-
Effects of Stratospheric Variability on El Niño
Teleconnections: Supplementary Figures
J H Richter†, C Deser†, L Sun‡
† Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric
Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.
‡ Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences,
University of
Colorado at Boulder and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory,
Boulder, CO,
USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
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Figure S1: Approximate vertical grid spacing in the default 30L
CAM5 (asterisks), and
in the 46L version used in this study (diamonds).
-
Figure S2: Distributions of SSW frequencies (event per year) by
month in 46LCAM5
(boxes) and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis (red circles). Box plots show
mean values (solid
horizontal line), plus and minus one standard deviation (box
outline), minimum and
maximum values (whiskers) in the 10 ensemble simulations
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Figure S3: Tropical (2◦S to 2◦N) zonally averaged winds between
1979 and 1998 for
a) ERA-Interim, and b) One ensemble member of 46LCAM5. Contours
are plotted in
intervals of 5 m s−1.
-
1000
100
10
1
1000
100
10
1Pr
essu
e (h
Pa)
a) ERA40 ALLQBO (4)
-18-16
-14
-12 -10-8
-6 -4 -2
0 0
0
0
2
2
2
46
1000
100
10
1
c) 46LCAM5 ALLQBO (46)
-8-6 -4
-2 0
0
2
e) 46LCAM5 QBOE (12)
-10 -8 -6-4 -20
0
0
g) 46LCAM5 QBOW (26)
-10 -8-6
-4 -20
0
0
22
4
0
10
20
30
40
Heig
ht (k
m)
O N D J F M ATime(months)
1000
100
10
1
Pres
sure
(hPa
)
b) ERA40 ALLQBO (4)
-8 -6 -4-2
0
0
2
2
4
6
O N D J F M A1000
100
10
1
O N D J F M ATime(months)
d) 46LCAM5 ALLQBO (34)
-2
00
0
2 4
4
O N D J F M A
O N D J F M ATime (months)
f) 46LCAM5 QBOE (13)
-20
0 02
O N D J F M A
O N D J F M ATime (months)
h) 46LCAM5 QBOW (18)
-2
0
0
24 6
8
O N D J F M A
0
10
20
30
40
Heig
ht (k
m)
With
out S
SWs
With
SSW
s
Figure S4: October-April monthly El Niño U60N anomalies for
ERA40 (first column)
and 46LCAM5 simulations (remaining columns). Top panels show
composites of winters
with SSWs whereas the bottom panels show winters without SSWs.
The first two
columns show an average over all QBO phases, whereas column 3
shows El Niño QBOE
winters, and fourth column shows El Niño QBOW winters.
-
1000
100
10
1
1000
100
10
1Pr
essu
re (h
Pa)
a) 46LCAM5 QBOW - QBOE
-4-3-2
-1
-10
0
0
1
1
2 34
5
6
1000
100
10
1
0
10
20
30
40
Heig
ht (k
m)
O N D J F M ATime (months)
1000
100
10
1
Pres
sure
(hPa
)
b) 46LCAM5 QBOW - QBOE
-6-5 -4
-3
-2-1
-1 0
0
1
1O N D J F M A
1000
100
10
1
0
10
20
30
40
Heig
ht (k
m)
With
out S
SWs
With
SSW
s
Figure S5: Difference between QBOW and QBOE El Niño composites
of zonal mean
temperature anomalies at 80◦N from October through April for
46LCAM5 simulations.
Top panels show composites of winters with SSWs whereas the
bottom panels show
winters without SSWs. Statistical significance of the signal
based on the student t-test
at the 85 and 95% levels are depicted by the white and red lines
respectively.
-
a) 46LCAM5 QBOW - QBOE
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.5
-12.0
-10.5
-9.0
-7.5
-6.0
-4.5
-3.0
-1.5
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
SLP
Diffe
renc
e (h
Pa)
b) 46LCAM5 QBOW - QBOE
0.0
0.0
0.0-12.0
-10.5
-9.0
-7.5
-6.0
-4.5
-3.0
-1.5
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
SLP
Diffe
renc
e (h
Pa)
With
out S
SWs
With
SSW
s
Figure S6: Difference between QBOW and QBOE El Niño composites
of sea level
pressure anomalies for January-March based on 46LCAM5. Top
panels show composites
of winters with SSWs whereas the bottom panels show winters
without SSWs. Contour
interval is 1.5 hPa. Statistical significance of the signal
based on the student t-test at
the 85 and 95% levels are depicted by the white and red lines
respectively.
