced
diab
etic
rat i
n a
14 d
ays
treat
men
t [14
] J
ustic
ia a
dhat
oda
L.Va
sa/V
asak
a (S
), A
duls
a/A
dusa
(H),
Mal
abar
nut
(E),
Ban
soe
(L)
Shru
b (W
)/lea
ves a
nd ro
ots
Vasi
cine
(13)
, vas
icin
ol
(14)
, vas
icin
one
[15]
(1) J
uice
of l
eave
s is u
sed
with
an
empt
y sto
mac
h(2
) A d
ecoc
tion
of ro
ots
(~ 5
0 g)
with
cow
milk
(1
25 m
L) is
take
n da
ily
in th
e m
orni
ng
Etha
nol e
xtra
ct o
f lea
ves (
100
mg/
kg/
oral
) red
uced
in b
lood
glu
cose
leve
l in
ALX
-indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
in a
6 d
ays
treat
men
t. Th
e re
sults
wer
e co
mpa
red
with
glib
encl
amid
e (5
mg/
kg).
In
addi
tion,
it sh
owed
a p
ositi
ve e
ffect
on
the
gluc
ose
tole
ranc
e, g
lyco
syla
ted
haem
oglo
bin,
seru
m li
pid
profi
les a
nd
body
wei
ght o
f dia
betic
rats
[15]
179Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Am
aryl
lidac
eae
Alli
um c
epa
L.Pa
land
u (S
), Pi
yaaz
(H),
Oni
on (E
)H
erb
(C)/b
ulbs
S-m
ethy
lcys
tein
e su
lfox-
ide
(1),
allic
in [1
6]Tw
o te
aspo
ons o
f lea
f ju
ice
are
take
n tw
o tim
es
a da
y fo
r sev
eral
day
s
(1) R
egul
ar u
se o
f fre
sh b
ulbs
(50
g/da
y) re
duce
d in
sulin
requ
irem
ent i
n a
diab
etic
pat
ient
from
40
to 2
0 un
its a
da
y [1
7](2
) Fre
sh c
ut sl
ices
(100
g/d
ay) r
educ
ed
fasti
ng b
lood
glu
cose
leve
ls in
type
1
and
type
2 d
iabe
tic p
atie
nts w
hen
com
pare
d w
ith in
sulin
and
glib
encl
a-m
ide
in 4
h. B
esid
es, a
t the
sam
e do
se,
it re
duce
d hy
perg
lyce
mia
indu
ced
by
dext
rose
(75
g) in
type
1 a
nd ty
pe 2
di
abet
ic p
atie
nts [
18]
(3) O
ral a
dmin
istra
tion
of S
-met
hyl-
cyste
ine
sulfo
xide
(200
mg/
kg)
amel
iora
ted
diab
etic
con
ditio
ns in
ALX
in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts w
hen
com
pare
d to
glib
encl
amid
e an
d in
sulin
in a
2
mon
ths t
reat
men
t [19
] A
llium
sativ
um L
.La
suna
(S/L
), La
hasu
n (H
), G
arlic
(E)
Her
b (C
)/bul
bsS-
ally
lcys
tein
e su
lfoxi
de
(alli
in) (2)
, alli
cin,
ally
l su
lfide
[20]
Juic
e of
its b
ulbs
with
the
leav
es o
f bae
l (Ae
gle
mar
mel
os) i
s tak
en in
th
e m
orni
ng
(1) E
than
ol e
xtra
ct (5
00 m
g/kg
) de
crea
sed
seru
m g
luco
se, t
otal
cho
les-
tero
l and
trig
lyce
rides
leve
ls w
here
as
incr
ease
d se
rum
insu
lin in
STZ
in
duce
d di
abet
ic in
rats
in a
14
days
or
al tr
eatm
ent [
21]
(2) A
lliin
(200
mg/
kg) a
mel
iora
ted
diab
etic
con
ditio
ns in
ALX
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
whe
n co
mpa
red
to g
lib-
encl
amid
e an
d in
sulin
in a
2 m
onth
s tre
atm
ent [
19]
Alli
um st
rach
eyi B
aker
Jam
bu (S
), Fa
ran/
Van
fara
n (H
), Jim
bu p
hara
n/K
eer (
L)H
erb
(C)/w
hole
pla
ntEs
sent
ial o
il (m
ainl
y co
ntai
ns 1
,2 b
is (m
eth-
ylth
io) e
than
e, 2
,4 d
ime-
thyl
thio
phen
e, d
imet
hyl
disu
lphi
de a
nd d
imet
hyl
trisu
lphi
de) [
22]
The
crud
e bu
lbs o
r jui
ce is
or
ally
take
n fo
r the
trea
t-m
ent o
f dia
bete
s
Not
repo
rted
Apo
cyna
ceae
Cat
hara
nthu
s ros
eus (
L.)
G.D
onSa
dapu
shpa
(S);
Sada
baha
r (H
); M
adag
asca
r per
iwin
-kl
e/V
inca
(E)
Her
b (C
)/who
le p
lant
Vin
crist
ine,
vin
blas
tine
[23]
A le
af in
fusi
on is
take
n tw
ice
a da
y fo
r sev
eral
da
ys
(1) E
than
ol le
af e
xtra
ct (2
00 a
nd 4
00 m
g/kg
, p.o
.) sh
owed
suga
r low
erin
g eff
ect
in S
TZ in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts [2
4](2
) A su
spen
sion
of d
ried
leaf
pow
der
(100
mg/
kg/d
ay fo
r 60
days
) sho
wed
th
e an
tidia
betic
effe
ct o
n ST
Z in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts [2
3]
180 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Gym
nem
a sy
lves
tre (R
etz.
) R
.Br.
ex S
m.
Mad
huna
shin
i/Mes
hash
ringi
(S
), G
urm
ar (H
), G
ymne
ma
(E)
Clim
ber (
C)/w
hole
pla
ntG
ymne
mic
aci
d (12)
[25]
(1) A
tea
or d
ecoc
tion
prep
ared
from
fres
h le
aves
or d
ried
leav
es
pow
der (
one
teas
poon
) is
take
n in
the
mor
ning
fo
r a lo
ng ti
me
(2) A
mix
ture
of
Gym
nem
a sy
lves
tre le
af
(100
g) w
ith th
e fr
uits
of
Em
blic
a offi
cina
lis,
Belli
ric
myr
obol
an,
Che
bulic
myr
oba-
lan
(trip
hla)
, see
ds
of S
yzyg
ium
cum
ini,
Mom
ordi
ca c
hara
ntia
an
d Tr
igon
ella
foen
um-
grae
cum
(50
g ea
ch) i
s ta
ken
oral
ly w
ith w
ater
af
ter b
reak
fast
(1) T
he m
etha
nol e
xtra
ct o
f lea
f and
ca
llus (
200
mg/
kg) i
ncre
ased
the
body
w
eigh
t, liv
er, p
ancr
eas a
nd li
ver g
lyco
-ge
n co
nten
t in
ALX
-indu
ced
diab
etic
ra
ts w
here
as g
ymne
mic
aci
d w
as fo
und
to re
gene
rate
β-c
ells
in th
e di
abet
ic ra
t(2
) Eth
anol
leaf
ext
ract
(200
and
400
mg/
kg, p
.o.)
was
foun
d to
pos
sess
a b
lood
su
gar l
ower
ing
effec
t in
STZ-
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
[24]
Asp
arag
acea
e A
spar
agus
race
mos
us W
illd.
Shat
apad
i/Sat
amul
i (S)
, Sa
tava
re (H
), B
utte
r milk
ro
ot (E
)
Clim
ber (
W/C
)/tub
erou
s ro
ots
Shat
varin
I–V
I, as
par-
gam
ine
A [2
6](1
) The
tube
rous
root
s are
bo
iled
with
wat
er a
nd
this
dec
octio
n is
take
n or
ally
onc
e a
day
(2) I
ts d
ried
root
pow
der
with
Gym
nem
a sy
lves
tre
leav
es is
take
n tw
ice
a da
y, fo
r 30
days
(1) T
he e
than
ol ro
ot e
xtra
ct (3
0 μg
/ml)
stim
ulat
ed in
sulin
secr
etio
n in
isol
ated
pe
rfus
ed ra
t pan
crea
s, is
olat
ed ra
t isl
et
cells
and
clo
nal β
-cel
ls in
vitr
o [2
7](2
) Eth
anol
root
ext
ract
(1.2
5 g/
kg)
impr
oved
glu
cose
tole
ranc
e in
dia
betic
ra
ts w
ith a
n or
al su
cros
e lo
ad o
f 2.5
g/
kg. I
t als
o su
ppre
ssed
pos
tpra
ndia
l hy
perg
lyca
emia
afte
r suc
rose
inge
stion
an
d re
vers
ibly
incr
ease
d un
abso
rbed
su
cros
e co
nten
t thr
ough
out t
he g
ut.
Bes
ides
, it i
nhib
ited
the
abso
rptio
n of
gl
ucos
e du
ring
in si
tu g
ut p
erfu
sion
w
ith g
luco
se. T
he e
xtra
ct e
nhan
ced
gluc
ose
trans
port
and
insu
lin a
ctio
n in
3T
3-L1
adi
pocy
tes
(3) O
ral a
dmin
istra
tion
for 2
8 da
ys
decr
ease
d se
rum
glu
cose
, inc
reas
ed
panc
reat
ic in
sulin
, pla
sma
insu
lin, l
iver
gl
ycog
en a
nd to
tal o
xida
nt st
atus
in
STZ
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
[27]
181Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Ber
berid
acea
e B
erbe
ris a
rist
ata
DC
.D
aruh
arid
ra (S
), D
aru
hald
i (H
), In
dian
bar
berr
y (E
), K
ingo
d (L
)
Shru
b (W
)/roo
ts a
nd st
ems
Ber
berin
e [2
8](1
) A d
ecoc
tion
of ro
ots
or st
em b
ark
with
w
ater
(5–1
0 m
L) is
ta
ken
twic
e a
day
for
1–2
wee
ks(2
) A d
ecoc
tion
of B
. ar
ista
ta ro
ot a
nd T
er-
min
alia
che
bula
frui
ts
is ta
ken
oral
ly in
the
mor
ning
Aqu
eous
eth
anol
root
ext
ract
(250
mg/
kg) l
ower
ed th
e bl
ood
gluc
ose
leve
l in
ALX
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
. It a
lso
incr
ease
d th
e gl
ucok
inas
e an
d gl
ucos
e-6-
phos
phat
e de
hydr
ogen
ase
activ
ities
an
d de
crea
sed
gluc
ose-
6-ph
osph
atas
e ac
tivity
in d
iabe
tic ra
ts w
hich
pla
y a
criti
cal r
ole
in g
luco
se h
omeo
stas
is
[29]
Sin
opod
ophy
llum
hex
an-
drum
(Roy
le) T
.S.Y
ing
(Syn
. Pod
ophy
llum
hex
an-
drum
Roy
le)
Him
alay
an m
ayap
ple/
Am
eri-
can
man
drak
e (E
), B
an
kakr
i (H
/L)
Her
b (C
)/roo
tsPo
doph
yllo
toxi
n (p
odo-
phyl
lin),
quer
cetin
3-
O-b
eta-
d-g
alac
topy
ra-
nosi
de [3
0]
Hal
f tea
spoo
n of
the
pow
der o
f A. p
arvi
-flo
ra le
aves
, Aco
nitu
m
hete
roph
yllu
m tu
ber a
nd
Podo
phyl
lum
hex
andr
um
root
s is g
iven
twic
e a
day
in th
e m
orni
ng a
nd
at n
ight
afte
r mea
ls u
p to
3
mon
ths
Not
repo
rted
Com
bret
acea
e T
erm
inal
ia b
ellir
ica
(Gae
rtn.)
Roxb
.B
ibhi
taki
(S),
Bah
eda
(H),
Bel
lric
Myr
obal
an (E
), B
edu
(L)
Tree
(W/C
)/fru
its a
nd b
ark
Elle
rican
in, g
allic
aci
d,
ella
rgic
aci
d [3
1](1
) A te
a/de
coct
ion
pre-
pare
d fro
m fr
esh
leav
es
or d
ried
leav
es p
owde
r (o
ne te
aspo
on) i
s tak
en
in th
e m
orni
ng fo
r a
long
tim
e(2
) A m
ixtu
re o
f G
ymne
ma
sylv
estre
leaf
(1
00 g
) with
the
frui
ts
of E
mbl
ica
offici
nalis
, Be
lliri
c m
yrob
olan
, C
hebu
lic m
yrob
a-la
n (tr
iphl
a), s
eeds
of
Syz
ygiu
m c
umin
i, M
omor
dica
cha
rant
ia
and
Trig
onel
la fo
enum
-gr
aecu
m (5
0 g
each
) is
take
n or
ally
with
wat
er
afte
r bre
akfa
st(2
) The
ext
ract
/infu
sion
of
Trip
hala
pow
der i
s tak
en
with
alm
onds
in th
e m
orni
ng
(1) T
he e
xtra
ct o
f drie
d fr
uits
stim
ulat
ed
basa
l ins
ulin
out
put a
nd p
oten
tiate
d gl
ucos
e-sti
mul
ated
insu
lin se
cre-
tion
in th
e cl
onal
pan
crea
tic b
eta-
cell
line
(BR
IN-B
D11
). It
also
dis
play
ed
insu
lin-m
imet
ic a
ctiv
ity a
nd e
nhan
ced
insu
lin-s
timul
ated
glu
cose
upt
ake
in
3T3-
L1 a
dipo
cyte
s. Th
e ex
tract
als
o pr
oduc
ed a
dec
reas
e in
star
ch d
iges
-tio
n (in
vitr
o) a
nd in
hibi
ted
prot
ein
glyc
atio
n at
a c
once
ntra
tion
of 5
0 m
g/m
L [3
2](2
) The
ora
l adm
inist
ratio
n of
met
hano
l ex
tract
of d
ried
frui
ts (1
00 m
g/kg
) re
duce
d bl
ood
gluc
ose
leve
l in
ALX
in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts in
an
11 d
ays
study
[33]
182 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Com
posi
tae
Art
emis
ia in
dica
Will
d.Pa
ti (H
)Sh
rub
(W)/a
eria
l par
tsEs
sent
ial o
il (m
ainl
y co
n-ta
ins β
-car
yoph
ylle
ne,
germ
acre
ne D
, car
yo-
phyl
lene
oxi
de a
nd c
is-
β-el
emen
one
[34]
A d
ecoc
tion
of le
aves
w
ith w
ater
is u
sed
in th
e m
orni
ng
The
oral
adm
inist
ratio
n of
hyd
ro-m
eth-
anol
ic e
xtra
cts o
f aer
ial p
arts
(200
and
40
0 m
g/kg
) and
its c
hlor
ofor
m fr
actio
n (2
00 m
g/kg
) for
15
days
show
ed a
re
duct
ion
in b
lood
glu
cose
leve
l of S
TZ
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
[35]
Art
emis
ia ro
xbur
ghia
na
Wal
l. ex
Bes
ser
Roxb
urgh
’s W
orm
woo
d (E
), K
uran
ja/K
inid
(L)
Her
b (W
)/aer
ial p
arts
Bet
ulin
(4),
betu
linic
aci
d (5
), ar
tem
isin
in (6
) [36
]Th
e de
coct
ion
of a
eria
l pa
rts is
use
d ei
ther
alo
ne
or in
com
bina
tion
with
th
e dr
ied
frui
ts o
f Ziz
y-ph
us ju
jube
(1) T
he m
etha
nol e
xtra
ct o
f aer
ial p
arts
(1
00 µ
g/m
L), b
etul
inic
aci
d (I
C50
3.
49 µ
M) a
nd b
etul
in (I
C50
4.1
7 µM
) sh
owed
pro
tein
tyro
sine
pho
spha
tase
1B
(PTP
1B) e
nzym
e in
hibi
tory
act
ivity
in
vitr
o [3
7](2
) The
eth
anol
leav
es e
xtra
ct (1
μg/
mL)
sh
owed
insu
lin se
cret
agog
ue a
ctiv
ity
at a
con
cent
ratio
n of
whe
n te
sted
for
insu
lin re
leas
e fro
m in
sulin
oma
cell
line
(IN
S-1
cells
) [38
](3
) Arte
mis
inin
show
ed tr
ypsi
n in
hibi
-to
ry a
ctiv
ity [3
6] A
rtem
isia
vul
gari
s L.
Dha
man
aka
(S),
Dou
na (H
), In
dian
Wor
mw
ood/
Mug
wor
t (E
)
Her
b (W
)/who
le p
lant
Esse
ntia
l oil
(mai
nly
con-
tain
s α-p
inen
, men
thol
, β-
eude
smol
and
spat
hu-
leno
l) [3
9]
A d
ecoc
tion
of le
aves
w
ith w
ater
is u
sed
in th
e m
orni
ng
Ora
l adm
inist
ratio
n of
eth
anol
leav
es
extra
ct (2
50 a
nd 5
00 m
g/kg
) for
16
wee
ks re
duce
d th
e re
nal i
mpa
irmen
t in
dia
betic
nep
hrop
athy
rats
thro
ugh
anti-
diab
etic
, ant
i-oxi
dant
and
pro
tec-
tive
mor
phol
ogic
al c
hang
es in
STZ
in
duce
d di
abet
es ra
ts [4
0]Eu
phor
biac
eae
Mal
lotu
s phi
lippe
nsis
(Lam
.) M
üll.A
rg.
Rak
tang
a (S
), K
ampi
llaka
(A
), K
ama
(H),
Mon
key
face
tree
(E),
Ruen
a (L
)
Tree
(W)/f
ruits
Ber
geni
n, fr
iede
lin,
lupe
ol, b
etul
in-3
-ace
tate
co
roto
xige
nin
rham
no-
side
, cor
ogla
ucig
enin
rh
amno
side
[41]
A d
ecoc
tion
of fr
esh
frui
ts
is ta
ken
in th
e m
orni
ng
and
even
ing
befo
re a
m
eal
Ora
l adm
inist
ratio
n of
hyd
ro-e
than
ol
bark
ext
ract
(200
and
400
mg/
kg) f
or
30 d
ays i
ncre
ased
bod
y w
eigh
t and
in
sulin
leve
l, an
d de
crea
sed
bloo
d gl
ucos
e an
d gl
ycos
ylat
ed h
aem
oglo
bin
on S
TZ in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts [4
2]La
mia
ceae
Men
tha
pipe
rita
L.
Pudi
na (H
), Pe
pper
min
t (E)
Her
b (C
)/who
le p
lant
Esse
ntia
l oil
(mai
nly
cont
ains
men
thol
, men
-th
one,
men
thyl
ace
tate
an
d m
enth
ofur
an [4
3]
Juic
e of
leav
es in
wat
er is
ta
ken
twic
e a
day
for a
lo
ng ti
me
Ora
l adm
inist
ratio
n of
pep
perm
int l
eaf
juic
e (0
.29
g/kg
/day
) for
21
days
de
crea
sed
the
bloo
d gl
ucos
e le
vel o
f A
LX in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts [4
4]
183Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Oci
mum
gra
tissi
mum
L.
Aja
ka (S
), R
am tu
lsi/B
an tu
lsi
(H),
Wild
bas
il (E
)H
erb
(W/C
)/who
le p
lant
Esse
ntia
l oil
(mai
nly
con-
tain
s eug
enol
and
met
hyl
euge
nol)
[45]
(1) A
tea
prep
ared
from
le
aves
is ta
ken
regu
larly
fo
r abo
ut 1
mon
th(2
) Fre
sh le
aves
are
ch
ewed
afte
r a m
eal
Aqu
eous
leaf
ext
ract
(250
mg/
kg)
show
ed a
nti-d
iabe
tic a
ctiv
ity a
gain
st fo
rtifie
d di
et-fe
d ST
Z in
duce
d di
abet
ic
rats
[46]
Oci
mum
tenu
iflor
um L
.Tu
lsi (
S/H
), H
oly
basi
l /In
dian
ba
sil (
E)Su
b-sh
rub
(C)/w
hole
pla
ntEs
sent
ial o
il (m
ainl
y co
ntai
ns β
-oci
men
e,
1,8-
cine
ole,
cam
phor
, Li
mon
ene,
Lin
aloo
l, M
ethy
l-eug
enol
and
β-
Car
yoph
ylle
ne) [
47]
(1) O
ne te
aspo
on o
f po
wde
red
drie
d le
aves
w
ith a
n eq
ual r
atio
of
Azad
irach
ta in
dica
le
aves
with
wat
er is
ta
ken
thric
e a
day
for
15 d
ays
(2) A
her
bal t
ea p
repa
red
with
leav
es is
als
o us
ed
(1) E
than
ol le
af e
xtra
ct (2
00 a
nd 4
00 m
g/kg
) sho
wed
a b
lood
suga
r low
erin
g eff
ect o
n ST
Z-in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts
[24]
(2) H
ydro
-alc
ohol
ic le
af e
xtra
ct (2
50
and
500
mg/
kg) s
how
ed th
e an
tidia
-be
tic e
ffect
on
STZ
and
nico
tinam
ide
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
[48]
Aju
ga p
arvi
flora
Ben
th.
Nee
lkan
thi (
A),
Smal
l-flo
wer
ed B
ugle
wee
d (E
), B
ishk
opra
(L)
Her
b (W
/C)/w
hole
pla
ntA
juga
rin I,
deo
xyaj
ugar
in
I, aj
ugar
in I,
chl
oro-
hydr
in, 3
β-ac
etox
y-cl
erod
inin
C [4
9]
Hal
f tea
spoo
n of
the
pow
der o
f A. p
arvi
-flo
ra le
aves
, Aco
nitu
m
hete
roph
yllu
m tu
ber a
nd
Podo
phyl
lum
hex
andr
um
root
s is g
iven
twic
e a
day
in th
e m
orni
ng a
nd
at n
ight
afte
r mea
ls u
p to
3
mon
ths
Etha
nol e
xtra
ct o
f the
who
le p
lant
sh
owed
in v
itro
inhi
bito
ry e
ffect
on
alph
a-am
ylas
e w
ith a
n IC
50 v
alue
of
110.
18 µ
g/m
L. In
add
ition
, the
ext
ract
(6
0 m
g/kg
) sho
wed
ant
i-dia
betic
by
redu
cing
blo
od su
gar l
evel
and
bod
y w
eigh
t in
ALX
-indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
[5
0]
Vite
x ne
gund
o L.
Nirg
undi
(S/H
), Fi
ve-le
aved
ch
aste
(E),
Shim
aloo
/Som
i (L
)
Shru
b (W
)/who
le p
lant
Cas
ticin
, iso
orie
ntin
, ch
ryso
phen
ol D
, lut
eo-
lin, e
ssen
tial o
il (m
ainl
y co
ntai
ns sa
bine
ne,
linal
ool,
terp
inen
-4-
ol, β
-car
yoph
ylle
ne,
α-gu
aien
e an
d gl
obul
ol)
[51]
The
deco
ctio
n of
the
who
le p
lant
is ta
ken
twic
e a
day
afte
r mea
l
(1) A
cru
de p
olys
acch
arid
e fr
actio
n (5
0 m
g/kg
) iso
late
d fro
m th
e le
aves
re
duce
d fo
od in
take
, bod
y w
eigh
t and
fa
sting
glu
cose
leve
ls in
db/
db m
ice
in
a 7
days
stud
y [5
2](2
) An
irido
id g
luco
side
(50
mg/
kg) i
so-
late
d fro
m V
. neg
undo
leav
es re
duce
d th
e le
vels
of p
lasm
a gl
ucos
e, g
lyco
-sy
late
d ha
emog
lobi
n an
d in
crea
sed
in
the
leve
ls o
f ins
ulin
and
hae
mog
lobi
n in
STZ
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
in a
30
day
s stu
dy w
hen
com
pare
d w
ith th
e gl
iben
clam
ide
(5 m
g/kg
) whi
ch w
as
used
as a
pos
itive
con
trol.
Bes
ides
, it
incr
ease
d gl
ycol
ytic
enz
ymes
leve
l and
gl
ycog
en c
onte
nt a
nd d
ecre
ased
the
leve
ls o
f glu
cone
ogen
ic e
nzym
es in
the
liver
of d
iabe
tic ra
ts [5
3]
184 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Legu
min
osae
Bau
hini
a va
rieg
ata
L.K
achn
ara
(S),
Kac
hnar
(H),
Cam
el’s
foot
tree
(E)
Tree
(W/C
)/ste
m b
ark
and
flow
ers
Nar
inge
nin,
que
rcet
in
3-m
ethy
l eth
er, l
uteo
lin,
rutin
, iso
quer
citri
n, d
au-
coste
rol,
2′-h
ydro
xy4′
,6′-
dim
etho
xy-3
,4-
met
hyle
nedi
oxy
chal
cone
, kae
mp-
fero
l-3-O
-glu
cosid
e [5
4]
Abo
ut 1
0 m
L of
the
bark
ju
ice
(ove
rnig
ht so
aked
w
ith w
ater
) is t
aken
in
the
mor
ning
bef
ore
a m
eal
Aqu
eous
leav
es e
xtra
ct (5
00 a
nd
1000
mg/
kg) d
ecre
ased
pla
sma
gluc
ose,
cho
leste
rol,
trigl
ycer
ide,
cr
eatin
ine
and
bloo
d ur
ea n
itrog
en le
vel
of b
oth
type
1 a
nd ty
pe 2
dia
bete
s in
high
-fat d
iet a
nd S
TZ in
duce
d di
abet
ic
rats
in a
28
days
stud
y. B
esid
es, i
t de
crea
sed
the
necr
otic
cha
nges
in th
e pa
ncre
atic
tiss
ue [5
4] T
rigo
nella
foen
um-g
raec
um
L.M
ethi
ka (S
), M
ethi
(H/L
), Fe
nugr
eek
(E)
Her
b (C
)/who
le p
lant
Soto
lone
(16)
, dio
sgen
in
(20)
, trig
onel
line
(21)
, 4-
hydr
oxyi
sole
ucin
e [5
5]
(1) T
he o
vern
ight
soak
ed
seed
s (2
teas
poon
s) a
re
used
in th
e m
orni
ng(2
) See
ds a
nd le
aves
are
in
clud
ed in
food
pre
pa-
ratio
ns to
trea
t dia
bete
s(3
) See
ds p
owde
r is u
sed
with
col
d w
ater
(4) T
he m
ixtu
re o
f grin
d fr
uits
of T
riphl
a an
d se
eds o
f Syz
ygiu
m
cum
ini,
Mom
ordi
ca
char
antia
and
Tri
go-
nella
foen
um-g
raec
um
(50
g ea
ch) m
ixed
with
G
ymne
ma
sylv
estre
(1
00 g
) is t
aken
ora
lly
with
wat
er in
the
mor
n-in
g af
ter b
reak
fast
(1) I
n vi
tro st
udy
dem
onstr
ated
that
the
aque
ous s
eed
extra
ct (1
00 n
g/m
L)
incr
ease
d th
e gl
ucos
e up
take
thro
ugh
upre
gula
tion
of m
RN
A e
xpre
ssio
n le
vels
of g
luco
se tr
ansp
orte
r (G
LUT-
2)
and
stero
l reg
ulat
ory
elem
ent b
indi
ng
prot
ein
(SR
EBP1
C) i
n H
epG
2 ce
lls.
It al
so in
crea
sed
the
activ
ities
of
glyc
ogen
kin
ase
and
glyc
ogen
synt
hase
en
zym
es b
y im
parti
ng m
odifi
ca-
tions
to d
owns
tream
insu
lin si
gnal
-lin
g pa
thw
ays.
In a
dditi
on, i
ts se
eds
extra
ct (5
–20
µg/m
L) im
parte
d in
sulin
m
imic
king
pro
perti
es b
y in
crea
sing
the
intra
cellu
lar c
reat
inin
e le
vels
in L
6C11
m
uscl
e ce
lls(2
) Dio
sgen
in (1
–10
µM) i
sola
ted
from
se
eds i
mpr
oved
the
hype
rgly
cem
ia a
nd
diab
etic
con
ditio
n by
pro
mot
ing
the
adip
ocyt
e di
ffere
ntia
tion
of 3
T3-L
1 ce
lls in
vitr
o. It
incr
ease
d th
e m
RN
A
expr
essi
on le
vels
of C
CAA
T/en
hanc
er-
bind
ing
prot
ein
(C/E
BP)
, per
oxi-
som
e pr
olife
rato
r act
ivat
ed re
cept
or-γ
(P
PAR-
γ), a
nd it
s tar
get g
enes
ad
ipoc
yte
prot
ein
2, li
popr
otei
n lip
ase,
an
d gl
ucos
e tra
nspo
rter-4
. Bes
ides
, 4-
hydr
oxyi
sole
ucin
e an
d so
tolo
ne
isol
ated
from
seed
s wer
e al
so fo
und
anti-
diab
etic
at v
ario
us c
once
ntra
tions
[5
5]
185Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Mal
vace
ae B
omba
x ce
iba
L.Sh
alm
ali (
S), S
emal
(H),
Silk
C
otto
n tre
e (E
)Tr
ee (W
/C)/f
ruits
and
flo
wer
sSh
amim
in, i
sohe
-m
igos
sylic
aci
d la
cton
e-2-
met
hyl e
ther
, ce
iban
apht
haqu
inon
e,
hent
riaco
ntan
e [5
6]
(1) O
ne te
aspo
on o
f po
wde
red
flow
ers a
nd
frui
ts is
use
d tw
ice
a da
y af
ter m
eal
(2) A
dis
h pr
epar
ed fr
om
its fr
uits
is u
sefu
l in
diab
etes
The
etha
nol l
eave
s ext
ract
(140
and
28
0 m
g/kg
) sho
wed
hyp
ogly
cem
ic
activ
ity o
n ST
Z-in
duce
d di
abet
ic
rats
and
alle
viat
ed d
yslip
idem
ia. T
he
extra
ct h
ad a
con
side
rabl
e pr
otec
-tiv
e eff
ect o
n pa
ncre
atic
β-c
ells
and
a
stim
ulat
ory
effec
t on
insu
lin se
cret
ion
from
the
rem
aini
ng p
ancr
eatic
β-c
ells
[5
7]M
elia
ceae
Aza
dira
chta
indi
ca A
.Juss
.N
imba
(S),
Nee
m (H
), In
dian
Li
lac
(E)
Tree
(C)/a
ll pa
rtsA
vicu
larin
(7),
cast
alag
in
(9),
nim
bin,
nim
bidi
n,
azad
irach
tin, n
imbi
nin
[58]
(1) J
uice
of s
tem
bar
k is
m
ixed
with
an
equa
l am
ount
of f
resh
cow
m
ilk, t
aken
for 7
day
s ea
rly in
the
mor
ning
w
ith e
mpt
y sto
mac
h(2
) Drie
d an
d po
wde
red
leav
es a
lone
or i
n co
mbi
natio
n w
ith b
lack
pe
pper
are
giv
en th
rice
a da
y fo
r 15
days
(3) R
oaste
d ba
rk p
owde
r w
ith b
utte
rmilk
onc
e in
a
day
for 4
0 da
ys(4
) Fre
sh le
aves
(4–5
) or
leav
es p
aste
(one
te
aspo
on) a
re u
sefu
l in
diab
etes
(1) A
ceto
ne, e
than
ol a
nd w
ater
ext
ract
of
leav
es sh
owed
in v
itro
α-am
ylas
e in
hibi
tion
at d
iffer
ent c
once
ntra
tions
ra
nge
from
1.2
5 to
10
mg/
mL,
aqu
eous
ex
tract
was
foun
d le
ast a
ctiv
e w
ith a
n IC
50 v
alue
of 9
.15
mg/
mL.
How
ever
, th
ese
extra
cts w
ere
foun
d po
orly
act
ive
agai
nst α
-glu
cosi
dase
inhi
bitio
n [5
9](2
) Ora
l adm
inist
ratio
n of
eth
anol
leav
es
extra
ct (2
00 a
nd 4
00 m
g/kg
) sho
wed
bl
ood
suga
r low
erin
g ac
tivity
in d
ia-
betic
rats
[24]
(3) C
hlor
ofor
m le
aves
extra
ct sh
owed
ora
l gl
ucos
e to
lera
nce
activ
ity a
nd re
duce
d th
e in
testi
nal g
luco
sidas
e ac
tivity
in
STZ-
indu
ced
diab
etic
mic
e. It
incr
ease
d gl
ucos
e-6-
phos
phat
e de
hydr
ogen
ase
activ
ity a
nd h
epat
ic, s
kele
tal m
uscl
e gl
ycog
en c
onte
nt, a
fter 2
1 da
ys o
f tre
at-
men
t. Th
e stu
dy re
veal
ed th
e re
gene
ra-
tion
of in
sulin
-pro
duci
ng c
ells
and
a co
rres
pond
ing
incr
ease
in th
e pl
asm
a in
sulin
and
c-p
eptid
e le
vels
with
the
treat
men
t [60
]
186 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Mel
ia a
zeda
rach
L.
Mah
anee
m (S
), B
akai
n (H
), Pe
rsia
n lil
ac (E
)Tr
ee (W
/C)/a
ll pa
rtsA
zeda
rach
ic a
cid
(15)
, ni
cotin
ic a
cid,
gal
lic
acid
, par
a-co
umar
ic
acid
, van
illic
aci
d,
chlo
roge
nic
acid
, sy
ringi
c ac
id, c
affei
c ac
id, f
erul
ic a
cid,
fatty
ac
ids (
capr
oic,
pal
miti
c,
stear
ic, o
leic
, lin
olei
c,
and
linol
enic
aci
d) [6
1]
The
deco
ctio
n of
aer
ial
parts
is ta
ken
in th
e m
orni
ng
(1) B
ioas
say-
guid
ed fr
actio
ns a
nd
isol
ates
of f
ruits
and
leav
es sh
owed
in
hibi
tory
effe
cts o
n pr
otei
n ty
rosi
ne
phos
phat
ase-
1B e
nzym
e as
wel
l as
gluc
ose
upta
ke st
imul
atio
n on
C2C
l 2 m
yobl
asts
cel
ls in
vitr
o [6
2](2
) Aqu
eous
leaf
ext
ract
s (30
0, a
nd
400
mg/
kg, i
ntra
perit
onea
l) di
spla
yed
anti-
diab
etic
on
type
2 m
ice
[63]
Men
ispe
rmac
eae
Cis
sam
pelo
s par
eira
L.
Path
a (S
), m
idw
ife’s
her
b (E
), Pa
di/P
arh
(L)
Clim
ber (
W/C
)/who
le p
lant
Pelo
sine
, l-c
urin
e, h
ay-
atin
ine,
hay
atid
ine,
cis
-sa
mpa
rein
e, c
issa
min
e,
dice
ntrin
e, c
ycle
anin
e,
insu
larin
e, c
ycle
anin
e,
nuci
ferin
e, b
ulbo
car-
pine
, cor
ytub
erin
e, m
ag-
niflo
rine,
nor
imel
utei
ne,
pare
itrop
one,
ber
berin
e (8
), re
serp
ine
[64]
The
drie
d ro
ot p
owde
r (h
alf t
easp
oon)
is ta
ken
with
wat
er o
nce
a da
y fo
r 40
days
The
hydr
o-al
coho
lic le
aves
ext
ract
(200
an
d 40
0 m
g/kg
, p.o
.) sh
owed
ant
i-di
abet
ic a
ctiv
ity b
y de
crea
sing
fasti
ng
bloo
d gl
ucos
e an
d in
crea
sing
the
body
w
eigh
t of o
n ST
Z-in
duce
d di
abet
ic
rats
whe
n co
mpa
red
to g
liben
clam
ide
(5 m
g/kg
) [65
]
Ste
phan
ia g
labr
a (R
oxb.
) M
iers
Purh
a (H
), G
inda
ru/K
uti (
L)C
limbe
r (W
/C)/w
hole
pla
ntG
inda
rine,
gin
daric
ine,
gi
ndar
inin
e, c
ycle
anin
e,
colu
mba
min
e, ja
tror-
rhiz
ine,
mag
noflo
rine,
ste
phar
anin
e, d
ehyd
ro-
cory
dalm
ine,
pro
nu-
cife
rine,
cor
ydal
min
e,
steph
olid
ine,
roem
er-
ine,
pal
mat
rubi
ne,
N-d
esm
ethy
lcyc
lean
ine,
ca
paur
ine,
cor
ynox
idin
e,
4ʹ,5
,7-tr
ihyd
roxy
-8-
C-g
luco
sylis
oflav
one,
gl
abra
dine
, gin
daru
-di
ne, 1
1-hy
drox
y-pa
lmat
ine
(19)
, 8-
(4ʹ-m
etho
xybe
nzyl
)-xy
lopi
nine
, cep
hara
-m
ine,
tudu
rani
ne [6
6]
The
drie
d tu
ber p
owde
r (h
alf t
easp
oon)
is ta
ken
with
wat
er o
nce
a da
y fo
r 40
days
Ora
l adm
inist
ratio
n of
11-
hydr
oxyp
al-
mat
ine
(50
and
100
mg/
kg),
isol
ated
fro
m tu
bers
, red
uced
blo
od g
luco
se
leve
l in
ALX
-indu
ced
diab
etic
mic
e [6
7]
187Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Tin
ospo
ra si
nens
is (L
our.)
M
err.
Gud
uchi
(S),
Gilo
y (H
), H
eart-
leav
ed m
oons
eed
(E)
Clim
ber (
W/C
)/who
le p
lant
Gilo
in, g
iloin
in g
iloin
-ste
rol,
tinos
porin
e, m
ag-
noflo
rine,
tem
beta
rine,
be
rber
ine
(8),
chol
ine,
pa
lmat
ine,
jatro
rrhi
zine
, be
berin
e, te
mbe
terin
e,
chol
ine
[68]
(1) O
ne c
up o
f aqu
eous
in
fusi
on o
f ste
m b
uds i
s ta
ken
twic
e a
day
befo
re
a m
eal
(2) 1
mL
juic
e of
T.
sine
nsis
with
5 g
pul
ps
of A
loe
vera
is ta
ken
for
seve
ral d
ays
(3) 2
5 m
L of
stem
juic
e in
an
equa
l am
ount
of
wat
er is
take
n tw
ice
a da
y be
fore
the
mea
l
The
oral
adm
inist
ratio
n of
aqu
eous
root
ex
tract
(5 a
nd 7
.5 g
/kg)
cau
sed
a re
duc-
tion
in th
e gl
ucos
e le
vel o
f blo
od a
nd
urin
e of
ALX
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
. It
also
dec
reas
ed h
epat
ic g
luco
se-6
-pho
s-ph
atas
e an
d se
rum
aci
d ph
osph
atas
e,
alka
line
phos
phat
ase,
and
lact
ate
dehy
-dr
ogen
ase
in d
iabe
tic ra
ts [6
9]
Mor
acea
e F
icus
aur
icul
ata
Lour
.Fa
goor
a/Ti
mla
(H),
Roxb
urgh
fig
(E)
Tree
(W/C
)/fru
its a
nd le
aves
Bet
ulin
ic a
cid,
lupe
ol,
stigm
aste
rol,
berg
apte
n,
scop
olet
in [7
0]
Infu
sion
(hal
f cup
) of
leav
es is
take
n in
the
mor
ning
The
met
hano
l lea
ves e
xtra
ct (3
00 a
nd
600
mg/
kg) p
rodu
ced
a si
gnifi
cant
re
duct
ion
in b
lood
glu
cose
leve
l in
STZ
indu
ced
diab
etic
mic
e. It
als
o am
elio
-ra
ted
the
histo
logi
cal d
amag
e of
Isle
ts
of L
ange
rhan
s in
the
panc
reas
cau
sed
by S
TZ [7
1] F
icus
relig
iosa
L.
Ash
wat
tha
(S),
Peep
al (H
), Sa
cred
fig
(E)
Tree
(W)/b
ark,
leav
es, s
tem
, fr
uits
and
late
xB
erga
pten
, ber
gapt
ol,
lupe
ol, β
-sito
stero
l, sti
gmas
tero
l, la
noste
rol,
cam
peste
rol,
octa
cosa
-no
l, m
ethy
l ole
onat
e,
lupe
n-3-
one
[72]
The
deco
ctio
n (2
5 m
L) o
f ba
rk is
use
d in
the
mor
n-in
g af
ter m
eal
The
aque
ous b
ark
extra
ct sh
owed
an
anti-
diab
etic
effe
ct in
STZ
-indu
ced
diab
etic
ra
ts b
y de
crea
sing
the
bloo
d gl
ucos
e,
seru
m tr
igly
cerid
e an
d to
tal c
hole
stero
l le
vels
, and
incr
easi
ng se
rum
insu
lin,
body
wei
ght a
nd g
lyco
gen
cont
ent
in th
e liv
er a
nd sk
elet
al m
uscl
e. T
he
extra
ct u
p to
200
0 m
g/kg
was
con
sid-
ered
safe
[72]
Mor
us a
lba
L.Tu
la/B
rahm
anda
ru (S
), Sa
ha-
toot
(H),
Whi
te m
ulbe
rry
(E),
Tut/T
utri
(L)
Tree
(C)/l
eaf,
root
, bar
k an
d fr
uits
1-D
eoxy
-noj
irim
ycin
, is
oque
rcitr
in, a
strag
alin
(1
7), r
utin
[73]
One
cup
of t
ea p
repa
red
from
leav
es (o
r roo
t/ba
rk) i
s use
d w
ith a
n em
pty
stom
ach
(1) E
than
ol le
aves
ext
ract
(600
mg/
kg)
has t
hera
peut
ic e
ffect
s in
STZ
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
and
can
resto
re th
e di
min
ishe
d β
cell
num
bers
in a
35
days
stu
dy [7
4](2
) Fru
it po
lysa
ccha
rides
frac
tions
sh
owed
mar
ked
antih
yper
glyc
emic
an
d an
tihyp
erlip
idem
ic a
ctiv
ities
and
re
paire
d th
e da
mag
ed p
ancr
eatic
tiss
ues
of th
e di
abet
ic ra
ts [7
5]
188 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Phyl
lant
hace
ae P
hylla
nthu
s em
blic
a L.
Am
alak
i (S)
, Am
la (H
), In
dian
goo
sebe
rry/
Embl
ic
myr
obal
an (E
), A
unla
(L)
Tree
(C)/f
ruits
Gal
lic ac
id, g
luco
galli
n,
3,6-
di-O
-gal
loyl
- d-g
luco
se,
1,6-
di-O
-gal
loyl
-βd-
gluc
ose,
cheb
ulin
ic ac
id,
cheb
ulag
ic ac
id, c
orila
gin,
3-
ethy
lgal
lic ac
id, i
sostr
icti-
niin
, l-m
alic
acid
2-O
-gal
-la
te, m
ucic
acid
2-O
-gal
-la
te, m
ucic
acid
1,4
-lact
one
2-O
-gal
late
, phy
llaem
blic
in
A–C
, phy
llaem
blic
acid
, ph
ylla
embl
ic ac
id B
and
C, p
hylla
embl
icin
D,
2-ca
rbox
ylm
ethy
lphe
nol
1-O
-βd-g
luco
pyra
nosid
e,
2,6-
dim
etho
xy-4
-(2-h
ydro
x-ye
thyl
)phe
nol 1
-O-β
d-
gluc
opyr
anos
ide;
asco
rbic
ac
id, e
mbl
ican
in A
and
B,
puni
gluc
onin
, ped
uncu
-la
gin,
[76]
(1) T
he m
ixtu
re o
f grin
d fr
uits
of T
riphl
a an
d se
eds o
f Syz
ygiu
m
cum
ini,
Mom
ordi
ca
char
antia
and
Tri
go-
nella
foen
um-g
raec
um
(50
g ea
ch) m
ixed
with
G
ymne
ma
sylv
estre
(1
00 g
) is t
aken
ora
lly
with
wat
er in
the
mor
n-in
g af
ter b
reak
fast
(2) T
he in
fusi
on o
f Tr
ipha
la p
owde
r (fr
uits
of
P. o
ffici
nalis
, T. c
he-
bula
and
T. b
ellir
ica)
is
take
n tw
ice
a da
y be
fore
a
mea
l
The
oral
adm
inist
ratio
n of
met
hano
l fr
uits
ext
ract
(100
mg/
kg) r
educ
ed
bloo
d gl
ucos
e le
vel i
n A
LX in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts w
ithin
4 h
at s
ingl
e do
ses
and
at m
ulti-
dose
s up
to 1
1 da
ys [3
3]
Pina
ceae
Ced
rus d
eoda
ra (R
oxb.
ex
D.D
on) G
.Don
Indr
adar
u (S
), D
evda
ra
(H),
Him
alay
an c
edar
(E),
Diw
ar/K
elon
(L)
Tree
(W/C
)/hea
rtwoo
d,
bark
, lea
ves
Him
acha
ld, a
llohi
mac
ha-
lol,
him
adar
ol, c
entd
ard,
is
ocen
tdar
ol, d
ewar
ene,
de
war
diol
, dew
aren
ol,
taxi
folin
, ced
eoda
rin,
dihy
drom
yric
etin
, cet
rin,
cedr
inos
ide
[77]
A h
alf c
up o
f the
dec
oc-
tion
of th
e ba
rk is
take
n tw
ice
afte
r the
mea
l
The
etha
nol b
ark
extra
ct (2
50 a
nd
500
mg/
kg) d
ecre
ased
blo
od g
luco
se
leve
l, SG
PT, S
GO
T, c
hole
stero
l and
tri
glyc
erid
es in
STZ
indu
ced
diab
etes
m
ice.
At t
he d
ose
of 5
00 m
g/kg
, its
eff
ect w
as fo
und
com
para
ble
to th
at o
f gl
iben
clam
ide
(10
mg/
kg).
The
extra
ct
also
enh
ance
d th
e re
gene
ratio
n of
Isle
t of
Lan
gerh
ans i
n th
e pa
ncre
as a
nd
resto
ratio
n of
the
norm
al c
ellu
lar s
ize
of d
iabe
tes m
ice
[77]
Plan
tagi
nace
ae D
igita
lis p
urpu
rea
L.H
ritpa
tri (S
), Ti
lpus
hpi (
H),
Foxg
love
(E)
Her
b (C
)/lea
fD
igox
igen
in, d
igito
nin
(11)
, dig
itoxi
n, d
igox
in,
ouab
ain,
ole
andr
in, p
ros-
cilla
ridin
[78]
Leaf
pow
der i
s tak
en
in th
e m
orni
ng b
ut in
le
ss q
uant
ity u
nder
the
obse
rvat
ion
of a
trad
i-tio
nal h
ealth
pra
ctiti
oner
. H
ighe
r con
cent
ratio
n is
belie
ved
to b
e to
xic.
Not
re
com
men
ded
for c
hil-
dren
bel
ow 1
2 ye
ars
Dig
itoni
n (1
5 m
g/kg
) iso
late
d fro
m
seed
s im
prov
ed g
luco
se to
lera
nce
in
high
-suc
rose
-indu
ced
hype
rgly
caem
ic
rats
[78]
189Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Pla
ntag
o ov
ate
Fors
sk.
Ash
wag
ola
(S),
Isab
gol
(H),
Spog
el se
eds/
dese
rt In
dian
whe
at/P
sylli
um (E
), Sa
bgul
(L)
Shru
b (C
)/see
ds a
nd se
ed
husk
Xylo
se, l
iloni
c ac
id, g
alac
-tu
roni
c ac
id a
rabi
nose
, ur
onic
aci
d [7
9]
Seed
and
hus
k ar
e ta
ken
twic
e a
day
afte
r mea
lTh
e or
al a
dmin
istra
tion
of a
queo
us h
usk
extra
ct (5
00 m
g/kg
) im
prov
ed g
luco
se
tole
ranc
e in
type
1 a
nd ty
pe 2
dia
betic
ra
ts. I
t sup
pres
sed
the
postp
rand
ial
bloo
d gl
ucos
e le
vel a
nd re
tard
ed sm
all
inte
stina
l abs
orpt
ion
with
out i
nduc
-in
g th
e in
flux
of su
cros
e in
to th
e la
rge
inte
stine
whe
n ad
min
ister
ed w
ith a
su
cros
e so
lutio
n [8
0]Po
acea
e H
orde
um v
ulga
re L
.Ya
va (S
), Ja
v/Ja
u (H
), B
arle
y (E
)H
erb
(C)/s
eeds
Caff
eic
acid
, p-c
oum
aric
ac
id, 8
,5’-
dife
rulic
aci
d,
cate
chin
-7-O
-glu
cosi
de,
sapo
narin
, cat
echi
n,
proc
yani
din
B3,
pro
cya-
nidi
n C
2, p
rode
lphi
nidi
n B
3, h
orde
nine
[81]
One
to tw
o pi
eces
of b
read
pr
epar
ed fr
om th
e flo
ur
of B
arle
y an
d C
hana
(C
icer
ari
etin
um L
.) is
ta
ken
per d
ay fo
r sev
eral
da
ys
The
oral
adm
inist
ratio
n of
aqu
eous
seed
s ex
tract
redu
ced
the
fasti
ng se
rum
glu
-co
se le
vel o
f STZ
-indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
in
a 2
8-da
ys st
udy
[82]
Poly
gona
ceae
Rhe
um a
ustra
le D
. Don
(S
yn. R
heum
em
odii
Wal
l. ex
Mei
sn.)
Am
lapa
rni (
S), D
olu/
Reva
n-dc
hini
(H),
Him
alay
an
rhub
arb
(E)
Her
b (C
)/und
ergr
ound
par
tsC
hrys
opha
nol,
phys
cion
, rh
ein,
em
odin
, alo
e em
odin
[83]
Dec
octio
n (2
5 m
L) o
f un
derg
roun
d ste
m a
nd
root
is ta
ken
in th
e m
orni
ng a
fter a
mea
l for
se
vera
l day
s
Chry
soph
anol
, phy
scio
n, rh
ein,
emod
in,
and
aloe
emod
in (2
mg/
kg ea
ch) i
sola
ted
from
rhiz
omes
show
ed an
tidia
betic
ac
tivity
in S
TZ in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts; al
oe
emod
in ex
hibi
ted
max
imum
blo
od g
lu-
cose
low
erin
g eff
ect.
In th
e α-g
luco
sidas
e in
hibi
tory
assa
y, on
ly em
odin
was
foun
d ac
tive w
ith th
e inh
ibito
ry eff
ect o
f 93%
[8
3] T
erm
inal
ia c
hebu
la R
etz.
Har
itaki
(S),
Har
ad (H
), C
he-
bulic
myr
obal
an (E
)Tr
ee (C
)/fru
its a
nd b
ark
Che
bula
gic
acid
, che
bu-
linic
aci
d, T
erfla
vin
B
[31]
(1) T
he m
ixtu
re o
f grin
d fr
uits
of T
riphl
a an
d se
eds o
f Syz
ygiu
m
cum
ini,
Mom
ordi
ca
char
antia
and
Tri
go-
nella
foen
um-g
raec
um
(50
g ea
ch) m
ixed
with
G
ymne
ma
sylv
estre
(1
00 g
) is t
aken
ora
lly
with
wat
er in
the
mor
n-in
g af
ter b
reak
fast
(2) T
he in
fusi
on o
f Tr
ipha
la p
owde
r is t
aken
in
the
mor
ning
afte
r m
eal
The
oral
adm
inist
ratio
n of
met
hano
l fr
uits
ext
ract
(100
mg/
kg) s
igni
fican
tly
redu
ced
bloo
d gl
ucos
e le
vel A
LX
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
with
in 4
h a
t si
ngle
dos
es a
nd a
t mul
ti-do
ses u
p to
11
day
s [33
]
190 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Ran
uncu
lace
ae A
coni
tum
het
erop
hyllu
m
Wal
l. ex
Roy
leA
tivis
ha (A
/S),
Atis
h (H
), In
dian
Atis
h (E
)H
erb
(C)/r
oots
Aat
isin
e, d
ihyd
roat
isin
e,
hetis
ined
, het
erat
isin
e,
12-s
ecoh
etis
an-2
-ol,
N-s
ucci
noyl
anth
rani
late
, at
esin
ol 6
-ben
zoyl
hete
r-as
tine,
N-d
ieth
yl-N
-for-
myl
laco
nitin
e, m
ethy
l ac
oniti
ne, a
coni
tine,
an
thor
ine
[84]
The
pow
der o
f Atis
h ro
ots,
Ajug
a pa
rvifl
ora
leav
es a
nd P
odop
hyl-
lum
hex
andr
um ro
ots
is g
iven
twic
e a
day
(hal
f tea
spoo
nful
) ear
ly
in th
e m
orni
ng a
nd a
t ni
ght a
fter m
eals
up
to
3 m
onth
s
The
oral
adm
inist
ered
of m
etha
nol r
oot
extra
ct (2
00 m
g/kg
/day
for 2
8 da
ys)
incr
ease
d th
e le
vels
of p
lasm
a gl
yco-
prot
eins
and
als
o de
crea
sed
the
leve
l of
sial
ic a
cid
and
elev
ated
leve
ls o
f he
xose
, hex
osam
ine
and
fruc
tose
in
the
liver
and
kid
ney
of S
TZ in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts [8
5]
Rosa
ceae
Rub
us e
llipt
icus
Sm
.G
olde
n/ye
llow
Him
alay
an
rasp
berr
y (E
), H
insa
r/His
alu
(L)
Shru
b (W
)/fru
its a
nd ro
ots
Gal
lic a
cid,
cat
echi
n, c
hlo-
roge
nic
acid
(18)
, caff
eic
acid
[86]
One
teas
poon
pow
der o
f ro
ots i
s tak
en tw
ice
a da
y fo
r 1 m
onth
The
petro
leum
eth
er, e
than
ol a
nd a
que-
ous e
xtra
cts o
f fru
its (2
00 m
g/kg
eac
h)
exhi
bite
d an
tidia
betic
act
ivity
usi
ng
GTT
in A
LX in
duce
d di
abet
es ra
ts [8
7]Ru
biac
eae
Rub
ia c
ordi
folia
L.
Aru
na (S
), M
anjis
tha
(A),
Man
jeet
h/M
ajith
(H),
Indi
an
mad
der (
E), C
harc
hora
(L)
Clim
ber (
C)/r
oots
Cor
difo
liol,
cord
ifodi
ol,
rubi
acor
done
, pur
purin
, al
izar
in [8
8]
The
infu
sion
(25
mL)
of
root
s is t
aken
onc
e a
day
for 4
0 da
ys
The
oral
adm
inist
ratio
n of
aqu
eous
ro
ot e
xtra
ct (1
g/k
g/da
y fo
r 8 w
eeks
) sh
owed
an
anti-
hype
rgly
cem
ic e
ffect
in
STZ
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
[89]
Ruta
ceae
Zan
thox
ylum
arm
atum
DC
.Te
johv
a/Te
jova
ti (S
), Te
jbal
(H
), Ye
llow
woo
d Tr
ee
timar
u (L
)
Shru
b (W
)/bar
k fr
uit a
nd
root
Esse
ntia
l oil
(mai
nly
cont
ains
lina
lool
and
lim
onen
e), a
rmat
amid
e [9
0]
One
teas
poon
pow
der o
f ro
ots o
r ste
ms i
s tak
en
twic
e a
day
for 1
mon
th
Met
hano
l ext
ract
s of t
he fr
uits
, lea
ves
and
bark
show
ed α
-glu
cosi
dase
inhi
bi-
tory
act
ivity
in v
itro.
All
the
extra
cts a
t 50
0 m
g/kg
for 1
5 da
ys w
ere
foun
d to
de
crea
se fa
sting
blo
od g
luco
se le
vels
in
ALX
indu
ced
diab
etic
mic
e [9
1]Sa
xifr
agac
eae
Ber
geni
a ci
liata
(Haw
.) St
ernb
.Pa
shan
abhe
da (S
), Pa
thar
chat
(H
), H
airy
Ber
geni
a (E
)H
erb
(W)/w
hole
pla
ntB
erge
nin
Ber
geni
n, c
at-
echi
n, g
allic
aci
d, ta
nnic
ac
id [9
2]
Dec
octio
n (h
alf c
up) o
f ae
rial p
arts
is ta
ken
befo
re b
reak
fast
(1) T
he h
ypog
lyce
mic
act
ivity
of a
que-
ous,
etha
nol,
buta
nol,
chlo
rofo
rm, e
thyl
ac
etat
e an
d he
xane
ext
ract
s of l
eave
s an
d ro
ot w
ere
eval
uate
d by
mea
sur-
ing
bloo
d gl
ucos
e le
vel,
at th
e do
se o
f 20
0 m
g/kg
(2) T
he a
queo
us a
nd e
than
ol e
xtra
cts o
f le
aves
and
eth
anol
and
hex
ane
extra
cts
of ro
ot a
t 200
mg/
kg c
ause
d up
to 7
0%
decr
ease
in b
lood
glu
cose
leve
l in
STZ-
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
[93]
191Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Sola
nace
ae N
icot
iana
taba
cum
L.
Guc
chap
hala
(S),
Tam
akhu
(H
), To
bacc
o (E
)Su
b-sh
rub
(C)/d
ried
leav
esN
icot
ine,
nor
nico
tine,
an
atab
ine,
rutin
, chl
o-ro
geni
c ac
id, a
naba
sine
, m
yosm
ine,
cot
inin
e,
taba
cini
ne, t
abac
ine,
2,
3,6-
trim
ethy
l-1,
4-na
phth
oqui
none
, 2-
met
hylq
uino
ne,
2-na
pthy
lam
ine,
pro
-pi
onic
aci
d, a
ntha
lin,
anet
hole
, acr
olei
n,
cem
bren
e, c
holin
e,
nico
telli
ne, n
icot
iani
ne,
pyre
ne [9
4]
(1) T
he a
queo
us d
ecoc
tion
(25
mL)
of l
eave
s is
take
n in
the
mor
ning
af
ter m
eal
(2) T
he a
queo
us d
ecoc
tion
of le
aves
with
Bid
ens
pilo
sa se
eds,
Alsto
nia
cong
ensi
s roo
ts a
nd
pota
sh is
take
n ev
ery
3 da
ys in
terv
al b
efor
e br
eakf
ast
The
aque
ous l
eave
s ext
ract
was
foun
d an
eff
ectiv
e in
hibi
tor o
f α-a
myl
ase
(IC
50
5.70
mg/
mL)
whi
le a
ceto
ne le
aves
ex
tract
dis
play
ed re
mar
kabl
e in
hibi
tory
eff
ect o
n α-
gluc
osid
ase
(IC
50 4
.50
mg/
mL)
in v
itro
[95]
Sol
anum
virg
inia
num
L.
Kan
taka
ri (S
), Pi
li ka
teri
(H),
Yello
w-f
ruit
nigh
tsha
de (E
), K
onka
ru (L
)
Her
b (W
)/who
le p
lant
Lupe
ol, s
olas
odin
e an
d its
gl
ycos
ide,
tom
atid
enol
, di
osge
nin
(20)
, car
pes-
tero
l, α-
sola
mar
gine
[96]
The
aque
ous d
ecoc
tion
(25
mL)
of a
eria
l par
ts
is ta
ken
in th
e m
orni
ng
afte
r mea
l
(1) T
he m
etha
nol l
eave
s ext
ract
(200
mg/
kg) s
how
ed a
ntid
iabe
tic a
ctiv
ity a
gain
st A
LX in
duce
d di
abet
ic ra
ts [9
7](2
) Lup
eol,
isol
ated
from
stem
bar
k su
ppre
ssed
the
prog
ress
ion
of d
iabe
tes
in ra
ts. I
ts tr
eatm
ent c
ause
d de
crea
sing
gl
ycat
ed h
aem
oglo
bin,
seru
m g
luco
se
and
nitri
c ox
ide
in a
21
days
stud
y [9
8](3
) The
aqu
eous
frui
ts e
xtra
ct sh
owed
hy
pogl
ycem
ic a
ctiv
ity in
dia
betic
rats
[9
9]Ta
xace
ae T
axus
bac
cata
L.
Man
dupa
rni (
S), T
alis
patra
(A
), G
allu
/Thu
no (H
), H
imal
ayan
yew
(E)
Tree
(W/C
)/bar
k an
d se
edTa
xol,
taxi
ne A
and
B,
bacc
atin
III a
nd V
, ep
hedr
ine
[100
]
The
aque
ous d
ecoc
tion
(25
mL)
of b
ark
and
seed
s is t
aken
twic
e a
day
for 4
0 da
ys
Aqu
eous
met
hano
l lea
ves e
xtra
ct in
hib-
ited
rat i
ntes
tinal
sucr
ase,
mal
tase
and
po
rcin
e pa
ncre
atic
α-a
myl
ase
by 1
7.3,
35
.4 a
nd 2
5.8%
, res
pect
ivel
y at
the
conc
entra
tion
of 1
5 m
g/m
L in
vitr
o [1
01]
Urti
cace
ae U
rtic
a di
oica
L.
Vrs
cika
li (S
), St
ingi
ng n
ettle
/N
ettle
leaf
(E),
Bic
hchh
u gh
aas (
H),
Kan
dadl
i (L)
Her
b (W
)/who
le p
lant
β-Si
toste
rol,
feru
lic a
cid,
do
triac
otan
e, e
ruci
c ac
id, u
rsol
ic a
cid,
sco-
pole
tin, r
utin
, que
rcet
in,
p-hy
drox
ylbe
nzal
coho
l [1
02]
The
juic
e or
tea
prep
ared
fro
m le
aves
is ta
ken
once
a d
ay a
fter m
eal
Aqu
eous
leav
es e
xtra
ct (3
00 m
g/kg
) sh
owed
a re
duct
ion
in th
e bl
ood
glu-
cose
leve
l in
STZ-
indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
us
ing
a G
TT a
ssay
[103
]
192 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Xan
thor
rhoe
acea
e A
loe
vera
(L.)
Bur
m.f.
Grit
kum
ari (
S), G
heek
uwar
(H
), In
dian
alo
e (E
)H
erb
(C)/l
eave
sA
loin
, alo
esin
, em
odin
, al
oeso
ne lo
phen
ol (3
), 24
-met
hyl-l
ophe
nol,
24-e
thyl
-loph
enol
, cy
cloa
rtano
l, 24
-met
hyl-
ene-
cycl
oarta
nol [
104]
(1) T
he le
af g
el (1
00 g
) w
ith w
ater
and
lem
on
juic
e is
take
n in
afte
r br
eakf
ast f
or se
vera
l da
ys(2
) One
mL
juic
e of
Ti
nosp
ora
sine
nsis
with
5
g pu
lps o
f Alo
e ve
ra is
ta
ken
for s
ever
al d
ays
(1) T
he o
ral a
dmin
istra
tion
of le
aves
ex
tract
(300
mg/
kg/d
ay fo
r 3 w
eeks
) to
STZ
-indu
ced
diab
etic
rats
show
ed
resto
ratio
n of
blo
od g
luco
se le
vels
w
ith a
con
com
itant
incr
ease
in in
sulin
le
vels
. The
trea
tmen
t als
o in
crea
sed
the
num
ber,
diam
eter
, vol
ume
and
area
of
the
panc
reat
ic is
lets
of d
iabe
tic ra
ts
[105
](2
) The
leaf
gel
(20,
30
and
50 m
g/m
L) a
nd it
s phy
toste
rols
(lop
heno
l, 24
-met
hyl-l
ophe
nol,
24-e
thyl
-loph
enol
, cy
cloa
rtano
l, an
d 24
-met
hyle
ne-
cycl
oarta
nol)
show
ed a
nti-d
iabe
tic
activ
ity in
type
2 d
iabe
tic m
ice.
The
ph
ytos
tero
ls a
lso
redu
ced
the
HbA
1c
leve
ls in
mic
e in
a 2
8 da
ys st
udy
[104
]Zi
ngib
erac
eae
Cur
cum
a lo
nga
L.H
arid
ra (S
), H
aldi
(H),
Tur-
mer
ic (E
)H
erb
(C)/r
hizo
me
Cur
cum
in (2
2), d
emet
h-ox
ycur
cum
in, b
is-
dem
etho
xycu
rcum
in,
ar-tu
rmer
one
[106
]
(1) A
smal
l bit
of ra
w rh
i-zo
mes
is c
hew
ed e
mpt
y sto
mac
h(2
) The
pow
der o
f drie
d rh
izom
es (1
teas
poon
) or
paste
of f
resh
rhiz
omes
(1
teas
poon
) is u
sed
in
food
pre
para
tions
(1) T
he v
olat
ile o
il ob
tain
ed fr
om th
e rh
i-zo
me
inhi
bite
d α-
gluc
osid
ase
enzy
mes
m
ore
effec
tivel
y th
an th
e ac
arbo
se (a
st
anda
rd d
rug)
in v
itro.
A m
ajor
vol
a-til
e co
nstit
uent
(ar-t
urm
eron
e) a
lso
had
pote
nt α
-glu
cosi
dase
(IC
50 =
0.2
8 μg
) an
d α-
amyl
ase
(IC
50 =
24.
5 μg
) inh
ibi-
tion
[107
](2
) Cur
cum
in, a
phe
nolic
com
poun
d is
olat
ed fr
om th
e rh
izom
e re
duce
d bl
ood
gluc
ose
and
the
leve
ls o
f gly
co-
syla
ted
haem
oglo
bin
in d
iabe
tic ra
ts
thro
ugh
the
regu
latio
n of
the
poly
ol
path
way
. It s
uppr
esse
d ox
idat
ive
stres
s an
d in
flam
mat
ion,
and
als
o su
ppre
ssed
in
crea
sed
bone
reso
rptio
n th
roug
h th
e in
hibi
tion
of o
steoc
lasto
gene
sis a
nd
expr
essi
on o
f the
AP-
1 tra
nscr
iptio
n fa
ctor
s, c-
fos a
nd c
-jun,
in d
iabe
tic a
ni-
mal
s. It
show
ed a
ben
efici
al ro
le in
the
diab
etes
-indu
ced
endo
thel
ial d
ysfu
nc-
tion
and
indu
ced
a do
wn-
regu
latio
n of
nu
clea
r fac
tor-k
appa
B. I
t has
a p
rote
c-tiv
e ro
le a
gain
st ad
vanc
ed g
lyca
tion
as
wel
l as c
olla
gen
cros
s-lin
king
[108
]
193Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
Tabl
e 1
(con
tinue
d)
Bot
anic
al n
ames
Com
mon
nam
esH
abit
(hab
itat)/
part
used
Key
bio
activ
e co
nstit
uent
sTr
aditi
onal
met
hod
of u
sePh
arm
acol
ogic
al e
vide
nce
Cur
cum
a ze
doar
ia
(Chr
istm
.) Ro
scoe
Suga
ndha
moo
la (S
), K
acho
or
(H),
Zedo
ary/
Whi
te tu
r-m
eric
(E)
Her
b (C
)/rhi
zom
eC
urcu
min
(22)
, fur
ano-
dien
e, fu
rano
dien
one,
ze
doro
ne, c
urze
reno
ne,
curz
eone
, ger
mac
rone
, 13‐h
ydro
xy g
erm
acro
ne,
dihy
droc
urdi
one,
cur
cu-
men
one,
zed
oaro
nedi
ol
[109
]
The
pow
dere
d rh
izom
e (1
te
aspo
on) i
s tak
en w
ith
wat
er tw
ice
a da
y fo
r on
ce a
mon
th
The
met
hano
l ext
ract
of r
hizo
mes
(200
an
d 40
0 m
g/kg
) red
uced
the
seru
m
gluc
ose
leve
l in
gluc
ose-
load
ed m
ice
usin
g a
GTT
ass
ay [1
10]
Hed
ychi
um sp
icat
um S
m.
Shat
i (S)
, Kap
ur K
acha
ri (H
), Sp
iked
gin
ger l
ily (E
), Se
erh
(L)
Her
b (C
)/rhi
zom
eEs
sent
ial o
il (m
ainl
y co
ntai
ns 1
,8‐c
ineo
le α
- an
d β‐
pine
ne, l
inal
ool,
10‐e
pi‐γ‐e
udes
mol
an
d β‐
slin
ene)
, hed
y-ch
enon
e, sp
icat
anol
(10)
, 6-o
xo-7
,11,
13-
labd
atrie
n-16
,15-
olid
e,
pica
tano
l met
hyl e
ther
, he
dych
enon
e, 7
-hyd
roxy
he
dych
enon
e, y
un-
naco
rona
rin A
and
D,
7-ac
etox
y he
dych
enon
e,
hedy
chia
lact
one
B
[111
]
The
pow
dere
d rh
izom
e (1
te
aspo
on) i
s tak
en w
ith
wat
er tw
ice
a da
y fo
r on
ce a
mon
th
(1) S
pica
tano
l iso
late
d fro
m rh
izom
es
disp
laye
d ra
t int
estin
al α
-glu
cosi
dase
in
hibi
tory
act
ivity
in v
itro
by 8
9% a
t a
dose
of 1
00 µ
g/m
L [1
12]
(2) T
he o
ral d
ose
of e
ssen
tial o
il ob
tain
ed fr
om rh
izom
es (0
.3 m
L fo
r 14
day
s) re
duce
d bl
ood
gluc
ose
and
urea
leve
l in
ALX
indu
ced
diab
etic
ra
ts. I
t was
als
o ob
serv
ed th
at th
e Is
lets
of
Lan
gerh
ans r
egai
ned
thei
r nor
mal
sh
ape
afte
r 14
days
of t
reat
men
t [11
3]
Zin
gibe
r offi
cina
le R
osco
eA
rdar
ka/M
oola
ja su
nthi
(S),
Ada
rakh
(H),
Gin
ger (
E),
Aad
do (L
)
Her
b (C
)/rhi
zom
eG
inge
rols
, sho
gaol
[114
]R
hizo
me
in th
e fo
rm o
f a
tea,
juic
e or
food
is
take
n da
ily fo
r a lo
ng
time
The
rhiz
ome
juic
e (4
mL/
kg/d
ay fo
r 6
wee
ks) i
ncre
ased
insu
lin le
vels
and
de
crea
sed
fasti
ng g
luco
se le
vels
in
STZ
indu
ced
type
1 d
iabe
tic ra
ts. T
he
juic
e al
so d
ecre
ased
seru
m c
hole
stero
l, se
rum
trig
lyce
ride
and
bloo
d pr
essu
re
in ra
ts [1
15]
H H
indi
, E E
nglis
h, A
Ayu
rved
ic, L
loca
l, S
Sans
krit,
C c
ultiv
ated
, W w
ild
194 A. Kumar et al.
1 3
Fig. 2 Selected antidiabetic compounds reported from surveyed plants
23
NH2
SO
OH
O
S
OH
ONH2
O
CH2
OH
S-Methylcysteine sulfoxide (1) Alliin (2) Lophenol (3)
OH
RO
O
O
O
OO
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OOH
OH
Betulin (R=CH2OH) (4)Betulinic acid (R=COOH) (5)
Artemisinin (6) Avicularin (7)
N+
OO
OCH3
H3CO
OH
OH OHOH
OH
OHO
OO
O
O
OO O
OH
OH OHOH
OHOH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OOO
O OOH
Berberine (8) Castalagin (9) Spicatanol (10)
O
O
GAL
OH
OHGLU
GALGLU
XYLO O
OH
OH
OH
COOH
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
Digitonin (11) Gymnemic acid (12)
N
NOH
R
OH
OH
OH
HOOC OH
O O
Vasicine (R=H) (13)Vasicinol (R=OH) (14)
Azedarachic acid (15) Sotolone (16)
O
OH
OH
OH
O
O O
OH
OH
OHOH
O
OOH
OHOH
OH
OH COOH
N+
OCH3
OCH3
H3CO
H3CO
OH
Astragalin (17) Chlorogenic acid (18) 11-Hydroxypalmatine (19)
O
O
OH
N+
O
O–
O O
OCH3
OHOH
H3CO
Diosgenin (20) Trigonelline (21) Curcumin (22)
195Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand)
1 3
5 Existing Antidiabetic Formulations Prepared from Surveyed Plants
A number of medicinal plants found in the present study site are already used for the treatment of diabetes. Various formulations prepared from such plants are available in the market and frequently prescribed by Ayurvedic practitioners. Of these, few selected formulations based on the medicinal plants of the present survey are given in Table 2.
6 Market Demand for Selected Surveyed Plants
Presently, herbal drugs and cosmetics have a huge market worldwide mainly in Asian countries. In India, the National Medicinal Plants Board (Govt. of India) is the whole sole agency for monitoring and documenting the Indian medic-inal plants. The agency is involved in the cultivation and promotion of medicinal plants to ensure the availability of quality raw material for the manufacturing of herbal drugs and cosmetics.
A. heterophyllum, commonly known as Atis or Ativisha, has about 100–200 metric tons annual trade in India. The plant is mainly cultivated in India, Nepal and Pakistan. Due to its diverse therapeutical applications in microbial infec-tions, fever, vomiting, coughs, diarrhoea, and indigestion, it
is used as one of the ingredients of many Ayurvedic formula-tions including Bala chaturbhadrika churna, Chandraprabha vati, Khadiradi gutika, Kutaj ghan vati, Lakasminarayana rasa, Mahavisagarbha taila, Panchkrita guggulu ghrita, Rasnairandadi kashayam, Rasnairandadi kvatha churna, Rodhrasava, Siva gutika and Sudarshana churna, etc. [116]. Kachnar (B. variegata), which is used in wounds, ulcer, thy-roid problems, cervical lymphadenitis and rectal prolapse, is an important ingredient of Kachnar guggulu, Chitrakadi taila, Chandanasava, Ushirasava, Gandamala kandana rasa and Mutra sangrahaniya kwata. According to the National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, its current market demand is also about 100–200 metric tons annually. Talispatra (T. baccata) and Devadaru (C. deodara) are also important Ayurvedic medicinal plants and their annual market demand is 100–200 and 1000–2000 metric tons, respectively.
Devadaru (C. deodara), an Ayurvedic remedy for inflam-mation, fever, pruritus, infested wounds, allergic rhinitis, constipation, drowsiness, hiccups, diabetes, cough, skin dis-ease, rheumatoid arthritis and blood disorders, has been used in the preparation of khadirarista, dasamularista, devadar-varista, mrtasanjivanisura, karpuradyarka, pramehamihaira taila, chandanadi churna, narayana taila, pradarantaka lauha, vataraktanaka lauha, mahavisagarbha taila, anu oil, maha-rasnadi kashayam, devdarvadi kashaya, chandraprabha vati and pushkaramoolasav formulations. On the other hand,
Table 2 Market formulations for diabetes treatment prepared from surveyed plants
Formulation Ingredients
Amritamehari churna (classical medicine), Bio-gynema capsules, Glukostat capsules, Diabegon capsules, Debix, Diaxinol (patent drugs)
G. sylvestre
Chandraprabha vati (classical drug) B. aristata, C. deodara, C. longa, H. vulgare, P. emblica, T. bellirica, T. chebula, T. sinensis, Z. officinale, A. heterophyllum
Dhanvantaram-ghritam (classical medicine) M. philippensisDiabeco (patent drug) O. tenuiflorumDiabecon (patent drug) B. aristata, C. longa, G. sylvestre, P. emblica, T. bellirica, T. sinensis, A.
vera, A. racemosusDiacare capsules (patent drug) C. longa, P. emblica, O. tenuiflorum, T. chebulaDiasulin (patent drug) C. longa, G. sylvestre, P. emblica, T. sinensis, T. foenum-graecumFenfuro (patent drug) T. foenum-graecumGarlic capsules (patent drug) A. sativumKarnim plus (patent drug) Z. officinale, A. indica, O. tenuiflorumKishora guggulu (classical medicine) P. emblica, T. bellirica, T. chebula, T. sinensisLimit capsules (patent drug) T. foenum-graecum, G. sylvestreMandoor-Vatak C. deodaraNeem capsules (patent drug) A. indicaNisakathakadi kashayam, Nishamalaki chunra (classical medicine) C. longaSarivadyasava (classical medicine) F. religiosa, H. spicatumTriphla (classical medicine) P. emblica, T. bellirica, T. chebula
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T. baccata, useful in cancer, blood disorders, skin disease, burning sensation, worms and papules, is an ingredient of Mahanarayana Taila and Bala Taila. U. dioica, helpful in kidney stones, allergies, anaemia, osteoarthritis, hay fever, burns, internal bleeding, nosebleeds, urination problems, gout, sciatica, neuralgia, haemorrhoids and hair problems, is a part of various formulations including vishatinduka taila and caffeine-free herbal tea. Its market demand is compara-tively lesser (about < 10 metric tons annually) than other important Ayurvedic herbs.
In view of the market demand, a number of antidiabetic plants are cultivated in India including in the present study area. The main cultivated medicinal plants of the study area are Z. officinale, C. longa, A. cepa, A. sativum, A. graveo-lens, C. zedoaria, H. vulgare and T. foenum-graecum. The trade of Z. officinale and C. longa rhizomes in Indian market is about 2000–5000 and 1000–2000 metric tons, respec-tively. Z. officinale is used in the formulation of Trikatu churna, Ardraka khandavaleha, Sarassvatarista, Adraka ghrita, Shothaghna lepa, Saubhagya shunti and Guladrakm. India is known as one of the largest producers of ginger and turmeric in the world. Particularly in Chakrata, both of these plants are cultivated at large scale and considered as an important source of income. Similarly, other medicinal plants such as A. vera, P. emblica (> 10,000 metric tons), T. chebula (5000–10,000 metric tons), M. piperita, A. rac-emosus, A. indica, J. adhatoda, T. bellirica (2000–5000 metric tons), O. tenuiflorum (2000–3000 metric tons), B. aristata, T. sinensis, R. cordifolia, B. ciliata, O. gratissi-mum (1000–2000 metric tons), S. virginianum, T. foenum-graecum, V. negundo, G. sylvestre (500–1000 metric tons), H. spicatum, H. vulgare, A. cepa, A. sativum, Z. armatum, C. roseus, C. zedoaria, F. religiosa (200–500 metric tons), B. prionitis, R. emodii and M. azedarach (100–200 metric tons) are cultivated in the study region with high market demand.
7 Mechanism of Actions of Surveyed Plants and Their Bioactives
Various earlier research studies reported the possible mecha-nisms of action shown by the antidiabetic plants as well as their bioactive constituents described in the present paper. A. vera and its phytosterols, i.e. lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, cycloartanol and 24-methylene-cycloar-tanol shows glucose lowering effect through effectively decrease gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis processes. This activity predominantly appears to be mediated by AMPK and PPAR receptors and is accompanied mainly by inhibi-tion of PEPCK and G6P genes expression or inhibition of ACC and FAS enzymatic activities hence reduce hepatic glucose output [104]. Moreover, the hypoglycemic effect of
aloes and other bitter principles may be mediated through stimulating synthesis and/or release of insulin from the β-cells of Langerhans [117].
Berberine, an active principle of B. aristata was found to alter glucose metabolism through the stimulation of gly-colysis via increasing glucokinase activity, increasing insu-lin secretion, and suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and adipogenesis [118–120]. Similarly, a bioactive molecule S-methycystein sulphoxide found in A. cepa regulates the enzyme Glucokinase/Hexokinase and stimulates glucose utilization and insulin secretions [121]. On the other hand, quercetin, another bioactive of A. cepa increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through an ERK1/2 pathway which improves liver and pancreas functions by enabling the recovery of cell proliferation through the inhibition of Cdkn1a expression [122].
Curcuma longa and its active molecule curcumin increase the islet viability and delay islet ROS production in animals [123]. Curcumin treatment also increases the number of small pancreatic islets and decreases lymphocyte infiltra-tion in pancreatic islets [124]. The intervention of a cur-cumin-rich extract improves β-cell functions, indicated by an increased HOMA-β and reduced C-peptide in a study conducted by Chuengsamarn et al. [125]. The molecule itself plays antioxidant defence by induction of the expression of HO-1, glutathione subunit, and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidore-ductase 1 and increased basal insulin secretion in human islet [126].
Artemisia roxburghiana as well as its bioactives, such as artemisinin, betulinic acid and betulin, act as protein tyrosine phosphatases inhibitor. Through this mechanism, they are known to enhance insulin receptor phosphoryla-tion and stimulate glucose uptake into cells. On the other hand, its flavonoids inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase which is a modulator of insulin secretion [37]. G. sylvestre has been reported to interact with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. In addition, its extract stimulates insulin secretion from human islets [127] and regenerates pancreatic β-cell in diabetic ani-mals [128]. A leaves extract containing gymnemic acids as a bioactive suppresses the elevation of blood glucose level by inhibiting glucose uptake in the intestine [129]. Gulfraz et al. [15] reported that J. adhatoda extract increases the level of insulin in diabetic rats. It brings antihyperglycaemic action perhaps by potentiation of pancreatic secretion of insulin from β-cell of islets or due to enhanced transport of blood glucose to peripheral tissue.
Morus alba has found to possess antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities by activating the IRS-1/PI3K/Glut-4 signalling pathway in skeletal muscles and hence increases peripheral glucose uptake [130]. It interferes with the activity of α-amylase that exhibited an effective strategy to lower the levels of hyperglycemia through the
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control of starch breakdown [131]. In addition to inhibiting α-amylase, it reduces glucose level via scavenging of ROS and regenerating β-cell [132]. M. azedarach decreases blood glucose via inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) enzyme activity and stimulation of glucose uptake rats [133]. T. sinensis was also found to inhibit PTP1B activ-ity and stimulate the glucose uptake [134]. R. australe and its active molecules rhapontigenin, desoxyrhaponticin and desoxyrhapontigenin inhibit the mammalian α-glucosidase [135], whereas V. negundo inhibits α-amylase to decrease blood glucose level [136]. T. foenum-graecum stimulates insulin secretion at all levels of the cellular organization since the cells are more sensitive to insulin and increase in the number of insulin receptor sites to burn cellular glu-cose at high fibre diet in rats [137]. A schematic diagram of the antidiabetic mechanisms of selected plants/bioactives is shown in Fig. 3.
8 Status of the Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region
Various plants in the Chakrata region are rare and only grown as wild, their cultivation is still a big challenge. The surveyed plants were checked in the IUCN Red List [138] for their current status and found that many of them are already included in the list of threatened species. Accord-ing to the IUCN List, B. variegata, C. deodara, T. baccata
and U. dioica are identified as the plants of least concern whereas A. heterophyllum and S. hexandrum are reported as an endangered plant. Although many rare plants, includ-ing A. heterophyllum, are cultivated in a big scale in India and exported to other countries [139], many other plants of this particular region are also in the stage of vulnerable and their protection is highly needed. Various reports published in past years also highlighted the importance of these plants including their medicinal uses, market demand and current status [140–143].
9 Conclusion
The Chakrata region (Jaunsar–Bawar Hills) is one of the sites of the rich diversity of medicinal plants in Uttarakhand, India. Most of the areas of this region are covered by the for-ests with a very scattered population mainly the tribal com-munity. The population is mainly depends on folk medicine due to limited hospitals in the region. These people prefer to consult the local traditional healers or elderly person in the family for the treatment, and only moved to the distantly located hospitals in case of any serious health trouble.
There are various nurseries, such as Deovan and Khooni-garh, in the region established by the Forest Department (Govt. of Uttarakhand) to cultivate valued medicinal and other economic plants including some fruits and timber yielding plants. In addition, the natives also cultivate several
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram showing antidiabetic mechanisms of selected surveyed plants and their bioactives
198 A. Kumar et al.
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useful plants to generate the economy for their survival. There is good support of the local government to encour-age them by providing quality seeds, fertilisers and tools in subsidised rates.
The present study site has numerous antidiabetic plants found as wild such as B. aristata, J. adhatoda, C. pareira, S. glabra, A. roxburghiana, T. baccata, etc. This region is also popular for cultivating many rare medicinal plants such as A. heterophyllum, S. hexandrum and B. variegata. Thus, with the help of cultivation in a big scale, the threatened plants in this region can be conserved for the future. The overhar-vesting of the medicinal plants can also be minimised by investigating their bioactive compounds and synthesising them in the laboratories to fulfil the market demand of such plants. This approach may also be worthy in case a particu-lar medicinal plant becomes extinct in the future, its drug/formulation will be always available for the treatment of a particular disease.
Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India (Grant No. Z.18017/187/CSS/R&D/UK-01/2017-18-NMPB-IV A).
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Crea-tive Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribu-tion, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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