DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

t o accompany

Engi nee r ing -geo log i c maps o f n o r t h e r n A1 aska, I k p i kpuk R i v e r quadrangl e

by

L. Dav id c a r t e r 1 and John P. Galloway2

Open-Fi l e Report 88-375

Th is r e p o r t (map) i s p r e l i m i n a r y and has n o t been rev iewed f o r c o n f o r m i t y w i t h U.S. Geo log ica l Survey e d i t o r i a l s tandards (and s t r a t i g r a p h i c nomenclature) . Any use o f t r a d e names used in t h i s r e p o r t i s f o r d e s c r i p t i v e purposes o n l y and does n o t i m p l y endorsment by t h e U n i t e d S ta tes Geolog ica l Survey.

U .S. Geo log ica l Survey, Anchorage, A1 as ka 99508

U.S. Geolog ica l Survey, Menlo Park, C a l i f o r n i a 94025

I KPIKPUK RIVER QUADRANGLE

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The f o l l o w i n g 1 i s t o f references inc ludes those c i t e d i n the d e s c r i p t i o n o f map u n i t s and, i n add i t i on , conta ins references concerning t op i cs such as c l imate, permafrost, p i ngos, ground ice, so i 1 development, vegetat ion, f loods and storm surges, economic geology, and water resources, a l l o f which a re p e r t i nent t o 1 and management cons iderat ions.

A i tken, G.W., 1965, Ground temperature observat ions, Barrow, A1 aska: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineer ing Laboratory, CRREL Technical Report 105, 15 p.

A1 be r t , N .R.D., 1978, Landsat mosaics o f eastern Nor th Slope petroleum province, A1 aska, w i t h p re l i m i na ry 1 n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f observed fea tu res : U .S. Geol og i ca l Survey M i scel 1 aneous Fie1 d Stud ies Map MF-928-V , sca le 1:500,000, 3 sheets.

Alpha, T.R., and Gerin, Marybeth, 1980, Obl ique map o f the Beaufort Sea and the Brooks Range o f Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-455.

A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e o f Nor th America, 1974, The Alaskan a r c t i c coast, a background s tudy o f a v a i l a b1 e know1 edge: prepared f o r Department o f t he Army, Corps o f Engineers, Alaska D i s t r i c t , con t rac t DACW-85-74-C-0020, 551 p.

Arnol d, C.A., 1959, Some paleobotan ica l aspects o f tundra development: Ecology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 146-148.

Barnes, F.F., 1967a, Coal resources o f Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey B u l l e t i n 1242-8, p . 01-836.

----- 1967b, Coal resources o f the Cape L i sbu rne -Co l v i l l e R ive r region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey B u l l e t i n 1242-E, p. El-E37.

B a t z i l , G.O., and Brown, Jer ry , 1976, RATE - the i n f l uence o f graz ing on a r c t i c tundra ecosystems: A r c t i c B u l l e t i n , In teragency A r c t i c Research Coord inat ing Committee, v. 2, p. 153-160.

Bei kman, H.M., and Lathram, E.H., 1976, P re l im ina ry geolog ic map o f no r thern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscel laneous F i e l d Stud ies Map ME-789, sca le 1:1,000,000, 2 sheets.

Benson, C.S., 1969, The seasonal snow cover o f a r c t i c Alaska: A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e o f Nor th America Research Paper 51, 85 p .

Benson, C.S., 1982, Reassessment o f w i n t e r p r e c i p i t a t i o n on A laska 's A r c t i c Slope and measurements on t h e f l u x of windblown snow: Fairbanks, U n i v e r s i t y o f Alaska, Geophysical I n s t i t u t e Repor t UAG R-288, 26 p.

Berg, R.L., 1984, Sta tus of numerical models f o r heat and mass t r a n s f e r i n f r o s t - s u s c e p t i b l e s o i 1 s, in I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost , 4th, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983, Proceedings: Washington, D.C., N a t i o n a l Academy Press, p. 67-72.

B i r d , K.J., 1981a, Petroleum e x p l o r a t i o n o f the ~ o r t h Slope i n Alaska, U.S.A.: U.S. Geo log ica l Survey Open-Fi le Report 81-227, 43 p.

----- 1981b, Machine-generated d i s p l a y s o f w e l l l o g s and l i t h o l o g y f rom s e l e c t e d w e l l s on t he N o r t h Slope o f Alaska: 11 w e l l s f rom the n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e Na t iona l Petro leum Reserve i n Alaska (NPRA): U.S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Report 81-1034, 5 p . , 11 sheets.

----- 1982, Rock-un i t r e p o r t s o f 228 w e l l s d r i l l e d on the Nor th Slope, A1 aska: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Report 82-278, 106 p.

- - - - - 1983, O i l and gas resources o f t h e Nor th Slope, Alaska ( a b s . ) , fi U.S. Geolog ica l Survey P o l a r Research Symposi um, a b s t r a c t s w i t h programs: U.S. Geolog ica l Survey C i r c u l a r 911, p . 27-30.

----- 1985, The framework geology o f t h e N o r t h Slope o f Alaska as r e l a t e d t o o i l -source r o c k c o r r e l a t i o n s , & Magoon, L.B., and Claypool , G.E., eds., A1 aska Nor th Slope O i l - r o c k c o r r e l a t i o n study; Ana lys i s o f N o r t h Slope crude: Tulsa, Okla., American A s s o c i a t i o n o f Petroleum Geo log is ts S tud ies i n Geology 20, p. 3-29.

Black, R.F., 1951, E o l i a n depos i t s o f Alaska: A r c t i c , v. 4, no. 2, p . 89-111.

- - - - - 1952, Growth o f ice-wedge polygons i n permaf ros t near Barrow, Alaska (abs) : Geolog ica l S o c i e t y o f America B u l l e t i n , v. 63, no. 12, p t . 2, p . 1235-1236.

----- 1954a, P r e c i p i t a t i o n a t Barrow, Alaska, g r e a t e r than recorded: Eos (American Geophysical Union T ransac t ions ) , v. 35, no. 2, p. 203-207.

----- 1954b, Permafros t - a rev iew: Geolog ica l S o c i e t y o f America B u l l e t i n , v. 65, no. 9, p. 839-856.

----- 1957, Some problems i n eng ineer ing geology caused by permaf ros t i n the A r c t i c Coastal P la in , n o r t h e r n Alaska: A r c t i c , v. 10, no. 4, p. 230-240.

----- 1963, Les co ins de g lace e t l e ge l permanent dans l e Nord de 1 'A laska ( I c e wedges and permafrost i n n o r t h e r n A1 aska ) : Anna1 es de Gkographie, v. 72, p. 257-271.

- - - - - 1964, Gubik Format ion o f Qua te rna ry age i n n o r t h e r n Alaska: U.S. Geolog ica l Survey Pro fess iona l Paper 302-C, p. 59-91.

- - - - - 1969, Thaw depressions and thaw lakes, a review: B i u l e t y n P e r y g l a c j a l n y , v. 19, p. 131-150.

Black, R.F., 1974, Ice-wedge polygons o f n o r t h e r n Alaska, in Coates, D.R., ed., G l a c i a l geomorphology, Annual Geomorphology Ser ies , 5 th , Binghamton, N.Y., 1974, Proceedings: Binghamton, S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f New York, p. 247-275.

----- 1976, P e r i g l a c i a l f e a t u r e s i n d i c a t i v e of permaf ros t : I c e and s o i l wedges: Qua te rna ry Research, v. 6, no. 1, P. 3-26.

----- 1983a, Ice-wedge d i ap i r s , n o r t h e r n A1 aska, a re produced m a i n l y by h o r i z o n t a l compression (abs. ) : Geolog ica l S o c i e t y o f America, Abs t rac ts w i t h Programs, v. 15, no. 6, p. 527.

----- 1983b, Three superposed systems o f i c e wedges a t McLeod Poin t , n o r t h e r n Alaska, may span most o f the Wisconsinan s tage and Holocene, in I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost , 4 th , Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983, Proceedings: Washington, D.C., N a t i o n a l Academy Press, p. 68-73.

Black, R.F., and Barksdale, W.L., 1949, Or ien ted l a k e s o f n o r t h e r n Alaska: Journal of Geology, v. 57, no. 2, p. 105-118.

Bowsher, A.L., T a i l l e u r , I.L., and Gibson, H.A., 1981, A v a i l a b i l i t y o f p e t r o g r a p h i c t h i n - s e c t i o n s from t h i r t y - f i v e w e l l s from Na t iona l Petroleum Reserve i n A1 aska, N o r t h Slope, A1 aska: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Repor t 81-1307, 8 p.

Boyd, W.L., 1959, L imnology o f se lec ted a r c t i c l a k e s i n r e l a t i o n t o water- supp ly problems: Ecology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 49-54.

Brewer, M.C., 1958a, The thermal regime o f an a r c t i c l ake : Eos (American Geophysical Union T ransac t ions ) , v. 39, p. 278-284.

----- 1958b, Some r e s u l t s o f geothermal i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f permaf ros t i n n o r t h e r n A1 aska: Eos (American Geophysical Union Transact ions) , v. 39, p. 19-26.

----- a 1984, Petroleum e x p l o r a t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e environment on t h e N a t i o n a l Petro leum Reserve i n A1 as ka, in I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost , 4th, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983, F i n a l Proceedings: Washington, D.C., N a t i o n a l Academy Press, p. 133-134.

----- 1985, Petroleum e x p l o r a t i o n and environmental p r o t e c t i o n on t h e Alaskan N a t i o n a l Petro leum Reserve, in Gerwick B .C., ed., A r c t i c Ocean eng ineer ing f o r the 21st century , Sp i lhaus Symposium, l s t , Wi l l iamsburg, Va., 1984, Proceedings: Mar ine Technology Soc ie ty , p. 203-205.

Brigham, J.K., 1985, Mar ine s t r a t i g r a p h y and amino-acid geochronology o f the Gubi k Formation, western A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n , Alaska: U.S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fi le Report 85-381, 218 p.

Brigham, J.K., and M i l l e r , G.H., 1983, Paleotemperature es t imates o f t h e Alaskan A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n d u r i n g the 1 a s t 125,000 years, in I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost , 4 th , Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983, Proceedings : Washington, D .C., Nat iona l Academy Press, p. 80-85.

B r i t t o n , M.E., 1957, Vegetat ion o f the a r c t i c tundra, in A r c t i c Biology, Annual B io l ogy Co l loqu i um, 18th, Co rva l l i s , Oregon S ta te Un i ve r s i t y , p. 26-61.

----- 1967, Vegetat ion o f the A r c t i c tundra, i n Hansen, H. P., ed., A r c t i c B io logy: Corva l l i s , Oregon S ta te ~ n i v e r s x y , p. 67-130.

Brosgk, W.P., and Whi t t i ng ton , C.L., 1966, Geology o f the Umiat-Maybe Creek reg ion, A1 as ka: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Profess ional Paper 303-H, p . 501-638.

Brown, Jer ry , 1965, Radiocarbon dat ing, Barrow, Alaska: A r c t i c , v. 18, no. 1, p. 36-48.

----- 1966, Ice-wedge chemi s t r y and re1 ated frozen-ground processes, Barrow, A1 as ka, in I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, Lafayet te , Ind., 1963, Proceedings: Washington, D.C., Nat iona l Academy o f Sciences, Nat iona l Research Counci 1 Pub1 i c a t i o n 1287, p. 94-98.

1967, Tundra s o i l s formed over i c e wedges, nor thern Alaska: S o i l Science Soc ie ty o f America, Proceedings, v. 31, p. 686-691.

----- 1969a, Bur ied s o i l s assoc ia ted w i t h permafrost , in Pedology and Quaternary Research, Edmonton, Uni v e r s i t y o f A1 be r t a , Canada, 1969, Symposi urn: Nat iona l Research Counci 1 o f Canada, p. 115-127.

----- 1969b, S o i l p rope r t i es developed on t he complex tundra r e l i e f o f no r thern Alaska: B i u l e t y n Peryg lac ja l ny, no. 18, p. 153-167.

----- 1969c, I o n i c concen t ra t ion g rad ien ts i n permafrost, Barrow, Alaska: Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Corps o f Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineer ing Laboratory, CRREL Research Report 272, 25 p.

Brown, Je r ry , Dingman, S.L., and Lewellen, R.I., 1968, Hydrology o f a drainage basin on t h e Alaskan Coastal P la in : Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineer ing Laboratory, CRREL Research Report 240, 18 p.

Brown, Je r r y , Everet t , K.R., Webber, P.J., MacLean, S.F., and Murray, D.F., 1980, The coasta l tundra a t Barrow, 2 Brown, Jer ry , and others , eds., An a r c t i c ecosystem, the coasta l tundra a t Barrow, A1 aska: Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchi nson, and Ross, p. 1-29.

Brown, Je r ry , Grant, C.L., Ugol i n i , F.C., and Tedrow, J.C.F., 1962, M inera l composi t ion o f some drainage waters from a r c t i c Alaska: Journal o f Geophysical Research, v . 67, no. 6, p. 2447-2454.

Brown, Je r ry , and Johnson, P .L . , 1965, Pedo-ecol og i ca l i n ves t i ga t i ons , Barrow, A1 as ka: Hanover, N .H, , U .S . Army Col d Regions Research and Engineer ing Laboratory, CRREL Tecnical Report 159, 32 p.

P Y

Carlson, P.R., Roy, C.J., Hussey, K.M., Davidson, D.T., and Handy, R.L., 1959, Geology and mechanical s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f Cenozoic sediments near Poi n t Barrow, i n Davidson, D.T., and others , The geology and engineer ing c h a r a c t e x s t i cs o f some A1 as kan s o i l s : Ames , Iowa S ta te Un i ve r s i t y , Engineer ing Experiment S t a t i o n Bu l l e t i n 186, p. 101-128.

Carson, C .E., 1968, Radiocarbon d a t i n g o f l a c u s t r i n e s t rands i n a r c t i c Alaska: A r c t i c , v. 21, no. 1, p. 12-26.

Carson, C.E., and Hussey, K.M., 1959, The method o f mu1 t i p l e working hypotheses appl i e d t o the o r i e n t e d lakes o f no r thern Alaska: Iowa Academy o f Sciences, Proceedings, v. 66, p. 334-349.

----- 1960, Hydrodynamics i n t h ree a r c t i c 1 akes: Journal o f Geology, v. 68, no. 6, p. 585-600.

----- 1962, The o r i e n t e d lakes o f a r c t i c Alaska: Journal o f Geology, v. 70, no. 4, p. 417-439.

----- 1963, The o r i e n t e d lakes o f a r c t i c Alaska, a r ep l y : Journal o f Geology, v. 71, no. 4, p. 532-533.

Car ter , L.D., 1981a, A P le is tocene sand sea on the Alaskan A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n : Science, v. 211, no. 4480, p. 381-383.

----- 1981b, Midd le Wisconsinan through Holocene c l ima te i n the I kp ikpuk R iver reg ion, Alaska: i n Annual A r c t i c Workshop, l o t h , Boulder, U n i v e r s i t y o f Colorado, I n s t i t z e o f A r c t i c and A lp i ne Research, 1981, p. 5-9.

----- 1982, La te Wisconsin d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n i n no r t he rn Alaska (abs.): Geological Soc ie t y o f America, Abs t rac ts w i t h Programs, v. 14, no. 7, p. 461.

----- 1983a, Engi neer i ng-geol o g i c maps o f no r thern A1 as ka: Teshekpuk quadrangle: U .S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 83-634, sca l e 1:250,000.

----- 1983b, Foss i l sand wedges on the Alaskan a r c t i c coasta l p l a i n and t h e i r pal eoenvi ronmental s i gn i f i cance , i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fa1 rban ks, ~ l a s k z 1983, Proceedings : Was h i ngton, D.C . , Nat iona l Academy Press, p. 109-114.

----- 1983c, A P le is tocene sand deser t i n a r c t i c Alaska (abs. ), in U.S. Geological Survey Pol a r Research Symposi um, abs t rac ts w i t h program: U .S. Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 911, p. 36.

----- 1988 Loess and deep thennokarst basins i n a r c t i c Alaska, i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 5 t h, Trondheim, orw way, 1988, Proceedings ( i n press).

C w t e r , L .D., B r i gham-Grette, J. K., and Hopki ns, D .M., 1986, Late Cenozoic marine t ransgress ions o f t h e A1 askan A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n , i n Heginbottom, J.A., and Vicent, J-S., eds., C o r r e l a t i o n o f Quaternary depos i t s i n the area around the Beaufor t Sea: abs t rac t s o f t h e J o i n t Canadi an-Ameri can Workshop: Geological Survey o f Canada Open-Fil e Report 1237, p. 21-26.

Car te r , L .D., Fer r ians, O.J., Jr., and Galloway, J.P., 1986, Engineer ing- geolog ic maps o f no r thern Alaska, coas ta l p l a i n and f o o t h i l l s o f the A r c t i c Nat iona l Wild1 i f e Refuge: U.S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-File Report 86-334, 10 p., sca le 1:250,000, 2 sheets.

Car ter , L.O., Forester , R.M., and Nelson, R.E., 1984, Mid Wisconsin through e a r l y Hol ocene changes i n seasonal c l imate i n nor thern A1 as ka : Arneri can Quaternary Assoc ia t ion, E igh th B i enni a1 Meet ing , Boul der, U n i v e r s i t y o f Colorado, Program w i t h Abst racts , 1984, p. 20-22.

Car te r , L.D., and Galloway, J.P., 1979a, A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n pingos i n Nat iona l Petroleum Reserve i n Alaska, i n Johnson, K.M. and W i l l iams, J.R., eds., The Un i ted States Geolog ica l S u r K y i n Alaska - Accomplishments du r i ng 1978: U.S. Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 804-8, 833-B35.

Ca r t e r L .D., and Gal loway, J.P., 1979b, Southward-progressing s t a b i l i za t i on o f Holocene eo l i an sand on the western A r c t i c Coastal P la in , Johnson, K.M. and Wi l l iams, J.R., eds., The Un i ted S ta tes Geological Survey i n Alaska - Accompl ishments d u r i ng 1978 : U.S. Geol og i cat Survey C i r c u l a r 804-8, 837-839.

----- 1985, Engi neer i ng-gee1 og i c maps o f no r thern Alaska, Har r i son Bay quadrangle: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fi! e Report 85-256, 48 p., s ca le 1:250,000, 2 sheets.

----- 1986, Engi neer i ng-geol og i c maps o f no r thern Alaska, Umi a t quadrangle: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Report 86-335, 17 p . , sca le 1 :250,000, 2 sheets.

Car ter , L.D., and Hopkins, D.M., 1982, La te Wisconsinan w in te r snow cover and sand-moving winds on t h e A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n o f Alaska, in Annual A r c t i c Workshop, l l t h , Boulder, U n i v e r s i t y o f Colorado, I n s t i t u t e o f A r c t i c and A1 p ine Research, 1982, p. 8-10.

Car ter , L.D., Nelson, R.E., and Galloway, J.P., 1984, Evidence f o r l a t e s t Wisconsin - e a r l y Holocene increased p r e c i p i t a t i o n and summer warmth i n a r c t i c A1 as ka : Geol ogi ca l Soci ety o f America, Abst racts w i t h Programs, v. 16, no. 5, p. 274.

Car ter , L.D., and Robinson, S.W., 1978, Eo l ian sand and in terbedded o rgan ic hor izons a t Keolok Creek on t h e A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n o f Alaska, poss ib le reg iona l imp1 i c a t i o n s : U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 78-320, 26 p.

Car te r , R.D., Mu1 1, C.G., B i rd , K.J., and Powers, R.B., 1977, The petroleum geology and hydrocarbon po ten t i a1 o f Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Nor th Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 77-475, 61 p.

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Chapman, R.M., Detterman, R.L., andMangus, M.D., 1964, G e o l o g y o f the K i l l i k - E t i v l u k R ive rs Region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Profess ional Paper 303-F, p. 325-407.

Chi lders , J.M., Kernodle, D.R., and L o e f f l e r , R.M., 1978, Hydrology o f a r c t i c Alaska, in Johnson, K.M., ed., The Un i ted States Geological Survey i n Alaska - Accompl ishments dur ing 1977: U.S. Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 772-8, p. B33-834.

----- 1979, Hydro log ic reconnaissance o f western a r c t i c Alaska, 1976 and 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-699, 70 p.

Crory, F.E., Berg, R.L., Burns, C.D., and Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1979, Design cons idera t ions f o r a i r f i e l d s i n NPRA, in American Soc ie ty o f C i v i l Engi neers, Conference on appl i e d techn i ques f o r co l d env i ronments, Anchorage, A1 as ka, 1978, Proceedings, p. 441-458.

Coul ter , H.W., Hussey, K.M., and OISul l ivan, J.B., 1960, Radiocarbon dates r e l a t i n g t o t h e Gubik Fornat ion, no r t he rn Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Profess ional Paper 400-8, p. B350-B351.

Cra ig , J .D., and Thrasher, G.P., 1982, Environmental geology o f Har r i son Bay, nor thern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 82-35, 25 p., 6 p ls .

Decker John, and Kar l , Susan, 1977, Pre l i m i na ry aeromagneti c map o f the Brooks Range and A r c t i c Slope, A1 as ka: U .S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 77-166-E, sca le 1:1,000,000.

Detterman, R.L., 1978, The a r c t i c low1 and reg ion, p o t e n t i a l 1 andfotm and 1 i f e f o r m na tu ra l 1 andrnar ks: U.S . Geol ogi cal Survey Open-Fil e Report 78- 329, 411 p., 26 f i g s .

Detterman, R.L., B icke l , R.S., and Gryc, George, 1963, Geology o f the Chandler R ive r reg ion, A1 as ka: U .S. Geological Survey Profess ional Paper 303-E, p. 223-324.

Detterman, R.L., Reiser, H.N., BrosgC, W.P., and Dutro, T.J., Jr., 1975, Post- Carboni ferous s t r a t i g raphy , nor theas t A1 as ka: U .S. Geological Survey Profess ional Paper 886, 46 p.

Doug1 as, L.A., and Tedrow, J.C.F., 1959, Organic mat ter decomposit ion r a t e s i n a r c t i c s o i l s : S o i l Science, v. 88, no. 6, p. 305-312.

----- 1960, Tundra s o i l s o f a r c t i c Alaska, in I n t e rna t i ona l Congress o f S o i l Science, 7th, Madison, Wisc., Transact ions: v. I V , p . 291-304.

Drage, B., Gilman, J.F., Hoch, D., and G r i f f i t h s , L., 1983, Hydrology o f n o r t h slope coasta l p1 a i n streams, fi I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fai rban ks, A1 as ka, Proceedi ngs : Was h i ngton, D .C., Nat ional Academy Press, p. 249-254.

Drew, J.V., 1957, A pedol og i c s tudy o f A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n s o i l s near Poi n t Barrow, A1 aska: New Brunswick, Rutgers Un i ve r s i t y , N.J., Ph.D. thes is , 117 p.

Drew, J.V., and Tedrow, J.C.F., 1962, A r c t i c s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and pa t te rned ground: A r c t i c , v. 15, no. 2, p. 109-116.

Drew, J.V., Tedrow, J.C.F., Shanks, R.E., and Koranda, J.J., 1958, Rate and depth o f thaw i n a r c t i c s o i l s: Eos (American Geophysical Union Transact ions) , v. 39, no. 4, p. 697-701.

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----- 1980, D i s t r i b u t i o n and v a r i a b i l i t y o f s o i l s near Atkasook, Alaska, i n B a t z l i , G.O., ed., Pat terns o f vege ta t ion and he rb i vo r y i n a r c t i c t u n F a , r e s u l t s from the research on A r c t i c tundra environments (RATE) program: A r c t i c and A lp i ne Research, v. 12, no. 4, p. 433-446.

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----- 1981, P le i s tocene saiga ante lope i n Nor th America w i t h t h e i r pal eoenvironmental imp1 i c a t i o n s , in Mahaney, W.C., ed., Qua te rnary pal eocl imates: Norwich, Engl and, Geo Abst rac ts , p. 193-225.

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- - - - - 1959, Pe r i od i c heat f l ow i n a s t r a t i f i e d medium w i t h a p p l i c a t i o n t o permafrost problems: U.S. Geolog ica l Survey B u l l e t i n 1083-A, 34 p.

----- 1962, Mechanics o f thermal con t rac t i on cracks and ice-wedge polygons i n permafrost : Geolog ica l Soc ie ty o f America Special Paper 70, 69 p.

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- - - - - 1986, Changing c l imate: Geothermal evidence from permafrost 5 n the Alaskan A r c t i c : Science, v. 234, no. 4777, p. 689-696.

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----- 1955, Some p o l l e n p r o f i l e s from a r c t i c Alaska: Ecology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 587-600.

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Mar t in , G.C., and Callahan, J.E., 1978, P re l im ina ry r e p o r t on the coal resources o f t h e Na t iona l Petroleum Reserve i n A1 as ka: U .S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1033, 23 p., sca le 1:500,000, 2 p la tes .

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McVee, C.V., and T i l es ton , J.V., 1984, Regula tory r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n permafrost environments o f Alaska from the perspec t i ve o f a federa l l a n d manager, 2 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fai rban ks , A1 as ka, 1983, F i n a l Proceedings: Washington, D.C., Na t iona l Academy Press, p . 125-128.

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----- 1983, Depos i t iona l re1 a t i ons o f Cretaceous and lower T e r t i a r y rocks, no r theas te rn A1 aska: American Assoc ia t ion o f Petroleum Geolog is ts B u l l e t i n , v. 67, no. 7, p. 1066-1080.

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Mor r i ssey, L .A . , and Enni s, R.A., 1981, Vegetat ion mapping o f the Nat iona l Petroleum Reserve i n A1 as ka us ing LANDSAT d i g i t a l data: U .S. Geological Survey Open-Fi1 e Report 81-315, 25 p.

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----- 1982, Late Quaternary environments o f the western A r c t i c Slope, Alaska: Sea t t l e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington, Ph.D. t hes i s , 90 p.

Nel son, R.E., and Car ter , L.D., 1987, Pal eoenvi ronmental ana lys is o f i nsec ts and e x t r a l i m i t a l Populus from an e a r l y Holocene s i t e on t h e A r c t i c Sope o f Alaska, U.S.A.: A r c t i c and A lp i ne Research, v. 19, p. 230-241.

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01 hoe f t , G.R., 1978, E l e c t r i c a l p rope r t i es o f permafrost , i~ I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 3rd, Proceedings: Ottawa, Nat iona l Research Council o f Canada, p. 127-131.

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----- 1972, P r o p e r t i e s o f i c e i n t h e C o l v i l l e River area, Kinney, P.J., and o thers , Basel i n e data s tudy o f the Alaskan a r c t i c a q u a t i c environment: Fairbanks, U n i v e r s i t y o f A1 as ka, I n s t i t u t e o f Mar ine Sciences Report R72- 3, p. 49-58.

--..-- 1984, Response o f Alaskan permafrost t o c l imate, i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fairbanks, A1 aska, 1x3, F i n a l Proceedings: Washi ngton, D .C., Nat iona l Academy Press, p . 145-152.

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----- 1960, Noneol ian o r i g i n f o r s i l t s o f t h e A r c t i c Slope, Alaska (abs.): Geological S o c i e t y o f America B u l l e t i n , v. 71, no. 12, p t . 2, p. 1940.

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----- 1980, Tundra vege ta t iona l p a t t e r n s and successions i n r e l a t i o n t o microtopography near Atkasoo k, A1 as ka, Ba tz l i , G.O., ed., Pat terns o f vege ta t ion and h e r b i v o r y i n a r c t i c tundra, r e s u l t s from the research on A r c t i c tundra environments (RATE) program: A r c t i c and A1 p i n e Research, v. 12, no. 4, p. 473,-482.

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-3 1983a, Engi neer i ng-geol og i c maps o f no r thern Alaska, Meade R iver quadrangle: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Report 83-294, 29 p., sca le 1:250,000.

----- 1983b, Engi neer ing-geolog ic maps o f no r thern Alaska, Wainwright quadrangl e: U .S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 83-457, 28 p., sca le 1:250,000.

W i l l iams, J. R., and Car ter , L.D., 1984, Engineer ing-geologic maps of no r thern A1 ask, Barrow quadrangle: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Report 84-124, 39 p., sca le 1:250,000, 2 sheets.

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W i l l lams, P.J., 1984, Mois ture i n frozen s o i l s, & I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fairbanks, A1 aska, 1983, F i n a l Proceedings: Washington, D.C., Nat iona l Academy Press, p. 64-66.

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Witmer, R.J., Mickey, M.B., and Haga, Hideyo, 1981, B i o s t r a t i g r a h i c c o r r e l a t i o n s o f se lec ted t e s t we l l s o f Nat iona l Petroleum Reserve i n Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1165, 89 p., 6 p l .

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----- 1983, Engineer ing-geologic maps o f no r thern Alaska, Lookout Ridge quadrangl e: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Report 83-279, sca le 1:250,000, 2 sheets.

- - - ,. - 1984, Engineer ing-geologic maps o f no r thern Alaska, Utukok R iver quadrangle: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Report 84-682, sca le 1:250,000, 2 sheets.