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Hfp­vt­ofz­d­by­nth­yt­nt­db­lt­jr­kb­gs­b­åb­ju­hf­abb­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd,­cnj­hjy­yb­rb­léb­öf­lf­d­Bhf­rt­gj­cnj­zy­yj­vec­cb­he­ñn­nf­rbt­nt­vs,­rfr­eyb-ét­ybt,­nfq­yst­cuj­dj­hs­b­bc­reg­kt­ybt­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj-ås­lt­vj­yb­pb­hj­dfnm­cdj­bö­ghj­nbd­yb­rjd­b­gj­åe­lbnm­cdj­bö­htr­he­njd­ghb­yj­cbnm­≤ut­hjb­xtc­rbt≥­éth­nds.­Änb­bycnhe­vty­ns­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­djp­ltqcn­dbz­ghb­pdf­ys­cnb­ve­kb­hj­dfnm­gjl­lth­ére­yt­njkm­rj­cht­lb­ep­rj­uj­rhe­uf­fr­nb­dbc­njd,­yj­b­cj­cnj­hj­ys­ib-hj­rj­uj­ve­cekm­vfy­crj­uj­yf­ct­kt­ybz.

Yj­dst­rjy­wtg­ne­fkm­yst­gf­hf­lbu­vs­lkz­gj­yb­vf­ybz­rjy­akbr­njd­21-uj­dt­rfLÄ­DBL­RBK­RFK­KtY,­CNFH­IBq­CJ­DtN­YBR­VYJ-

UJ­YF­WBJ­YFKm­YsÖ­CBK­D­BHF­Rt­GJ­DJ­GHJ­CFV­

GJ­LFDKt­YBz­Vz­Nt­Étq­B­ÅsD­IBq­UKFD­Ysq­

CNHF­NtU­eG­HFD­Kt­YBz­RJ­JH­LB­YF­NJ­HF­GJ­ÅJHm-

Åt­C­NtH­HJ­HBp­VJV­D­UJ­Ce­LFH­CN­DtY­YJV­Lt­GFH-

NF­VtY­Nt­CIF

tc­kb­rjy­ahjy­nf­wbñ­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­fyf­kb­pb­hj-dfnm,­bc­öj­lz­bp­ec­nj­zd­ibö­cz­nty­lty­wbq,­nj­jn­cñ­lf­gj­cktl­etn,­xnj­jyf­vj­étn­pf­nz­yenm­cz­yf­wt­kjt­gj-rj­kt­ybt­bkb­lf­ét­vyj­ubt­gj­rj­kt­ybz.­Gj­änj­ve­yfv­yeé­yf­jå­ofz­cnhf­nt­ubz­åjhm­ås­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­rj­nj­heñ­cvj­uen­gjl­lth­éfnm­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­yf­hjl,­gj­cktl­eñ­obt­fl­vb­yb­cnhf­wbb­CIF,­rkñ­xt­dst­cj-ñp­yb­rb­b­gfh­nyt­hs­gj­dct­ve­vb­he.

Cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rfz­jwty­rf­ghj­uhtc­cf­d­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­eu­hj­pjqeG­HFD­Kt­YBt­RJ­JH­LB­YF­NJ­HF­GJ­ÅJHm­Åt­C­NtH­HJ-

HBp­VJV,­UJ­Ce­LFH­CN­DtY­Ysq­Lt­GFH­NF­VtYN­CIF

Cj­dvtcn­yst­vté­le­yf­hjl­yst­ecb­kbz­d­åjhm­åt­vb­hj-dj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df­c­nhfyc­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­nth­hj­hbc-nf­vb­jåtc­gt­xb­kb­gj­lkby­yjt­er­htg­kt­ybt­åt­pj­gfc­yjc-nb.­Yj,­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­änjn­åtc­cgjh­ysq­ghj­uhtcc,­tot­ghtl­cnj­bn­ht­ibnm­ct­hmtp­yst­ghj­åkt­vs.

Nth hj hbpv d 2006 uj le:­cnf­nbc­nb­xtc­rbt­lfy­yst­bp­≤Ljr­kf­ljd­j­nth­hj­hbp­vt­pf­2006­ujl≥,­gjl­uj­njd­kty-ysö­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysv­lt­gfh­nf­vty­njv­CIF.

Åbå­kb­ju­hf­abz

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Online Video

Terrorism: A War Without Borders(Source: U.S. Department of State)

http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0507/ijpe/ijpe0507.htm

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� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Nth hj hbpv b lt nbBy­nth­dmñ­c­Ifh­vby­Jåf­bl-Xb­yjq

Éeh­yf­kbcn­b­rb­yjg­hj­lñ­cth­Ifh­vby­jåf­bl-Xb­yjq­pf­djt­df­kf­vyj­uj­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­yf­uhfl­pf­cdjb­lj­re­vty­nfkm­yst­abkm­vs.­jyf­cnf­kf­gth­dsv­pf-he­åté­ysv­kfe­htf­njv,­rj­nj­hjq­ås­kf­ghb­ceé­lt­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crfz­ght­cnbé­yfz­ght­vbz­Kb­dbyu­cnj­yf­lkz­vj­kj­lsö­éeh­yf­kbc­njd­d­djp­hfc­nt­lj­35­ktn.­Ifh­vby­jåf­bl-Xb­yjq­jrjy­xb­kf­cnäy­ajhl­crjq­eyb­dth­cb­ntn­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb,­gj­ke­xbd­chf­pe­ldf­lbg­kj­vf­vf­ub­cnhf­–­gj­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­gj­kb­nb­rt­b­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­zv.

Dj ghjc:­Dfi­abkmv­≤Lt­nb­nth­hj­hf≥­gj­cdz­oty­ñysv­fa­ufy­crbv­åt­éty­wfv­e­dfc­yf­hj­lb­yt,­d­Gf­rbc­nf­yt.­Gj­xt­ve­lkz­cdj­tq­lj­re­vty­nfkm­yjq­kty­ns­ds­ds­åhf­kb­bvty­yj­äne­nt­ve?

Jn dtn:­z­ghj­dt­kf­ldf­c­gj­kj­db­yjq­vt­cz­wf­c­änb­vb­ltnm­vb­d­kf­ut­ht­lkz­åt­éty­wtd­d­Rf­hf­xb­b­jxtym­åsc­nhj­gj­yz­kf,­xnj­bö­ébp­yty­ysq­jgsn­cj­dth­ity­yj­lhe­ujq,­xtv­e­åjkm­iby­cn­df­lt­ntq­d­Gf­rbc­nf­yt.­Cnf­kj­zc­yj,­xnj­jå­cnf­yjd­rf­yf­cb­kbz,­d­rj­nj­hjq­jyb­hjc­kb,­jrf­pf­kf­yf­ybö­åjkm­ijt­dkbz­ybt,­b­xnj­jyf­crf­étn­cz­yf­njv,­rtv­jyb­cnf­yen,­rju­lf­ds­hfc­nen.­z­gj­xed­cn­djdf­kf,­xnj­j­ybö­yf­lj­hfc­crf­pfnm.

Dj ghjc:­Xnj­ds­vj­ét­nt­crf­pfnm­jå­en­hf­nfö,­rj­nj­hst­gt­ht­éb­df­ñn­lt­nb,­éb­dz­d­jå­ot­cn­dfö,­ult­ct­vtq­yst­b­cj­wb­fkm­yst­cnher­ne­hs­hfp­he­if­ñn­cz­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­yf­cb-kbz,­xb­yb­vj­uj­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb?

Jn dtn:­Nth­hj­hbc­ns­evsi­kty­yj­cj­plf­ñn­fn­vj­cat­he­yt-pf­ob­oty­yjc­nb­b­cnhf­öf.­Jyb­cj­pyf­ntkm­yj­hfp­he­if­ñn­cj-wb­fkm­yeñ­cnher­ne­he­jå­ot­cn­df,­ght­ytå­ht­ufz­eyb­dth­cfkm-ys­vb­ec­nf­yjd­kt­ybz­vb­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rj­uj­jå­ot­éb­nbz.­Ghb­änjv­vyj­ubt­kñ­lb­c­jå­hf­pj­df­yb­tv­bkb­c­lj­cnf­njx­ys­vb­ab­yfy­cj­ds­vb­chtl­cn­df­vb,­åt­uen,­f­nt,­rnj­jc­nf­tn­cz,­ds­yeé­lt­ys­ébnm­d­ec­kj­db­zö­yf­cb­kbz­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­nhel­yjc­ntq.­He­ifn­cz­ct­vmb,­e­lt­ntq­jn­yb­vf­ñn­ltn­cn­dj.­Bö­gj­nt­hb­yj­czn­vf­nt­hb­fkm­ysq,­cj­wb­fkm­ysq­b­gcb­öj­kj-ub­xtc­rbq­öf­hfr­nth.

Ds­hjc­ibt­d­jå­cnf­yjd­rt­yf­cb­kbz­ht­åz­nf,­c­rj­nj­hs­vb­z­gj­pyf­rj­vb­kfcm­d­kf­ut­ht,­pyf­kb­fd­nj­vfn­Rf­kfi­yb­rj­df­b­åhj­yt­åjq­yjt­jhe­ébt­kex­it,­xtv­fp­åe­re.­Jyb­hfc­crf-ps­df­kb­j­njv,­rf­rjq­cnhfö­bc­gs­ns­df­kb­gj­yj­xfv,­rju­lf­yt­vju­kb­pf­cyenm­bp-pf­dphs­djd­b­ds­cnht­kjd,­j­njv,­rfr­gj­ke­xf­kb­hf­yt­ybz,­ds­öj­lz­yf­ekb­we­lytv,­j­njv,­rfr­bö­

yf­cbkm­yj­pf­åb­hf­kb­d­vtcn­yst­dj­tyb­pb­hj­dfy­yst­ajh­vb-hj­df­ybz­b­rfr­bö­nfv­nth­hj­hb­pb­hj­df­kb.

Rju­lf­wt­kjt­gj­rj­kt­ybt­ds­hfc­nf­tn­d­gj­ljåyjq­fn­vj-cat­ht­yf­cb­kbz­b­cnhf­öf,­jyj­jc­nf­tn­cz­yt­jå­hf­pj­dfy­ysv­b­yt­pyf­tn­cdj­tq­gj­lkby­yjq­rekm­ne­hs.­Lt­nb­ds­yeé­lt­ys­rjh­vbnm­cz­yf­ekb­wt­–­xfc­nj­bö­gj­cs­kf­ñn­bc­rfnm­gb­oe­d­jn­åhj­cfö­bkb­ds­gjk­yznm­jgfc­yeñ­hf­åj­ne­pf­ltym­ub.­C­yb­vb­jå­hf­of­ñn­cz­rfr­cj­dphjc­ks­vb,­f­yt­rfr­c­ltnm­vb.­D­änjv­jn­yj­it­ybb­nt,­rnj­ghb­vt­yz­tn­yf­cb­kbt,­lj­åb­kbcm­ec­gt­öf:­jyb­cj­plf­ñn­jå­cnf­yjd­re,­d­rj­nj­hjq­lt­nb­yt­vj­uen­dtc­nb­ct­åz­rfr­lt­nb­b­dvtc­nj­änj­uj­ds­yeé­lt­ys­bc­gjk­yznm­hjkm­dphjc­ksö.

Åjkm­iby­cn­dj­ht­åzn,­c­rj­nj­hs­vb­z­hfp­uj­df­hb­df­kf,­yb­rju­lf­yt­ghj­dj­lb­kb­vyj­uj­dht­vt­yb­cj­cdjb­vb­jn­wf­vb­bkb­cnfh­ib­vb­åhf­nmz­vb,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­änb­dphjc­kst­veé-xb­ys­kb­åj­ås­kb­eåb­ns,­kb­åj­ljk­ujt­dht­vz­yf­öj­lb­kbcm­dlf­kb­jn­lj­vf.­Änb­vfkm­xb­rb­ås­kb,­gj­ce­ot­cn­de,­veé-xb­yf­vb­d­lj­vt,­åhf­kb­yf­ct­åz­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjcnm­pf­jåtc-gt­xt­ybt­vkfl­ibö­åhf­nmtd­b­ctc­nth­b­pf­ob­ne­éty­oby­d­ct­vmt.­D­itcnm-ctvm­ktn­jyb­lj­kéys­ås­kb­yf­exbnm­cz­cnht­kznm,­f­r­nj­ve­dht­vt­yb,­rju­lf­bv­bc­gjk­yb­kjcm­14­bkb­15­ktn,­jyb­eét­ås­kb­uj­nj­ds­cf­vb­dj­tdfnm.

Jl­yj­bp­gt­xfkm­ysö­gj­cktl­cn­dbq­nth­hj­hbp­vf­cj­cnjbn­d­njv,­xnj­lt­nb­ds­yeé­lt­ys­åhfnm­yf­ct­åz­hjkm­dphjc­ksö­b­jåtc­gt­xb­dfnm­cdjb­ct­vmb.­Änb­fa­ufy­crbt­vfkm­xb­rb­yf­ikb­hf­åj­ne­–­jyb­nren­rjd­hs­d­Gf­rbc­nf­yt.

©2007 Sharmeen0baidfilms.com

�eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Bvty­yj­nfr­nth­hj­hbc­ns­jåtc­gt­xb­df­ñn­ct­åt­gj­cnj-zy­ysq­ghb­njr­yj­djå­hfy­wtd:­cyf­xf­kf­cj­plf­dfz­yt­eg­hfd-kzt­vjt­jå­ot­cn­dj,­f­pf­ntv­ghtl­kf­ufz­rfr­fkm­nth­yf­nb­de­nf­rjt­jå­ot­cn­dj,­rj­nj­hjt­jyb,­hf­pe­vt­tn­cz,­rjy­nhj­kb­he-ñn­c­gj­vj­omñ­yf­cb­kbz,­eu­hjp­b­vf­yb­ge­kb­hj­df­ybz.­Jyb­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­d­cdj­bö­wt­kzö­rfr­cnb­öbq­yst­åtl­cn­dbz,­nfr­b­rf­nfc­nhj­as,­rj­nj­hst­jyb­cf­vb­ét­b­cj­plf­ñn.­Jyb­jrf­ps­df­ñn­gj­vjom­yeé­lfñ­obv­cz,­yj­ghb­änjv­nht­åe-ñn­jxtym­vyj­uj­uj.

Dj ghjc:­Rfr­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­dth­åjd­rf?

Jn dtn:­Lt­nb­–­blt­fkm­yst­jåütr­ns­dth­åjd­rb­lkz­nth­hj-hbc­njd,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­jyb­yt­cgj­cjå­ys­gjl­dth­ufnm­cjv-ytybñ­vj­nb­ds­gj­dt­lt­ybz­dphjc­ksö.­Jyb­ktu­rj­gjl­lf-ñn­cz,­rju­lf­fgtk­kb­he­ñn­r­ävj­wb­zv.­Bö­ktu­rj­eåt­lbnm­dpznm­cz­pf­kñ­åeñ­hf­åj-ne,­rf­reñ­bv­gj­he­xfn.

pf­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­lj­nj­uj,­rfr­d­ve­cekm-vfy­crjv­vb­ht­yf­xfk­cz­≤léb­öfl≥,­ñysö­cjk­lfn­dth­åj­df­kb­d­Fa­hb­rt­b­Kf­nby­crjq­Fvt­hb­rt.­D­ntö­djq­yfö­lt­nb­ghj-lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­df­kb­cdjt­åtc­cnhf­ibt.­Lf­b­vyj-uj­xbc­kty­yst­yf­ex­yst­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz­gj­rf­ps­df-ñn,­xnj­vj­kj­lst­kñ­lb­bv­gekm­cbd­ys­b­crkjy­ys­r­hbc­re.­Jyb­tot­yt-ljc­nf­njx­yj­pht­kst­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­ghf­dbkm­yj­ce­lbnm­j­cdj­tv­evt­ybb­cghfd­kznm­cz­c­hfp­ys­vb­cb­nef­wbz­vb­bkb­db­ltnm,­xnj­xnj-nj­vj­étn­ghb­dtc­nb­r­nhf­ut­lbb.

Dct­hj­lb­nt­kb­pyf­ñn,­xnj­lt­nb,­yt­jcjp­yfñ­obt,­rfr­bö­gj­cneg­rb­vj­uen­crf­pfnm­cz­yf­ybö­cf­vbö­b­yf­jr­he-éfñ­obö,­xfc­nj­ghb­yb­vf­ñn­yt­jåjc­yj­dfy­yst­ht­it­ybz.­Bvty­yj­gj­änj­ve­lt­nb­vj­uen­cnfnm­b­yt­jl­yj­rhfn­yj­cnf­yj­db­kbcm­jåütr­nf­vb­ärcgkef­nf­wbb.­Gj­njq­ét­cf­vjq­ghb­xb­yt­lt­ntq­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­exbnm­–­xnj­ås­jyb­evt­kb­le­vfnm,­evt­kb­jwt­yb­dfnm­gj­cktl­cn­dbz­ntö­bkb­bysö­ltqcn­dbq­b­evt­kb­gj­yb­vfnm.

D­ve­cekm­vfy­crjv­vb­ht­jxtym­xfc­nj­ltnm­vb­vf­yb­ge-kb­he­ñn,­ghj­cnj­ds­uj­yzz­bö­yf­ekb­we.­Bv­ghb­öj­lbn­cz­yf­öj­lbnm­gb­oe­b­ltym­ub­ult­ghb­ltn­cz.­Vfkm­xb­re­tot­vj­uen­ghtl­kj­ébnm­vtc­nj­d­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq­irj­kt,­ult­tuj­yf­rjh­vzn­b­jåe­xfn.­Yj­nfv­lt­nzv­vj­uen­ghb­db­dfnm­bltj-kj­ubñ­aey­lf­vty­nf­kbp­vf,­ghtl­gj­kf­ufñ­oeñ­yt­nth­gb­vjt­

jn­yj­it­ybt­r­lhe­ubv,­lf­ét­r­ntv,­rnj­bc­gj­dt­le­tn­ne­ét­ht­kb­ubñ,­yj­gj­-lhe­uj­ve.­F­pf­gfl­c­tuj­jå­hf­pjv­ébp­yb­cxb­nf­tn­cz­dhf­ujv,­rj­nj­hj­uj­yf­lj­gj­åt­lbnm.

Änbö­lt­ntq­gj­ce­kf­vb­bkb­cb­kjq­gj­åeé­lf­ñn­ghb­cjt­lb-yznm­cz­r­léb­öf­le­b­gj­gjk­yznm­hz­ls­yj­djå­hfy­wtd.­B­ghj-bc­öj­lbn­änj­bvty­yj­gj­nj­ve,­xnj­vjé­yj­ktu­rj­dj­cgjkm­pj-dfnm­cz­bö­vj­kj­ljc­nmñ.­D­ybö­yt­db­lzn­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yjq­eu­hj­ps,­gj­änj­ve­jyb­vj­uen­yt­pf­vtn­yj­ghj­yb­rfnm­yf­jö-hf­yzt­vst­jåütr­ns­b­ds­åb­hfnm­cz­jn­ne­lf,­ghj­cnj­rfr­ås­åt­ufz­gj­ekb­wfv­b­bu­hfz­d­aen­åjk.­Jyb­cke­éfn­blt­fkm-ysv­ghb­rhs­nb­tv­lkz­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­dtlm­lt­nb­yf­cnjkm­rj­yf­bd­ys,­xnj­yt­bvt­ñn­xtn­rj­uj­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybz­j­njv,­xt­uj­jn­ybö­élen,­gj­rf­yt­cnf­ytn­ckbi­rjv­gj­plyj.

Dj­ght­rb­vyt­ybñ,­rj­nj­hjt,­djp­vjé­yj,­ce­ot­cn­detn­yf­pf­gf­lt,­nth­hj­hbc­ns­dct­ec­gti­ytt­dth­åe­ñn­d­cdjb­hz­ls­vj­kj­lsö­ve­cekm­vfy­b,­xnj­tot­åj­ktt­nht­djé­yj,­lt­de-

itr.­Jl­yf­bp­ukfd­ysö­ghb­xby­änjq­gj­åt­ls­pf­rkñ­xf­tn­cz­d­njv,­xnj­bv­elf­tn­cz­gjl­lth­éb-dfnm­d­pyf­xb­ntkm­yjq­xfc­nb­bc­kfv­crj­uj­vb­hf­ybp­rbq­ehj­dtym­jå­hf­pj-df­ybz­b­yt­djc­ghb­bv­xb-djcnm­r­yj­dsv­blt­zv.

Dj ghjc: F­xnj­vjé­yj­crf­pfnm­j­hj­lb­nt­kzö­änbö­lt­ntq?

Jn dtn:­Ht­fr­wbz­hj­lb­nt-ktq­vj­étn­elb­dbnm.­Bö­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybz,­ukfd­ysv­jå­hf­pjv,­cajh­vb­hj­df­ys­åtl­yjc­nmñ­b­yt­uhf­vjn-yjc­nmñ.­Yf­ñut­Fa­uf-ybc­nf­yf­vyj­ubt­ct­vmb,­c­

rj­nj­hs­vb­z­åt­ct­lj­df­kf,­ujh­lzn­cz­ntv,­xnj­bö­cs­yj­dmz,­rj­nj­hsv­gj­hjq­ytn­b­15­ktn,­cj­dth­ib­kb­gjl­dbu­dj­bvz­bc­kf­vf,­ghtl­ghb­yzd­≤fnf­re­yf­dhf­uf≥.­Änb­ht­åz­nf­ås­kb­bp­åjkm­ibö­ct­vtq,­e­yt­rj­nj­hsö­ås­kj­gj­lt­cznm­åhf­nmtd­b­ctc­nth.­Bö­hj­lb­nt­kb­ås­kb­åtl­ys­vb,­yt­vju­kb­j­ybö­pf­åj­nbnm­cz,­b­gj­änj­ve­jn­ghfd­kz­kb­bö­d­gf­rbc­nfy­crbt­bc­kfv­crbt­irj­ks­lf­kt­rj­jn­lj­vf.­Åjkm­it­hj­lb­nt­kb­j­ybö­gjx­nb­yb­xt­uj­yt­cks­if­kb.

Rfr­z­eét­crf­pf­kf,­vyj­ubt­ct­vmb­jc­nf­ñn­cz­åtp­dphjc­ksö­veé­xby,­f­éty­ob­yfv­b­bö­lj­xt­hzv,­rj­nj­hsv­jn­rf­pf­yj­d­jå­hf­pj­df­ybb,­tot­b­pf­ght­of­ñn­hf­åj­nfnm­dyt­lj­vf.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­tc­kb­vfkm­xbi­rfv­ghb­öj­lbn­cz­ds­åb­hfnm­vté­le­irj­kjq,­gb­otq­b­jlté­ljq,­c­jl­yjq­cnj-hj­ys,­b­rj­gf­yb­tv­d­ve­cj­ht­lkz­ghj­gb­nf­ybz,­c­lhe­ujq­...­D­jå­otv,­ds­åj­hf,­yf­cf­vjv­lt­kt,­ytn.

Änb­ñyst­cjk­lf­ns­bp­rjy­uj­ktp­crjq­uheg­gs­vz­nté­yb­rjd.­Gj­dct­ve­vb­he­cjn­yb­ns­czx­lt­ntq­d­djp­hfc­nt­lj­18­ktn­dth­åe­ñn­lkz­exfc­nbz­d­åjt­dsö­ltqcn­db­zö.

©AP Images/Karel Prinsloo

� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Änj­jl­yf­bp­ghb­xby,­gj­rj­nj­hsv­nth­hj­hbc­nfv­nfr­öj­hj­ij­elf­tn­cz­eåté­lfnm­vj­kj­lsö­kñ­ltq­ghb­cjt­lb-ybnm­cz­r­ybv­b­ghb­yznm­bö­njx­re­pht­ybz.­Dtlm­e­änbö­e­gfh­ytq­ytn­cbc­nt­vs­gjl­lth­érb,­yf­rj­nj­heñ­vjé­yj­jgt­ht­nm­cz,­ytn­hj­lb­nt­ktq,­c­rj­nj­hs­vb­vjé­yj­gj­cj­dt­nj-dfnm­cz.­Gjl­cbkm­ysv­lfd­kt­yb­tv­cj­cnj­hj­ys­cdthc­nyb-rjd­jyb­xfc­nj­ds­yeé­lt­ys­ghb­cjt­lb­yznm­cz­r­uheg­gfv,­rj­nj­hst­kex­it,­xtv­ghj­cnj­ekb­wf.­B­lt­kf­ñn­jyb­änj­hf­lb­xt­uj-nj,­xnj­cxb­nf­tn­cz­dt­kb­rbv­b­pyf­xb­vsv,­bkb­gj­nj­ve,­xnj­cxb­nf­ñn­änj­dj­ghj­cjv­xtc­nb.

D­nj­ét­dht­vz­vf­kj­bve­obt­hj­lb­nt­kb­gj­ke­xf­ñn­rjv­gty­cf­wbñ­pf­ub­åtkm­cs­yj­dtq­b­lj­xt­htq,­cnfd­ibö­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb-cvth­nyb­rf­vb.­Bv­nfr­ét­ghb­cs­kf­ñn­cgt-wb­fkm­yj­gj­ljåhfy­yst­ahfu­vty­ns­bp­Rj­hf­yf­–­d­jn­hs­dt­jn­rjy­ntr­cnf,­rj­nj­hst­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­deñn­j­njv,­xnj­bö­lt­nb­gj­ubå­kb,­ckt­lez­ghtl­gb­cf­yb­zv­Ghj­hj­rf.­F­jlb­yj-rbt­éty­ob­ys,­gj­vb­vj­vf­nt­hb­fkm­yjq­gjl­lth­érb,­ghb-jå­ht­nf­ñn­gj­hjq­jcj­åsq­cj­wb­fkm­ysq­cnf­nec­rfr­vf­nt­hb­ve­xt­yb­rjd.

Jå­ott­jn­yj­it­ybt­r­éty­ob­yt,­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybz­jå­jå-hf­pj­df­ybb,­åtl­yjcnm,­yf­cb­kbt­b­gj­cnj­zy­ysq­cnhfö­–­dct­änj­ghb­dj­lbn­r­cj­plf­ybñ­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­jxtym­ckjé­yjq­cb­nef­wbb.

Dj ghjc: Hfc­crf­éb­nt­yt­vyj­uj­j­lt­nzö,­rj­nj­hst­gj­rf-pf­ys­d­df­itv­abkm­vt.­D­xfc­nyjc­nb,­j­njv­ct­hmtp­yjv­vfkm­xb­rt,­rj­nj­hsq­ghj­dj­éfk­dfc­d­åfc­ctqy,­j­nb­öjv­gf-htym­rt,­hf­åj­nfd­itv­yf­rjd­hj­djq­afå­hb­rt,­j­cvsi­kt­yjq­jpjh­yjq­ltd­xei­rt,­rj­nj­hfz­yt­öj­nt­kf­ds­öj­lbnm­pf­veé.

Jn dtn: Öf­ke­Vj­öfv­vt­le­ås­kj­11­ktn,­jy­ébk­d­kf­ut­ht­åtp­ct­vmb.­F­tot­hfym­it­tuj­jn­lf­kb­d­irj­ke­aey­lf­vty-nf­kbc­njd.­Öj­nz­jy­yt­evtk­xb­nfnm,­jy­gj­vybk­yf­bpecnm­dct­cnb­öb­Rj­hf­yf­–­ju­hjv­yjt­lj­cnb­ét­ybt.­Jy­ghb­lth­éb-dfk­cz­bc­rkñ­xb­ntkm­yj­cnhj­ubö­ghf­dbk.­Rju­lf­vs­öj­lb­kb­d­åfc­ctqy,­ult­éty­ob­ys­re­gf­kbcm­d­jlté­lt­–­jyb­ås­kb­

gjk­yj­cnmñ­pf­rhs­ns­pf­bc­rkñ­xt­yb­tv­kbw,­her­b­cneg­ytq­yju,­–­jy­uj­dj­hbk,­xnj­yt­njkm­rj­jyb­≤gkj­öbt≥,­yj­b­xnj­jy­cfv­gj­gf­ltn­d­fl,­båj­yf­öj­lbk­cz­cht­lb­kñ­ltq,­≤åtp­yhfd­cn­dty­yj≥­yf­ckfé­lfd­ibö­cz­cdj­bv­cdj­åjl­ysv­dht­vt­ytv.

Ye­he­Vj­öfv­vt­le­ås­kj­10­ktn,­b­jy­jlby­jåtc­gt-xb­dfk­dcñ­cdjñ­ct­vmñ,­pf­yb­vf­zcm­jgfc­yjq­b­nhel­yjq­hf­åj­njq­–­bp­uj­njd­kt­yb­tv­rjd­hjd.­Jy­åsk­jxtym­ev­ysv­ht­åty­rjv­b,­c­njc­rjq­dcgj­vb­yfz­j­cdj­tq­ébp­yb­lj­nj­uj,­rfr­ås­kb­eåb­ns­tuj­jntw­b­lz­lz,­uj­dj­hbk,­xnj­tc­kb­ås­jyb­ås­kb­éb­ds,­ctq­xfc­jy­exbk­cz­ås­d­irj­kt.­Dj­dht­vz­cüt­vjr­yf­it­uj­abkm­vf­tuj­edj­kb­kb­c­afå­hb­rb­pf­nj,­xnj­jy­jgjp­lfk­yf­hf­åj­ne.­Ét­kfñ­obö­pf­yznm­tuj­vtc­nj­ås­kj­jxtym­vyj­uj.­F­jgjp­lfk­jy­bp-pf­nj­uj,­xnj­tve­yf­lj­ås­kj­yf­dtc­nbnm­cdjt­uj­cnfh­it­uj­åhf­nf-yfh-rjvf­yf­d­åjkm­yb­wt.

Ktq­kf,­rj­nj­hjq­nj­ét­10­ktn,­gj­cnj­zy­yj­ndth­lb­kf,­xnj­yt­öj­xtn­ds­öj­lbnm­pf­veé,­f­dvtc­nj­änj­uj­öj­xtn­exbnm­cz.­F­jntw­vzu­rj­ds­uj­df­hb­dfk­tq,­jåüzc­yzz,­xnj­crj­hj­tt­éltn­gj­vjk­drf,­gj­nj­ve­xnj,­rju­lf­jyf­ds­hfc-ntn,­tq­åe­ltn­ye­éty­veé­xb­yf,­rj­nj­hsq­cvj­étn­tt­pf­ob-nbnm.­B­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj,­ukfd­ysv­hfp­dkt­xt­yb­tv­lt­dj­xtr­d­kf­ut­ht­ås­kf­bu­hf­d­cdflm­åe.

ñyst­lt­dei­rb­jcj­åty­yj­gjl­dth­ét­ys­dth­åjd­rt­d­hz­ls­cnj­hjy­yb­rjd­ärcnht­vbcn­crjq­bltj­kj­ubb,­gj­nj-ve­xnj­lhe­ubö­ge­ntq­d­ébp­yb­e­ybö­yt­vyj­uj.­D­nf­rbö­cnhf­yfö,­rfr­Gf­rbc­nfy,­ht­kb­ub­jp­yst­irj­ks­aey­lf­vty-nf­kbc­njd­eét­fr­nbd­yj­ghb­yb­vf­ñn­vj­kj­lsö­éty­oby.­Bö­he­rj­djl­cn­dj­gj­yb­vf­tn,­xnj,­tc­kb­byljr­nhb­yb­hj­dfnm­bö,­jyb­cvj­uen­rjy­nhj­kb­hj­dfnm­wt­kst­ct­vmb.­Éty­ob­yf­bltn­bp­vt­xt­nb­lj­vjq,­exbn­cdj­bö­lt­ntq,­hfp­uj­df­hb­df­tn­c­cj­ct­lz­vb.­Nfr­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yz­tn­cz­bltj­kj­ubz.­Nfr­lt­kf-tn­cz­gth­dsq­ifu­r­dj­dkt­xt­ybñ­éty­oby­d­djq­ye.

Vs­eét­db­lbv­b­ckt­leñ­obq­ifu.­Yt­lfd­yj­d­Bc­kf-vf­åf­lt­uheg­gf­éty­oby,­hfp­vf­öb­dfz­gfk­rf­vb,­nht­åj­df­kf­pf­rhsnm­db­ltj­cf­kj­ys­b­pf­ght­nbnm­ve­ps­rfkm­yst­vf­uf­pb-ys.­Jyb­yf­gf­kb­yf­ljv,­ult,­gj­bö­vyt­ybñ,­kñ­lb­dt­kb­ct­åz­fvj­hfkm­yj,­b­gj­öb­nb­kb­éty­oby,­éb­de­obö­d­änjv­lj­vt.­Yt­rj­nj­hsv­bp­änbö­dj­by­cn­dty­yj­yf­cnhj­ty­ysö­éty-oby,­rj­nj­hst­dpz­kbcm­ce­lbnm­lhe­ubö,­tl­df­bc­gjk­yb­kjcm­gj­15­ktn.­Djn­rfr­äa­atr­nbd­yj­ltqcn­de­ñn­gj­åjh­yb­rb­bltj­kj­ubb­aey­lf­vty­nf­kbp­vf.­Ct­ujl­yz­jyb­cj­dth­if­ñn­yf­ktn­yf­ljv,­åj­hzcm­cj­cdjb­vb­≤åtp­yhfd­cn­dty­ys­vb≥­tlb­yj­dth­wf­vb-ve­cekm­vf­yf­vb,­f­pfd­nhf­dgjk­yt­vj­étn­cke­xbnm­cz­nfr,­xnj­jyb­ht­ifn­jgjz­cfnm­cz­dphsd­xfn­rjq­b­cnfnm­cvth­nyb­wf­vb­d­åjhm­åt­c­≤yt­dth­ys­vb≥.

Ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­vyj­ubt­jå­hf­pj­dfy­yst­ve­cekm­vfy­rb,­hj­lbd­ibt­cz­yf­pf­gf­lt,­dtcm­vf­dj­cghb­bv­xb­ds­r­dth­åjd-rt.­z­yf­gb­cf­kf­cnf­nmñ­j­ve­cekm­vfy­crbö­ht­kb­ub­jp­ysö­irj­kfö­d­Vbc­cbc­cfe­ut,­xnj­yf­öj­lbn­cz­d­Rfyf­lt.­Nfv­vj­kj­lsö­rf­yfl­crbö­ve­cekm­vf­yjr­exfn­jc­nt­ht­ufnm­cz­pf­gfl­yj­uj­vb­hf,­d­rj­nj­hjv­jyb­éb­den.­Änbv­éty­ob­yfv,­

Exb­ntkm­d­gf­rbc­nfy­crjq­irj­kt,­cdz­pfy­yjq­c­≤Fkm­Rfb­ljq≥.

©AP Images/Khalid Tanveer

�eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

rj­nj­hsv­ghj­vs­df­ñn­vjp­ub,­pf­cnfd­kzz­pf­rhs­dfnm­cdjb­kb­wf­b­jc­nt­ht­ufnm­cz­veé­xby,­gj­cnj­zy­yj­uj­dj­hzn,­xnj­bö­ve­cekm­vfy­crbt­åhf­nmz­ubå­yen­d­åj­zö,­pf­ob­ofz­bö­xtcnm,­xnj­ås­pf­gfl­yst­veé­xb­ys­yt­vju­kb­bö­≤jc­rdth-ybnm≥.­Gf­hf­ljr­cfkm­yj,­yj­afrn­–­jyb­jn­dth­uf­ñn­ne­cf­veñ­gj­kb­nb­xtc­reñ­cbc­nt­ve,­rj­nj­hfz­lf­tn­bv­ds­åjh­b­gj­pdj­kz­tn­bv­gjkm­pj­dfnm­cz.­Änj­ckjé­yfz­ghj­åkt­vf,­gj-nj­ve­xnj­d­nf­rbö­jå­ot­cn­dfö,­rfr­Rfyf­lf­b­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns,­ult­rekm­neh­ysq­gkñ­hf­kbpv­b­cdj­åj­lf­dt­hj­bc-gj­dt­lf­ybz­yt­njkm­rj­gj­jo­hz­ñn­cz,­yj­b­kt­éfn­d­jc­yj­dt­aey­lf­vty­nfkm­ysö­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybq­jå­jå­ot­cn­dt,­vyj­ubt­kñ­lb­yt­gjl­dth­uf­ñn­cjv­ytybñ­cbc­nt­vs­dpukz­ljd,­ght­gj-lfyyst­bv­d­ht­kb­ub­jp­ysö­extå­ysö­pf­dt­lt­yb­zö.­Éty-ob­ys­bvt­ñn­ghf­dj­yf­jå­hf­pj­df­ybt­b­ghf­dj­yf­cdj­åj­le­dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybz­–­nf­rjd­jc­yj­dj­gj­kf­ufñ­obq­ghby­wbg.­R­cj­éf­kt­ybñ,­änb­éty­ob­ys,­bc­gjkm­pez­änb­djp­vjé­yjc­nb,­gj­cnb­uf­ñn­dtcm­vf­ärcnht­vbcn­crbt­njk­rj­df­ybz­bc­kf­vf.­B­änb­bltb­yf­öj­lzn­cz­d­ghz­vjv­ghj­nb­dj­ht­xbb­c­jå­ot­cn-djv,­d­rj­nj­hjv­jyb­ds­hjc­kb­b­c­rj­nj­hsv­jyb­b­bö­lt­nb­yt­vb­yet­vj­cnjkr­yen­cz­d­åe­le­otv.

Dj ghjc:­Rf­rj­dj,­yf­dfi­dpukzl,­åe­le­ott­änbö­lt­ntq?

Jn dtn:­Gj­jwty­rt,­åj­ktt­50­ghj­wty­njd­ve­cekm­vfy­d­vb­ht­cj­cnfd­kz­ñn­kñ­lb­d­djp­hfc­nt­lj­18­ktn.­Änj­gj­hf-pb­ntkm­ysq­lt­vju­hf­ab­xtc­rbq­gj­rf­pf­ntkm,­jcj­åty­yj­tc­kb­extcnm,­xnj­e­åjkm­iby­cn­df­bp­änbö­vj­kj­lsö­kñ­ltq­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­ytn­lj­cne­gf­yb­r­jå­hf­pj­df­ybñ,­yb­r­hf­åj­nt.­Jyb­hf­pj­xf­hj­df­kbcm­d­rjh­hev­gb­hj­dfy­ysö­ghf­db­ntkm-cn­dfö,­rj­nj­hst­yf­öj­lzn­cz­e­dkfc­nb­d­cnhf­yfö,­ult­jyb­éb­den.­Jyb­db­lzn,­rfr­pf­gfl­ghb­vt­yz­tn­ldjq­yst­cnfy­lfh-ns,­yf­cnfb­dfz­yf­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­Bhf­rt,­yj­yt­d­lhe­ubö­cnhf­yfö­ht­ubj­yf.­Jyb­gj­yb-

vf­ñn,­xnj­bc­kfv­yt­rju­lf­åsk­jc­yj­djq­dt­kb­rjq­rekm­ne-hs,­b­pf­lf­ñn­cz­dj­ghj­cjv,­xnj­ét­ghj­bpji­kj,­dtlm­bö­gj­rj­kt­ybt­pyf­kj­njkm­rj­åtl­yjcnm,­djq­ye­b­hfp­he­it­ybz,­rjh­heg­wbñ­b­ct­vtq­cn­dty­yjcnm­d­jh­uf­yfö­dkfc­nb.­Yj­ckj-ébd­ieñ­cz­cb­nef­wbñ­vjé­yj­hfp­ht­ibnm.­Dtlm­tc­kb­änjq­vj­kj­lt­éb­jåtc­gt­xbnm­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­ott­jå­hf­pj­df­ybt­b­lfnm­djp­vjé­yjc­nb,­jyf­cvju­kf­ås­cnfnm­ldb­ée­otq­cb-kjq­gt­ht­vty­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­ghj­uhtc­cf.

Bc­nby­ysq­bc­kfv­gj­åeé­lf­tn­ve­cekm­vfy­ghb­cgj­cfå-kb­dfnm­cz­r­gt­ht­vt­yfv,­rj­nj­hst­ghb­yj­cbn­dht­vz.­Yj­rhfq­ybt­aey­lf­vty­nf­kbc­ns­dctu­lf­ghj­nb­db­kbcm­kñ­åsv­yjd­it­cn­dfv­–­yf­xb­yfz­c­nt­ktu­hf­af­b­rjy­xfz­nt­kt­db­lt­yb-tv.­Jyb­ds­cne­gf­ñn­ghj­nbd­cj­dht­vty­yj­uj­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz.­Nj,­xnj­ctq­xfc­ght­gj­lftn­cz,­bltn­dhfp­htp­c­bc­kf­vjv,­cxb­nf­ñn­jyb.­Yj­jå­hf­pj­dfy­yst­ve­cekm­vf­yt­pyf­ñn,­xnj­änjq­ekjd­rjq­gjkm­pe­ñn­cz­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­vj­kj­lst­boe­obt­evs­yt­vju­kb­jc­gf­hb­dfnm­cnf­hst­lj­uvs.

Nfr­djp­yb­rf­tn­gj­hjx­ysq­rheu:­cj­pyf­ntkm­yj­kb­ifz­vj­kj­lsö­ve­cekm­vfy­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­gj­ke­xbnm­öj­hj­itt­jå­hf­pj­df­ybt,­aey­lf­vty­nf­kbc­ns­lj­åb­df­ñn­cz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­åe­le­ott­bö­gj­nty­wb­fkm­ysö­yj­djå­hfy­wtd­ås­kj­åtp­hf­ljcn-ysv­b­xnj­ås­d­cb­ke­djp­yb­rfñ­ot­uj­hf­pj­xf­hj­df­ybz­jyb­ktu­rj­dj­cghb­yb­vf­kb­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­bltj­kj­ubñ.­Änf­bltj­kj­ubz­jåz­ps­df­tn­bö­åt­pj­uj­dj­hjx­yj­jn­dth­ufnm­kñ-åst­bltb,­yt­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obt­ghtl­gb­cf­yb­zv­aey­lf­vty-nf­kbc­njd,­b­yt­gj­pdj­kz­tn­bv­jcjp­yfnm­pyf­xt­ybt­cdj­åj­ls­vsc­kb­b­ckj­df,­rj­nj­hst­gj­pdj­kz­ñn­ghj­dj­lbnm­hfp­kb­xbt­vté­le­kj­ub­xtc­rb­jåjc­yj­dfy­ys­vb­bltz­vb­b­ghb­cnhf­cnbz-vb,­ghj­lbr­nj­dfy­ys­vb­ävj­wbz­vb.­F­dtlm­njkm­rj­yf­nf-

rjq­jc­yj­dt­vjé­yj­gj­cnhjb­nm­ghj­wdt-nfñ­ott­jå­ot­cn­dj,­j­rj­nj­hjv­vtx­nf-ñn­dct­hj­lb­nt­kb,­rju­lf­le­vf­ñn­j­cdj­bö­lt­nzö.­3

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft-vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

Fa­ufy­crbt­exf­obt­cz­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq­irj­ks­d­Gf­rbc­nf­yt­yf­vb­nby­ut­d­Rf­hf­xb­d­2001­uj­le

© AP Ima ges/Mohammed Raza

� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Åhñc­Öja­avfy­–­ghj­atc­cjh­af­rekm­nt­nf­lbg­kj­vf­nb-xtc­rjq­ckeé­ås­léjhlénf­ey­crj­uj­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­b­cnfh­ibq­yf­ex­ysq­cj­nhel­ybr­Wty­nhf­gj­åjhm­åt­c­­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­ghb­Dj­ty­yjq­frf­lt­vbb­cIf­d­eäcn-­gjqynt.­Änf­cnf­nmz­jc­yj­df­yf­yf­vf­nt­hbf­kfö­tuj­­hf­ytt­jgeå­kb­rj­dfy­yjq­ryb­ub­≤nth­hj­hbpv­bp­yen­hb≥­­(Insi de Terrorism, 2nd ed ition, New York: Columbia Unive rs ity Press, 2006).

Nth­hj­hbpv­–­änj­ghtl­yf­vt­hty­yjt­yf­uyt­nf­ybt­b­ärcgkef­nf­wbz­cnhf­öf­lkz­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­gj­kb­nb­xtc-rbö­bp­vt­yt­ybq.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­jy,­åtc­cgjh­yj,­

ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­hfp­yj­dbl­yjcnm­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rjq­djq­ys.

Kñ­lb­nhf­ub­xtc­rb­ubå­yen­b­gj­ke­xf­ñn­hf­yt­ybz­ghb­cj­dth­it­ybb­nt­hfr­njd,­yj­gj­ghb­hj­lt­cdj­tq­nth­hj­hbpv­hfc­cxb­nfy­yf­uj­hfp­lj­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rjt­uke­åj­rjt­gcb­öj-kj­ub­xtc­rjt­djp­ltqcn­dbt,­lf­kt­rj­ds­öj­lz­ott­pf­uhf­yb­ws­nj­uj­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yj­uj­ht­pekm­nf­nf,­rj­nj­hsq­bc­gs­ns­df-ñn­yf­ct­åt­éth­nds­bkb­jåütr­ns­yf­cb­kbz.­Nth­hj­hbpv­ghtl­yfp­yf­xty­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­yf­cfé­lfnm­cnhfö­d­cj­pyf-ybb­kñ­ltq­b­ntv­cf­vsv­pf­ge­ub­dfnm­bkb­bysv­jå­hf­pjv­dkb­znm­yf­gj­dt­lt­ybt­ntö,­ghj­nbd­rj­uj­yf­ghfd­kt­ys­nth­hj-hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­fr­wbb.

Ghtl­gj­kf­uft­vfz­≤felb­nj­hbz≥­nth­hj­hbc­njd­vt­yz­tn-cz­d­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­bö­wt­ktq,­vj­nb­djd­b­pf­lfx.­Änj­vj­étn­åsnm­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­njq­bkb­byjq­cnhf­ys­bkb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­gfh­nbz,­rjy­re­hb­heñ­ofz­än­yb­xtc­rfz­bkb­ht­kb­ub­jp­yfz­uheg­gf,­wt­kfz­cnhf­yf­b­tt­uhfé­lf­yt­bkb­vté­le­yfhjl­yjt­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjt­vyt­ybt.­Nt­hfrn­vj­étn­cj­dth­ifnm­cz­kb­åj­d­hfc­xt­nt­yf­jght­ltkty­ysq­ctu­vtyn­felb­nj­hbb,­kb­åj­c­wt­kmñ­djp­ltqcn­dbz­yf­vyj­ubt­uheg­gs­chf­pe.

Ju­kfc­rf,­rj­nj­heñ­gj­ke­xf­tn­nt­hfrn,­b­ghb­dkt­xt­ybt­dyb­vf­ybz­r­ntv,­rnj­tuj­cj­dth­ibk,­ghb­pdf­ys­jåtc­gt-xbnm­nth­hj­hbc­nfv­dkfcnm,­cj­plfd­fn­vj­cat­he­cnhf­öf­b­pf­ge­ub­df­ybz,­d­rj­nj­hjq­nth­hj­hbc­ns­vj­uen­vf­yb­ge­kb­hj-dfnm­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysv­vyt­yb­tv.­D­änjv­jn­yj­it­ybb­ec­gt­öb­nth­hj­hbc­njd­kex­it­dct­uj­bp­vt­hznm­yt­d­vfc­inf­åfö­jåsx­yjq­djq­ys­–­åjt­ds­vb­gj­nt­hz­vb­ghj­nbd­yb­rf,­jåüt-vjv­eybx­nj­éty­ysö­dj­ty­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd­bkb­gkj­of­lmñ­pf­ödf­xty­yjq­nth­hb­nj­hbb,­–­f­ntv,­yf­crjkm­rj­äa­atr-nbd­yj­nth­hj­hbc­ns­ghb­dkt­rf­ñn­dyb­vf­ybt­r­bö­lt­ke,­f­nfr­ét­yf­crjkm­rj­cbkm­yj­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rjt­djp­ltqcn­dbt­b­

gf­ueå­yjt­dkbz­ybt,­rj­nj­hst­nth­hj­hbc­ns­cvju­kb­jrf­pfnm­yf­cdjñ­felb­nj­hbñ.

Nth­hj­hbc­ns­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­yf­cb­kbt­bkb,­xnj­yt­vt­ytt­dfé­yj,­hfp­vf­öb­df­ñn­ée­gt­kjv­yf­cb­kbz,­gj­crjkm­re­cxb-nf­ñn,­xnj­njkm­rj­étc­nj­rjcnm­ghb­dt­ltn­r­njh­ét­cn­de­bö­lt­kf­bkb­jce­ot­cn­dkt­ybñ­bö­ljk­uj­chjx­ysö­gj­kb­nb­xtc-rbö­wt­ktq.­Gj­änj­ve­bö­jgt­hf­wbb­cj­pyf­ntkm­yj­gkf­yb­he-ñn­cz­c­hfc­xt­njv­ds­pdfnm­ijr,­ghj­bp­dtc­nb­dgt­xfn­kt­ybt,­gj­ct­znm­cnhfö­–­bö­ltqcn­dbz­lj­kéys­åsnm­lj­cnf­njx­yj­lth­prb­vb­b­lj­cnf­njx­yj­rhj­df­ds­vb,­xnj­ås­ghb­dktxm­dyb­vf­ybt­chtl­cnd­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb,­f­pf­ntv­jå­ot-cn­dty­yjc­nb­b­dkfc­nb.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­nth­hj­hbpv­yf­lj­hfc­cvfn­hb­dfnm­yt­rfr­åtc­gj­hz­ljx­yjt­b­åtc­cvsc­kty­yjt,­f­rfr­nof­ntkm­yj­ghj­le­vfy­yjt­b­gkf­yj­vth­yjt­ghb­vt­yt-ybt­yf­cb­kbz.

Hfp yj dbl yjcnm gcb öj kj ub xtc rjq djq ysÅhñc­Öja­avfy

Jö­hfy­ybr­ghj­dt­hz­tn­cev­re­by­lj­yt­pbq­crjq­éty­ob­ys­d­njh­uj­djv­wty­nht­Léf­rfh­ns­d­fd­uec­nt­2003­uj­lf­gjc­kt­dphs­df­d­jnt­kt­≤Vf­hb­jnn≥,­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­rj­nj­hj­uj­gj­ubå­kj­13­xt­kj­dtr,­­f­gjx­nb­149­gj­ke­xb­kb­hf­yt­ybz.

©AP Images/Tatan Syuflana

�eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Xt­uj­öj­nzn­nth­hj­hbc­ns

Öj­nz­wt­kb­b­vj­nb­ds­hfp­kbx­ysö­uhegg­nth­hj­hbc­njd­–­ghf­dj­uj­b­kt­dj­uj­njk­rf,­yf­wbj­yf­kbc­njd­b­ht­kb­ub­jp­ysö­af­yf­nb­rjd,­cnht­vz­obö­cz­r­jce­ot­cn­dkt­ybñ­rjy­rhtn­yjq­wt­kb­bkb­r­ukj­åfkm­yjq­enj­gbb­–­vj­uen­hfp­kb­xfnm­cz,­dct­jyb­öj­nzn,­xnj­ås­bö­ltqcn­dbz­gj­ke­xf­kb­vfr­cb­vfkm­yeñ­ju­kfc­re­b­ntv­cf­vsv­gj­pdj­kz­kb­ecnhf­it­yb­tv­b­gj­rj­ht-yb­tv­lj­åb­dfnm­cz­gj­cnfd­kty­ysö­bvb­wt­ktq.

Nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbq­frn­pf­le­vs­df­tn­cz­b­jce­ot­cn­dkz­tn-cz­nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­xnj­ås­jy­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­ght­ckt­lj­dfk­rjy­rhtn­yst­wt­kb­b­ds­hf­éfk­vj­nb­ds­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­uheg­gs,­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dj­dfk­tt­ht­ceh­cfv­b­djp­vjé­yjc­nzv­b­exb­ns­dfk­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­cdj­tq­felb­nj­hbñ.­Nfr­nb­rf­b­wt­kb­hfp­kbx­ysö­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ldb­ét­ybq,­f­nfr­ét­jhe­ébt,­rj­nj­hjt­jyb­ds­åb­hf­ñn,­yt­bp­åté­yj­jght­ltkz­ñn-cz­bltj­kj­ub­tq­uheg­gs,­tt­dyen­hty­ytq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­jy­yjq­lb­yf­vb­rjq,­kbx­yjc­nz­vb­tt­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktq­b­vyj­ub­vb­lhe­ub­vb­dyen­hty­yb­vb­b­dyti­yb­vb­afr­nj­hf­vb.­Yf­ghb-vth,­d­1970-t­uj­ls­nth­hj­hbc­ns­kt­dj­uj­njk­rf,­nf­rbt,­rfr­≤Ahfr­wbz­Rhfc­yjq­Fh­vbb≥­d­pf­gfl­yjq­Uth­vf­ybb­b­≤Rhfc­yst­åhb­uf­ls≥­d­Bnf­kbb,­ds­åj­hjx­yj­gj­öb­of­kb­b­eåb­df­kb­rjy­rhtn­ysö­kbw,­rj­nj­hsö­jyb­jå­db­yz­kb­d­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­ärcgkef­nf­wbb­bkb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­htg­htc-cb­zö,­xnj­ås­ghb­dktxm­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjt­dyb­vf­ybt­b­gj­vjxm­

lt­ke­vfh­rcbcn­crj-kt­yby­crjq­ht­dj­kñ­wbb.­Cj­dht­vty­yst­nth­hj­hbc­ns,­ltqcn­dbz­rj­nj­hsö­vj­nb­db­hj­df­ys­ht­kb­ub­jp-ys­vb­bv­gt­hf­nb­df­vb,­cj­dth­if­ñn­åj­ktt­åtc­gj­hz­ljx­yst­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­yst­ltqcn­dbz­ghj­nbd­uj­hfp­lj­åj­ktt­ib­hj-rjq­rf­nt­uj­hbb­kbw,­jö­df­ns­dfñ­otq­yt­njkm­rj­bö­zd­ysö­ghj­nbd­yb­rjd,­yj­b­dctö­ntö,­rnj­yt­ghb­lth­éb­df­tn­cz­bö­dt­hs,­b­lf­ét­tlb­yj­dth­wtd,­rj­nj­hst­yt­hfp­lt­kz­ñn­ärcnht­vbcn­crbö­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­dpukz­ljd­b­ntj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­by­nth­ght­nf­wbq­nth­hj­hbc­njd.

Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­nth­hj­hbpv­vjé­yj­hfc­cvfn­hb­dfnm­rfr­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­yst­ltqcn­dbz,­pf­vsi­kzt­vst­yt­njkm­rj­d­wt­kzö­ghb­dkt­xt­ybz­dyb­vf­ybz­r­jght­ltkty­yj­ve­lt­ke,­yj­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­gj­ke­xft­vjq­ju­kfc­rb­lj­yt­ct­ybz­lj­ib­hj-rjq­felb­nj­hbb­jght­ltkty­ysö­bltq.­Gj­ckj­dfv­gj­rjq­yj-uj­Aht­lt­hb­rf­Öf­rt­hf,­gcb­öb­fn­hf­b­dbl­yj­uj­cgt­wbf­kbc­nf­gj­nth­hj­hbp­ve,­nth­hj­hbc­ns­cnht­vzn­cz­≤e­cnhf­ifnm,­f­ge­ntv­ecnhf­it­ybz­–­ujc­gjl­cn­dj­dfnm­b­eg­hfd­kznm.­Jyb­öj­nzn­ghj­bp­dtc­nb­dgt­xfn­kt­ybt.­Jyb­hf­åj­nf­ñn­yf­felb­nj-hbñ­b­ghb­ps­df­ñn­felb­nj­hbñ­r­exfc­nbñ≥1.

Cvthnm­b­hfp­he­it­ybz,­rj­nj­hst­yt­ctn­nth­hj­hbpv,­cj­pyf­ntkm­yj­yf­ghfd­kt­ys­yf­nj,­xnj­ås­gj­hj­lbnm­cnhfö­b­jrf­pfnm­yt­uf­nbd­yjt­djp­ltqcn­dbt­yf­yjh­vfkm­yeñ­gj­dct-lytd­yeñ­ébpym­kñ­ltq.­eu­hj­pf­kbx­yjq­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­b­kjv­rf­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­cnher­ne­hs­cnhf­ys­jce­ot­cn­dkz­ñn­cz­ge­ntv­hfp­he­it­ybz­tt­lt­kj­djq­b­rekm­neh­yjq­ébp­yb­b­

© AP Ima ges/John Smock

Gjc­kt­ght­le­ght­élt­ybz­d­jr­nzå­ht­2005­uj­lf­j­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­eu­hj­pt,­ghtl­gj­kj­éb­ntkm­yj­­yf­wt­kty­yjq­yf­ymñ­qjhr­crjt­vtn­hj,­xfcnm­pj­ys­jéb­lf­ybz­yf­dj­rpf­kt­≤Gtyy­Cnäqiy≥­jwt­gb­kb­­gj­kb­wtq­crbt,­gj­rf­bpe­xfk­cz­gj­ljphb­ntkm­ysq­gf­rtn.

�0 eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

dpfb­vyj­uj­lj­dt­hbz,­yf­rj­nj­hjv­jc­yj­df­yj­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rjt­jå­ot­éb­nbt.­Yt­ét­kf­ybt­öj­lbnm­d­vf­uf­pb­ys,­yf­cgjh­nbd-yst­cj­htd­yj­df­ybz,­d­nt­fnh,­rb­yj­b­yf­rjy­wth­ns,­tp­lbnm­pf­uhf­yb­we­bkb­d­ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­gj­tp­lrb­gj­cdj­tq­cnhf­yt­–­nf­rj­df­nb­gbx­yfz­ht­fr­wbz­yf­cnhfö.­Gj­ljåyjt­≤joe­ot-ybt­ct­åz­yf­vtc­nt­éth­nds≥­gj­hjé­lf­tn­cz­yt­jght­ltkty-yjc­nmñ,­ult­b­rju­lf­ghj­bpjq­ltn­ckt­leñ­obq­nt­hfrn.

Nth­hj­hbpv­b­chtl­cn­df­­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb

Cj­dht­vty­yst­CVB,­åe­le­xb­ukfd­ysv­rf­yf­kjv­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybz­by­ajh­vf­wbb­j­nth­hj­hbp­vt,­bu­hf­ñn­d­hfc­xt­nfö­nth­hj­hbc­njd­dfé­ytq­ieñ­hjkm.­Ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj,­vjé­yj­en­dth­élfnm,­xnj­åtp­jc­dt­ot­ybz­d­CVB­äa­atrn­jn­ltqcn­dbq­nth­hj­hbc­njd­≤ufc­ytn≥,­jc­nf­df­zcm­cnhj­uj­ju­hf­yb­xty­ysv­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­ys­vb,­ht­fkm­ys­vb­éth­ndf-vb­nt­hfr­nf­b­yt­jö­df­ns­dfz­åj­ktt­ib­hj­reñ­felb­nj­hbñ,­r­rj­nj­hjq­nth­hj­hbc­ns­rjy­rhtn­yj­jå­hf­of­ñn­cz.­Njkm­rj­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yzz­cnhfö­b­gj­hjé­lfz­djp­ve­ot­ybt­cht­lb­uj­hfp­lj­åjkm­it­uj­xbc­kf­kñ­ltq,­nth­hj­hbc­ns­vj­uen­jrf­pfnm­vfr­cb­vfkm­yj­djp­vjé­yjt­djp­ltqcn­dbt,­rj­nj­hjt­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­bv­lkz­jåtc­gt­xt­ybz­hf­lb­rfkm­ysö­gj­kb­nb-xtc­rbö­bp­vt­yt­ybq.

≤Nth­hj­hbpv­–­änj­nt­fnh≥,­–­nf­rjt­pf­zd­kt­ybt­clt­kfk­Åhf­qfy­Léty­rbyc­d­1974­uj­le­d­cdj­tq­pyf­vt­yb­njq­cnf-nmt­≤Vté­le­yf­hjl­ysq­nth­hj­hbpv:­yj­dfz­ajh­vf­åjhm­ås≥,­gj­zc­ybd,­xnj­≤nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­fr­ns­xfc­nj­nof­ntkm­yj­ht­ébc­cb­he­ñn­cz,­xnj­ås­ghb­dktxm­dyb­vf­ybt­äktr­nhjy­ysö­CVB­b­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­ght­ccs≥2.­Nfr­ét­xfc­nj­chtl­cn-

df­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb­gjl­ödf­ns­df­ñn­gjl­åhj­ity­yeñ­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb­by­ajh­vf­wbñ­b­c­åt­pe­lth­éyjq­äyth­ub­tq­yf­xb­yf­ñn­hfc­rhe­xb­dfnm­tt,­jrf­ps­df­zcm­yt­cgj­cjå­ys­vb­bu-yj­hb­hj­dfnm­nj,­xnj­lhe­ujq­fd­nj­hb­ntn­ysq­bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkm­nth­hj­hbp­vf­Lé.­Åj­qth­Åtkk­vtn­rj­yf­pdfk­≤cj­ås­nbz­vb­gj­pf­rf­pe≥3.

D­gj­cktl­ybt­uj­ls­by­nth­ytn­gj­pdj­kbk­nth­hj­hbc­nfv­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­rjy­nhj­kb­hj­dfnm­dtcm­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­ysq­ghj­wtcc,­jght­ltkzz­cj­lth­éf­ybt,­rjy­ntrcn­b­chtl­cn­df,­rj-nj­hst­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­cz­ghb­gt­ht­lf­xt­bö­jå­hf­ot­ybt­bvty­yj­njq­felb­nj­hbb­bkb­felb­nj­hb­zv,­rj­nj­hst­jyb­cnht­vzn­cz­jö­df­nbnm.

Gj­cktl­cn­dbz­nf­rj­uj­hfp­db­nbz­cj­ås­nbq­xhtp­ds­xfq­yj­dfé­ys,­nfr­rfr­jyb­gjl­hs­df­ñn­vj­yj­gj­kbñ­rjv­vth­xtc-rbö­b­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysö­äktr­nhjy­ysö­CVB­yf­vfc­cj­djt­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­by­ajh­vf­wbb,­rj­nj­hfz­yt­gj­pdj­kz­kf­nth-hj­hbc­nfv­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yznm­cdjb­bltb­cht­lb­yf­ct­kt­ybz.­Yj,­rfr­b­ght­lsle­obt­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yst­ht­dj­kñ­wbb­–­bpjå-ht­nt­ybt­hj­nf­wb­jy­yjq­gt­xfn­yjq­vf­ib­ys­d­ct­ht­lb­yt­19-uj­dt­rf­b­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­nt­kt­db­lt­ybz­d­1960-t­uj­ls,­rj­nj-hjt­gj­pdj­kb­kj­jc­dt­ofnm­cj­ås­nbz­d­ghz­vjv­äab­ht,­yj­dfz­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yfz­ht­dj­kñ­wbz­ce­ot­cn­dty­yj­hfc­ib­hb­kf­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­uhegg.­Nt­gthm­jyb­vj­uen­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yznm­cdjb­jå­hf­ot­ybz­b­ajh­vb­hj­dfnm­dpukz­ls­felb­nj­hbb­b­gj­cj­åcn­dty­ysv­rf­yf­kfv,­jå­öj­lz­nhf­lb­wb­jy-yj­ce­ot­cn­deñ­obt­chtl­cn­df­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb.

Hjkm­by­nth­yt­nf

Rfr­ghj­yb­wf­ntkm­yj­pf­vt­nb­kf­d­2005­uj­le­Nb­yf­Åhf­ey,­cgt­wbf­kbcn­gj­cj­dht­vty­ysv­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­ysv­ntö­yj­kj­ub­zv,­≤cj­xt­nf­ybt­crj­hjc­nb­by­nth­yt­nf­21-uj­dt­rf­c­af­yf­nbp­vjv­12-uj­dt­rf­ght­dhf­nb­kj­yfi­vbh­d­gj­hj­öj-deñ­åjx­re≥4.

Gj­vb­vj­dct­ghj­yb­rft­vjc­nb­b­jgt­hf­nbd­yjc­nb,­by­nth-ytn­jå­kf­lf­tn­b­lhe­ub­vb­ght­bve­ot­cn­df­vb:­jy­vj­étn­jå­öj­lbnm­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yeñ­wty­pe­he;­cj­jå­ot­ybz­vj­uen­gt­ht­lf­dfnm­cz­fyj­ybv­yj,­åsc­nhj­b­gjx­nb­åtp­ecb­kbq;­b­d­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjv­jn­yj­it­ybb­jy­zd­kz­tn­cz­jcj­åty­yj­lj­cneg-ysv­chtl­cn­djv­vfc­cj­djq­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wbb.

Jy­nfr­ét­gj­pdj­kz­tn­nth­hj­hbc­nfv­vf­yb­ge­kb­hj­dfnm­dj­cghbz­nb­tv­(cvjn­hb­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybt­rb­åth­nth­hj­hbp­vf­ghj­atc­cj­hf­Lj­hj­nb­Lty­ybyu­5),­bpjå­hf­éfz­cf­vbö­ct­åz­b­cdjb­ltqcn­dbz­bvty­yj­d­njv­cdt­nt­b­rjy­ntr­cnt,­d­rf­rjv­jyb­öj­nzn­ct­åz­db­ltnm,­yt­åe­le­xb­cntc­yty­ys­vb­abkmn-hf­wb­tq,­jn­åj­hjv­b­gj­lfxtq­vf­nt­hbf­kf­d­ce­ot­cn­deñ­obö­chtl­cn­dfö­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb.

≤Yt­elb­db­ntkm­yj,­xnj­gjl­rkñ­xty­yst­r­ct­nb­nth­hj-hbc­ns­eét­yf­xf­kb­bc­gjkm­pj­dfnm­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yeñ­ntö-yj­kj­ubñ­lkz­vf­yb­ge­kb­hj­df­ybz­dj­cghbz­nb­tv­yf­ct­kt­ybz­b­ghj­gf­ufy­ls,­xnj­ås­dkb­znm­yf­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjt­vyt­ybt,­dth­åj­dfnm­yj­dsö­cnj­hjy­yb­rjd­b­jåtc­gt­xb­dfnm­ab­yfy­cb-

Yf­änjq­db­ltj­pf­gb­cb,­clt­kfy­yjq­d­bñ­yt­2003­uj­lf,­gfh­nb­pfy,­uj­dj­hz­obq­gj­­f­hfå­crb,­pf­zd­kz­tn­j­njv,­xnj­≤Fkm­Rfb­lf≥­åt­htn­yf­ct­åz­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjcnm­pf­dphs­ds,­cj­dth­ity­yst­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb­cvth­nyb­rf­vb­d­Cfe­ljd­crjq­Fhf­dbb­b­Vf­hjr­rj,­b­ght­le­ght­élf­tn,­xnj­pf­yb­vb­gj­cktl­eñn­yj­dst­yf­gf­lt­ybz.

©AP Images/B.K. Bangash

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

hj­df­ybt≥,­–­jn­vt­nb­kb­ldf­fyf­kb­nb­rf­rjh­gj­hf­wbb­HÄYL.­≤Hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­cdjt­uj­jå­hf­ot­ybz,­–­gb­ien­jyb,­–­b­jåtc­gt­xt­ybt­ib­hj­rj­uj­jc­dt­ot­ybz­d­CVB­zd­kz­ñn­cz­dfé-ys­vb­rjv­gj­yty­nf­vb­cnhf­nt­ubb­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­rj­nj­hst,­d­rj­ytx­yjv­cxt­nt,­cnht­vzn­cz­gj­ljhdfnm­dj­kñ­jg­gj­yty­nf.­D­lj­gjk­yt­ybt­r­nf­rbv­nhf­lb­wb­jy­ysv­chtl­cn­dfv­vfc­cj-djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb,­rfr­nt­kt­db­lt­ybt­bkb­gt­xfnm,­by­nth­ytn­nt­gthm­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­tn­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbv­uheg­gfv­fkm­nth-yf­nbd­yeñ­djp­vjé­yjcnm­dpf­bvj­ltqcn­dbz­c­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjc-nmñ,­xfc­nj­ghb­uj­hfp­lj­åj­ktt­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yjv­rjy­nhj-kt­yfl­ghb­ps­df­vb­b­jå­hf­ot­ybz­vb≥­6.

Yt­vt­ytt­nht­djé­yj­b­nj,­xnj­by­nth­ytn,­rj­nj­hsq­yt-rju­lf­cxb­nfk­cz­vt­öf­ybp­vjv­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­b­ghj­cdt­ot­ybz­lkz­dct­uj­vb­hf,­cnfk­dfé­ytq­ibv­chtl­cn­djv­hfc­ghj-cnhf­yt­ybz­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ghj­gf­ufy­ls,­yt­yf­dbc­nb­b­gjl­cnht­rf­ntkm­cn­df­r­yf­cb­kbñ,­nb­hf­éb­hez­cf­vst­uhe­åst­b­ghb­vb­nbd­yst­ntj­hbb­pf­uj­dj­hf­c­yf­cnjq­xb­djc­nmñ,­rj-nj­hfz­gjk­yj­cnmñ­hfc­öj­lbn­cz­c­ht­fkm­yjc­nmñ.­Yf­ghb­vth,­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­cj­åcn­dty­yst­yt­jl­yj­rhfn­yst­pf­zd­kt­ybz­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­j­cdj­tq­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjc­nb­pf­nt­hfr­ns­11­cty­nzå­hz­2001­uj­lf­b­lf­ét­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­≤ve­xt­yb­xtc-rbö≥­db­ltj­pf­gb­ctq,­clt­kfy­ysö­eujy­ob­rf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­hfc-crf­ps­df­ñn­j­ghtl­cnjz­obö­nt­hfr­nfö,­cfq­ns,­cdz­pfy­yst­c­ldb­ét­yb­tv­cnj­hjy­yb­rjd­léb­öf­lf,­ht­ue­kzh­yj­hfp­vt­of-ñn­en­dth­élt­ybz­j­njv,­xnj­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­bkb­Bp-hf­bkm­cf­vb­jce­ot­cn­db­kb­änb­nt­hfr­ns,­xnj­ås­jåjc­yj­dfnm­djq­ye­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­rj­nj­heñ­dctu­lf­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­kjcm­dtc­nb­rfr­≤djq­ye­c­bc­kf­vjv≥.

D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­cf­vst­yt­kt­gst­b­yf­levfy­yst­vyt­ybz­jå­ht­nf­ñn­gj­ljåbt­bc­nb­ys­b­lj­cnj­dth­yjc­nb­kbim­dcktl-cn­dbt­bö­gj­cnj­zy­yj­uj­åtc­ght­gzn­cn­dty­yj­uj­gj­dnj­ht­ybz­b­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybz­d­by­nth­yt­nt.

Eåt­éb­ot­lkz­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥

≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­afr­nb­xtc­rb­pf­yb­vf­tn­jcj­åjt­gj­kj­ét-ybt­cht­lb­ghj­xbö­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­uhegg­dj­dctö­änbö­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­ysö­ghj­wtc­cfö.­C­vj­vty­nf­tt­jå­hf­pj­df-ybz­d­rjy­wt­1980-ö­b­cnf­yjd­kt­ybz­d­yf­xf­kt­1990-ö­uj­ljd­he­rj­djl­cn­dj­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥,­gj­öj­ét,­by­neb­nbd­yj­dj­cghb-yz­kj­ju­hjv­ysq­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­ysq­gj­nty­wb­fk­by­nth­yt­nf­b­cnht­vb­kjcm­pf­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­tuj­cb­ke­rfr­lkz­lj­cnb­ét-ybz­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­wt­ktq­ldb­ét­ybz,­nfr­b­lkz­jh­uf­yb­pf-wbb­tuj­nfr­nb­xtc­rbö­jgt­hf­wbq.

J­njv­gth­dj­cnt­gty­yjv­pyf­xt­ybb,­rj­nj­hjt­≤Fkm-Rfb-lf≥­lfd­yj­ghb­lf­tn­dyti­ybv­cdz­pzv,­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­detn­tt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­jy­yfz­cnher­ne­hf­lj­11­cty­nzå­hz.­Jl­yj­ve­bp­xt­ns­htö­gth­dj­yf­xfkm­ysö­hf­åj­xbö­rj­vb­nt­njd­≤Fkm-Rfb-ls≥­ås­kj­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­gj­he­xt­yj­dpf­bvj­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­cj­chtl­cn­df­vb­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb­b­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjc­nmñ­(lhe­ubt­jn­dt­xf­kb­pf­dj­ty­yst­jgt­hf­wbb,­ab­yfy­cs­b­åbp-ytc,­atn­ds­b­bpe­xt­ybt­bc­kf­vf)­7.

tub­gtn­crbt­cgt­wbf­kbc­ns­gj­rjv­gmñ­nt­hfv,­dj­tdfd-ibt­gkt­xjv­r­gkt­xe­c­jc­yj­df­nt­ktv­b­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktv­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­ecf­vjq­åby­Kf­lt­yjv­d­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yt­ghj-nbd­Cj­dtn­crjq­fh­vbb­d­1980-t­uj­ls,­rfr­cj­jå­of­kjcm,­ås­kb­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­ghb­dkt­xt­ys­lkz­cj­plf­ybz­ib­hj­rjq­ct­nb­cfq­njd,­rf­yf­kjd­äktr­nhjy­yjq­gjx­ns­b­äktr­nhjy­ysö­lj­cjr­jåüzd­kt­ybq,­rj­nj­hst­ghj­ljk­éf­ñn­aeyr­wbjyb­hj-dfnm­gj­ctq­ltym.­B­änj­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­bp­uyf­ybt­≤Fkm-Rfb-ls≥­bp­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yf,­eybx­nj­ét­ybt­tt­jgt­hf­nbd­yjq­åf­ps­d­änjq­cnhf­yt­b­yt­ghtr­hf­ofñ­ott­cz­dt­lt­ybt­ukj­åfkm­yjq­djq­ys­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­gjl­he­rj­djl­cn­djv­CIF.

Lkz­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­by­nth­ytn­cnfk­yt­rbv­dbh­nefkm-ysv­eåt­éb­otv,­jåtc­gt­xb­dfñ­obv­äa­atr­nbd­yst,­åsc­nhst­b­fyj­ybv­yst­chtl­cn­df­cdz­pb­c­tt­åjt­db­rf­vb,­gj­cktl­jdf­nt­kz­vb,­cj­xed­cn­deñob­vb­b­cnj­hjy­ybrf­vb­gj­dct­ve­vb­he­d­ghj­wtc­ct­ghj­ljk­ét­ybz­tt­rfv­gf­ybb­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rjq­djq­ys.­Gj­änj­ve,­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­cdjt­jc­kfå­kt­ybt­cdj­bö­gj­pb­wbq,­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­dct­tot­vj­étn­ct­znm­dj­dctv­vb­ht­cnhfö,­nht­dj­ue­b­jåtc­gj­rj­ty­yjcnm.

Rj­ytx­yj,­yt­djp­vjé­yj­ghtl­crf­pfnm,­rf­rbt­yj­dst­ajh­vs­b­yf­ghfd­kt­ybz­ghb­vtn­nth­hj­hbpv­d­21-jv­dt­rt.­Jl­yf­rj­vjé­yj­c­edt­hty­yjc­nmñ­crf­pfnm,­xnj­gj­vt­ht­lfkm­ytq­it­uj­hfp­db­nbz­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wbq,­rj­nj­hs­vb­gjkm-pe­ñn­cz­nth­hj­hbc­ns,­åe­ltn­vt­yznm­cz­b­öf­hfr­nth­cf­vj­uj­nth­hj­hbp­vf.­D­änjv­jn­yj­it­ybb­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rfz­djq­yf,­rj­nj­heñ­eét­lfd­yj­dt­len­nth­hj­hbc­ns­b­yf­rj­nj­heñ­jhb-ty­nb­hj­df­ys­bö­ht­ceh­cs,­yt­njkm­rj­åe­ltn­ghj­ljk­éfnm­cz,­yj­b,­crj­htt­dct­uj,­åe­ltn­jåjc­nhznm­cz­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­ghb-vt­yt­ybz­yj­dsö­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­ysö­ntö­yj­kj­ubq­–­njx­yj­nfr­ét,­rfr­änj­ås­kj­d­vb­yed­itv­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbb.­3

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft­vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

Cyjc rb b ghb vt xf ybz

1.­Fre­derick­J.­Hacker,­Crusa de rs, Criminals, Craz ies: Terror and Terrorism in Our Time­(New­York:­W.­W.­Norton,­1976),­p.­xi.

2.­Brian­Michael­Jenkins,­“Int­er­national­Terrorism:­A­New­Mode­of­­Confl­ict,”­in­David­Carlton­and­Carlo­Sc­hae­rf­(eds.),­Int er national Terrorism and World Security (London:­Croom­Helm,­1975),­p.­16.

3.­J.­Bo­wyer­Bell,­“Terrorist­Scripts­and­Live-action­Spe­ctaculars,”­Columbia Journalism Rev iew,­vol.­17,­no.­1­(1978):­p.­50.

4.­Tina­Brown,­“De­ath­by­Error,”­The Washi ngton Post­(19­May­2005).

5.­Dorothy­Denning,­“Inform­ation­Warfa­re­and­Cyb­er-terrorism,”­­Women­in­Int­er­national­Security­(WIIS)­Seminar,­Washi­ngton,­D.C.­­(15­De­cember­1999).

6.­Miche­le­Zanini­and­Sean­J.A.­Edwards,­“The­Ne­tworking­of­Terror­in­the­Inform­ation­Age,”­in­John­Arquilla­and­David­Ronf­el­dt­(eds.),­Ne tworks and Ne tw ars: The Futu re of Terror, Crime and Militancy­(Sa­nta­Monica,­CA:­RAND,­2001,­MR-1382-OSD),­p.­43.

7.­Rohan­Gunaratna, Insi de Al-Qaíida: Global Ne twork of Terror­(London:­Hurst,­2002),­p.­57.­Lb­htr­njh­hf­åj­xt­uj­rj­vb­nt­nf­gj­chtl­cn­dfv­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb­åsk­bp­dtc­nty­gjl­gctd­lj­yb­vjv­Fåe­Htq­nth,­rj­nj­hsq­zd­yj­erf­ps­dfk­yf­bp­dtcn­yjt­vté­le­yfhjl­yjt­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yjt­futyn­cn­dj.

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Rjk ktr nbd yfz blty nbx yjcnm, jc yj dfy yfz yf yt yf dbc nb

Léth­hjkl­Gj­cn

lét­hhjkl­gj­cn­–­ghj­atc­cjh­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­léjhléf­Df­iby­unj­yf,­cgt­wbf­kbcn­d­jå­kfc­nb­gcb­öb-fn­hbb,­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­gcb­öj­kj­ubb­b­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq,­lb­htr­njh­ghj­uhfv­vs­≤gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­gcb­öj­kj­ubz≥­d­änjv­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt.

Ib­hj­rj­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­yj­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybt­j­njv,­xnj­d­hz­ls­nth­hj­hbc­njd­dkb­df­ñn­cz­kñ­lb­c­ct­hmtp­ys­vb­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­vb­ghj­åkt­vf­vb.­

D­rjy­wt­rjy­wjd,­rnj­rfr­yt­åt­pev­ysq­af­yf­nbr­åe­ltn­eåb­dfnm­yt­dby­ysö­éthnd­dj­bvz­rf­rjq-nj­bltb­b­c­uj-njd­yjc­nmñ­cnf­ytn­éb­djq­åjv­åjq?

Yf­cf­vjv­lt­kt,­gj­tlb­yj­lei­yj­ve­vyt­ybñ­rj­vb­nt-nf­gj­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbv­rjh­yzv­nth­hj­hbp­vf,­rj­nj­hsq­z­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfk­d­ghtl­ldt­hbb­Vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­cfv­vb­nf­gj­dj­ghj­cfv­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­nth­hj­hbp­vf­b­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb,­ghj­dj­lbd­it­ve­cz­d­vfh­nt­2005­uj­lf­d­Vfl­hb­lt1,­gj­bc­rb­by­lb­db­le­fkm­yjq­gcb­öj­gf­nj­kj­ubb­d­cnhtv­kt­ybb­gj­yznm,­gj­xt­ve­kñ­lb­jå­hf­of­ñn­cz­r­nth­hj­hbp­ve,­jå­ht­xt­ys­yf­ghj­dfk.­Jåüzc­yt­ybq­yf­ehjd­yt­gcb­öj­kj­ubb­kbx­yjc­nb­yt-ljc­nf­njx­yj.

Ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj,­pf­rkñ­xb­kb­vs,­ghtl­gj­kj­ét­ybt,­xnj­nth­hj­hbc­ns­gcb­öb­xtc­rb­≤yjh­vfkm­ys≥,­nj­tcnm­yt­cnhf­lf­ñn­gcb­öj­pjv­d­rkb­yb­xtc­rjq­ajh­vt,­yt­ds­ukz­lbn­ckbi­rjv­cvt­ksv.­Jyb­yt­gjl­dth­ét­ys­ltg­htc­cbb,­yt­bc­gs­ns­df­ñn­cbkm­yjq­nht­dj­ub,­b­yt­zd­kz­ñn­cz­åt­pev­ys-vb­af­yf­nb­rf­vb.­Afr­nb­xtc­rb­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­uheg­gs­b­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­jn­ctb­df­ñn­gcb­öb­xtc­rb­yt­ec­njq­xb­dsö­kñ-ltq,­rj­nj­hst,­d­rjy­wt­rjy­wjd,­ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­hbcr­lkz­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb.

Ce­ot­cn­detn­vyj­ét­cn­dj­kbx­ysö­vj­nb­djd.­Lkz­jl­ybö­änj­joe­ot­ybt­dkfc­nb,­rj­nj­hjt­gj­ke­xf­ñn­åtp­dkfc­nyst,­e­lhe­ubö­ukfd­ysv­vj­nb­djv­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­vtcnm,­nht­nmbv­yf­lj­jå­htc­nb­xed­cn­dj­cj­åcn­dty­yjq­pyf­xb­vjc­nb.

Yj­yf­cf­vjv­lt­kt­yt­by­lb­db­le­fkm­yfz,­f­cj­wb­fkm­yfz­gcb­öj­kj­ubz,­d­hfv­rfö­rj­nj­hjq­hfp­hf­åj­nf­yj­gj­yz­nbt­rjk-ktr­nbd­yjq­blty­nbx­yjc­nb,­nj­tcnm­cf­vj­cj­pyf­ybz­kbx­yjc­nb­xt­htp­ghb­yfl­kté­yjcnm­r­uheg­gt­bkb­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb,­ghtl-kf­uf­tn­cf­vsq­vjo­ysq­ntj­ht­nb­xtc­rbq­bycnhe­vty­nf­hbq­lkz­fyf­kb­pf­gj­dt­lt­ybz­nth­hj­hbc­njd.

Rjk­ktr­nbd­yfz­blty­nbx­yjcnm

D­hfv­rfö­yt­rj­nj­hsö­uhegg,­jcj­åty­yj­yf­wbj­yf­kbc­nb-xtc­rbö­b­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö,­rjk­ktr­nbd­yfz­blty­nbx­yjcnm­crkf­ls­df­tn­cz­yf­cf­vsö­hfy­ybö­cnf­lb­zö­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybz­cj­pyf­ybz­tt­xkt­yjd,­nfr­xnj­jyj­yf­crdjpm­ghj­gb­ns­df-tn­cz­yt­yf­dbc­nmñ.­Yt­djp­vjé­yj­gt­ht­jwt­ybnm­dfé­yjcnm­rjk­ktr­nbd­yjq­blty­nbx­yjc­nb­b­ghj­wtc­cjd­tt­nhfyc­ajh­vf-wbb.­Nth­hj­hbc­ns­gjl­xb­yb­kb­cdjñ­kbx­yeñ­blty­nbx­yjcnm­rjk­ktr­nbd­yjq­blty­nbx­yjc­nb,­nfr­xnj­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ob­vb­äkt­vty­nf­vb­d­bö­gcb­öb­rt­jrf­ps­df­tn­cz­nj,­xnj­cke­ébn­by­nt­ht­cfv­uheg­gs,­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­bkb­ct­nb.

Gf­rbc­nfy­crbt­vfkm­xb­rb­c­bu­he­itx­ysv­jhe­éb­tv­b­gjh­nht­njv­Ecf­vs­åby­Kf­lt­yf­yf­vb­nby­ut,­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfy­yjv­bc­kfv­crjq­gfh­nb­tq­≤Léf­vfn­ä­bc­kf­vb≥­d­cnj­kb­wt­Gf­rbc­nf­yf­Rf­hf­xb.

©AP Images/Athat Hussain

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Rfr­ét­ajh­vb­he­tn­cz­änf­rjk­ktr­nbd­yfz­blty­nbx-yjcnm?­By­nth­dmñ­c­pf­rkñ­xty­ys­vb­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb­c­Åkbé­yt­uj­Dj­cnj­rf2­gj­rf­ps­df­ñn,­xnj­pf­hjé­lf­tn­cz­jyf­jxtym­hf­yj,­j­xtv­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­deñn­öf­hfr­nth­yst­ds­crf-ps­df­ybz­nth­hj­hbc­njd­bp­yf­wbj­yf­kbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ct­gf­hf­nbcn-crbö­uhegg­–­≤Af­nfö≥­b­Gf­ktc­nby­crj­uj­ahjy­nf­jc­dj-åjé­lt­ybz­Gf­ktc­nb­ys:

Z­ds­hjc­d­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq­ct­vmt,­ult­dctu­lf­cj­åkñ­lf­kbcm­dct­bc­kfv­crbt­nhf­lb­wbb.­gth­dj­yf­xfkm­yj­vjt­gj­kb­nb-xtc­rjt­cf­vj­cj­pyf­ybt­crkf­ls­df­kfcm­dj­dht­vz­vj­kbnd­

d­vt­xt­nb.­nfv­ét­vyt­ghtl­kj­éb­kb­gjq­nb­d­ht­kb­ub­jp­yeñ­irj­ke.­yf­ehj­rfö­itqö­ghb­dj­lbk­hfp­yst­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbt­cdt­lt­ybz­b­yf­änjv­vf­nt­hbf­kt­lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­dfk,­rfr­yfc­afr­nb­xtc­rb­bp­uyf­kb­bp­gf­ktc­nb­ys.

B­tot:Itqö­jåüzc­yzk­yfv­cvsck­nj­uj­afr­nf,­xnj­gj­cht-lb­kf­ut­hz­yf­öj­lbn­cz­dj­ty­ysq­ajh­gjcn­bp­hf­bkmc­rbö­cbk­jåj­hj­ys.­jy­chfd­yb­dfk­tuj­c­jge­öj­kmñ­d­xt­kj­dt-xtc­rjv­jh­uf­ybp­vt,­rj­nj­hfz­eu­hj­éf­tn­cf­vj­ve­tuj­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybñ.

D­ghb­cjt­lb­yt­ybb­r­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­uheg­gt­nj­ét­yt­ås­kj­yb­xt­uj­yt­jåsx­yj­uj.­Afr­nb­xtc­rb­yf­dj­ghjc­j­njv,­gj­xt­ve­jyb­d­ytt­dcne­gb­kb,­yfv­jn­dt­xf­kb,­xnj­dcne-gf­kb­dct,­xnj­kñ­åj­uj,­rnj­yt­pf­gb­itn­cz­uheg­ge,­d­njn­gt­hb­jl­(rju­lf­dt­kfcm­by­nb­af­lf)­gjl­dth­uf­kb­jcnhf­rbp­ve.

Bltz­ghb­db­df­kfcm­d­hfy­ytv­ltn­cn­dt.­Bp­gj­rj­kt­ybz­d­gj­rj­kt­ybz­gt­ht­lf­df­kjcm­xed­cn­dj­dhfé­ls­vté­le­≤yf­vb≥­b­≤yb­vb≥.­Lt­nb­cks­if­kb­hfc­crf­ps­cdj­bö­hj­lb­nt­ktq,­åelm­nj­d­gf­åfö­Ct­dth­yjq­Bh­kfy­lbb­bkb­rj­atq­yzö­Åtq-he­nf­b­yf­jr­re­gb­hj­dfy­ysö­nth­hb­nj­hbq,­j­njv,­xnj­≤j­yb≥­

clt­kf­kb­c­≤yf­vb≥,­rfr­jyb­jnjå­hf­kb­yf­ib­ptv­kb,­rfr­eyb­éf­kb­≤yfc≥.­Dth­yst­cdj­bv­hj­lb­nt­kzv,­rj­nj­hst­gj-cnhf­lf­kb­jn­ht­éb­vf,­jyb­cj­dth­if­kb­fr­ns­djp­vtp­lbz­ghj­nbd­≤ybö≥.

Rfr­änb­nth­hj­hbc­ns­jghfd­lsdf-kb­ärcnht­vfkm­ysq­öf­hfr­nth­cdj­bö­ltqcn­dbq­d­cnhtv­kt­ybb­jce­ot­cn­dbnm­yf­vt­xty­yeñ­wtkm?­Jlby­jn­dtn­åsk­jcj­åty­yj­ghb­vt­xf­ntkm­ysv:Dj­jhe­éty­yfz­fr­wbz­gjl­ndth­élf­tn,­xnj­z­pltcm,­z­ce­ot­cn­deñ,­z­cb­kty,­z­dkf­ltñ­cb­nef­wb­tq,­z­yf­gj­kt­åjz,­vjt­Z­gj­cnfd­kt­yj­yf­rfh­ne.

Djn­jyf­–­cb­kf­åtc­cbkm­ysö,­pyf­xb­vjcnm­yt­pyf­xb­ntkm-ysö.­Änj­gj­vj­uf­tn­jåüzc­ybnm,­gj­xt­ve­nfr­nhel­yj­eq­nb­c­ge­nb­nth­hj­hbp­vf.

Ht­kb­ub­jp­ysq­aey­lf­vty­nf­kbpv­­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd

Ds­it­jöf­hfr­nt­hb­pj­df­ys­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­gcb­öj­kj­ubb­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­cdz­pfy­ysö­c­yf­wbj­yf­kbc­nb­xtc­rb­vb­ct­gf­hf-

D­fg­ht­kt­2006­uj­lf­ghtl­ct­lf­ntkm­gfh­nbb­≤Iby­atqy≥­Uty­hb­Flfvc­ds­cne­gf­tn­yf­wt­ht­vj­ybb,­gj­cdz­oty­yjq­90­kt­nbñ­cj­lyz­yf­xf­kf­djc­cnf­ybz­bh­kfyl­crbö­vz­nté­yb­rjd­ghj­nbd­åhb­nfy­wtd­d­Ct­dth­yjq­Bh­kfy­lbb.

©AP Images

Ujl­cgec­nz,­8­vfz­2007­uj­lf,­ght­vmth­vb­ybcnh­Ct­dth­yjq­Bh­kfy­lbb­Bty­Gtq­ckb­(ckt­df)­b­pf­vtc­nb­ntkm­ght­vmth­vb­yb­cnhf­Vfh­nby­Vfr­uby­ytc­bp­≤Iby­atqy≥­ås­kb­ghb­dt­lt­ys­r­ghb­cz­ut­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktq­Fc­cfv­åktb­Ct­dth­yjq­Bh­kfy­lbb­gj­cbc­nt­vt­hfp­lt­kf­dkfc­nb­yf­wt­ht­vj­ybb­d­gfh­kf­vtyn­crjv­plf­ybb­≤Cnjh­vjyn≥­d­Åtk­afc­nt.

©AP Images/Niall Carson

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

nbcn­crb­vb­ldb­ét­ybz­vb.­F­xnj­vjé­yj­crf­pfnm­j­gcb­öj-kj­ubb­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­zd­kzñ­obö­cz­cnj­hjy­ybrf­vb­ht­kb­ub­jp-yj­uj­aey­lf­vty­nf­kbp­vf?­D­änjv­cke­xft­vs­bvt­tv­lt­kj­c­kñlm­vb,­rj­nj­hst­≤eåb­df­ñn­dj­bvz­Åj­uf≥.­Bö­ltz­ybz­jc­dz­of­ñn­cz­hf­lb­rfkm­yj­yf­cnhj­ty­ysv­le­öjd­ysv­kb­wjv,­åelm­nj­fz­njk­kf,­hfd­dby,­cdz­oty­ybr­bkb­ghj­gj­dtl­ybr.­F­gj­crjkm­re­jyb­zd­kz­ñn­cz­≤ghf­dj­dth­ys­vb≥,­åt­pj­uj­dj-hjx­yj­ghb­yb­vfñ­ob­vb­hf­lb­rfkm­yjt­njk­rj­df­ybt­ht­kb­ub­jp-yj­uj­ext­ybz,­bv­yt­cdjq­cn­dty­yj­nf­rjt­ét­yt­jl­yj­pyfx­yjt­jn­yj­it­ybt­r­vfc­inf­åfv­yf­cb­kbz,­rf­rjt­jn­kb­xf­tn­yf­wbj-yf­kbc­njd­b­ct­gf­hf­nbc­njd.

Jlby­bp­dj­ghj­cjd,­rj­nj­hsq­vs­pf­lf­df­kb­ghb­jg­hj­ct­bc­kfv­crbv­nth­hj­hbc­nfv-åjt­db­rfv­bp­≤Ötp­åjk­ks≥­b­ÖF­VFC,­rf­cfk­cz­nj­uj,­xtv­jyb­jghfd­ls­df­ñn­nt­hfr­ns,­cj­dth­ift­vst­cvth­nyb­rf­vb,­gj­crjkm­re­Rj­hfy­pf­ght­of­tn­cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dj.­Jlby­htc­gjy­ltyn­ghb­itk­d­zhjcnm:

Änj­yt­cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dj.­cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dj­gjl­hf­pe­vt­df­tn­ckf­åjcnm,­äuj­bpv,­yt­plj­hj­deñ­gcb­öb­re.­f­e­yfc­bc­nb-ifl­–­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­dj­b­cf­vj­gj­éth­ndj­df­ybt­dj­bvz­fk­kf­öf.

Dbl­ysq­bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkm­nth­hj­hbp­vf­Fhb­äkm­Vt­hf­hb­clt­kfk­jct­ymñ­2004­uj­lf­ghb­vt­xf­ntkm­yjt­yf­åkñ­lt­ybt,­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­deñ­ott­rfr­hfp­j­njv,­yf­crjkm­rj­≤yjh­vfkm-ys≥­nth­hj­hbc­ns-cvth­nyb­rb.­Jy­erf­pfk,­xnj,­ue­kzz­gj­

Ufh­dfhl-crdth­d­Rtv­åhb-lét,­gj­hf­pbk­cz­nj­ve,­xnj­gjl­hjc­nrb­dj­dctv­vb­ht­jlb­yf­rj­ds.­Rju­lf­z­cghj-cbk­tuj,­xnj­jy­bvt­tn­d­db­le,­jy­jn­dt­nbk:­ ­­Rju­lf­z­pf­itk­d­gbw-

wt­hbñ­d­Rtv­åhb­lét,­gjl­hjc­nrb­åjk­nf­kb­j­cdj­tq­kñ­åb­vjq­aen­åjkm-yjq­rj­vfy­lt­≤ymñ-By-uktyl­gän­hb­jnc≥­(d­njn­vj­vtyn­jyf­uj­nj­db­kfcm­r­vfn­xe­pf­ce­gth­re­åjr),­j­cdj­bö­re­vb­hfö­bp­änjq­rj­vfy­ls,­nf­rbö,­rfr­njv­Åhtq­lb,­b­j­njv,­rfr­jyb­cf­vb­cnf­yen­nf­rb­vb­ét­pdtp­lf­vb­ghj­atc­cbj-yfkm­yj­uj­aen­åj­kf,­rju­lf­ds­hfc­nen.­nj­ét­cf­vjt­ghj­bc­öj­lb­kj­d­kf­ut­hzö­lkz­åt­éty­wtd­yf­jr­re­gb-hj­dfy­ysö­nth­hb­nj­hb­zö,­njkm­rj­nfv­kñ­åb­vjq­rj­vfy­ljq­åsk­Öf­vfc,­

­­­­re­vb­hf­vb­–­if­öb­ls­(ve-xt­yb­rb),­b­ht­åz­nf­vtx­nf­kb­cnfnm­if­öb­lf­vb,­rfr­bö­re­vb­hs,­rju­lf­ds­hfc­nen.­Änj­ås­kj­el­he­xfñ­ot­yjh­vfkm­yj.

Öf­cfy­Cf­kf­vt,­dljö­yj­dty­ysq­gf­ktc­nby­crbq­rj­vfy-lbh­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd,­pf­zdbk:

ve­xt­yb­xtc­rfz­jgt­hf­wbz­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­ds­cibq­ehj­dtym­léb­öf­lf­b­gjl­xth­rb­df­tn­uke­åb­ye­yf­itq­dt­hs.­Kñ­lb,­cj­dth­ifñ­obt­dphs­ds,­zd­kz­ñn­cz­cdz­ns-vb­dj­byf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­jce­ot­cn­dkz­ñn­jl­yj­bp­dfé­ytq-ibö­ghtl­gb­cf­ybq­dt­hs.

Gcb­öj­kj­ubñ­cvth­nyb­rjd­yt­djp­vjé­yj­jåüzc­ybnm­rf­rjq-nj­jl­yjq­ghb­xb­yjq.­Vj­öfv­vfl­Öf­atp­d­cdj­tq­hf-åj­nt­≤Bp­uj­njd­kt­ybt­éb­dsö­åjvå≥3­erf­ps­df­tn,­xnj­lkz­änj­uj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vs­nhb­ec­kj­dbz:­rekm­ne­hf­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­df,­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbt­yf­cnfd­yb­rb­lkz­ghb­vt­yt­ybz­änjq­nfr­nb-rb­b­ghb­njr­lj­åhjdjkm­wtd,­uj­nj­dsö­gjq­nb­yf­cvthnm.­Afr­nb­xtc­rb­e­ldeö­uhegg,­rj­nj­hst­xf­ot­dct­uj­ghb­vt-yz­kb­änjn­vt­njl,­≤Nbu­hjd­Nf­vb­kf≥­b­rehl­crjq­ct­gf­hf-nbcn­crjq­uheg­gs­≤Hf­åj­xfz­gfh­nbz­Reh­lbc­nf­yf≥,­yt­ås­kj­yb­rf­rjq­cdz­pb­c­bc­kfv­crbv­aey­lf­vty­nf­kbp­vjv.

Bp­hf­bkmc­rbt­cj­wbj­kj­ub­cj­cnfdb­kb­gj­cvth­nyst­gcb-öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­gjh­nht­ns­93­gf­ktc­nby­crbö­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd.­Änb­vj­kj­lst­kñ­lb­d­djp­hfc­nt­jn­17­lj­22­

©AP Images/Muhammed Muheisen

Gjh­nht­ns­gf­ktc­nby­crbö­nth­hj­hbc­njd­cvth­nyb­rjd­yf­cnt­yt­yfl­aj­nju­hf­abz­vb­bp­hf­bkmc­rbö­éthnd­b­eybx­nj­éty­ysö­bp­hf­bkmc­rbö­fd­nj­åe­cjd­yf­ds­cnfd­rt­d­gf­ktc­nby­crjv­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt­­Åbh­wfqn­d­jr­htc­nyjc­nzö­uj­hj­lf­Hf­vfk­ks­yf­Pf­gfl­yjv­åt­ht­ue­ht­rb­Bjh­lfy.­Yt­rj­nj­hst­­gf­ktc­nby­crbt­lt­nb­cj­åb­hf­ñn­aj­nju­hf­abb­cvth­nyb­rjd.

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

ktn­ås­kb­yt­jå­hf­pj­dfy­ys­vb,­åtp­hf­åjn­ys­vb,­yt­ét­yf­ns-vb.­Afr­nb­xtc­rb­änj­ås­kb­tot­yt­cajh­vb­hj­dfd­ibt­cz­ñyj­ib.­Rju­lf­jyb­ghb­öj­lb­kb­d­eåt­éb­ot­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­rj­vfy­lb­hs­cvth­nyb­rjd­uj­dj­hb­kb­bv:­≤Dgt­ht­lb­e­dfc­åtc­cvsc­kty­yfz­ébpym­(ehj­dtym­åtp­hf­åj­nb­ws­d­kf­ut­hzö­cj­cnfd­kzk­jn­40­lj­70­ghj­wty­njd,­jcj­åty­yj­cht­lb­kbw,­yt­bvtñ­obö­gjk­yj­uj­chtl­yt­uj­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz),­yj­ds­vj­ét­nt­clt­kfnm­cj­cdj­tq­ébp­ymñ­yt­xnj­pyf­xb­vjt.­Ds­djkm­tntcm­d­hz­ls­ve­xt­yb­rjd,­df­if­ct­vmz­jå­ht­ntn­ght-cnbé,­hjl­cn­dty­yb­rb­åe­len­ujh­lbnm­cz­df­vb­b­gj­ke­xfnm­lt­yté­yst­gj­cj­åbz≥.­Rju­lf­jyb­gj­gf­lf­kb­yf­zdjx­yst­rdfh­nb­hs,­jyb­yb­rju­lf­yt­jc­nf­df­kbcm­jl­yb,­rnj-yb­åelm­yj­xt­dfk­d­jl­yjq­rjv­yf­nt­c­yb­vb­yf­rf­ye­yt­nt­hfr­nf­b­ckt-lbk­pf­ntv,­xnj­ås­jyb­yt­lhju­ye­kb,­f­gj­njv­ghj­dj­éfk­bö­yf­vtc­nj­≤ve­xt­yb­xtc­rjq­jgt­hf­wbb≥.

Yf­ghj­nbd,­cvth­nyb­rb,­eu­yfd­ibt­cf­vj­kt­ns­11­cty-nzå­hz­2001­uj­lf,­ås­kb­cnfh­it­(jn­28­lj­33­ktn).­Bö­ukf­dfhm,­33-ktn­ybq­Vj­öfv­vfl­Fn­nf,­b­ldjt­tuj­rjk­ktu­ås­kb­fc­gb­hfy­nf­vb­Ntö­yj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­d­Ufv­åeh­ut.­Jyb­ås­kb­ds­öjl­wf­vb­bp­åkf­uj­gj­kex­ysö­ct­vtq,­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­chtl­yt­uj­rkfc­cf­Cfe­ljd­crjq­Fhf-dbb­b­tubg­nf.­Jyb­ås­kb­dgjk­yt­cajh­vb­hj­dfd­ib­vb­cz­dphjc­ks­vb­kñlm­vb,­rj­nj­hst­gjl­xb­yb­kb­cdjb­kbx­yjc-nb­ltc­nher­nbd­yj­ve­öf­hbp­vf­nb­xtc­rj­ve­kb­lt­he­ecf­vt­åby­Kf­lt­ye.­tuj­lt­kj­cnf­kj­ukfd­yjq­vbc­cb­tq­lkz­tuj­gj­cktl­jdf­nt­ktq.­By­nt­htc­yj,­xnj,­d­jn­kb­xbt­jn­gf­ktc-nby­crbö­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd,­jyb­åj­ktt­ct­vb­ktn­cf­vj­cnjz­ntkm­yj­ghj­éb­kb­yf­pf­gf­lt,­bpe­xf­kb­djp­vjé-yjc­nb­b­pyf­rj­vb­kbcm­c­cj­åkfp­yf­vb­pf­gfl­yjq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­bvb­nb­hj­df­kb­fc­cb­vb­kz­wbñ,­öj­nz­dyen­hty­yt­ås­kb­yt­jn-dhf­nb­vj,­rfr­kf­pth­ysq­kex,­yf­wt­kt­ys­yf­cdjñ­vbc­cbñ­–­gj­ubå­yenm,­eybx­nj­ébd­ns­cz­xb­yb­d­xtv­yt­gj­dby­ysö­kñ­ltq.

Yj­dst­ds­pj­ds

C­njx­rb­pht­ybz­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­gcb­öj­kj­ubb,­dtcm­vf­nht­djé­yjq­nty­lty­wb­tq,­jcj­åty­yj­cbkm­yjq­d­pf­gfl­yjq­td­hj­gt,­zd­kz­tn­cz­hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbz­dnj­hj­uj­gj­rj­kt­ybz­ve­cekm­vfy­crbö­bv­vbu­hfy­njd.­Bö­hj­lb­nt­kb­ghb­töf­kb­d­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybñ,­Ahfy­wbñ,­Uth­vf­ybñ,­Yb­lth­kfy­ls,­Åtkm­ubñ­b­Bc­gf­ybñ­d­gj­bc­rfö­kex­itq­ébp­yb,­yj­cj­öhf-yb­kb­rekm­neh­yeñ­jåj­cjå­kty­yjcnm,­f­dnj­hjt­gj­rj­kt­ybt­gjl­dth­ukjcm­dnj­hbx­yjq­hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbb,­j­xtv­cdb­lt­ntkm-cn­deñn­dphs­ds­yf­vfl­hbl­crjv­dj­rpf­kt­11­vfh­nf­2004­uj­lf­b­d­kjy­ljy­crjv­vtn­hj­7­bñ­kz­2005­uj­lf.

Jcj­åty­yj­ckjé­yeñ­ghj­åkt­ve­cj­plf­ñn­≤yj­dst­chtl-cn­df­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb≥­–­yt­ght­hsd­yj­hf­åj­nfñ­obt­yj­djc­nyst­rf­yf­ks­rf­åtkm­yj­uj­nt­kt­db­lt­ybz­nf­rbt,­rfr­≤Fkm-Léf­pb­hf≥,­b­jcj­åty­yj­by­nth­ytn.­Gj­jwty­rt,­ghb­dj-lz­otq­cz­d­hf­åj­nt­Ufå­hbä­kz­Dfq­yvfy­yf­≤Nth­hjh­d­by­nth-yt­nt≥4,­d­2006­uj­le­ltqcn­dj­df­kj­ghb­vth­yj­4800­hf­lb-

rfkm­ysö­bc­kfv­crbö­cfq­njd,­rj­nj­hst­ghj­gf­ufy­lb­hj­df­kb­bltñ­yt­yf­dbc­nb­r­pf­gf­le,­cgj­cjå­cn­dez­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybñ­rjk­ktr­nbd­yjq­blty­nbx­yjc­nb­pfd­nhfi­ybö­nth­hj­hbc­njd.

Xnj­änj­jp­yf­xf­tn­lkz­åjhm­ås­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv?­tc­kb­ghb­yznm­nt­pbc­j­njv,­xnj­nth­hj­hbpv­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­cnhf­iyeñ­hfp­yj­dbl­yjcnm­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rjq­djq­ys,­rj­nj-hfz­dt­ltn­cz­xt­htp­chtl­cn­df­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb,­nj­ghj­nb­djc­nj­znm­tve­yf­lj­yt­ds­cj­rj­njx­ys­vb­åjv­åf­vb­b­hf­rt­nf­vb,­f­chtl­cn­df­vb­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­rjy­nhe­lf­hf5.­Änj­gjl­hf­pe­vt­df­tn­xt­ns­ht­äkt­vty­nf­ghj­uhfv­vs­by­ajh-vf­wb­jy­ysö­jgt­hf­wbq:

•­ ght­gzn­cn­djdf­ybt­dcneg­kt­ybñ­gj­nty­wb­fkm­ysö­nth-hj­hbc­njd­d­uheg­gs;

•­ dyt­ct­ybt­hfc­rj­kf­d­uheg­gs;•­ cgj­cjå­cn­djdf­ybt­ds­öj­le­bp­uheg­gs;•­ cj­rhf­ot­ybt­gjl­lth­érb­uheg­gs­b­jåüzd­kt­ybt­tt­

kb­lt­hjd­dyt­pf­rj­yf.Yj,­rfr­jn­vt­xf­tn­cz­d­jl­yjv­bp­ds­dj­ljd­hf­åj­xtq­

uheg­gs­Vfl­hbl­crj­uj­cfv­vb­nf,­≤gjn­ht­åe­ñn­cz­lt­cz­nb-kt­nbz­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­bp­vt­ybnm­rekm­ne­he­yt­yf­dbc­nb­b­yf­cb­kbz.­D­änjq­åjhm­åt­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­gjl­lth­éb­dfnm­ds­cj­rbq­vj­hfkm­ysq­ehj­dtym,­er­htg­kzz­dkfcnm­pf­rj­yf­b­lt­vjyc­nhb­hez­jå­hfp­ws­äa­atr­nbd­yj­uj­lj­åhj­cj­dtcn­yj­uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­b­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­cghf­dtl­kb­djc­nb.­Jn­öj­lbnm­jn­änbö­cnfy­lfh­njd­–­pyf­xbn,­jgec­rfnm­cz­lj­ehjd­yz­nth­hj-hbc­njd­b­yf­yj­cbnm­dhtl­kb­åt­hfkm­yjq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb≥6.­3

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft­vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

Cyjc rb b ghb vt xf ybz

1.­Jerrold­Post,­“The­Psychological­Roots­of­Terrorism,”­in­Addressing the Causes of Terrorism: The Club de Madrid Ser ies on Democracy and Terrorism,­vol.­1­(Madrid:­Club­de­Madrid,­2005).

2.­Jerrold­Post,­E.­Sprinzak,­and­L.­Denny,­“The­Terrorists­in­Their­Own­Words:­Int­er­vie­ws­With­35­Incarcer­at­ed­Middle­Eastern­Terrorists,”­Terrorism and Political Violen ce,­vol.­15,­no.­1­(2003):­pp.­171–184.

3.­Mohammed­Hafez,­Manufa cturing Human Bombs: The Making of Palestinian Suicide Bombe rs­(Washi­ngton,­D.C.:­Unit­ed­St­ates­Inst­it­ute­of­Pea­ce,­2006).

4.­Gabr­iel­Weimann,­Terror on the Int er net: The New Arena, the New Challen ges­(Washi­ngton,­D.C.:­Unit­ed­St­ates­Inst­it­ute­of­Pea­ce,­2006).

5.­Åj­ktt­gjl­hjå­yj­j­njv,­rfr­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­jgt­hf­wbb­lj­kéys­bu­hfnm­rkñ­xt­deñ­hjkm­d­ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dbb­nth­hj­hbp­ve,­cv.­Jerrold­Post,­“Psychological­Oper­ati­ons­and­Count­er-terrorism,”­Jo int Fo rce Quart erly,­iss­ue­37­(Spring­2005):­pp.­105–110.

6.­Jerrold­Post,­“The­Psychological­Roots­of­Terrorism,”­in­Addressing the Causes of Terrorism: The Club de Madrid Ser ies on Democracy and Terrorism,­vol.­1­(Madrid:­Club­de­Madrid,­2005),­p.­11.

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

vbf­Åkev,­ghj­atc­cjh­af­rekm­nt-nf­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­gj­kb­nb­rb­b­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq­eyb-dth­cb­nt­nf­inf­nf­léjhlébz­d­fn­kfy­nt

9­yj­zå­hz­2005­uj­lf­åtkm­ubq­rf­Vñ­hb­äkm­Lt­ujr,­jå­hf­nbd­ifz-cz­d­bc­kfv­b­ghb­vryed­ifz­r­

jl­yjq­bp­tuj­hf­lb­rfkm­ysö­ext­ybq,­dpjh­df­kf­ct­åz­d­fd­nj­vj­åb­kt­d­Bhf­rt.­D­njn­ét­ltym­d­Fv­vf­yt­yf­cdflm­åt­d­jnt­kt­yt­chf­åj­nf­kj­dphsd­yjt­ec­nhjq­cn­dj,­ghb­rhtg­kty-yjt­r­gj­zce­Cf­léb­ls­Fn­hec­fkm-Hb­if­db.

Rj­ytx­yj,­änb­cj­ås­nbz­gj­nhz-cf­ñn,­yj­afrn­jc­nf­tn­cz­afr­njv­–­éty­ob­ys­lfd­yj­exf­cn­deñn­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ldb­ét­yb­zö.­D­1970-t­b­1980-t­uj­ls­vyj­ubt­bp­ybö­ghj­zd­kz­kb­jcj­åeñ­fr­nbd­yjcnm­d­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crbö­b­td­hj­gtq­crbö­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­zö­b,­d­yt­rj­nj­hsö­uheg­gfö­cj­cnfd­kz-kb­lj­nht­nb­tt­cj­cnf­df­–­rfr­änj­ås­kj­d­cke­xft­≤Ahfr­wbb­Rhfc­yjq­Fh­vbb≥­d­Uth­vf­ybb­b­ldb­ét­ybz­≤Dnj­hjt­bñ­yz≥.­Jl­yf­rj­gt­ht­öjl­éty­oby­jn­ght­bve­ot­cn­dty­yj­dcgj­vj­uf­ntkm­ysö­aeyr­wbq­r­åj­ktt­fr­nbd­yjq­jgt­hf­nbd­yjq­hj­kb,­d­njv­xbc-kt­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd,­ghj­bpj­itk­uj­hfp-lj­gj­plytt.­Gth­djq­ås­kf­17-ktn­yzz­kb­dfy­crfz­lt­dei­rf,­rj­nj­hfz­dpjh­df­kf­ct­åz­jrj­kj­bp­hf­bkmc­rjq­fd­nj­rj­kjy­ys­d­1985­uj­le.­Djp­hfc­nfñ­ofz­hjkm­éty­oby­d­nth­hj­hbp­vt­ds­pdf­kf­gj­zd­kt­ybt­yj­dsö­dj­ghj­cjd.

Bp­ghb­åkb­pb­ntkm­yj­17­uhegg,­rj­nj­hst­ghb­vt­yz­ñn­nfr­nb­re­dphs­djd,­cj­dth­ift­vsö­cvth­nyb­rf­vb,­åj­ktt­xtv­d­gj­kj­db­yt­ltqcn­dj­df­kb­éty­ob­ys.­D­gt­hb­jl­c­1985­gj­2006­ujl­cvth­nyb­wf­vb­cnf­kb­åj­ktt­220­éty­oby,­yf­lj­kñ­rj­nj­hsö­ghb­ikjcm­jrj­kj­15­ghj­wty­njd­jå­ot­uj­xbc­kf­nf­rbö­nt­hfr­njd.­Åj­ktt­nj­uj,­hjcn­xbc­kf­nth­hj-hbc­njr­ghj­bc­öj­lbk­pf­cxtn­rfr­cdtn­crbö,­nfr­b­ht­kb­ub-jp­ysö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq,­öj­nz­gth­dj­yf­xfkm­yj­yf­gj­ljåyjv­

bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybb­éty­oby­yf­cnfb­df­kb­ht­kb­ub­jp­yst­uheg­gs1.

C­cty­nzå­hz­2005­uj­lf,­rju­lf­nth­hj­hbc­nrf-cvth­nyb­wf­jce­ot­cn­db-kf­d­uj­hj­lt­Nfk-F­afh­yf­ctdt­hj­-pf­gf­lt­Bhf­rt­dphsd,­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­rj­nj­hj­uj­gj­ubå­kb­dj­ctvm­yj­djå­hfy-wtd­bhfr­crjq­fh­vbb,­f­30­gj­ke­xb-kb­hf­yt­ybz,­d­änjq­cnhf­yt­ghj-bpji­kj­tot­yt­crjkm­rj­gj­ljåysö­cke­xf­td.­D­lt­rfå­ht­nj­uj­ét­uj­lf­ldt­éty­ob­ys­dpjh­df­kb­ct­åz­d­felb­nj­hbb­gj­kb­wtq­crjq­frf­lt­vbb­d­Åfu­lf­lt,­eåbd­27­xt­kj­dtr,­f­yt­lf­ktt­rfr­25­atd­hf­kz­2007­uj­lf­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­nt­hfr­nf,­cj­dth­ity­yj­uj­éty­ob­yjq­dj­dnj­hjv­gj­dt­kb­xb­yt­ds­citv­extå­yjv­pf­dt­lt­ybb­Åfu­lf-lf­–­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt­Vec­nfy­cb­hbz,­gj­ubå­kj­42­xt­kj­dt­rf,­f­51­gj­ke-xbk­hf­yt­ybz.

Dj­ghjc­≤Gj­xt­ve?≥

Rfr­ghf­db­kj,­gjc­kt­nf­rbö­cj­ås-nbq­chtl­cn­df­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb­fyf­kb­pb­he­ñn­ghtl­gj­kf­uft­vst­vj­nb-ds­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­yj­ght­jå­kf­lfñ­otq­

ht­fr­wb­tq­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­ijr,­ds­pdfy­ysq­ntv,­xnj­gj­ljåyst­ltqcn­dbz­cj­dth­if­tn­éty­ob­yf,­rj­nj­heñ­jåsx­yj­cxb­nf-ñn­éth­ndjq,­f­yt­bc­gjk­yb­nt­ktv­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­ysö­fr­wbq.­Är­cgth­ns­gj­nth­hj­hbp­ve,­gcb­öj­kj­ub­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­fyf-kb­nb­rb­xfc­nj­pf­yb­vf­ñn­cz­≤gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rjq­fe­njg­cb­tq≥,­ds­zc­yzz,­ult­hjc­kf­nth­hj­hbc­nrf,­ult­jyf­exb­kfcm,­gj­rf­rbv­ghb­xb­yfv­ghb­åtu­kf­r­yf­cb­kbñ.­Jåsx­yj­ghtl­gj-kf­uf­ñn,­xnj­jyf,­lj­kéyj­åsnm,­bc­gs­ns­df­kf­ltg­htc­cbñ,­ås­kf­evf­kb­ity­yjq,­bvt­kf­ceb­wb­lfkm­yst­yf­rkjy­yjc­nb­bkb­gcb­öb­xtc­rbt­jn­rkj­yt­ybz,­f­xf­ot­dct­uj­cxb­nf­tn­cz,­xnj­clt­kfnm­änj­tt,­lj­kéyj­åsnm,­pf­cnf­dbk­veé­xb­yf.

Jl­yf­rj­vyj­uj­ktn­ybt­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz­gj­rf­ps­df­ñn,­xnj­gcb­öj­gf­nj­kj­ubz­b­hfcc­nhjq­cn­df­kbx­yjc­nb­dcnht­xf­ñn­cz­cht­lb­nth­hj­hbc­njd­yt­xf­ot,­xtv­cht­lb­lhe­ubö­kñ­ltq,­éb­de­obö­d­ntö­ét­vtc­nfö.­B­öj­nz­vs­åjkm­it­yt­cxb­nf-tv,­xnj­veé­xb­ys­pf­cnfd­kz­ñn­cnf­yj­dbnm­cz­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb­

Éty ob ys rfr éth nds b exfcn yb ws nt hfr njd

Vbf­Åkev

Bhfr­crfz­éty­ob­yf,­e­rj­nj­hjq­ghj­gfk­csy­gjc­kt­dphs­df­fd­nj­vj­åb­kz,­cj­dth­ity­yj­uj­cvth­nyb­rjv­jrj­kj­gj­kb­wtq­crj­uj­åkjr­gjc­nf­d­Åfu­lf­lt­d­cty­nzå­ht­2005­uj­lf,­–­kbim­jl­yf­bp­ns­czx­éthnd­nth­hj­hbp­vf.

© AP Ima ges/Hadi Miz banIn

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

åjkm­iby­cn­dj­éty­oby,­veé­xb­ys­dct­ét­bu­hf­ñn­d­ébp­yb­änbö­éty­oby­dfé­yeñ­hjkm,­dj­dkt­rfz­bö­d­nth­hj­hbpv.­Rfr­gb­itn­Lt­åj­hf­Ufkm­dby,­≤yt­rj­nj­hsö­éty­oby­dth­åe-ñn­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­bö­ghb­znt­kb.­Dfé-yjq­jcj­åty­yjc­nmñ,­rj­nj­hfz­vj­étn­åsnm­öf­hfr­nth­yjq­lkz­dj­dkt­xt­ybz­éty­oby­d­hz­ls­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­zd­kz­tn­cz­ghb­cen­cn­dbt­jn­yj­it­ybq­vté­le­veé­xb­yjq-kñ­åjd­yb­rjv­(bkb­éty­ob­yjq-kñ­åjd­yb­wtq)­b­éty­ob­yjq-cjexfcn­yb-wtq≥2.­Afr­nb­xtc­rb,­öj­nz­fkm-Hb­if­db­gj­nth­gt­kf­yt­elf­xe­d­cdj­tq­gj­gsn­rt­eybx­nj­ébnm­ujc­ntq­yf­cdflm­åt­d­Fv­vf-yt,­cj­ghj­djé­lfd­ibq­tt­veé­ght­ec­gtk­d­eåbq­cn­dfö.

Åhb­nfy­crfz­éeh­yf­kbc­nrf­Fq­kby­Vfr­lj­yfkml­hfc­crf-ps­df­tn­j­njv,­rfr­≤Åt­uj­yf≥­jåüzc­yb­kf­cdjt­dcneg­kt­ybt­d­ÄNF­(nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­uheg­ge­åfcr­crbö­yf­wbj­yf­kbc-njd­d­Bc­gf­ybb­b­Ahfy­wbb)­d­djp­hfc­nt­25­ktn­ntv,­xnj­≤d­ytt­döj­lbk­tt­pyf­rj­vsq≥3.­Öj­lbn­nfr­ét­vyj­ét­cn­dj­cke­öjd­j­njv,­rfr­veé­xb­ys­crkj­yz­ñn­éty­oby­r­exfc-nbñ­d­yf­cb­kbb,­cj­dhf­ofz­bö­yf­≤ytgj­ljåfñ­ott­ctr­ce-fkm­yjt­gj­dt­lt­ybt≥,­f­gj­njv­nht­åez­jn­ybö­cj­dth­it­ybz­dt­kb­rj­uj­≤fr­nf­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­df≥­rfr­tlby­cn­dty­yj­uj­cgj-cj­åf­djc­cnf­yj­dbnm­lj­åhjt­bvz­ct­vmb­b­cj­öhf­ybnm­kb­wj.­Yj­ås­kj­ås­pf­åkeé­lt­yb­tv­gj­kf­ufnm,­xnj­éty­ob­ys­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­ghj­cnj­éth­ndf­vb­bkb­gti­rf­vb­d­he­rfö­veé-xby,­yt­bvtz­yb­rf­rbö­cdj­bö­cj­åcn­dty­ysö­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­vj­nb­djd.­Yf­cf­vjv­ét­lt­kt­jl­ybv­bp­cf­vsö­dth­ysö­ghb­pyf­rjd­åe­le­ot­uj­exfc­nbz­éty­ob­ys­d­jght­ltkty­yjv­ldb­ét­ybb­zd­kz­ñn­cz­tt­jn­yj­it­ybz­c­åsd­ibv­bkb­ys­yti-ybv­nth­hj­hbc­njv­bp­änj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz.­D­cke­xft­fkm-Hb-if­db­yt­crjkm­rj­tt­åhf­nmtd­gj­ubå­kb­d­Bhf­rt,­exf­cn­dez­d­vz­nt­ét­ghj­nbd­rjf­kb­wb­jy­ysö­djq­cr,­b­lkz­ec­gti­yj­uj­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­jgt­hf­wbb­d­jnt­kt­ås­kj­ec­nhjt­yj­tt­pf­ve­ét-cn­dj­yf­yt­crjkm­rj­lytq.

Yt­rj­nj­hst­gcb­öj­kj­ub­gj­zc­yz­ñn,­xnj­nth­hj­hbc­ns,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­cnhf­lf­ñn­jn­≤nhfdv­yf­hwbc­cbp­vf≥,­nj­tcnm­jn­ct­hmtp­yj­uj­eoth­åf,­rj­nj­hsq­yf­yj­cbn­cz­d­nt­xt­ybt­ljk-uj­uj­dht­vt­yb­bö­≤z≥­b­bö­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybñ­j­ct­åt­rfr­j­kbx­yjc­nb.­Änjn­eothå­yf­cnjkm­rj­cb­kty,­xnj­pf­cnfd­kz­tn­lbc­rht­lb­nb­hj­dfy­yjt­≤z≥­bc­rfnm­ct­åt­yj­deñ,­≤gj­pb­nbd-yeñ≥­blty­nbx­yjcnm­b­dyjdm­jå­ht­nfnm­cf­vj­edf­ét­ybt­b­joe­ot­ybt­pyf­xb­ntkm­yjc­nb­cdjt­uj­≤z≥­xt­htp­ghb­yfl­kté-yjcnm­r­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­uheg­gt.­Gcb­öj­kju­Léj­pta­Vfh­uj­kby­en­dth­élf­tn,­xnj­≥gj­dt­lt­ybt­nth­hj­hbc­nf­d­pyf­xb­ntkm­yjq­cnt­gt­yb­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­ht­fr­wbñ­yf­uke­åj­rjt­hf­pj­xf­hj­df­ybt­(ahe­cnhf­wbz)­bp-pf­nj­uj,­xnj­jc­nf­kbcm­yt­htf­kb­pj­dfy­ys­vb­tuj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­wt­kb­b­yt­eljd­ktn­dj­hty­ys­vb­tuj­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­b­kbx­yst­gj­nhtå­yjc­nb≥4.­Häy­lb­Åj­hev­lj­åfd­kz­tn:­≤Cdzpm­vté­le­ahe­cnhf­wb­tq­–­cj­cnjz­yb­tv,­rju­lf­xt­kj­dtr­yt­vj­étn­lj-åbnm­cz­cdj­tq­wt­kb­bkb­dtc­nb­ct­åz­nfr,­rfr­tve­öj­xtn­cz,­b­fu­htc­cb­tq­vj­étn­åsnm­≤ukfd­ysv­jåüzc­yzñ­obv­vj­vty-njv≥,­gj­pdj­kzñ­obv­gj­yznm­ghb­xb­ye,­gj­rj­nj­hjq­kñ­lb­ghb­åt­uf­ñn­r­yf­cb­kbñ≥5.­Lhe­ubt­är­cgth­ns­blen­tot­lfkm­it,­en­dth­élfz,­xnj­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­nth­hj­hbc­njd­yf­öj-lzn­cz­d­cj­cnjz­ybb,­uhf­yb­xf­otv­c­fenbp­vjv,­b­gj­änj­ve­nz­uj­nt­ñn­r­bltj­kj­ub­zv,­rj­nj­hst­eg­hj­of­ñn­vbh,­lt­kz­tuj­yf­xth­yjt­b­åt­kjt,­lj­åhj­b­pkj≥6.

Rj­hty­yst­ghb­xb­ys

Gcb­öj­kj­ub,­cj­wbj­kj­ub­b­gj­kb­nj­kj­ub­jght­ltkz­ñn­rj­hty­yst­ghb­xb­ys,­lfñ­obt­rkñx­r­gj­yb­vf­ybñ­nj­uj,­gj-xt­ve­d­åjkm­iby­cn­dt­cke­xf­td­cj­dth­if­ñn­cz­nt­hfr­ns.­Jl-yf­rj­vyj­ujt­d­gt­ht­xyt­rj­hty­ysö­ghb­xby­nfr­ét­jåüzc­yz-tn­vj­åb­kb­pf­wbñ­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­uhegg,­yt­pf­yb­vfñ­obö­cz­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­b­gj­änj­ve­jn­yj­cbn­cz­r­rf­nt­uj­hbb­≤yt­jå­öj-lb­vsö,­yj­yt­ljc­nf­njx­ysö≥­jåüzc­yt­ybq­nj­uj,­gj­xt­ve­änb­afr­nj­hs­gj­åeé­lf­ñn­yt­rj­nj­hsö­kñ­ltq­jå­hf­ofnm­cz­r­yf­cb­kbñ.­R­xbc­ke­änbö­ghb­xby­jn­yj­czn­cz:

•­ jn­cen­cn­dbt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­uhfé­lfy­crbö­cdj­åjl­b­dkfc­nb­pf­rj­yf;

•­ jåfy­rhj­nbd­ibt­cz­bkb­ckf­åst­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df,­­rj­nj­hst­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­ñn­eåt­éb­ot­nth­hj­hbc­nfv;

•­ ckbi­rjv­ås­cnhfz­vj­lth­yb­pf­wbz;•­ ärcnht­vbcn­crbt­bltj­kj­ubb­–­rfr­cdtn­crbt,­nfr­b­

ht­kb­ub­jp­yst;•­ gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjt­yf­cb­kbt,­uhfé­lfy­crbt­djq­ys,­ht­dj-

kñ­wbb,­lbr­nf­ne­hs­bkb­jr­re­gf­wbz­d­ghji­kjv;•­ yt­kt­ub­nbv­yst­bkb­rjh­hev­gb­hj­dfy­yst­ghf­db­ntkm-

cn­df;•­ htg­htc­cbb­cj­cnj­hj­ys­byj­cnhfy­ysö­jr­re­gfy­njd­

bkb­rj­kj­yb­fkm­ysö­lth­éfd;

© AP Ima ges/Hasan Sa rba khshian

Atd­hfkm­2006­uj­lf,­bhfy­crbt­cne­lty­nrb­pf­gjk­yz­ñn­ht­ub­cnhf­wb­jy­yst­ajh­vs,­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­deñ­obt­jå­bö­uj­njd­yjc­nb­cnfnm­nth­hj­hbc­nrf­vb­cvth­nyb­wf­vb.

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

•­ lbc­rhb­vb­yf­wbz­yf­jc­yj­dt­än­yb­xtc­rjq,­hf­cj­djq­bkb­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq­ghb­yfl­kté­yjc­nb;

•­ cj­wb­fkm­yfz­yt­cghf­dtl­kb­djcnm;•­ yf­kb­xbt­öf­hbp­vf­nb­xtc­rbö­bltj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­­

kb­lt­hjd7.Gj­vyt­ybñ­nf­rbö­är­cgth­njd,­rfr­qj­hfv­Idtq­wth­b­

Afh­öf­yf­Fkb,­éty­ob­ys,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­he­rj­djl­cn­deñn-cz­cj­jå­hf­ét­ybz­vb­åj­ktt­≤kbx­yj­uj≥­öf­hfr­nt­hf,­xtv­nt,­rj­nj­hst­dfé­ys­lkz­veé­xby.­Änb­ghb­xb­ys­vjé­yj­hfp-lt­kbnm­yf­xt­ns­ht­jå­obö­rf­nt­uj­hbb:­vtcnm,­bc­reg­kt­ybt,­gjx­nt­ybt­b­cdzpm.­D­xfc­nyjc­nb,­r­ybv­jn­yj­czn­cz:

•­ gj­nt­hz­åkbp­rj­uj­xt­kj­dt­rf­(jåsx­yj­ukfd­yj­uj­veé-xb­ys­d­bö­ébp­yb­–­ve­éf,­jn­wf­bkb­åhf­nf);

•­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcnm­dyjdm­jå­htc­nb­cdjt­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rjt­lj­cnj­by­cn­dj­b­≤bc­re­gbnm≥­cdjt­yt­ljk­éyjt­ctr­ce-fkm­yjt­gj­dt­lt­ybt­(ht­fkm­yjt­bkb­ghtl­gj­kf­uft­vjt);

•­ yt­cgj­cjå­yjcnm­éty­ob­ys­pf­xfnm­ht­åty­rf­bkb­vyt-ybt­lhe­ubö­kñ­ltq­j­njv,­xnj­yf­éty­ob­yt­yt­kmpz­ét­ybnm­cz8;

•­ ét­kf­ybt­gj­ds­cbnm­cnf­nec­éty­oby­d­cdj­tv­­jå­ot­cn­dt;

•­ cnhtv­kt­ybt­lj­rf­pfnm,­xnj­jyb­njx­yj­nfr­ét,­­rfr­b­veé­xb­ys,­ght­lfys­dt­kb­rj­ve­lt­ke;

•­ gj­kj­ét­ybt,­rju­lf­éty­ob­ys­zd­kz­ñn­cz­ct­cnhf­vb,­lj­xthm­vb­bkb­ét­yf­vb­bp­dtcn­ysö­gj­dcnfy­wtd9.

Hfp­kb­xbt­b­cöjl­cn­dj

Jl­yf­rj­yt­kmpz­bc­öj­lbnm­bp­nj­uj,­xnj­éty­ob­ys­he-rj­djl­cn­deñn­cz­yt­nf­rb­vb­ghb­xb­yf­vb,­rf­rbt­dkbzñn­yf­veé­xby.­Åjkm­iby­cn­dj­éty­oby,­rfr­b­veé­xby,­gj­åeé-lf­ñn­ghb­åt­ufnm­r­yf­cb­kbñ­rfr­kbx­yst,­nfr­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc-rbt­ghb­xb­ys.­Gcb­öj­kju­Fhb­äkm­Vt­hf­hb­rjy­cnf­nb­he­tn:­≤Rekm­ne­hf­dj­jå­ot­b­ht­kb­ubz­d­xfc­nyjc­nb,­gj­öj­ét,­bvt­ñn­jn­yj­cb­ntkm­yj­yt­åjkm­ijt­pyf­xt­ybt­lkz­at­yj­vt­yf­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd.­Cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dj,­cj­dth­ift­vjt­nth­hj­hbc­njv,­rfr­b­kñ­åjt­lhe­ujt­cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dj,­ghtl-cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq,­gj­ce­nb,­by­lb­db­le­fkm­ysq,­f­yt­uheg­gj-djq­frn:­kñ­lb,­rj­nj­hst­ét­kf­ñn­evt­htnm­gj­kbx­ysv­ghb­xb­yfv,­lt­kf­ñn­änj.­Nth­hj­hbpv­ghj­cnj­ghtl­kf­uf­tn­gj­djl­clt­kfnm­änj­b­jåjc­yj­df­ybt­lkz­jce­ot­cn­dkt­ybz­änj­uj­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­ysv­ge­ntv;­cfv­gj­ct­åt­nth­hj­hbpv­yt­zd­kz­tn­cz­dyen­hty­ybv­gj­åe­lb­ntkm­ysv­cnb­ve­kjv≥10.

Lkz­dctö­nth­hj­hbc­njd­–­rfr­veé­xby,­nfr­b­éty­oby­–­lt­kj,­pf­rj­nj­hjt­jyb­gj­ub­åf­ñn,­jc­yj­df­yj­yf­vb­hj­djp-pht­ybb,­rj­nj­hjt­ghb­lf­tn­cvsck­bö­yt­vb­yet­vjq­cvth­nb­b­xfc­nj­ce­kbn­bv­≤åtc­cvth­nbt≥­d­njq­bkb­byjq­ajh­vt.­D­gj­cktl­ytt­dht­vz­vyj­ubt­crkjy­ys­cxb­nfnm,­xnj­ce­ot-cn­detn­tc­nt­cn­dty­yfz,­cf­vj­cj­åjq­hf­pe­vtñ­ofz­cz­cdzpm­vté­le­dt­hjq­b­uj­njd­yjc­nmñ­eåb­dfnm­b­åsnm­eåb­nsv11.­Jl­yf­rj­yf­lfy­ysq­vj­vtyn­yt­ec­nf­yjd­kt­yj­yb­rf­rjq­fg­hb-jh­yjq­cdz­pb­vté­le­ht­kb­ub­tq­b­nth­hj­hjv.

Afr­nb­xtc­rb­d­ghji­kjv­vyj­ubt­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­uheg­gs­–­nf­rbt,­rfr­≤Rhfc­yst­åhb­uf­ls≥­d­Bnf­kbb,­≤Ahfr­wbz­Rhfc­yjq­Fh­vbb≥­d­Uth­vf­ybb­b­≤Cbzñ­obq­genm≥­d­Gt­he,­–­ås­kb­hf­lb­rf­kf­vb-cj­wbf­kbc­nf­vb,­dj-jå­ot­yt­cdz­pfy­ys­vb­yb­c­rf­rjq­ht­kb­ub­tq.­Jl­yf­rj­jyb­drkñ­xf­kb­d­cdjb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­ghj­uhfv­vs­jc­dj­åjé­lt-ybt­éty­oby.

Åjkm­iby­cn­dj­éty­oby,­ghb­xfc­nysö­r­nth­hj­hbp­ve­ct­ujl­yz,­gj­-db­lb­vj­ve,­bc­gjk­yz­ñn­hjkm­lt­it­dj­uj­ge-itx­yj­uj­vz­cf.­Dj­jå­ot­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cz,­xnj­jyb­cnf­kb­nfr­nb­xtc­rbv­yjd­it­cn­djv,­gj­crjkm­re­jn­rkj­yz­ñn­cz­jn­cnt­htj­nbg­ysö­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybq­j­nth­hj­hbc­nfö,­rj­nj­hst­ckj­éb­kbcm­e­cgt­wbf­kbc­njd,­hfp­hf­åf­ns­dfñ­obö­rjyn-hnth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­cnhf­nt­ubñ.­Åj­ktt­nj­uj,­rfr­vj­étn­gjl­ndth­lbnm­kñ­åjq,­rnj­cvjn­htk­abkmv­≤Fk­ébh­crfz­åbn­df≥,­éty­ob­ys-futy­ns­ktu­rj­cvt­ib­df­ñn­cz­c­uhfé-lfy­crbv­yf­ct­kt­yb­tv­ghj­nbd­yb­rf­d­wt­kzö­hfp­dtl­rb:­d­bö­jlté­lt­vjé­yj­ghz­nfnm­åjv­ås,­gj­hjq­jyb­ghb­ndj­hz­ñn­cz­åt­ht­vty­ys­vb,­xnj­ås­bö­yt­jåsc­rb­df­kb.­Yj­afr­nb­xtc­rb­vf­kj­rnj­bp­éty­oby­lj­gec­rf­tn­cz­yf­he­rj­dj­lz­obt­hj­kb,­lf­ét­d­uheg­gfö,­ult­jyb­cj­cnfd­kz­ñn­jn­30­lj­60­ghj­wty-

Yf­vb­nby­ut­d­gjl­lth­ére­ÖF­VF­Cf­d­2004­uj­le­gf­ktc­nby­crbq­vfkm­xbr­lth­ébn­aj­nju­hf­abñ­éty­ob­ys,­rj­nj­hfz­dpjh­df­kf­ct­åz­yf­ukfd­yjv­gj­uhf­ybx­yjv­gey­rnt­vté­le­Bp­hfb­ktv­b­­ctr­nj­hjv­Uf­pf,­eåbd­xt­ns­htö­bp­hf­bkm­nzy.

© AP Ima ges/Khalil Hamra

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

njd­nth­hj­hbc­njd.­Rkf­hf­Åtq­kth,­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pez­gf­ktc­nby-crbt­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb,­jn­vt­nb­kf:­≤Éty­ob-ys­htl­rj­döj­éb­d­bö­ds­cibt­rhe­ub,­ult­ghb­yb­vf­ñn­cz­ht­it­ybz.­Éty­ob­ys­vj­uen­åsnm­lj­åhjdjkm­wf­vb­bkb...­éty­oby­vj­uen­ghb­yeé­lfnm­yf­yj­cbnm­cvth­nj­yjc­ysq­elfh,­yj­hjkm­éty­oby,­d­rj­ytx­yjv­cxt­nt,­jght­ltkz­tn­cz­gfn­hb­fh­öfkm­yjq­bt­hfh­öb­tq,­rj­nj­hfz­ghj­ljk­éf­tn­ujc­gjl-cn­dj­dfnm­d­gf­ktc­nby­crjv­jå­ot­cn­dt­b­tuj­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-rbö­uheg­gfö≥12.

D­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yjc­nb­nt,­rnj­pf­yb­vf­tn­cz­yf­cb­kb­tv,­cj-cnfd­kz­ñn­yt­åjkm­ieñ­xfcnm­kñ­åj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­d­wt­kjv.­Gj­crjkm­re­nth­hj­hbc­ns­zd­kz­ñn­cz­kbim­ahfr­wb­tq­uheg-gs,­rj­nj­heñ­jyb­åt­hen­cz­ghtl­cnfd­kznm,­ht­fkm­yeñ­jg­gj-pb­wbñ­bv­xfc­nj­cj­cnfd­kz­ñn­evt­hty­yst­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kb­bö­cj­åcn­dty­ysö­rhe­ujd,­rj­nj­hst­ghtl­gj­xb­nf­ñn­fkm­nth-yf­nbd­yst­vt­nj­ls­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­ysv.­Gj­änj­ve­nth­hj­hbc­ns­cnht­vzn­cz­ghj­dj­wb­hj­dfnm­cb­kj­dst­jn­dtn­yst­ltqcn­dbz­dkfc­ntq,­rj­nj­hst­gj­hj­lzn­cj­xed­cn­dbt­gj­jn­yj­it­ybñ­r­ybv­b­bö­gjl­lth­ére,­ecb­kzn­hf­lb­rfkm­yst­yf­cnhjt­ybz­d­rhe­ue­bö­tlb­yj­vsi­kty­yb­rjd­b­gj­vj­uen­vj­åb­kb­pj­dfnm­åjkm­it­yj­djå­hfy­wtd.­Bc­gjkm­pez­éty­oby,­nth­hj­hbc­nb-xtc­rbt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­yf­ltñn­cz­yf­xhtp­vth­yeñ­ht­fr­wbñ­ghj­nbd­éty­oby­bö­jå­ot­cnd­–­dth­ysq­cgj­cjå­ds­pdfnm­tot­åjkm­itt­djp­ve­ot­ybt­b­uytd.

Jn­cen­cn­dbt­jå­obö­pf­rj­yj­vth­yjc­ntq

Ukfd­yfz­wtkm­nth­hj­hbp­vf­–­ct­znm­cnhfö­b­yt­jght-ltkty­yjcnm­b­yt­njkm­rj­cht­lb­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­ysö­éthnd.­eybx­nj­éfz­kñ­ltq­b­bve­ot­cn­dj,­jyb­yf­ltñn­cz­cj­plfnm­äa­atrn,­rj­nj­hsq­cvj­étn­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yznm­cz­b­yf­åe­le-obt­gj­rj­kt­ybz.­Nth­hj­hbc­ns­öj­nzn,­xnj­ås­ghj­nbd­ybr­nhf­nbk­dht­vz­b­ltym­ub­yf­er­htg­kt­ybt­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb;­jyb­gj­kys­ét­kf­ybz­jå­kj­ébnm­dhf­étc­rjt­jå­ot­cn­dj­ju­hjv-yjq­lf­ymñ,­pf­cnf­dbd­tuj­gt­ht­åhj­cbnm­ht­ceh­cs­c­ghj­bp-djl­cn­df­yf­yt­ghj­bp­dj­lb­ntkm­yst­vt­hjg­hbz­nbz13.

Jl­yf­bp­rjyn­hnth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­byb­wbf­nbd,­rj­nj­hst­vj­uen­jrf­pfnm­cz­äa­atr­nbd­ys,­cj­cnjbn­d­njv,­xnj­ås­jå­hf­nbnm­cz­r­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rbv­rhe­ufv­yf­ct­kt­ybz­b­er­ht-gbnm­gj­pb­wbb­evt­hty­ysö­cbk.­tc­kb­vs­åe­ltv­uj­dj­hbnm­jå­ukfd­ysö­afr­nj­hfö,­cgj­cjå­cn­deñ­obö­gj­zd­kt­ybñ­yf­cb­kbz,­vs,­crj­htq­dct­uj,­yt­kbr­db­lb­he­tv­cf­vj­uj­yf­cb-kbz,­yj­gj­vj­étv­ghj­lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­dfnm,­xnj­evt­hty­yst­gj­kb­nb­rb­vj­uen­ytc­nb­åkf­uf­yf­ct­kt­ybñ,­f­nth­hj­hbc­ns­–­ytn.­Åjkm­iby­cn­dj­jg­hj­cjd­gj­rf­ps­df­tn,­xnj­gjl­lth­érf­yf­cb­kbz­evtym­if­tn­cz,­rju­lf­tcnm­åj­ktt­ébp­ytc­gj­cjå­yst­fkm­nth­yf­nb­ds­b­åj­ktt­htf­kbc­nb­xtc­rbt­gth­cgtr­nb­ds­yf­vbh14.

D­jn­yj­it­ybb­éty­oby­dfé­yj­gjl­xth­rb­dfnm,­xnj­jyb­vj­uen­bu­hfnm­gj­pb­nbd­yeñ­hjkm­d­cdj­bö­jå­ot­cn­dfö­b­dyj­cbnm­åj­ktt­joe­nb­vsq­drkfl­d­ébpym,­f­yt­d­cvthnm.­Änj­gj­vju­kj­ås­gjl­lth­éfnm­vtcn­yst­éty­crbt­jh­uf­yb­pf-wbb,­rj­nj­hst­ghb­yj­czn­gjkm­pe­jå­ot­cn­de­d­wt­kjv.­Nf­rbt­uheg­gs­vj­uen­cnfnm­jgj­hjq­uhfé­lfy­crj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df,­cgj-cjå­yjq­cj­tlb­ybnm­hfp­kbx­yst­jå­ob­ys­b­pf­kj­ébnm­jc­yj­de­lkz­cnf­yjd­kt­ybz­ht­fkm­yjq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb15.

Cf­vst­dfé­yst­dj­ghj­cs,­rj­nj­hst­yf­lj­ghj­zc­ybnm,­pf­rkñ­xf­ñn­cz­d­njv,­xnj­ytn­jå­obö­pf­rj­yj­vth­yjc­ntq,­ytn­hfp­b­yf­dctu­lf­ec­nf­yjd­kty­ysö­cnt­htj­nb­gjd­b­yt­djp-vjé­yj­jåüzc­ybnm­dct­hfp­yj­dbl­yjc­nb­nth­hj­hbp­vf.

Gcb­öj­kju­Léjy­Öjh­ufy­gj­zc­yz­tn,­xnj­rfé­ljt­nth-hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjt­ldb­ét­ybt­gj­-cdjt­ve­ckjé­yj­b­xnj­lf­ét­cf­vst­vf­kj­xbc­kty­yst­uheg­gs­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pe­ñn­cz­hj­kt-dsv­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pb­tv,­rj­nj­hjt­jåec­kfd­kb­df­tn­≤hfp­yst­ajh­vs­exfc­nbz≥16­rfr­lkz­veé­xby,­nfr­b­lkz­éty­oby.­Åj­ktt­nj­uj,­ce­ot­cn­detn­cnjkm­rj­hfp­kbx­ysö­db­ljd­nt­hfr-njd,­cj­dth­ift­vsö­gj­hfp­ysv­ghb­xb­yfv,­xnj­yt­djp­vjé-yj­jght­ltkbnm­tlby­cn­dty­yeñ­ghb­xb­ye­kñ­åjq­jn­ltkm­yjq­ajh­vs­nth­hj­hbp­vf­–­bc­kfv­crj­uj,­ukj­åfkm­yj­uj­cf­kf-abcn­crj­uj,­ght­ckt­leñ­ot­uj­ht­it­ybt­rf­rjq-nj­jl­yjq­ghj-åkt­vs­(yf­ghb­vth,­jö­hf­ys­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­bkb­ghfd­éb­djn­ysö),­ghf­dj­uj­hf­cbcn­crj­uj,­yf­wbj­yf­kbc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­b­ct­gf­hf­nbcn­crj­uj.­Yt­uj­dj­hz­eét­j­njv,­xnj­ås­jåüzc-ybnm­vj­nb­ds,­rj­nj­hs­vb­he­rj­djl­cn­deñn­cz­dct­éty­ob­ys.

D­lhe­ubö­cnf­nmzö­z­en­dth­élf­kf,­xnj­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-rbt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb,­bc­gjkm­pez­éty­oby,­vj­uen­he­rj­djl­cn-dj­dfnm­cz­ghj­cnsv­hfc­xt­njv.­Kb­lt­hs­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ldb­ét­ybq­cj­gjc­nfd­kz­ñn­pf­nhf­ns­b­ds­uj­ls­ghb­ds­åj­ht­nfr­nb­rb,­wt­ktq­b­bc­gjk­yb­nt­ktq,­f­nth­hj­hbc­nrb-cvth­nyb-ws­–­änj­lt­it­djt­jhe­ébt.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­jyb­ghb­dkt­rf­ñn­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­åjkm­it­dyb­vf­ybz­CVB­b­vj­uen­nfr­ét­gj­åe­lbnm­veé­xby­bp­xed­cn­df­cns­lf­vj­åb­kb­pj­dfnm­cz­cf-vbv­dvtc­nj­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­gj­pdj­kznm­éty­ob­yfv­≤lt­kfnm­bö­hf­åj­ne≥17.

Jl­yf­rj,­åtc­cgjh­yj,­tc­kb­ås­bc­ckt­lj­df­nt­kb­vju­kb­gj­åt­ct­lj­dfnm­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yj­c­xkt­yf­vb­bp­dtcn­ysö­byj­cnhfy­ysö­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ldb­ét­ybq,­jyb­vju­kb­ås­gj­ke­xbnm­åj­ktt­wty­yeñ­by­ajh­vf­wbñ.­Öj­nz­lj­cneg­r­nf­rbv­gth­dj­bc­njx­yb­rfv­ju­hf­yb­xty18,­rfr­en­dth­élf­tn­Öjh­ufy:­≤Rf­rbv­ås­yt­ghb­zn­ysv­änj­yb­rf­pf­kjcm,­lkz­nj­uj­xnj­ås­gj­yznm­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybt­cj­pyf­ybz­b­cnher­ne­he­gj­dt­lt­ybz­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­yfv­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­dcnht­xfnm­cz­b­hfp­uj­df­hb­dfnm­c­kñlm­vb,­rj­nj­hst­ås­kb­bkb­jc­nf­ñn­cz­ghb­xfc­nys­vb­r­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rj­ve­yf­cb­kbñ≥19.­Jcj­åty-yj­änj­jn­yj­cbn­cz­r­cb­nef­wbb,­rju­lf­yf­lj­jght­ltkbnm,­gj­xt­ve­éty­ob­ys­–­nhf­lb­wb­jy­yj­rjh­vb­kb­ws­–­ghtl­gj­xb-nf­ñn­cnf­yj­dbnm­cz­eåbq­wf­vb.­3

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft­vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

�0 eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Ghb vt xf ybz b cyjc rb

1.­Mia­Bloom,­“Female­Suicide­Bombe­rs:­A­Global­Trend,”­Deadalus­(Wint­er­2007).

2.­De­borah­M.­Galvin,­“The­Female­Terrorist:­A­Socio-Psychological­­Pe­rs­pe­cti­ve,” Behavioral Sc ien ce and the Law,­vol.­1­(1983):­pp.19–32.

3.­Ei­le­en­MacDonald, Sh oot the Women Fi rst (New­York:­Random­House,­1992).

4.­Jos­eph­Margolin,­“Psychological­Pe­rs­pe­cti­ves­in­Terrorism,”­in­­Y.­Alexa­nder­and­S.­M.­Fi­nger­(eds.), Terrorism: Int er disciplinary Pe rs pe cti ves­(New­York:­John­Jay,­1977),­pp.­273–274.

5.­Randy­Borum,­Psychology of Terrorism­(Tampa,­FL:­Unive­rs­ity­of­Florida,­2004),­p.­13.

6.­D.­Gambetta­and­S.­He­rtog,­“Enginee­rs­of­Jihad,”­unpubl­is­hed­paper­prese­nt­ed­to­the­Ce­nt­re­for­the­Study­of­Civil­War­(17­August­2006).

7.­T.­Björgo,­Root Causes of Terrorism­(London:­Rout­led­ge,­2005).

8.­R.­Pape,­Dying to Win: The Str at egic Logic of Suicide Terror­(New­York:­Random­House,­2005).

9.­Noor­Huda­Ismail,­“Married­to­a­Jihadist,”­Str aits Times­(10­March­2006).­Availab­le­at­ht­tp://noorhudaismail.bl­ogsp­ot.com/2006/03/married-to-jihadist.html.

10.­Ariel­Merari,­“The­Read­iness­to­Kill­and­Die:­Suicidal­Terrorism­in­the­Middle­East,”­in­W.­Reich­(ed.),­Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies and St ates of Mind­(New­York:­Cambridge­Unive­rs­ity­Press,­1990),­p.­206.

11.­Cv.,­yf­ghb­vth,­M.­Ju­rge­nsme­yer,­Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violen ce­(Ber­ke­ley,­CA:­Unive­rs­ity­of­California­Press,­2003);­J.­Stern,­Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Milita nts Kill­(New­York:­Random­House,­2004);­and­J.­Esp­os­ito,­Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam­(London:­Oxford­Unive­rs­ity­Press,­2002).

12.­Clara­Bey­ler,­“Using­Palestinian­Women­as­Bombs,”­New York Sun (15­November­2006).

13.­C.­McCauley,­“The­Psychology­of­Terrorism.”­Availab­le­at ht tp://www.ssrc.org/se pt11/essa ys/mccauley.htm.

14.­Mia­Bloom,­Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror­(New­York:­Columbia­Unive­rs­ity­Press,­2005),­ch.­3­pas­sim.

15.­A.­Varsh­ney, Ethnic Confl ict and Civic Life: Hindus and Musl ims in India (New­Haven,­CT:­Yale­Unive­rs­ity­Press,­2003).

16.­John­Horgan,­The Psychology of Terrorism.­(London:­Rout­led­ge,­2005).

17.­Mia­Bloom,­Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror­(New­York:­Columbia­Unive­rs­ity­Press,­2005).

18.­Ghb­vt­xf­ntkm­yjt­bc­rkñ­xt­ybt­cj­cnfd­kz­tn­ckt­leñ­ofz­hf­åj­nf:­Jerrold­Post,­E.­Sprinzak,­and­L.­Denny,­“The­Terrorists­in­Their­Own­Words:­Int­er­vie­ws­With­35­Incarcer­at­ed­Middle­Eastern­Terrorists,”­Terrorism and Political Violen ce,­vol.­15,­no.­1­(2003):­pp.­171–184.

19.­John­Horgan,­The Psychology of Terrorism.­(London:­Rout­led­ge,­2005)­and­(2008,­fo­rthcoming).

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

ejk­nth­Kf­rth­jc­nf­dbk­vyj­ubt­bp­cdj­bö­frf­lt­vb­xtc-rbö­gj­cnjd,­yj­d­gj­cktl­ytt­dht­vz­hf­åj­nfk­d­Wty­nht­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­b­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq­d­Df­iby­unj­yt,­ult­djp­ukfd­kzk­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysq­bc­ckt­lj-df­ntkmc­rbq­cj­dtn.­ctq­xfc­jy­zd­kz­tn­cz­tuj­gj­xtn­ysv­yf­ex­ysv­cj­nhel­yb­rjv.

Xnj­nf­rjt­nth­hj­hbpv?­Ce­ot­cn­detn­åj­ktt­cjn­yb­jght­ltkt­ybq­änj­uj­gj­yz­nbz.­Cj­ukfc­yj­jght­ltkt-ybñ­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nf­(cnf­nmz­22,­

hfp­ltk­2656­Rj­ltr­cf­pf­rj­yjd­CIF),­nth­hj­hbpv­–­änj­≤ghtl­yf­vt­hty­yjt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­vj­nb­db­hj­dfy­yjt­yf­cb­kbt­d­jn­yj­it­ybb­yt­dj­ty­ysö­wt­ktq,­rj­nj­hjt­cj­dth­if­tn­cz­ceå­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­uheg­gf­vb­bkb­nfq­ys­vb­futy­nf­vb­b­wt­kmñ­rj­nj­hj­uj­jåsx­yj­zd­kz­tn­cz­djp­ltqcn­dbt­yf­felb­nj-hbñ≥.­e­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­df­jåj­hj­ys­b­At­lt­hfkm­yj­uj­åñ­hj­hfc­ckt­lj­df­ybq­–­cdjb­jght­ltkt­ybz,­fd­njh­änbö­cnhjr­nfr­ét­ghtl­kj­ébk­ldf­bkb­nhb­jght­ltkt­ybz,­yj­yb­jl­yj­bp­dctö­änbö­jght­ltkt­ybq­yt­zd­kz­tn­cz­dct­jö­df­ns­dfñ-obv­b­yt­eljd­ktn­dj­hz­tn­yfc­gjk­yj­cnmñ.

Vyt­rf­étn­cz,­xnj­ckbi­rjv­cbkm­ysq­fr­wtyn­d­jght-ltkt­ybb­nth­hj­hbp­vf­lt­kfk­cz­yf­≤yt­dj­ty­yjv­öf­hfr­nt­ht­wt­ktq≥.­D­bc­nj­hbb­yt­ås­kj­yb­jl­yjq­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­uheg­gs,­rj­nj­hfz­fnf­rj­df­kf­njkm­rj­dj­ty­ysö­bkb­gj­kb-wbñ.­F­tc­kb­uheg­gf­dj­jhe­éty­ysö­kñ­ltq­en­hjv­fnf­re­tn­cjk­lfn,­f­dt­xt­hjv­–­uhfé­lfy­crbö­kbw?­zd­kz­ñn­cz­jyb­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb­bkb­d­nt­xt­ybt­lyz­bö­ghb­hj­lf­vt­yz­tn­cz?

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Gth­dst­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz

D­1970-ö­uj­lfö,­rju­lf­yf­xf­kjcm­cbc­nt­vf­nb­xtc­rjt­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybt­nth­hj­hbp­vf,­yt­rj­nj­hst­jib­åjx­yj­gj­kf-uf­kb,­xnj­nth­hj­hbpv­d­åjkm­itq­bkb­vtym­itq­cnt­gt­yb­zd­kz­tn­cz­vj­yj­gj­kb­tq­ärcnht­vbcn­crbö­kt­dfw­rbö­uhegg,­nf­rbö­rfr­≤Rhfc­yst­åhb­uf­ls≥­d­Bnf­kbb­bkb­≤Ahfr­wbz­Rhfc­yjq­fh­vbb≥­d­Uth­vf­ybb­bkb­hfp­kbx­yst­uheg­gs­d­Kf­nby­crjq­Fvt­hb­rt.­(Ce­ot­cn­dj­dfk­nfr­ét­än­yj-yf­wbj-yf­kbc­nb­xtc­rbq­nth­hj­hbpv,­rfr,­yf­ghb­vth,­d­Ct­dth­yjq­Bh­kfy­lbb,­jl­yf­rj­jy­åsk­vt­ytt­pf­vt­nty.)­Gj­änj­ve­

lt­kfk­cz­nf­rjq­ds­djl:­nth­hj­hbpv­gj­zd­kz­tn­cz­d­gt­hb­jl­cbkm­ytq­itq­ärcgkef­nf­wbb­b­étc­nj­xfq­it­uj­gj­lfdkt­ybz­kñ­ltq.­Gj­änj­ve­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­ktu­rj­gj­rjy­xbnm,­ecnhf-ybd­ärcgkef­nf­wbñ­b­gj­lfdkt­ybt.

Jl­yf­rj­eét­nju­lf­ås­kj­zc­yj,­xnj­änj­dhzl­kb­vj-étn­åsnm­öj­hj­ibv­jåüzc­yt­yb­tv,­gj­crjkm­re­rfr­hfp­ghb­cf­vsö­étc­nj­rbö­ht­éb­vfö­ÖÖ­dt­rf­–­d­yf­wbcn­crjq­Uth-vf­ybb­b­cnf­kb­ybcn­crjq­Hjc­cbb­–­nth­hj­hbp­vf­yt­ås­kj.­Rj­ytx­yj,­nth­hj­hbp­vf­yt­ås­kj­yb­d­cf­vsö­åj­uf­nsö­jå­ot­cn­dfö,­yb­d­cf­vsö­äuf­kb­nfh­ysö­–­rfr­tuj­yt­ås­kj­b­d­åtl­ytq­ibö.

Ghji­kj­lt­cznm­ktn,­b­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-rbö­kt­dfw­rbö­uhegg­bc­xtp­kj.­D­80-ö­uj­lfö­nth­hj­hbpv­tc­kb­b­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfk,­nj­tuj­jc­yjd­ysv­bc­njx­yb­rjv­ås­kb­yt­åjkm­ibt­rhfq­yt­ghf­dst­uheg­gs.­Ås­kj­yt­crjkm­rj­cke­xf­td­pf­ödf­njd­b­dphs­djd­cf­vj­kt­njd­(yf­ghb­vth,­yfl­

vtc­ntx­rjv­Kjr­rth­åb­d­Ijn­kfy­lbb),­fnfr­yf­gj­cjkm­cn­df­b­lf­ét­bö­pf­ödf­nf­(yf­ghb­vth,­d­Nt­ut­hf­yt),­jl­yf­rj­änb­jgt­hf­wbb­ghj­dj­lb­kbcm­yt­kt­dfw­rb­vb­uheg­gf­vb,­f­lhe­ub-vb­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­vb.

Cf­vsv­cvth­nj­yjc­ysv­nt­hfr­njv­d­CIF­lj­11­cty­nzå­hz­2001­uj­lf­cnfk­dphsd­at­lt­hfkm­yj­uj­plf­ybz­d­Jr­kf­öj­vf-Cb­nb­d­1995­u.,­jce­ot­cn­dkty­ysq­ghf­dj­ärcnht-vbcn­crb­vb­ctr­nfy­nf­vb.­Yf­wbj­yf­kbc­nb­xtc­rbq­nth­hj­hbpv­ghj­ljk­éfk­cz­(d­Jkmc­nt­ht,­d­åfcr­crjq­jå­kfc­nb­Bc­gf­ybb,­yf­Ihb-Kfy­rt,­d­Bp­hfb­kt­b­yt­rj­nj­hsö­lhe­ubö­vtc­nfö),­

Nth hj hbpv: rhfn rfz bc nj hbzejk­nth­Kf­rth

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Ckt­lj­df­nt­kb­bpe­xf­ñn­jå­kjv­rb­cf­vj­kt­nf­fdbf­rjv­gf­ybb­≤Gfy­Fvt­hb­rfy≥,­kt­ntd­it­uj­htq­cjv­103­b­dpjh­dfy­yj­uj­yfl­vtc­ntx­rjv­Kjr­rth­åb­d­Ijn­kfy­lbb­22­lt­rfå­hz­1988­uj­lf.­Gj­ubå­kb­dct­259­xt­kj­dtr,­yf­öj­lbd­ibö­cz­yf­åjh­ne,­b­11­xt­kj­dtr­yf­ptv­kt.­Éth­nds­b­jå­kjv­rb­cf­vj­kt­nf­ås­kb­hfp­åhj­cf­ys­yf­­nth­hb­nj­hbb­2189­rd.­rv.

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jl­yf­rj­bc­kf­vbcn­crbq­nth­hj­hbpv,­rj­nj­hsq­gj­ke­xbk­åjkm-ieñ­bp­dtcn­yjcnm­d­yf­ib­lyb,­åsk­vf­kj­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yty,­pf­bc­rkñ­xt­yb­tv­yt­rj­nj­hsö­cke­xf­td­d­cnhf­yfö­Åkbé­yt-uj­Dj­cnj­rf.

Ct­ujl­yz­nth­hj­hbpv­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­yt­bp­åté­yj­cnfk­cb­yj­yb­vjv­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­b­lhe­ubö­fyf­kj­ubx­ysö­uhegg,­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­rj­nj­hsö­jght­ltkz­tn­cz­ht­kb­ub­jp­ysv­af­yf­nbp­vjv.­Båj­cj­dht­vty­ysq­nth­hj­hbpv­jce­ot­cn­dkz-tn­cz­ukfd­ysv­jå­hf­pjv­nt­vb,­rnj­jö­df­xty­ht­kb­ub­jp­ysv­af­yf­nbp­vjv.­Jl­yf­rj­jnjé­lt­cn­dkznm­nth­hj­hbpv­c­änb­vb­uheg­gf­vb­yt­ckt­le­tn­gj­njq­ghj­cnjq­ghb­xb­yt,­xnj­nth­hj-hbpv­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfk­pf­ljk­uj­lj­dj­by­cn­dty­yj­uj­bc­kf­vbp­vf­b,­gj­yzn­yj,­åe­ltn­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfnm­b­gjc­kt­bc­xtp­yj­dt­ybz­ys­yti-ybö­cnj­hjy­yb­rjd­ldb­ét­ybz­léb­öf­lf.

Nth­hj­hbpv­–­änj­yt­gj­kb-nb­xtc­rfz­ljr­nhb­yf,­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­nj,­xnj­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­kbcm­gj­gsn­rb­nhfyc­ajh­vb­hj­dfnm­tuj­d­bltj­kj­ubñ.­Jy­zd­kz­tn-cz­jl­yjq­bp­cnf­htq­ibö­ajhv­yf­cb­kbz,­öj­nz,­hf­pe­vt­tn­cz,­yt­dcz­rjt­yf­cb­kbt­zd­kz­tn­cz­nth­hj-hbp­vjv.­Dt­hj­zn­yj,­jy­gj­zdbk-cz­hfym­it­ht­ue­kzh­ysö­djq­cr,­gj­crjkm­re­åjhm­åf­fh­vbq­nht­åe-tn­jght­ltkty­yjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­b­ckjé­yjq­kj­ubc­nb­rb,­rj­nj­hst­jn­cen­cn­djdf­kb­yf­hfy­ytv­änf­gt­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz­xt­kj­dt­rf.

Bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbq­rjy­ntrcn

Nth­hj­hbpv­egj­vb­yf­tn­cz­d­Cnf­hjv­pf­dt­nt.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­yst­cke­xfb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­eåbq­cnd­b­lf­ét­cbc­nt­vf­nb­xtc­rj­uj­eybx­nj-ét­ybz­kñ­ltq­bvt­kb­vtc­nj­d­Lhtd­ytq­Uht­wbb­b­Lhtd­ytv­Hb­vt.­eåbq­cn­dj­ñkbz­Wt­pf­hz­–­njkm­rj­jlby­ghb­vth,­rj­nj­hsq­cnfk­jåütr­njv­dyb­vf­ybz­gb­cf­nt­ktq­b­öe­ljé­yb-rjd­d­nt­xt­ybt­gj­cktl­eñ­obö­ldeö­ns­cz­xt­kt­nbq.­Dj­ghjc­j­njv,­zd­kz­tn­cz­kb­eåbq­cn­dj­nb­hf­yf­(cj­dth­ity­yjt,­yf­ghb­vth,­Dbkm­utkm­vjv­Nt­ktv,­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­ut­hj­tv­idtq­wfh­crbö­cfu)­lj­gec­nb­vsv,­åsk­ghtl­vt­njv­jå­ceé­lt-ybz­vyj­ubö­gj­rj­kt­ybq­ntj­kj­ujd­b­ab­kj­cj­ajd.

tlby­cn­df­vyt­ybq­yt­ås­kj,­jl­yf­rj­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­cxb-nf­tn,­d­jght­ltkty­ysö­cb­nef­wb­zö­nth­hj­hbpv­lj­gec­nbv.­Rju­lf­étc­nj­rbq­ltc­gjn,­nb­hfy,­dhfu­dct­uj­xt­kj­dt­xt­cn­df,­d­yf­he­it­ybt­pf­rj­yjd­Åj­uf­b­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rjq­cghf­dtl­kb­djc-nb,­yt­jc­nfd­kz­tn­cdj­bv­éth­ndfv­lhe­uj­uj­ds­åj­hf­lkz­

bp­åfd­kt­ybz­jn­yt­ds­yj­cb­vj­uj­uyt­nf,­b­rju­lf­dct­jc­nfkm-yst­chtl­cn­df­eét­bc­xth­gf­ys,­cj­dth­it­ybt­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-rj­uj­fr­nf­zd­kz­tn­cz­ultima ratio­–­gj­cktl­ybv­fh­ue­vty­njv­eu­yt­nty­ysö.

Jl­yf­rj­ab­kj­cj­as­b­ntj­kj­ub­eét­nju­lf­gj­yb­vf­kb,­xnj­ce­ot­cn­detn­ct­hmtp­yfz­jgfc­yjcnm­yt­dth­yj­uj­bc­gjkm-pj­df­ybz­ljr­nhb­ys­jåjc­yj­dfy­yj­uj­nb­hf­yje­åbq­cn­df.­Dtlm­vjé­yj­en­dth­élfnm­yf­kb­xbt­ultima ratio­d­cb­nef­wbb,­rju-lf­lj­cnf­njx­yjq­ghb­xb­ys­lkz­eåbq­cn­df­ytn­(rfr­d­cke­xft­eåbq­cn­df­öj­hj­it­uj­rj­hj­kz­Ahfy­wbb­Uty­hb­öf­Èª),­bkb­

rju­lf­ce­ot­cn­deñn­byst­cgj-cj­ås­ds­hf­ét­ybz­ghj­ntc­nf­b­cj­ghj­nbd­kt­ybz.

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ckj­dj,­rj­nj­hjt­jyb­bc­gjkm­pj­df­kb,­rju­lf­yf­ps­df­kb­ct­åz­–­≤ab­lfb≥,­b­änjn­nth­vby­d­öj­le­b­gj­ctq­ltym.

C­rjy­wf­ägj­öb­Chtl­yt­dt­rj­dmz­b­d­Yj­djt­dht­vz­nth-hj­hbpv­cj­öhf­yzk­cdjñ­fr­nbd­yjcnm,­öj­nz­b­d­yt­crjkm­rj­vtym­ibö­vfc­inf­åfö.­Änj­ås­kf­ägj­öf­pf­nzé­ysö­dj­qy­–­Nhbl­wf­nb­ktn­yzz­djq­yf­ghj­ljk­éf­kfcm­c­1618–1648­u.u.­b­Yf­gj­ktj­yjd­crbt­djq­ys­c­1799–1815­u.u.­F­d­nf­rjt­dht­vz,­rju­lf­ju­hjv­yjt­xbc­kj­kñ­ltq­gj­ub­åf­kj­bkb­gj-ke­xf­kj­hf­yt­ybz­yf­gj­kzö­chf­ét­ybq,­jn­ltkm­yst­cke­xfb­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­yf­cb­kbz­ås­kb­yt­pf­vtn­ys.

Hjcn­nth­hj­hbp­vf

Hjcn­nth­hj­hbp­vf­ecb­kbk­cz­r­rjy­we­ÖÈÖ­dt­rf.­Ukfd­ys­vb­ltqcn­deñ­ob­vb­uheg­gf­vb­ås­kb­bh­kfyl­crbt­

Eåbq­cn­dj­Dt­kb­rj­uj­ryz­pz­Fdcnhj­Dty­uth­crjq­bv­gt­hbb­Ahfy­wf­Ath­lb­yfy­lf­b­tuj­ét­ys­xkt­yjv­cthå­crjq­yf­wbj­yf­kbc­nb­xtc­rjq­uheg­gs­dj­dht­vz­db­pb­nf­rj­hj­ktd­crjq­ct­vmb­d­Cf­hft­dj­(Åjc­ybz)­28­bñ­yz­1914­uj­lf­ghb­dt­kj­r­Gth­djq­vb­hj­djq­djq­yt.

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Vtym­it­xtv­xt­htp­ujl­gjc­kt­xt­ns­htö­crj­jh-lb­yb­hj­dfy­ysö­dphs­djd­åjvå­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb-­cvth­nyb­rf­vb­d­kjy­ljy­crjv­vtn­hj­7­bñ­kz­

2005­uj­lf­d­jn­xt­nt­Gf­kf­ns­jå­oby­1­j­cj­ås­nb­zö­änj­uj­lyz­åsk­clt­kfy­ckt­leñ­obq­ds­djl:­≤Nj,­xnj­yf­ct­ujl­yz­

vs­pyf­tv­jå­ärcnht­vbc­nfö­d­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybb,­gj­rf­ps­df­tn,­xnj­yt­ce­ot­cn­detn­xtn­rbö­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nbr,­gj­rj­nj­hsv­vjé­yj­ås­kj­ås­jght­ltkbnm­kbw,­crkjy­ysö­r­hf­lb­rf­kb-pf­wbb.­D­lfy­yjv­cke­xft­bp­xt­ns­htö­xt­kj­dtr­nhjt­ås­kb­uhfé­lf­yf­vb­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybb­dj­dnj­hjv­gj­rj­kt­ybb,­hj­lb-nt­kb­rj­nj­hsö­ås­kb­ds­öjl­wf-vb­bp­Gf­rbc­nf­yf,­f­hj­lb­nt­kb­tot­jl­yj­uj­ghb­töf­kb­c­zvfq-rb.­Rf­vtk­Åeh­ufcc,­jå­db­yty-ysq­gj­lt­ke­j­≥hb­wb­yj­djv­pf­uj­dj­ht≤,­åsk­ds­öjl­wtv­bp­Fk­éb­hf,­rj­nj­hj­ve­jn­rf­pf­kb­d­ght­lj­cnfd­kt­ybb­gj­kb­nb­xtc-rj­uj­eåt­éb­of.­Hb­xfhl­Htql,­åt­pec­gti­yj­gs­nfd­ibq­cz­ghj­ytc­nb­åjv­åe­d­gj­ljidt­jåe­db,­bvtk­vfnm-fy­ukb­xfy-re­b­jn­wf­c­zvfq­rb.­...e­jl­ybö­ås­kj­öj­hj­itt­jå­hf­pj-

df­ybt,­e­lhe­ubö­–­jyj­ås­kj­öe­ét.­Jl­yb­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­ås­kb­åtl­ys,­lhe­ubt­yt­nf­rbt­åtl­yst.­Jl­yb­lj­cnf­njx­yj­öj­hj­ij­by­ntu­hb­hj­df­kbcm­d­åhb­nfy­crjt­jå­ot­cn­dj,­lhe­ubt­–­ytn.­Åjkm­iby­cn­dj­bp­ybö­ås­kb­jlb­yj­rb­vb­kñlm­vb,­jl­yf­rj­e­yt­rj­nj­hsö­ås­kb­ct­vmb­b­lt­nb.­Jl­yb­hfym­it­ås­kb­pf­rj­yj­gjc­kei­ys­vb,­f­e­lhe­ubö­åsk­cgb­cjr­vtk-rbö­ght­cneg­kt­ybq≥.

Yt­zd­ysv­ds­dj­ljv­bp­änj­uj­ghb­vt­xf­ntkm­yj­uj­jn-xt­nf­cnf­kf­hfc­nt­hzy­yjcnm­–­yt­ås­kj­jå­obö­ghb­pyf­rjd­e­kñ­ltq,­pf­dth­åj­dfy­ysö­≤Fkm-Rfb­ljq≥­lkz­exfc­nbz­d­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­rfv­gf­ybb­nth­hj­hbp­vf­b­gjl­hsd­yjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.­Nj­ét­xed­cn­dj­hfc­nt­hzy­yjc­nb­jö­df­nb­kj­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­rhe­ub,­b­ghf­dj­jö­hf­yb­ntkm­yst­jh­uf­ys.­Bc-ckt­lj­df­nt­kb­yt­vj­uen­cj­cnf­dbnm­fltr­dfn­ysq­nb­gbx­ysq­gjh­nhtn­nth­hj­hbc­nf,­yj­hf­åj­nf­d­änjv­yf­ghfd­kt­ybb­yt­ght­rhf­of­tn­cz.

Bhfy­ws­pf­gb­cs­df­ñn­cz­lj­åhjdjkm­wf­vb­d­hz­ls­≤cvth­nyb­rjd­ve­xt­yb­rjd≤­dj­dht­vz­­rfv­gf­ybb­gj­ghb­dkt­xt­ybñ­yj­djå­hfy­wtd­d­fg­ht­kt­2006­uj­lf­d­Nt­ut­hf­yt.

© AP Images/Hasan Sarbakhshian

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Gjh­nhtn­nth­hj­hbc­nf

Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­nj,­xnj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­yt­djp­vjé­yj­cj­plfnm­gjh­nhtn­nth­hj­hbc­nf­2,­gj­bc­rb­ghj­ljk­éf­ñn­cz­c­ght­éytq­cb­kjq.­B­änj­yt­elb­db­ntkm­yj.­R­änj­ve­gjl­nfk­rb­df­ñn­yt­crjkm­rj­jå­cnjz­ntkm­cnd.

Dj­-gth­dsö,­lhf­vf­nb­xtc­rbt­gj­cktl­cn­dbz­nth­hj­hbc­nb-xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­pf­cnfd­kz­ñn­yfc­jå­hf­nbnm­cz­r­gj-dt­lt­ybñ,­rj­nj­hjt­lkz­åjkm­iby­cn­df­yjh­vfkm­ysö­kñ­ltq­zd­kz­tn­cz­ghb­pyf­rjv­yt­yjh­vfkm­yjc­nb­bkb­rf­rjq-nj­åj-ktp­yb.­Nb­gbx­yjq­ht­fr­wb­tq­yf­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­fr­wbñ,­rj­nj­hfz­dj­jå­ot­dctö­ghj­cnj­jif­hf­ib­df­tn,­zd­kz­tn­cz­dj­ghjc­≤Rfr­vjé­yj­dj­jå­ot­nf­rjt­lt­kfnm?≥.

Dnj­hjt­jå­cnjz­ntkm­cn­dj,­rj­nj­hjt­pf­cnfd­kz­tn­bc­rfnm­jå­obt­xth­ns­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­cj­cnjbn­d­ckt­leñ­otv.­Jxtym­vyj­uj­kñ­ltq­gjl­dth­ét­ys­dkbz­ybñ­ec­kj­dbq­(rj­hty­ysö­ghb­xby),­cgj­cjå­cn­deñ­obö­dj­dkt­xt­ybñ­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-reñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm,­f­nfr­ét­afr­nj­hjd­b­rf­nf­kb­pf­nj­hjd­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­vj­åb­kb­pf­wbb,­rj­nj­hst­vj­uen­ghb­dtc­nb­r­exfc­nbñ­d­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­ysö­fr­nfö.­Yj­gj­xt­ve­nfr­vf­kj­kñ­ltq­afr­nb­xtc­rb­d­ybö­exf­cn­deñn?

Änj­–­ckjé­ysq­dj­ghjc,­b­kñ­åjq­jn­dtn,­rj­nj­hsq­vs­lf­lbv,­rj­ytx­yj,­yt­åe­ltn­eljd­ktn­dj­hznm­dctö.­Jn­dtn,­rj­nj­hsq­d­pyf­xb­ntkm­yjq­cnt­gt­yb­jght­ltkbk­öf­hfr­nth­b­yf­ghfd­kt­ybt­yt­rj­nj­hsö,­d­xfc­nyjc­nb­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­bc-ckt­lj­df­ybq,­cj­cnjzk­d­njv,­xnj­yt­rj­nj­hst­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­nb­gbx­ys­rfr­lkz­rjy­rhtn­yjq­uheg­gs­nth­hj­hbc­njd­–­xnj­lt­kf­tn­bö­≤gj­öj­éb­vb­lheu­yf­lhe­uf≥,­nfr­b­d­wt­kjv­lkz­nth­hj­hbc­njd­–­xnj­≤jn­kb­xf­tn≥­bö­jn­jc­nfkm­ysö­kñ-ltq­–­bkb,­gj­rhfq­ytq­vt­ht,­jn­ntö,­rnj­yt­exf­cn­detn­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.

Gcb­öj­kju­b­är­cgthn­gj­nth­hj­hbp­ve­Fhb­äkm­Vt­hf­hb­dth­yj­jn­vt­nbk,­xnj­njx­ytt­ås­kj­ås­en­dth­élfnm,­xnj­jå­obt­xth­ns­nth­hj­hbc­njd­gj­rf­yt­yfq­lt­ys,­xtv­xnj­bö­ytn­3.­Jl­yf­rj­z­edt­hty,­xnj­ce­ot­cn­detn­yt­crjkm­rj­ht­fkm-ysö­afr­nj­hjd­hbc­rf,­cdz­pfy­ysö­c­ghj­ljk­ét­yb­tv­gj­bc­rf­nf­rbö­xthn­–­jcj­åty­yj­änj­rf­cf­tn­cz­gj­yb­vf­ybz­ghj­wtc­cf­ghb­dkt­xt­ybz­kñ­ltq­r­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.

Ghtl­gj­kf­ufz­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybt­jå­obö­xthn,­vs­vj­étv­egec­nbnm­yt­crjkm­rj­dfé­ysö­jcj­åty­yjc­ntq­ajh­vb­hj­df-ybz­nth­hj­hbc­nf.­Gj­vb­vj­ghj­xt­uj,­r­ybv­jn­yj­czn­cz:

•­ yt­ght­hsd­ysq­b­gj­cnt­gty­ysq­öf­hfr­nth­ghj­wtc­cf­flfg­nf­wbb­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­cht­lt;

•­ jght­ltkty­yst­jcj­åty­yjc­nb,­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­cn­deñ­obt­nf­rj­ve­dj­dkt­xt­ybñ­–­nfr­yf­ps­dft­vst­≤afr­nj­hs­ghb­nz­ét­ybz≥­bkb­≤cjå­kfp­ys≥,­rj­nj­hst­ghb­dj-lzn­kñ­ltq­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­bkb­rj­nj­hst­cj­pyf­ntkm­yj­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­d­gjl­uj­njd­rt­gj­nty­wb­fkm­ysö­yj­djå­hfy­wtd;

•­ jght­ltkty­yfz­vbu­hf­wbz­vté­le­hj­kz­vb­–­gt­ht-öjl­jn­jn­ltkm­ysö­ghj­åysö­gj­gs­njr­ds­hf­ét­ybz­geå­kbx­yj­uj­ghj­ntc­nf­r­cj­pyf­ntkm­yj­ve­wt­kt­yfg-

hfd­kty­yj­ve­yt­pf­rjy­yj­ve­gj­dt­lt­ybñ­–­lhe­ub­vb­ckj­df­vb,­gt­ht­öjl­jn­jl­yjq­hj­kb­r­lhe­ujq;

•­ gj­yb­vf­ybt­pyf­xt­ybz­jcj­åty­yjc­ntq,­ghb­ce­obö­njq­bkb­byjq­hj­kb­–­crf­étv,­xnj­elth­éb­df­tn­cyfq­gt-hf­jn­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­cnfnm­åjv­åbc­njv-cvth­nyb­rjv,­b­rfr­jå­änbö­≤jcj­åty­yjc­nzö­hj­ktq≥­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­bp­dtcn­yj­nj­ve,­rnj­yf­åkñ­lf­tn­bö­cj­cnj­hj­ys,­bkb­nj­ve,­rnj­vj­étn­cnfnm­gj­nty­wb­fkm­ysv­yj­djå-hfy­wtv?

Rju­lf­vs­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­tv,­xnj­tcnm­yt­rj­nj­hst­jå­obt­xth­ns,­nj­tcnm­pf­rjy­xty­yst,­hfp­b­yf­dctu­lf­lfy­yst­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rb­nth­hj­hbc­nf,­vs­pf­rhs­df­tv­ukf­pf­yf­afr­nj­hs,­exf­cn­deñ­obt­d­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybb­nth­hj­hbc­nf,­b­lb­yf­vb­re­änj­uj­ghj­wtc­cf.­B­ghb­änjv­dlj­åf­djr­vs­gjl­hs­df­tv­jc­yj­de,­yf­rj­nj­hjq­vj­étn­åsnm­hfp­hf­åj­nf­yf­ghfr­nb­xtc­rfz­cnhf­nt­ubz­åjhm­ås­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­wtkm­rj­nj­hjq­ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­dj­dkt­xt­ybñ­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb-xtc­reñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­bkb­rjy­nhj­kb­hj­dfnm­xbc­kty­yjcnm­ntö,­rnj­eét­d­ytq­exf­cn­detn.

Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­nt,­rnj­pf­yb­vf­tn­cz­åjhm­åjq­c­nth­hj-hbp­vjv,­xfc­nj­jgb­hf­ñn­cz­yf­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybt­jå­jå­obö­xth­nfö­nth­hj­hbc­njd.­Rju­lf­z­yt­lfd­yj­hfc­crf­ps­dfk­j­gjh­nht­nt­nb­gbx­yj­uj­nth­hj­hbc­nf­hf­åjn­yb­rfv­jl­yj­uj­rjyn­hnth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­gjl­hfp­lt­kt­ybz,­jlby­bp­ybö­djp­hf­pbk­vyt:­≤Ds­lt­kznm­jå­obt­xth­ns­b­cj­cnfd­kznm­c­bö­gj­vj­omñ­nb­gbx­ysq­gjh­nhtn­gj­ktp­yj.­Dtlm­d­chtl­ytv­åjv­åbcn-cvth­nybr­dhzl­kb­zd­kz­tn­cz­veé­xb­yjq­chtl­ybö­ktn,­åt­kjq­hf­cs­b­jn­wjv­nhtö­lt­ntq≥.­Änj­pf­vt­xf­ybt­ås­kj­clt­kf­yj­d­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybb,­ult­jyj­ås­kj­dgjk­yt­gj­yzn­yj­njkm­rj­gj­njq­ghb­xb­yt,­xnj­vs­lj­cbö­gjh­yt­db­lt­kb­nf­rbö­åjv­åbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd.

Ukfd­yjt­pltcm­cj­cnjbn­d­njv,­xnj­ås­yt­dgf­lfnm­d­ght­edt­kb­xt­ybz,­en­dth­élfz­≤Dct­djp­vjé­yj≥,­b­yt­bc­rf-éfnm­eu­hj­ps,­f­ghb­pyfnm,­xnj­lj­ge­ot­ybz,­bc­gjkm­pet­vst­d­yf­ibö­hfp­vsi­kt­yb­zö­j­nth­hj­hbc­nfö,­dct­åj­ktt­jc­yj-df­ys­yf­ghju­yjp­fö,­fyf­kj­ubx­ysö­ghju­yjp­fv­cnhf­öj­dsö­rjv­gf­ybq,­rj­nj­hst­lt­kf­ñn­cz­yf­jc­yj­dt­yt­åjkm­ibö­b­cnf­nbc­nb­xtc­rb­yt­htg­ht­pty­nf­nbd­ysö­ds­åj­hjr.­Jgfc­yjc­nb­xhtp­vth­ysö­jåjå­ot­ybq­lj­kéys­åsnm­jxt­dbl­ys.

Jl­yf­rj­hfc­rhs­nbt­änbö­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybq­nfr­b­yt­lf­tn­jn­dt­nf­yf­ukfd­ysq­dj­ghjc:­gj­xt­ve­jlby­xt­kj­dtr­yf­xb-yf­tn­exf­cn­dj­dfnm­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb,­f­lhe­ujq­–­ytn?­zc­yj,­xnj­eljd­ktn­dj­hb­ntkm­yj­jn­dt­nbnm­yf­änjn­dj­ghjc­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­yt­djp­vjé­yj,­yj­vs­vj­étv­bc­öj­lbnm­bp­yt­crjkm­rj­gj­ktp­ysö­en­dth­élt­ybq.­D­cdj­tq­yt­lfd­yj­ds­it­litq­ryb­ut­4­z­jght­ltkbk­hzl­afr­nj­hjd­ghtl­hfc­gj­kj­éty­yjc­nb­r­nj­ve,­xnj­xt­kj­dtr­ghb­vtn­exfc-nbt­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb,­rj­nj­hst­gt­ht­xbc-kt­ys­yb­ét­(åtp­jght­ltkty­yj­uj­gj­hzl­rf):

•­ kbx­ysq­jgsn­ght­ckt­lj­df­ybz,­rj­nj­hjt­vj­étn­åsnm­ht­fkm­ysv­bkb­dj­jå­hf­éft­vsv;

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

•­ jéb­lf­ybz,­cdz­pfy­yst­c­exfc­nb­tv­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb-xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­–­ävj­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gjl­ütv,­jcjp­yf­ybt­vbc­cbz,­jå­ht­nt­ybt­wt­kb,­cdz­pfy­yst­c­exfc­nb­tv­d­≤cdj­tq≥­uheg­gt­b­bc­gjk­yt­yb­tv­hfp­kbx-ysö­hj­ktq­d­ytq;

•­ blty­nb­ab­rf­wbz­c­lt­kjv,­rj­nj­hjt­zd­kz­tn­cz­lt­kjv­njq­bkb­byjq­ght­ckt­let­vjq­uheg­gs­kñ­ltq;

•­ cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­ofz­cj­wbf­kb­pf­wbz­xt­htp­lhe­ptq­bkb­ct­vmñ­bkb­dj­cgb­nf­ybt­d­jght­ltkty­yjq­cht­lt;

•­ djp­vjé­yjcnm­ds­hf­ét­ybz­cdj­bö­by­nt­ht­cjd­b­änf-gs­yf­ge­nb­r­ghb­cjt­lb­yt­ybñ­r­uheg­gt,­pf­yb­vfñ-otq­cz­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nmñ;

•­ lj­cneg­r­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­otq­uheg­gt.Ckt­le­tn­jn­vt­nbnm,­xnj­gj­jn­ltkm­yjc­nb­yb­jlby­bp­

änbö­afr­nj­hjd­yt­jåüzc­yz­tn,­gj­xt­ve­kñ­lb­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb,­jl­yf­rj­dvtc­nt­jyb­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­vjo­ysv­bycnhe­vty­njv­lkz­gj­yb­vf­ybz­nj­uj,­gj­xt­ve­jlby­xt­kj-dtr­vj­étn­jrf­pfnm­cz­dj­dkt­xty­ysv­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm,­f­lhe­ujq­–­ytn.

Ge­nb­nth­hj­hbp­vf

tc­kb­ds­öj­nb­nt­ds­hdfnm­cz­pf­ght­ltks­åtc­cvsc-kty­ysö­lt­åf­njd­jå­jå­obö­xth­nfö­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­yeé­yj­gj­levfnm­j­njv,­xnj­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­tn­exfc­nbt­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb-xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.­Clt­kfd­änj,­vs­cvju­kb­ås­gt­ht­qnb­r­hfp­hf­åjn­rt­åj­ktt­äa­atr­nbd­ysö­byb­wbf­nbd­d­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­rj­nj­hst,­c­vj­tq­njx­rb­pht­ybz,­ltqcn­db-ntkm­yj­exb­ns­df­kb­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­cj­jå­hf­ét­ybz.

Ukfd­ysv­bp­ybö­zd­kz­tn­cz­nj,­xnj­d­yf­cnjz­ott­dht-vz­ht­fkm­ysq­ghj­wtcc­dj­dkt­xt­ybz­xt­kj­dt­rf­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb-xtc­reñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­jn­kb­xf­tn­cz­xhtp­ds­xfq­yjq­ckjé-yjc­nmñ.­Dct­kñ­lb­hfp­yst.­B­d­hfp­ysö­cke­xf­zö­ecb­kbz­lf­ñn­hfp­yst­ht­pekm­nf­ns­5.­Dt­hj­zn­yj,­cghf­dtl­kb­dj­rfr­lkz­jn­ltkm­yjq­uheg­gs,­nfr­b­lkz­wt­kj­uj­cgtr­nhf­nth­hj-hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ldb­ét­ybq.­Gj­vb­vj­eg­hj­oty­yj­uj­lt­kt­ybz­xkt­yjd­uhegg­yf­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktq­b­gj­cktl­jdf­nt­ktq,­lf­ét­d­cf­vsö­yt­åjkm­ibö­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ldb­ét­yb­zö­bvt-tn­cz­vyj­ét­cn­dj­aeyr­wbq­b­hj­ktq,­rj­nj­hst­gj­he­xf­ñn­cz­yj­djå­hfy­wfv­b­r­bc­gjk­yt­ybñ­rj­nj­hsö­jyb­gj­åeé­lf­ñn-cz­lkz­ghj­ldb­ét­ybz­r­åj­ktt­jn­dtn­cn­dty­ysv­hj­kzv.­Änj­pf­db­cbn­jn­wt­kj­uj­hz­lf­afr­nj­hjd.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­ghb­yz-nbt­b­cj­öhf­yt­ybt­änbö­hj­ktq­yt­zd­kz­tn­cz­yb­lbc­rhtn-ysv,­yb­cnf­nb­xtc­rbv.­Xfc­nj­yf­åkñ­lf­tn­cz­bp­vt­yt­ybz­rfr­dyen­hb­hj­ktq,­nfr­b­cvt­yf­cf­vbö­hj­ktq.­Yf­ghb­vth,­djp­vjé­ys­gt­ht­öj­ls­jn­yt­pf­rjy­ysö­ltqcn­dbq­(exfc­nbt­d­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­yjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb)­r­ltqcn­db­zv,­uhf­yb­xf­obv­c­pf­rjy­ys­vb­(gjl­lth­érf­exfc­nbz­d­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­yjq­ltz-ntkm­yjc­nb),­b­cj­dth­ity­yj­pf­rjy­ysv­ltqcn­db­zv­(vbh­ysq­ghj­ntcn).

Vyj­ubt­db­ls­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­xkt­yjd­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-rbö­ldb­ét­ybq­gj­cdjt­ve­cj­lth­éf­ybñ­yt­zd­kz­ñn­cz­yt­pf­rjy­ys­vb,­b,­cnhj­uj­uj­dj­hz,­gj­jn­yj­it­ybñ­r­ybv­yt­kmpz­ghb­vt­yznm­nth­vby­≤nth­hj­hbpv≥­(öj­nz­nth­vby­≤gjl­hsd­yfz­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm≥­vjé­yj).­Yj­åtp­ybö­ghj­dt­lt-ybt­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­fr­njd­ås­kj­ås­yt­djp­vjé­yj.

Yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yjt­exfc­nbt­d­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­ysö­fr­wb­zö­–­änj­nj,­xnj­vs­jåsx­yj­cdz­ps­df­tv­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv.­Jl­yf­rj­ct­ujl­yz­ht­fkm­yjcnm­nf­rj­df,­xnj­änj­njkm­rj­db­lb-vfz­xfcnm­hj­ktq­b­aeyr­wbq­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm-yjc­nb,­b­jyf­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­kbim­dth­öei­re­fqc-åth­uf.­Gjl­lth­érjq­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­ysö­fr­wbq­pf­yb­vf­ñn­cz­nt,­rnj­gj­vj­uf­ñn­b­cj­ltqcn­de­ñn­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­nt­hfr­nf,­lf­ñn­nth­hj­hbc­nfv­eåt­éb­ot­bkb­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­ñn­lhe­ueñ­gjl­lth­ére,­cj­åb­hf­ñn­chtl­cn­df,­cj­jå­of­ñn­j­nt­hfr­nfö­d­CVB,­pf­yb­vf­ñn­cz­hfp­dtl­rjq­b­n.l.

© AP Images/Shakeel Adil

Dj­dkt­xt­ybt­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm:­dj­cgb­nf­ybt­d­cht­lt,­d­rj­nj­hjq­nth­hj­hbpv­ghj­ckfd­kz­tn­cz­b­fc­cj­wbb­he­tn­cz­c­xtv­nj­dj­kyeñ­obv­b­jle­öjn­dj­hty­ysv,­–­jlby­bp­fr­nj­hjd­hbc­rf.

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Gj­änj­ve­xt­kj­dtr,­rj­nj­hj­uj­vs­cxb­nf­tv­≤nth­hj­hbc-njv≥,­ds­gjk­yz­tn­d­ldb­ét­ybb­njkm­rj­jl­ye­bp­vyj­ubö,­öj­nz­b­cf­veñ­dfé­yeñ­aeyr­wbñ­c­njx­rb­pht­ybz­ghz­vsö­gj­cktl­cn­dbq.

Bc­rkñ­xb­ntkm­yfz­ckjé­yjcnm­lfy­ysö­dj­ghj­cjd­lbr-ne­tn­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcnm­hfp­hf­åf­ns­dfnm­åj­ktt­ndjh­xtc­rbt­gjl­öj­ls­b­åj­ktt­ubå­rbt­vt­hs­d­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv.­tc­kb­hfc­ib­hbnm­cgtrnh­aeyr­wbq,­cdz­pfy­ysö­c­nth­hj­hbc-nb­xtc­rb­vb­ldb­ét­ybz­vb,­vs­edb­lbv,­xnj­xtv­lfkm­it­vs­jn­yf­cb­kbz,­cdz­pfy­yj­uj­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­ntv­åjkm­it­vs­cnfk­rb­df­tv­cz­c­aeyr­wbz­vb,­rj­nj­hst­nhel­yj­jnytc­nb­r­nth­hj­hbp­ve­bkb­yt­pf­rjy­ysv­ltqcn­db­zv.­Lhe­ub­vb­ckj-df­vb,­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­ldb­ét­ybz­–­änj­yt­xnj­åjkm­itt,­xtv­≤nth­hj­hbpv≥.

Gth­cgtr­nb­ds­åjhm­ås­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv

Cgj­cj­ås­gt­ht­vt­ot­ybz­kñ­ltq­vté­le­hj­kz­vb­b­dyen-hb­ybö­(gt­ht­öjl­c­jl­yjq­hj­kb­yf­lhe­ueñ­b­ghj­ldb­ét­ybt­r­bc­gjk­yt­ybñ­åj­ktt­jn­dtn­cn­dty­ysö­aeyr­wbq­dyen­hb­jh-uf­yb­pf­wbb)­tot­gkj­öj­bpe­xt­ys.­D­wt­kjv­vjé­yj­crf­pfnm,­xnj­dj­dkt­xt­ybt­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­–­änj­ghj­wtcc,­drkñ­xfñ­obq­d­ct­åz­jn­ltkm­yst­änf­gs,­rj­nj-hst­rjy­rhtn­ysq­nth­hj­hbcn­ghj­öj­lbn,­ghb­cgj­cfå­kb­df­zcm,­jc­dfb­df­zcm­b­gj­cnt­gty­yj­ghb­jå­ht­nfz­dct­åj­ktt­ckjé­ysq­jgsn.

Bvt­tn­cvsck­uj­dj­hbnm­j­yt­ght­hsd­yjv­gt­ht­vt­ot-ybb­dyen­hb­hfp­kbx­ysö­hj­ktq­b­aeyr­wbq­b­vté­le­yb­vb,­f­d­yt­rj­nj­hsö­cke­xft­–­b­j­ds­öj­lt­bp­ybö.­Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­njn­afrn,­xnj­chj­rb­dctu­lf­pf­db­ct­kb­jn­vyj­ét­cn­df­afr­nj­hjd,­b­yt­rj­nj­hst­kñ­lb­jc­dfb­df­ñn­pf­lf­xb­åsc­nhtt­lhe­ubö,­yt­bp­vty­yjq­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rjq­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ldb­ét­ybq­zd­kz­tn­cz­bvty­yj­gj­cnt­gty­ysq­öf­hfr­nth­ghj-wtc­cf.­Jåüzc­yznm­cj­pyf­ntkm­yjt­ht­it­ybt­cnfnm­nth­hj­hbc-njv,­ghb­åt­ufz­r­ghj­pht­ybñ,­yt­kmpz.­Nf­rjt­jåüzc­yt­ybt­zd­kz­tn­cz­yf­bd­ysv,­jå­vfy­xb­dsv­b,­xnj­cf­vjt­ukfd­yjt,­yt­gjl­ndth­élf­tn­cz­afr­nf­vb.

Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­ghj­wtcc­dj­dkt­xt­ybz­xt­kj­dt­rf­d­nth-hj­hbpv­jc­yj­dfy­yf­yt­rj­nj­hsö­tuj­jcj­åty­yjc­nzö.­Öj­nz­nth­hj­hbpv­dctu­lf­åe­ltn­ghj­ler­njv­cdjt­uj­vtc­nf­b­dht­vt­yb,­b­lkz­xkt­yjd­lf­ét­jl­yj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­vj­nb­df-wbz­dctu­lf­åe­ltn­hfp­yjq,­yf­båj­ktt­jxt­dbl­ysv­jå­obv­pyf­vt­yf­nt­ktv,­rj­nj­hsq­yf­kñ­åjv­ehjd­yt­jrf­ps­df­tn­dkbz­ybt­yf­hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbñ­cj­pyf­ybz­b­gj­dt­lt­ybz­kñ­ltq,­jc­nf­ñn­cz­gj­pb­nbd­yst­jéb­lf­ybz.

Vs­yt­ghb­yb­vf­tv­njn­bkb­byjq­cnbkm­gj­dt­lt­ybz,­tc­kb­jy­yt­ghb­yj­cbn­yfv­jght­ltkty­yjq­gjkm­ps.­Nj­ét­cf­vjt­rf­cf­tn­cz­b­gj­dt­lt­ybz­nth­hj­hbc­nf.­e­yt­uj­vj­uen­åsnm­jéb­lf­ybz­d­jn­yj­it­ybb­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­jght­ltkty­yj­uj­cnf­ne­cf,­dkfc­nb,­ghb­yz­nbz­cj­cnj­hj­ys­uheg­gs,­vbc­cbb­b­n.l.­tc­kb­exfcn­ybr­ldb­ét­ybz­joe­of­tn­cdjñ­ghb­dth­éty-yjcnm­blt­zv,­ght­lfyyjcnm­lt­ke­b­ghb­jå­ot­ybt­r­ldb­ét-

ybñ­rfr­yt­xnj­gj­pb­nbd­yjt­lkz­ct­åz,­nj­gj­cnt­gty­yj­änj­cgj­cjå­cn­detn­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybñ­tuj­yj­djq­–­bkb­rjy­cj­kb-lf­wbb­cnf­hjq­–­kbx­yjc­nyjq­cf­vj­blty­nb­ab­rf­wbb,­nj­tcnm­yj­dj­uj­cf­vj­cj­pyf­ybz.

Lkz­nj­uj­xnj­ås­gj­yznm­cenm­≤nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­cj-pyf­ybz≥,­dt­hj­zn­yj,­kex­it­dct­uj­hfc­cvfn­hb­dfnm­tuj­rfr­ghj­lern­ckt­leñ­obö­afr­nj­hjd:

•­ ec­rj­hty­yj­uj­ghj­wtc­cf­ghb­jå­ot­ybz­r­nth­hj­hbc­nb-xtc­rj­ve­ldb­ét­ybñ­b­cdz­pfy­yj­uj­c­ybv­exfc­nbz­d­yt­pf­rjy­yjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb;

•­ wt­kt­yfg­hfd­kty­yj­uj­gj­dt­lt­ybz,­bkb,­åj­ktt­jå­oj,­gj­dt­lt­ybz,­rj­nj­hjt­dct­cbkm­ytt­cdz­pf­yj­cj­cht­ljq­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz.

C­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rjq­b­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­njx­rb­pht­ybz,­ghb­jå-ot­ybt­r­nth­hj­hbp­ve­b­eu­keå­kt­ybt­cdz­ptq­c­nt­vb,­rnj­d­ytv­exf­cn­detn,­xfc­nj­jp­yf­xf­tn­jn­rfp­jn­yt­yeé­ysö­lhe­ptq,­ct­vmb­b­ght­éytq­ébp­yb.

Jl­ybv­bp­dt­hj­zn­ysö­cktl­cn­dbq­ds­lt­kt­ybz­yt­crjkm-rbö­änf­gjd­d­ghj­wtc­ct­dj­dkt­xt­ybz­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­zd­kz­tn­cz­nj,­xnj­d­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­vs­vj­étv­yf­xfnm­hfp­hf­åf­ns­dfnm­rjy­rhtn­yst­vt­hs,­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obt­änbv­änf­gfv­b­ghb­vt­yznm­bö­d­pf­db­cb-vjc­nb­jn­nj­uj,­xnj,­gj­yf­it­ve­vyt­ybñ,­åe­ltn­yf­båj­ktt­äa­atr­nbd­ysv.­Vs­cvj­étv­bkb­ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­yf­xfkm­yj­ve­dj­dkt­xt­ybñ­d­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­reñ­ltz­ntkm-yjcnm,­bkb­ght­gzn­cn­dj­dfnm­ghb­jå­ot­ybñ­r­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-rbv­ldb­ét­yb­zv­yf­gj­cktl­eñ­obö­änf­gfö,­bkb­gj­cnt­gty-yj­jå­ktu­xfnm­ds­öjl­bp­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq.­Ghb­pyf­ybt­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz­dctö­änbö­hfp­kb­xbq,­djp­vjé-yj,­gj­pdj­kbn­yfv­gj­yznm,­xnj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vs­jcj­åst­chtl-cn­df­dvt­if­ntkm­cn­df,­by­lb­db­le­fkm­ysq­öf­hfr­nth­rj­nj­hsö­pf­db­cbn­jn­nj­uj,­xnj,­gj­yf­it­ve­vyt­ybñ,­zd­kz­tn­cz­jg­nb­vfkm­yjq­njx­rjq­ghb­kj­ét­ybz­cb­ks.

Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­nj,­xnj­änfg­ds­öj­lf­bp­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-rj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­jc­nf­tn­cz­yf­bvt­ytt­bpe­xty­ysv,­z­le­vfñ,­xnj­bvty­yj­yf­änjv­änf­gt­ghfr­nb­xtc­rbt­byb­wbf­nb­ds­gj­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­(yf­wt­kty­yst­yt­njkm­rj­yf­jå­ktu-xt­ybt­ghj­wtc­cf­ds­öj­lf,­yj­b­yf­ght­ljndhf­ot­ybt­dcneg-kt­ybz)­vj­uen­d­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yjc­nb­jrf­pfnm­cz­yf­båj­ktt­äa­atr­nbd­ys­vb.

Pyf­xt­ybt­ltqcn­dbq­jn­ltkm­ysö­kñ­ltq

Öj­nz­d­rj­ytx­yjv­cxt­nt­nth­hj­hbpv­zd­kz­tn­cz­uheg­gj-djq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nmñ,­d­uheg­ge­dctu­lf­döj­lzn­jn­ltkm­yst­kñ­lb,­b,­rfr­jn­vt­xf­kjcm­ds­it,­dctv­bv­by­lb­db­le­fkm­yj­ghtl­yfp­yf­xf­tn­cz­d­ytq­cdjz­hjkm.­Dth­yj,­xnj­ghj­uhfv­vs­åjhm­ås­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­jåsx­yj­yt­yf­ghfd­kt­ys­yf­jn­ltkm-ysö­kñ­ltq,­yj­bvty­yj­gj­yb­vf­ybt­jcj­åty­yjc­ntq­hf­lb­rf-kb­pf­wbb­cj­pyf­ybz­b­gj­dt­lt­ybz­jn­ltkm­yj­uj­xt­kj­dt­rf,­tt­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­b­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­fc­gtr­njd­gj­pdj­kbn­yfv­jght­ltkbnm,­rf­rj­uj­hj­lf­lb­yf­vb­re­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­jn­ckt­éb-

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

dfnm­lkz­hfp­hf­åjn­rb­cgj­cj­åjd­ght­rhf­ot­ybz­nth­hj­hbc­nb-xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­6.

Öj­nz­nth­hj­hbpv­bvt­tn­ct­hmtp­yst­b­lf­kt­rj­ble­obt­gj­cktl­cn­dbz,­gj­ce­nb­cdj­tq,­jy­jc­nf­tn­cz­ltz­ntkm­yjc-nmñ­jn­ltkm­ysö­kñ­ltq­–­xfc­nj­yt­pf­vtn­yjq,­yt­uhjv­rjq,­cj­cnjz­otq­bp­ahfu­vty­nfh­ysö­b­yt­crj­jh­lb­yb­hj­dfy­ysö­ltqcn­dbq.­Vfc­infå­yjcnm­b­cb­kf­djp­ltqcn­dbz­nth­hj­hbp­vf­d­wt­kjv­yt­lj­kéys­ght­gzn­cn­dj­dfnm­yfv­d­bpe­xt­ybb­änj-uj­zd­kt­ybz­yf­vbr­hje­hjd­yt­rfr­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­nth­hj­hbc-njd,­cj­dth­ifñ­obö­nt­hfr­ns.­3

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft­vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

Ghb vt xf ybz b cyjc rb

1.­House of Commons Rep ort of the Of ficial Account of the Bombi ngs in London on 7th July 2005­(London:­The­St­ati­onery­Of­fi­ce,­2006),­p.­31.

2.­Gjl­hjå­yjt­jåüzc­yt­ybt­cv.­d­John­Horgan, The Psychology of Terrorism­(New­York:­Rout­led­ge,­2005).

3.­Kbx­yfz­gt­ht­gbc­rf.

4.­John­Horgan,­The Psychology of Terrorism­(New­York:­Rout­led­ge,­2005).

5.­Lfy­ysq­ds­gecr­b­tuj­ds­dj­ls­gjl­hjå­yj­jå­ceé­lf­ñn­cz­d­­M.­Taylor­and­J.­Horgan,­“A­Conce­ptual­Framework­for­Unde­rs­tanding­the­De­velopme­nt­of­Psychological­Process­in­the­Terrorist,”­Terrorism and Political Violen ce,­vol.­18­(2006):­pp.­1–17.

6.­Hf­åj­nf­yfl­lfy­ysv­ds­gec­rjv­yf­xf­kfcm­d­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt­Ctyn-Äy­lhñc,­jy­åe­ltn­jgeå­kb­rj­dfy­d­2008­uj­le.­Cv.­John­Horgan,­Walking Away From Terrorism: Accounts of Dis engageme nt From Radical and Ext remist Moveme nts­(New­York:­Rout­led­ge,­d­gt­xf­nb).

�0 eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Ufå­hb­äkm­Dfq­yvfyy,­ghj­atc­cjh­af­rekm­nt-nf­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wbq­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­Öfq­as­b­ghb­ukf­ity­ysq­ktr­njh­yf­af­rekm­nt­nt­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq­fvt­hb­rfy-crj­uj­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf.­D­jc­yj­de­yf­cnjz­otq­cnf­nmb­gj­kj­ét­yj­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybt­≤gcb­öj-kj­ubz­nth­hj­hbp­vf­b­cvB≥,­ds­gjk­yty­yjt­bv­d­fvt­hb­rfy­crjv­by­cnb­ne­nt­vb­hf;­tuj­ht­pekm­nf­ns­åe­len­crj­hj­jgeå­kb­rj­df­ys.

Rju­lf­d­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjv­jå­ot­cn­dt­jå­ceé­lf­ñn­nth­hj­hbpv,­yt­vb­yet­vj­egj-vb­yf­ñn­chtl­cn­df­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb.­Dtlm­nth­hj­hbpv­gj­cdj­tq­ghb­hj­lt­–­änj­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rjt­jhe­ébt,­cb­kf­rj­nj­hj­uj­pf­db­cbn­jn­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybz­by­ajh­vf-wbb­jå­eu­hj­pt­cht­lb­cf­vsö­ib­hj­rbö­ckj-td­yf­ct­kt­ybz.­Djn,­d­ceo­yjc­nb,­gj­xt­ve­vté­le­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­b­cvB­ce­ot­cn-detn­cdjtjå­hf­pbq­cbv­åb­jp.­­ ­ ­ –­Gjk­ebk­rby­cjy­1

Gcb­öj­kj­ubz­nth­hj­hf

C­vj­vty­nf­cdjt­uj­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybz­nth­hjh­jrf­ps­dfk­jght­ltkty­ysq­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbq­äa­atrn­yf­vfc­cs:­ckj­dj­≤nth­hjh≥­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­jn­kf­nby­crj­uj­“ter­re­re”,­jp­yf­xfñ­ot-uj­≤pf­ge­ub­dfnm≥­bkb­≤ge­ufnm≥.­Dj­dht­vz­Ahfy­wep­crjq­ht­dj­kñ­wbb­1793­u.­zrj­åby­crbq­nth­hjh­ghb­dtk­r­rfp­yb­17­nsc.­xt­kj­dtr.­Fr­ns­rfp­yb­cj­dth­if­kbcm­ghb­åjkm­ijv­crjg­kt­ybb­yf­hj­lf­b­cj­ghj­djé­lf­kbcm­ib­hj­rjq­ju­kfc­rjq,­lj­cnb­ufz,­ntv­cf­vsv,­cdj­tq­wt­kb­–­ctz­kb­cnhfö­cht­lb­dctö,­rnj­cj­xed­cn­dj­dfk­éth­ndfv.

Cj­dht­vty­ysq­nth­hj­hbpv­vjé­yj­gj­yznm­c­njx­rb­pht­ybz­ntö­ét­nht­åj­df­ybq,­rf­rbt­ghtl­üzd­kz­ñn­cz­r­kñ­åjq­nt­fn­hfkm­yjq­gj­cnf­yjd­rt:­nof­ntkm­yfz­gjl­uj­njd­rf­cwt­yf­hbz,­gjl­åjh­fr­nt­hjd,­lt­rj­hf­wbb,­htr­db­pbn,­hfcght-ltkt­ybt­b­bc­gjk­yt­ybt­hj­ktq,­fr­nbd­yfz­hjkm­ht­ébc­ct-hf-dt­le­ot­uj­d­bc­gjk­yt­ybb­cgtr­nfr­kz.­Rfr­b­öj­hj­ifz­gj­cnf­yjd­rf­lhf­vf­nb­xtc­rbö­bkb­åf­ktn­ysö­cgtr­nfr­ktq,­

äa­atr­nbd­yfz­gj­lfxf­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­fr­njd­d­CVB­nht­åe­tn­jcj­åj­uj­dyb­vf­ybz­r­lt­nf­kzv.­D­rjy­wt­rjy­wjd,­éth­ndf­zd­kz­tn­cz­njkm­rj­≤rj­étq­åf­hf­åf­yf,­gj­rj­nj­hj­ve­åmñn­lkz­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­äa­atr­nf,­rj­nj­hsq­nht­åe­tn­cz­jrf-pfnm­yf­ib­hj­reñ­felb­nj­hbñ≥2.

Gf­hfk­ktkm­yj­c­hjc­njv­ntö­yj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­djp­vjé-yjc­ntq­cf­vb­nth­hj­hbc­ns­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­kb­gj­gsn­rb­ecj-dth­ity­cn­dj­dfnm­cdjb­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­yst­yf­ds­rb.­Gj­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­de­jl­yj­uj­bp­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­he­rj­dj­lbd­it­uj­yf­gf­lt­yb­tv­yf­bp­hf­bkmc­rbö­fn­kt­njd­dj­dht­vz­Jkbv­gbq-crbö­buh­d­Vñy­öt­yt­d­1972­uj­le:

≤vs­gj­yz­kb,­xnj­cgjhn­zd­kz­tn­cz­cj­dht­vty­yjq­ht­kb-ub­tq­pf­gfl­yj­uj­vb­hf.­vs­pyf­kb,­xnj­kñ­lb­d­fy­ukbb­b­fvt­hb­rt­gt­ht­rkñ­xfn­cdjb­nt­kt­db­pj­hs­c­ghj­uhfvv­j­cb­nef­wbb­d­gf­ktc­nb­yt­yf­cgjh­nbd­yst­ghj­uhfv­vs­yf­lhe­ubö­rf­yf­kfö.­B­gj­änj­ve­vs­ht­ib­kb­bc­gjkm­pj­dfnm­bö­jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs,­cf­veñ­cfr­hfkm­yeñ­wt­ht­vj-ybñ­änjq­ht­kb­ubb,­xnj­ås­dtcm­vbh­jå­hf­nbk­yf­yfc­dyb­vf­ybt.­vs­ght­gjl­ytc­kb­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rbt­éth­nds­yf­fk­nfhm­df­ibö­åj­ujd­–­cgjh­nf­b­nt­kt­db­lt­ybz.­B­jyb­jn­dt­nb­kb­yf­yf­ib­vj­kbn­ds≥­3.

Nt hfrn rfr ≤nt fn hfkm yfz gj cnf yjd rf≥ yf cwt yt CVB

Ufå­hb­äkm­Dfq­yvfyy

≤Fkm­Rfb­lf≥­dt­ltn­nhfyc­kz­wbñ­gj­cj­åcn­dty­yj­ve­rf­yf­ke­≤Uj­kjc­­Öf­kb­af­nf≥.

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��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Yf­båj­ktt­vjo­ysv,­étc­nj­rbv­b­ght­rhfc­yj­gj­cnfd-kty­ysv­cgtr­nfr­ktv­cj­dht­vty­yj­uj­≤nt­fn­hf­nth­hj­hf≥­cnfk­nt­hfrn­11­cty­nzå­hz­2001­u.­d­Fvt­hb­rt.­D­yj­zå­ht­änj­uj­uj­lf­ecf­vf­åby­Kf­lty,­uj­dj­hz­j­nt­hfr­nfö­d­åfi-yzö-åkbp­yt­wfö,­yf­pdfk­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cf­vj­eåbqw­≤fdfy-ufh­ljv­Bc­kf­vf≥­b­dj­cöb­ofk­cz­ntv,­xnj­≤ä­nb­vj­kj­lst­kñ­lb­crf­pf­kb­cdjb­vb­lt­kf­vb­d­Ymñ-qjh­rt­b­Df­iby­unj-yt­åjkm­it,­xtv­rnj-kb­åj­d­vb­ht.­Bö­ht­xb­gj­yz­kb­rfr­fhf­ås,­nfr­b­lhe­ubt­kñ­lb­–­lf­ét­rb­nfq­ws≥4.­Jl­yf­rj­ukfd­yjq­wt­kt­djq­felb­nj­hb­tq­åby­Kf­lt­yf­ås­kj­yt­fvt-hb­rfy­crjt­jå­ot­cn­dj,­f­éb­nt­kb­ve­cekm­vfy­crbö­cnhfy.­Dyb­vf­ybt,­rj­nj­hsv­eljc­njb­kb­tuj­CVB­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­kb­lt­hs,­djp­ds­cb­kj­tuj­lj­hfy­uf­vb­hj­djq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­ab­ue­hs.

Cj­ukfc­yj­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybñ­Åhb­lébn­Yf­rjc­2003­uj­lf,­åby­Kf­lty­jå­yf­he­ébk,­xnj­hfym­it­jy­cxb­nfk­nth­hj­hbpv­d­gth­deñ­jxt­htlm­chtl­cn­djv­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybz­cj­jå­ot-ybq­–­≤ht­xtq≥­d­tuj­nth­vb­yj­kj­ubb­–­b­clt­kfk­ds­djl,­xnj­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­ec­ks­if­kb­yf­ghfd­kty­yjt­bv­cj­jå­ot­ybt­d­db­lt­nt­hfr­njd­11­cty­nzå­hz,­xnj­gj­dktr­kj­pf­cj­åjq­yeé­yeñ­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­reñ­ht­fr­wbñ.­≤B­djn­Fvt­hb­rf­

gjk­yf­cnhf­öf­–­c­ct­dt­hf­yf­ñu­b­c­pf­gf­lf­yf­dj­cnjr,­–­uj­dj­hbn­jy.­–­Åkf­uj­lf­hbv­Dct­ds­iyt­uj­pf­änj≥5.

Fr­wty­nb­hez­cdjt­dyb­vf­ybt­yf­Fvt­hb­rt,­Yf­rjc­jn­vt­xf­tn,­xnj­nth­hj­hbc­ns­gj­ke­xb­kb­rjy­nhjkm­yfl­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­gj­dtc­nrjq­lyz­xt­htp­CVB­b­bp­vt­yb­kb­ghtl­vtn­lbc­rec­cbb­cj­crjh­åb­j­ns­cz­xfö­gj­ubå­ibö­yf­vté­le­yfhjl­yjt­jc­dt­ot­ybt­bö­cj­åcn­dty­yj­uj­yt­ljdjkm-cn­df.­Bv­elf­kjcm­lj­cnbxm,­djp­vjé­yj,­cf­vjq­ukfd­yjq­cdj­tq­vt­lbf-wt­kb­–­ght­lfnm­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjq­ju­kfc­rt­ct­åz,­cdjt­lt­kj,­cdjt­yt­ljdjkm­cn­dj­b­cdjb­nht­åj­df­ybz.

Wt­kb,­ds­åhfy­yst­lkz­änj­uj,­ås­kb­cbv­dj­kf­vb­åj­ufn-cn­df,­dkfc­nb­b­nhf­lb­wbb­Fvt­hb­rb.­Cj­ukfc­yj­extå­yj­ve­gj­cj­åbñ­d­kf­ut­hzö­gjl­uj­njd­rb­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥,­geå­kbx-yjcnm­ås­kf­(b,­dt­hj­zn­yj,­jc­nf­tn­cz­lj­cbö­gjh)­ukfd­yjq­wt­kmñ.­Gj­änj­ve­léb­öf­lbc­nfv­ghtl­kf­uf­kjcm­ds­åhfnm­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­cdj­bö­wt­ktq­nf­rbt­≤cty­nb­vty­nfkm­yst­cbv­dj-ks≥,­rfr­Cnf­nez­cdj­åj­ls­d­Ymñ-qjh­rt,­Åbu-åty­d­Kjy-lj­yt­b­Gf­hbé­crfz­Äq­at­kt­df­åfi­yz,­gj­crjkm­re­bö­hfp-he­it­ybt­≤bvt­kj­ås­åjkm­ijq­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysq­ht­pj­yfyc≥.6

Åkf­uj­lf­hz­cj­dht­vty­ysv­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­ysv­ntö­yj-kj­ub­zv,­cj­ås­nbz­11­cty­nzå­hz­dgb­cf­ys­d­ryb­ue­lj­cnb­ét-ybq­rfr­≤nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbq­cgtr­nfrkm≥,­rj­nj­hsq­cvjn­ht-kj­cf­vjt­åjkm­ijt­xbc­kj­kñ­ltq­d­vb­hj­djq­bc­nj­hbb.

Nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbq­frn­rfr­cgtr­nfrkm

Jl­ybv­bp­yf­båj­ktt­dkbz­ntkm­ysö­ntj­ht­nb­rjd­cj­dht-vty­yj­uj­nth­hj­hbp­vf­cnfk­åhf­pb­ktw­Rfh­kjc­Vf­hb­ut­kf.­tuj­hf­åj­nf­≤Rhfn­rjt­he­rj­djl­cn­dj­gj­uhfé­lfy­crjq­djq­yt­d­uj­hjl­crbö­ec­kj­db­zö≥­cnf­kf­yf­cnjkm­yjq­ryb­ujq­exfcn­yb­rjd­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­nth­hj­hbp­vf.­Jy­gb­itn:

gj­öb­ot­ybt­pyf­vt­yb­njc­ntq,­bp­dtcn­ysö­cdjb­vb­lj­cnb­ét-ybz­vb­d­bc­rec­cn­dt,­cgjh­nt­bkb­lhe­ubö­jå­kfc­nzö­b­yt­ds­hf­éfd-ibö­rf­rbö-kb­åj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­dpukz­ljd,­vj­étn­cnfnm­ajh-vjq­ghj­gf­ufy­ls,­ds­ujl­yjq­lkz­ht­dj­kñ­wbj­yt­hjd...­cj­dht­vty-yst­cvB,­ghj­cnj­cj­jå­ofñ­obt­j­njv,­xnj­lt­kf­ñn­ht­dj­kñ-wbj­yt­hs,­zd­kz­ñn­cz­dfé­ys­vb­bycnhe­vty­nf­vb­ghj­gf­ufy­ls.­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rfz­djq­yf­–­änj­vt­njl­åjhm­ås,­jc­yj­dfy­ysq­yf­ghz­vjv­bkb­rjc­dty­yjv­bc­gjkm-pj­df­ybb­cvB...­ju­hfå­kt­ybz­åfy­rjd,­yf­gf­lt­ybz,­lt­pth­nbh­cn-dj­b­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­jhe­ébz,­cgf­ct­ybt­gkty­yb­rjd,­rfp­yb,­gj­öb­ot­ybt­kñ­ltq,­lb­dth­cbb,­nth­hj­hbpv­–­dct­änj­pdt­ymz­jl-

yjq­wt­gb.­yf­he­it­ybz­gj­kt­nf­cf­vj­kt­njd,­yf­gf­lt­ybz­yf­vjh­crbt­ce­lf­b­gj­tp­lf,­pf­ödfn­bö­gfh­nb­pf­yf­vb­nfr­ét­bc­rkñ­xb­ntkm­yj­cke­éfn­ghj­gf­ufy­lt7.

Gj­zd­kt­ybt­nth­hj­hbp­vf,­jhb­ty­nb­hj­dfy­yj­uj­yf­CVB,­pf­cnf­db­kj­yt­crjkm­rbö­ext­ysö­bp­vt­ybnm­vt­njl­cdj­bö­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq:­≤tc­kb­exb­ns­dfnm,­xnj­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbq­frn­zd­kz­tn­cz­cbv­dj­kb­xtc­rjq­fr­wb­tq,­nj­erf­ps­df­tn­yf­xnj-nj,­xnj­ds­öj­lbn­pf­ght­ltks­cf­vj­uj­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc-rj­uj­ltqcn­dbz,­nj­tuj­vjé­yj­fyf­kb­pb­hj­dfnm­fyf­kj­ubx­yj­

Cyb­vjr­c­db­ltj­pf­gb­cb,­hfp­vt­oty­yjq­yf­bc­kf­vbcn­crjv­dtå­cfq­nt­d­cty­nzå­ht­2004­uj­lf,­yf­rj­nj­hjv­nth­hj­hbc­ns­eu­hj­éf­ñn­jåtp­ukf­dbnm­pf­ödf­xty­yj­uj­pf­gfl­yj­uj­­pf­kjé­yb­rf.

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�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

lhe­ubv­chtl­cn­dfv­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wbb­b­jgb­cfnm­c­gj­vj­omñ­xt­ns­htö­dfé­ytq­ibö­rjv­gj­yty­njd­–­gt­ht­lfn­xb­rf­(nth­hj-hbc­nf),­ghtl­gj­kf­uft­vj­uj­gj­ke­xf­nt­kz­(wtkm),­cj­jå­ot­ybz­(dphsd­åjv­ås,­yf­gf­lt­ybt)­b­jå­hfn­yjq­cdz­pb­(ht­fr­wbb­wt­kt­djq­felb­nj­hbb)≥8.

Hfkma­Lj­ekbyu­ghtl­kj­ébk­bc­gjkm­pj­dfnm­gj­yz­nbt­≤hb­nj­hb­xtc­rj­uj­éfy­hf≥,­en­dth­élfz,­xnj­≤nth­hj­hbc­ns­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­jl­yb­b­nt­ét­hb­nj­hb­xtc­rbt­ghb­tvs,­ds­yeé-lfñ­obt­CVB­ght­lj­cnfd­kznm­bv­lj­cneg­r­yf­ct­kt­ybñ,­åtp­rj­nj­hj­uj­nth­hj­hbpv­yt­vju­ås­lj­cnb­ufnm­cdj­bö­wt­ktq≥9.

Yt­rj­nj­hst­db­ls­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc-nb­ght­dhf­nb­kbcm,­gj­ds­hf­ét­ybñ­Lé.­Åfeth­Åtk­kf,­d­≤nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­cgtr­nfr­kb≥10,­rj­nj­hst­kex­it­dct­uj­fyf­kb­pb­hj­dfnm­rfr­≤vt­lbf-cj­ås­nbz≥.­Yf­ghb­vth,­fnf­rb­≤Ötp­åjk­ks≥­yf­wt­kb­d­Bp­hfb­kt,­dctu­lf­pf­gb­cs­df­ñn­cz­yf­gkty­re,­xnj­pf­cnfd­kz­tn­yt­rj­nj­hsö­bc­ckt­lj­df­nt­ktq­ghtl­gj­kf­ufnm,­xnj­rfé­ljt­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjt­gjl­hfp­lt­kt-ybt­drkñ­xf­tn,­gj­rhfq­ytq­vt­ht,­xt­ns­htö­≤nt­fn­hfkm­ysö­hf­åjn­yb­rjd≥­–­bc­gjk­yb­nt­kz,­jgt­hf­nj­hf,­pde­rj­ht­ébc­ct­hf­b­ghj­lñ­ct­hf.

zc­yj,­xnj­nth­hj­hbc­ns­gkf­yb­he­ñn­cdjb­ltqcn­dbz,­bc­öj­lz­ght­élt­dct­uj­bp­ht­fr­wbb­CVB.­Jyb­ds­åb­hf­ñn­cdjb­wt­kb,­vtc­nj­b­dht­vz­ltqcn­dbz­d­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­c­ghtl­gjx­ntybz­vb­CVB,­gs­nf­zcm­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dj­dfnm­rhb­nt-hb­zv­yj­djc­nyjq­pyf­xb­vjc­nb,­uhf­ab­rjd­b­chj­rjd­gjl­uj-njd­rb­vf­nt­hbf­kjd­CVB.­Jyb­uj­nj­dzn­dcgj­vj­uf­ntkm­yst­db­pe­fkm­yst­chtl­cn­df,­nf­rbt­rfr­abkm­vs,­db­lt­jcütv­rb­nt­hfr­njd­b­≤ghbp­yf­ybz≥­pf­kjé­yb­rjd,­lj­ås­nst­cb­kjq,­pf­gb­cb­by­nth­dmñ­b­pf­zd­kt­ybz­j­ght­lfyyjc­nb­cdj­bv­bltf-kfv­bc­gjk­yb­nt­ktq­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­ysö­ltqcn­dbq­–­jl­yj­dht-vty­yj­ghtl­kf­ufz­ghj­atc­cbj­yfkm­yst­ght­cc-ds­gec­rb­b­db­ltj­yj­djc­nb.

Cj­dht­vty­yst­nth­hj­hbc­ns­ghz­vj­b­rjc­dty­yj­ghtl­kf-uf­ñn­CVB­ghj­gf­ufy­le,­ds­lf­dft­veñ­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­yj­djc-ntq.­Jyb­nfr­ét­jn­ckt­éb­df­ñn­jå­kfcnm­bö­ltqcn­dbz,­gjl­hjå­yj­fyf­kb­pb­hez­jn­xt­ns­hfp­kbx­ysö­éeh­yf­kbc­njd­b­CVB.­Lfd­kt­ybt­nth­hj­hbc­njd­yf­htgjh­nt­hjd­ghb­yb­vf­tn­hfp­yst­ajh­vs­–­jn­jn­rhs­nj­uj­b­lhe­ét­kñå­yj­uj­ujc­ntg-hb­bv­cn­df­lj­ghz­vsö­eu­hjp,­gb­ctv­c­ds­vj­uf­ntkm­cn­df­vb­b­lf­ét­eåbq­cn­df­vb­d­wt­kzö­ecnhf­it­ybz.

Yf­rj­ytw,­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­bvt­ñn­cdjb­cj­åcn­dty­yst­CVB­–­jn­nt­kt­db­pb­jy­ysö­rf­yf­kjd­(≤Fkm-Vf­yfh≥­e­≤Ötp­åjk­ks≥­b­≤Uj­kjc­Öf­kb­af­nf≥­e­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥),­yj­djc­nysö­futyn­cnd,­uf­ptn­b­éeh­yf­kjd,­hf­lbj­rf­yf­kjd­b­db­ltj-­b­fe­lbj­rfc­ctn­lj­cfq­njd­by­nth­yt-nf,­gj­ke­xbd­ibö­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­d­gj­cktl­ytt­dht­vz.

Yj­dfz­fht­yf:­nth­hjh­d­by­nth­yt­nt

Ctq­xfc­nth­hj­hbc­ns­gjkm­pe­ñn­cz­gkj­lf­vb­ukj­åf­kb­pf-wbb­b­cj­dht­vty­ysö­ntö­yj­kj­ubq­lkz­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybz,­rj­jh-lb­yf­wbb­b­bc­gjk­yt­ybz­cdj­bö­cvth­nj­yjc­ysö­fr­wbq.

Änb­nth­hj­hbc­ns­åjkm­it­yt­ghb­dz­pf­ys­r­jght­ltkty-yjq­ut­ju­hf­ab­xtc­rb­ju­hf­yb­xty­yjq­nth­hb­nj­hbb,­ab­yfy­cj­dj­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­yt­pf­db­czn­jn­rjy­rhtn­yj­uj­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­–­jyb­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­cj­dht­vty­yst­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­yst­ntö­yj­kj­ubb,­drkñ­xfz­by­nth­ytn,­lkz­htf­kb­pf­wbb­cdj­bö­cvth­nj­yjc­ysö­gkf­yjd.­D­1998­uj­le­vt­ytt­gj­kj­db­ys­jh-uf­yb­pf­wbq,­ghb­xbc­kty­ysö­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysv­lt­gfh­nf­vty-njv­CIF­r­byj­cnhfy­ysv­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbv­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb-zv,­bvt­kb­hf­åj­nfñ­obt­cfq­ns.­R­rjy­we­1999­uj­lf­gjx­nb­dct­änb­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbt­uheg­gs­ås­kb­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ys­d­by­nth­yt­nt.­D­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­dct­fr­nbd­yst­nth­hj­hbc-nb­xtc­rbt­uheg­gs­bvt­ñn,­gj­rhfq­ytq­vt­ht,­jlby­cfqn­d­by­nth­yt­nt.­D­1998–2007­uj­lfö­vs­ghj­dt­kb­vj­yb­nj­hbyu­b­ds­zdb­kb­åj­ktt­5­nsc.­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­cfq­njd,­by­nth-ytn-aj­he­vjd­b­xf­njd11.

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Rjv­gmñ­nth­yfz­cht­lf­jå­ot­ybz­zd­kz­tn­cz­blt­fkm­yjq­lkz­nth­hj­hbc­njd:­jyf­lt­wty­nhf­kb­pj­df­yf,­yt­gjl­dkfc­nyf­rjy­nhj­kñ­bkb­ju­hf­yb­xt­yb­zv,­yt­gjl­dth­ét­yf­wty­pe­ht­b­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­tn­dctv­ét­kfñ­obv­cdj­åjl­ysq­lj­cneg.­Lkz­jåsx­yjq­ckf­åj­cdz­pfy­yjq­ct­nb­zxt­tr,­gjl­hfp­lt­kt­ybq­b­uhegg­cj­dht­vty­ysö­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq­by­nth-

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Jl­yf­rj­cfq­ns­by­nth­yt­nf­–­änj­njkm­rj­jl­yf­bp­chtl­cnd,­bc­gjkm­pet­vsö­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb;­ce­ot­cn­detn­b­vyj­ét­cn­dj­lhe­ubö,­nf­rbö­rfr­äktr­nhjy­yfz­gjx­nf,­xf­ns,­äktr­nhjy­yst­uheg­gs,­aj­he­vs­b­lj­crb­jåüzd­kt­ybq,­re­lf­gj­vt­of­ñn­dbh­ne­fkm­yst­cj­jå­ot­ybz.

Vyj­ubt­bp­änbö­cfq­njd­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­cz­lkz­gcb­öj­kj-ub­xtc­rbö­fr­wbq­ghj­nbd­uj­ce­lfh­cn­d-ghj­nbd­yb­rjd­b­bö­dj-jhe­éty­ysö­cbk.­Jyb­ds­rkf­ls­df­ñn­eéf­cfñ­obt­cütv­rb­rfp­yty­ysö­pf­kjé­yb­rjd­b­gkty­yb­rjd­(xfc­nj­gj­chtl­cn­djv­dfh­dfh­crj­uj­jn­ct­xt­ybz­uj­kj­ds)­b­dj­ty­ysö,­eåb­nsö­yf­gj­kt­åjz­cyfq­gt­hf­vb­c­gj­vj­omñ­gjh­nfnbd­yj­uj­hf­rtn­yj-uj­jhe­ébz,­bkb­bö­fd­nj­vj­åb­ktq,­dpjh­dfy­ysö­c­gj­vj­omñ­lj­hjé­ysö­vby­bkb­åjv­åbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd.­Dth­åfkm­yst­b­uhf­ab­xtc­rbt­cj­jå­ot­ybz­ghb­pdf­ys­lt­vj­hf­kb­pj­dfnm­b­bc­ge­ufnm­ghj­nbd­yb­rf­bkb­gj­hj­lbnm­xed­cn­dj­db­ys,­cjv-ytybz­b­dyen­hty­yt­uj­ghj­nb­dj­ht­xbz,­eu­hj­éfz­ghb­änjv­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dfv­hfp­ysö­cnhfy­b­bö­uhfé­lf­yfv.­≤Yfv­dct­hfd­yj,­rj­uj­vs­eåb­df­tv≥,­uj­dj­hzn­jyb,­≤b­dct­ds­åtp­pf­obn­ys≥.­Bö­cb­kf­–­d­cnhf­öt,­rj­nj­hsq­jyb­hfc­ghj-cnhf­yz­ñn.

Hb­nj­hb­rf­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ghj­gf­ufy­ls

Jl­ybv­bp­jå­obö­äkt­vty­njd­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­cfq-njd­zd­kz­tn­cz­jghfd­lf­ybt­ghb­vt­yt­ybz­yf­cb­kbz.­Lkz­lfy-yj­uj­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz­gkj­ljn­djh­yf­rjy­wtg­wbz­≤vj­hfkm­yj­uj­jn­cnhf­yt­ybz≥,­ds­ldb­ye­nfz­Fkm­åth­njq­Åfy­le­hjq,­rj­nj­hfz­gth­dj­yf­xfkm­yj­yt­jn­yj­cb­kfcm­r­nth­hj­hbc­nfv12.­Cj­ukfc­yj­änjq­rjy­wtg­wbb,­nth­hj­hbc­ns,­rfr­b­ght­cneg­yb­rb,­gs­nf­ñn-cz­lbc­nfy­wb­hj­dfnm­cz­jn­nj­uj­cnhf­iyj­uj­yf­cb­kbz,­rj­nj-hjt­cf­vb­cj­dth­if­ñn,­c­gj­vj­omñ­ckt­leñ­obö­vt­nj­ljd:

•­ gt ht yt ct ybt jn dtn cn dty yjc nb­–­cñ­lf­jn­yj­cbn­cz­hfp­he­it­ybt­jn­yj­it­ybz­vté­le­ltqcn­dbz­vb­b­bö­gj­cktl­cn­dbz­vb­b/b­kb­djp­kj­ét­ybt­db­ys­pf­yf­cbkm-cn­dty­yst­ltqcn­dbz­b­cvthnm­yt­dby­ysö­kñ­ltq­yf­éth­nde­bkb­jå­cnjz­ntkm­cn­df;

•­ hfc cht lj nj xt ybt jn dtn cn dty yjc nb­–­jyj­jce­ot-cn­dkz­tn­cz­gj­chtl­cn­djv­hfp­lt­kt­ybz­jåz­pfy­yjc­ntq­vté­le­kñlm­vb­nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­xnj­rfé­ljt­jn­ltkm­yjt­ltqcn­dbt­–­cj­dth­ity­yj­yt­dby­yj,­yj­bö­cj­dj­reg­yjcnm­yf­yj­cbn­dhtl.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­lkz­hfc-cht­lj­nj­xt­ybz­by­lb­db­le­fkm­yjq­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjc­nb­pf­cj­dth­ift­vst­ltqcn­dbz­vj­uen­bc­gjkm­pj­dfnm­cz­nfr­yf­ps­dft­vst­uheg­gj­dst­ht­it­ybz;

•­ lt ue vf yb pf wbz wt ktq­–­cj­dth­it­ybt­yf­cb­kbz­ghj­nbd­yt­dby­ysö­kñ­ltq­jå­ktu­xf­tn­cz,­rju­lf­jyb­dj­cghb­yb­vf­ñn­cz­yt­rfr­jåsx­yst­kñ­lb.­Vb­yb­vb-pb­hj­dfnm­ehj­dtym­étc­nj­rjc­nb­ltqcn­dbq,­cj­dth­ift-vsö­ghj­nbd­lhe­ubö­kñ­ltq,­vjé­yj,­gjl­xth­rb­dfz­≤yt­gth­cj­yfkm­ysq≥­öf­hfr­nth­nt­hfr­njd,­nj­tcnm­nj,­

xnj­nt­hfr­ns­yf­ghfd­kt­ys­yt­yf­kñ­ltq,­b­xbc­nj­cbv­dj­kb­xtc­rjt­pyf­xt­ybt­wt­ktq.­Éth­nds­hfc-cvfn­hb­df­ñn­cz­rfr­ce­ot­cn­df,­rj­nj­hst­dj­jå­ot­yt­jn­yj­czn­cz­r­rf­nt­uj­hbb­kñ­ltq­–­öbo­yb­rb,­cj­åf­rb­b­n.l.­Yf­ghb­vth,­ecf­vf­åby­Kf­lty­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­rfr­≤ybp­vty­ysö­ce­ot­cn­d≥,­cgj­cjå-ysö­yf­ltqcn­dbz,­rj­nj­hst­≤yt­d­cj­cnjz­ybb­ås­kb­ås­cj­dth­ibnm­lf­ét­cf­vst­öbo­yst­éb­djn­yst≥.

•­ zpsr äd at vbp vjd­–­cñ­lf­jn­yj­cbn­cz­cj­plf­ybt­jhtj­kf­edf­ét­ybz­r­rhj­df­dsv­ltqcn­db­zv­b­cyb-ét­ybt­ehjd­yz­kbx­yjq­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjc­nb­pf­ybö­c­bc­gjkm­pj­df­yb­tv­≤yt­gth­cj­yfkm­ysö≥­nth­vb­yjd­lkz­bö­jgb­cf­ybz.­Yf­ghb­vth,­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­dctu­lf­yf­ps-df­tn­cj­ås­nbz­11­cty­nzå­hz­cj­rhe­it­yb­tv­cbv­dj­kjd­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­vj­ue­ot­cn­df­b­rjy­cñ­vt­hbp­vf,­f­yt­eåbq­cn­djv­ghb­vth­yj­3000­veé­xby,­éty­oby­b­lt­ntq.

•­ ds ujl yst chfd yt ybz­–­gj­dt­lt­ybt,­rj­nj­hjt­nht­åe-tn­jceé­lt­ybz,­vfc­rb­he­tn­cz­gj­chtl­cn­djv­tuj­chfd-yt­ybz­c­lhe­ub­vb,­åj­ktt­nzé­rb­vb­ltqcn­dbz­vb.­Cvthnm­yt­dby­ysö­kñ­ltq,­drkñ­xfz­lt­ntq,­d­nt­hfr-nfö­11­cty­nzå­hz­d­vbh­yjt­dht­vz­chfd­yb­df­tn­cz­c­fvt­hb­rfy­crjq­fnjv­yjq­åjv­åfh­lb­hjd­rjq­zgj­ybb­d­rjy­wt­Dnj­hjq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys,­dj­dht­vz­rj­nj­hjq­gj­ubå­kb­cjn­yb­ns­czx­kñ­ltq,­jl­yf­rj­CIF­yb­rju-lf­yt­ås­kb­fu­htc­cj­hjv,­lf­ét­d­cke­xft­gj­åt­ls.

•­ bc rf ét ybt gj cktl jdf ntkm yjc nb cj ås nbq b ghb gb cs df ybt db ys­–­bc­rf­ét­ybt­afr­njd­bkb­gj­cktl­cn­dbq­yf­cbkm­cn­dty­ysö­ltqcn­dbq­ghj­nbd­jåsx­ysö­kñ­ltq­c­gj­vj­omñ­fh­ue­vty­njd­j­njv,­xnj­nt­hfr­ns­ås­kb­kbim­jn­dtn­ysv­ltqcn­db­tv­bkb­chtl­cn­djv­pf­ob­ns­jn­ghj­dj­rf­wbb­dhf­uf­gj­pdj­kz-tn­nth­hj­hbc­nfv­evtym­ibnm­xed­cn­dj­kbx­yjq­db­ys.­Éth­ndf­b­lhe­ubt­kñ­lb­jå­db­yz­ñn­cz­d­cj­dth­it­ybb­yt­ljc­njq­ysö­ltqcn­dbq­–­rfr,­yf­ghb­vth,­d­cke­xft,­rju­lf­pf­ödf­xty­yst­pf­kjé­yb­rb­ght­lfñn­cz­rfp­yb­bp-pf­nj­uj,­xnj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­bö­cnhfy­yt­ds­gjk-yb­kb­nht­åj­df­ybq­nth­hj­hbc­njd.

Rfr­gj­rf­ps­df­tn­fyf­kbp­hb­nj­hb­rb,­bc­gjkm­pet­vjq­yf­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­cfq­nfö,­yf­båj­ktt­gj­ge­kzh­ysv­cgj­cj-åjv­≤vj­hfkm­yj­uj­jn­cnhf­yt­ybz≥­zd­kz­tn­cz­≤gt­ht­yt­ct­ybt­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjc­nb≥.­Yf­cb­kbt­dctu­lf­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cz­rfr­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcnm­d­åjhm­åt­c­étc­nj­rbv­ghj­nbd­yb­rjv,­f­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjcnm­pf­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rbt­éth­nds­b­hfp­he­it­ybz,­rj­nj­hst­jyj­dkt­xtn­pf­cj­åjq,­ghb­gb­cs­df­tn­cz­lhe­ubv.­Yf­ghb­vth,­ukfd­yjq­by­cnfy­wb­tq,­r­rj­nj­hjq­fgtk­kb­he­ñn­léb­öf­lbc­ns,­exf­cn­deñ­obt­d­nth­hj­ht,­zd­kz­tn­cz­Fk­kfö­–­ntv­cf­vsv,­≤jxb­of­tn­cz≥­ghfr­nb­rf­eåbq­cnd­b­yf­yt­ct-ybz­edt­xbq,­b­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­ghj­ckfd­kz­tn­cz­≤ve­xt­yb­xt-cn­dj≥.

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Yf­rj­ytw,­yt­rj­nj­hst­cfq­ns­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­jh­uf­yb-pf­wbq­gj­kys­hb­nj­hb­rb­yt­yf­cb­kbz­b­pf­zd­kt­ybq­j­≤kñå­db­r­vb­he≥­b­gjl­lth­ért­lbg­kj­vf­nb­xtc­rbö­ht­it­ybq.­Wt­kmñ­änjq­cvt­cb­jå­hf­pjd­b­fh­ue­vty­njd­zd­kz­tn­cz­jå­hf­ot­ybt­r­vfr­cb­vfkm­yj­ib­hj­rjq­felb­nj­hbb­cke­if­nt­ktq.

Åe­le­obt­ghj­åkt­vs

Gj­zd­kt­ybt­nth­hj­hbp­vf,­jhb­ty­nb­hj­dfy­yj­uj­yf­CVB,­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­ct­hmtp­yeñ­ghj­åkt­ve­lkz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­jå­ot­cnd­b­kb­åt­hfkm­ysö­wty­yjc­ntq.­eu­hj­pf­yt­ju­hf­yb­xb-df­tn­cz­vf­yb­ge­kz­wb­tq­c­gj­vj­omñ­CVB­b­bc­gjkm­pj­df­yb-tv­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­jhe­ébz­–­jyf­nfr­ét­drkñ­xf­tn­d­ct­åz­jgfc­yjcnm­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybq,­rj­nj­hst­vj­uen­yf­rkf­ls-dfnm­yf­cdj­åj­le­ght­ccs­b­ds­hf­ét­ybt­vyt­ybq­nt­vb,­rnj­gs­nf­tn­cz­åj­hjnm­cz­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv.

Rf­rjq­lj­kéyf­åsnm­ht­fr­wbz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­jå­ot-cnd?­Änj­zd­kz­tn­cz­xhtp­ds­xfq­yj­njy­rbv­b­lt­kb­rfn­ysv­dj­ghj­cjv,­gj­crjkm­re­cxb­nf­tn­cz,­xnj­åjkm­ifz­xfcnm­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yzt­vjq­≤hb­nj­hb­xtc­rjq­ghj­ler­wbb≥­pf­ob­ot­yf­cdj­åj­ljq­ckj­df­cj­ukfc­yj­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb­CIF­b­lhe­ubv­fyf­kj­ubx­ysv­pf­rj­yfv­pf­gfl­ysö­cnhfy.

Yj­dst­ntö­yj­kj­ubb­ghb­dj­lzn­r­rjy­wtg­ne­fkm­yj­ve­cldb­ue:­jyb­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­ñn­jn­ltkm­ysv­kñ­lzv,­yt­pf-db­cb­vj­jn­jå­ot­cnd­b­uj­ce­lfh­cnd,­cdj­åjl­ysq­lj­cneg­r­by­ajh­vf­wbb­b­CVB.­Lj­cnj­by­cn­dj­by­nth­yt­nf­rfr­cht­ls­jå­ot­uj­lj­cne­gf­cj­cnjbn­d­tuj­kb­åt­hfkm­yjc­nb,­cdj­åj­lt­b­jn­cen­cn­dbb­yjh­vf­nbd­ysö­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybq.­zd­kz­tn­cz­kb­pkj­egj­nhtå­kt­ybt­bv­yt­bp­åté­yjq­wt­yjq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb?­Yfv­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­yfq­nb­ltqcn­dty­ysq­rjv­ghj­vbcc,­rj­nj­hsq­ås­vb­yb­vb­pb­hj­dfk­tuj­pkj­yf­vt­hty­yjt­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybt­nth­hj-hbc­nf­vb,­cj­öhf­yzz­ghb­änjv­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­cdj­åj­ls.­3

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft­vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

Ghb vt xf ybz b cyjc rb

1.­P.­Wilkinson, Terrorism Ve rs us Democracy­(London:­Frank­Cass,­2001).

2.­A.­Schmid­and­J.­de­Graff,­Violen ce as Communication­(Be­verly­Hills,­CA:­Sa­ge,­1982).

3.­C.­Dob­son­and­R.­Paine.­The Carlos Comp lex: A Pattern of Violen ce­(London:­Hodder­and­Stoughton,­1977).

4.­Wb­nf­ns­dpz­ns­bp­gt­ht­dj­ljd­pf­gb­cb,­clt­kfy­yjq­yf­db­lt­jg­kty­re­ghtl­gj­kj­éb­ntkm­yj­d­ct­ht­lb­yt­yj­zå­hz­2001­uj­lf­d­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yt.­­Lj­cneg­yj­gj­fl­ht­ce­ht tp://www.washi ngton post.com/wp-srv/nation/s peci als.

5.­B.­Nacos,­“The­Terrorist­Calculus­Behind­9-11:­A­Model­for­Futu­re­Terrorism?” Stu dies in Confl ict and Terrorism,­vol.­26­(2003):­pp.­1–16.

6.­Hamza­Hendawi,­“Terror­Manual­Advises­on­Ta­rgets.”­Lj­cneg­yj­gj­­fl­ht­ce­ht tp://story.ne ws.yahoo.com/ne ws?tmpl=story&u+/ap/20.../ afghan_sp reading_terror_

7.­C.­Marighela,­“Minimanual­of­the­Urban­Guerrilla,”­in­J.­Mallin­(ed.),­Terror and the Urban Guerrilla­(Coral­Gab­les,­FL:­Unive­rs­ity­of­Miami­Press,­1971).

8.­P.­Karb­er,­“Urban­Terrorism:­Bas­el­ine­Data­and­a­Conce­ptual­Framework,”­Social Sc ien ce Quart erly,­vol.­52­(1971):­pp.­527–533.

9.­R.E.­Dowling,­“Terrorism­and­the­Media:­A­Rhe­torical­Gen­re,”­­Journal of Communication,­vol.­56,­no.­1­(1986):­pp.­12–24.

10.­J.B.­Bell,­“Terrorist­Script­and­Live-Action­Spe­ctaculars,”­­Columbia Journalism Rev iew­(May–Ju­ne­1978):­pp.­47–50.

11.­Gabr­iel­Weimann,­WWW.Terror.Net: How Modern Terrorism Uses the Int er net­(special­rep­ort)­(Washi­ngton­D.C.:­Unit­ed­St­ates­Inst­it­ute­of­Pea­ce,­2004);­Gabr­iel­Weimann,­Terror on the Int er net: The New Arena, The New Challen ges­(Washi­ngton,­D.C.:­Unit­ed­St­ates­Inst­it­ute­of­Pea­ce,­2006);­Gabr­iel­Weimann,­“Virtual­Disp­utes:­The­Use­of­the­Int­er­net­for­Terrorist­Deb­ates,”­­Stu dies in Confl ict and Terrorism,­vol.­29,­no.­7­(2006):­pp.­623–639.

12.­A.­Bandura,­“Moral­Dis­engageme­nt­in­the­Per­pe­tr­ation­of­­Inhuma­nit­ies,”­Pe rsonality and Social Psychology Rev iew­(special­iss­ue­on­­evil­and­violen­ce),­vol.­3­(1999):­pp.­193–209;­A.­Bandura,­“Sele­cti­ve­Moral­Dis­engageme­nt­in­the­Exer­cise­of­Moral­Agency,”­Journal of Moral Education,­vol.­31,­no.­2­(2002):­pp.­101–119;­and­A.­Bandura,­“The­Role­of­Sele­cti­ve­Moral­Dis­engageme­nt­in­Terrorism­and­Counte­rt­errorism,”­in­F.­M.­Moghad-dam­and­A.­J.­Mars­ella­(eds),­Unde rs tanding Terrorism: Psychological Roots, Cons eq uen ces and Int er ve nti ons­(Washi­ngton,­D.C.:­American­Psychological­As­sociation,­2004),­pp­121–150.

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Hfp­vt­ofz­d­by­nth­yt­nt­db­lt­jr­kb­gs­b­åb­ju­hf­abb­nth­hj­hbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd,­cnj­hjy­yb­rb­léb­öf­lf­d­Bhf-rt­gj­cnj­zy­yj­vec­cb­he­ñn­nf­rbt­nt­vs,­rfr­eyb­ét­ybt,­nfq­yst­cuj­dj­hs­b­bc­reg­kt­ybt­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­lt­vj­yb-pb­hj­dfnm­cdj­bö­ghj­nbd­yb­rjd­b­gj­åe­lbnm­cdj­bö­htr­he­njd­ghb­yj­cbnm­≤ut­hjb­xtc­rbt≥­éth­nds.­Jyb­ght­edt­kb­xb­df­ñn­≤yt­ljk­éyjt≥­jå­hf­ot­ybt­c­éty­ob­yf­vb,­b­bu­hf­ñn­yf­ve­ét­cn­dty­yjc­nb­ghj­nb­dj­gj­kjé­yj­uj­gj­kf,­ghb­ps­dfz­tuj­yf­pf­ob­ne­≤cdj­bö­vf­nt­htq­b­ctc­nth≥.­Änb­bycnhe­vty­ns­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­djp­ltqcn­dbz­ghb­pdf­ys­cnb­ve­kb­hj­dfnm­gjl­lth­ére­yt­njkm­rj­cht­lb­ep­rj­uj­rhe­uf­fr­nb­dbc­njd,­yj­b­cj­cnj­hj­ys­ib­hj­rj­uj­ve­cekm­vfy­crj­uj­yf­ct­kt­ybz.

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Yf­xb­yfz­c­2003­uj­lf,­rj­kb­xt­cn­dj­dphs­djd­åjvå­c­exfc­nb­tv­cvth­nyb­rjd­d­Bhf­rt­ght­ds­cb­kj­jå­ott­xbc­kj­nf­rbö­dphs­djd,­cj­dth­ity­ysö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­tq­ÖF­VFC­d­Bp­hfb­kt,­≤Ötp­åjk­kjq≥­d­Kb­df­yt­b­≤Nbu­hf­vb­Nf­vb­kf≥­yf­Ihb-Kfy­rt.­Gj­lfdkzñ­ott­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­bp­ybö­ås­kj­yf­wt­kt­yj­yf­cb­ks­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­Bhf­rf­b­ib­bn­crjt­uhfé-lfy­crjt­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­f­yt­yf­cb­ks­rjf­kb­wbb.­Vyj­ubt,­tc­kb­yt­dct,­bc­gjk­yb­nt­kb­nf­rbö­dphs­djd­zd­kz­ñn­cz­lj­åhjdjkm-wf­vb,­ghb­töfd­ib­vb­bp­lhe­ubö­cnhfy.­Åjkm­iby­cn­dj­cdz-pf­yj­c­léb­öf­lbcn­crb­vb­ct­nz­vb,­r­rj­nj­hsv­jn­yj­czn­cz­≤dnj­hjt­gj­rj­kt­ybt≥­léb­öf­lbc­njd,­ghj­itl­ibö­jåe­xt­ybt­d­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yt­d­1990-st­uj­ls,­dj­ty­yst,­ght­ckt­let­vst­gj­pf­rj­ye­d­cdj­bö­bkb­lhe­ubö­cnhf­yfö,­f­nfr­ét­yj­djå-hfy­ws,­hf­püz­hty­yst­cnhf­lf­ybz­vb­ve­cekm­vfy­d­Bhf­rt.

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Bhfr­crbt­cjk­lf­ns­jc­vfn­hb­df­ñn­aeh­ujy,­cuj­htd­ibq­dj­dht­vz­nt­hfr­nf­d­Åf­re­åt­(Bhfr)­d­fg­ht­kt­2007­uj­lf.­Åjv­åbcn­cvth­nybr­eåbk­12­ktn­yt­uj­vfkm­xb­rf­b­hf­ybk­tot­9­vbh­ysö­uhfé­lfy.

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Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­gj­dcnfy­ws­fnf­re­ñn­vté­le­yf­hjl­yst­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­(yf­ghb­vth,­JJY),­yt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­yst­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­(yf­ghb­vth,­≤Rhfc­ysq­rhtcn≥),­f­nfr­ét­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­ghf­db­ntkm­cnd­byj­cnhfy­ysö­uj­ce­lfh­cnd.­Jyb­fnf­rj­df­kb­gj­cjkm­cn­df­Bjh­lf­ybb­b­Neh­wbb­b­eåb­kb­yt­crjkm­rj­fk­ébh­crbö,­tub­gtn­crbö­b­hjc­cbq­crbö­lbg­kj-vf­njd.

Gj­dcnfy­ws­fnf­re­ñn­ds­åhfy­yst­bvb­wt­kb,­ckt­lez­jght­ltkty­yjq­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rjq­kj­ub­rt.­Hjcn­yf­cb­kbz­bvt-tn­wt­kmñ­cj­plfnm­d­jå­ot­cn­dt­fn­vj­cat­hs­jn­cen­cn­dbz­åt-pj­gfc­yjc­nb,­ds­pdfnm­gj­kz­hb­pf­wbñ­gj­ctr­nfv­b­gj­hj­lbnm­joe­ot­ybt­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­rjk­kfg­cf.­Dct­änj­ghb­pdf­yj­lt­kt­ub­nb­vb­pb­hj­dfnm­yj­dsq­cnhjq.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­änj­gj-pdj­kz­tn­gj­dcnfy­wfv­bpjå­hf­éfnm­ct­åz­rfr­tlby­cn­dty­ysö­pf­obn­yb­rjd­cey­yb­njd­b,­ntv­cf­vsv,­bvtnm­djp­vjé­yjcnm­

dps­dfnm­bö­r­gjl­lth­ért.­Ghb­änjv­cj­plf-tn­cz­ckf­åjt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj,­d­rj­nj­hjv­wty-nhfkm­yfz­dkfcnm­yt­zd­kz­tn­cz­tlby­cn­dty­yjq­by­cnfy­wb­tq,­rj­nj­hfz­bvt­tn­ghf­dj­ghb­åt­ufnm­r­cb­kt,­xnj­gj­pdj­kz­tn­léb­öf­lbc­nfv,­bvtñ-obv­wt­kb­pf­ght­ltkf­vb­Bhf­rf,­cj­plf­dfnm­åf­pe­lkz­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­jgt­hf­wbq,­ghb­tvf­yj-djå­hfy­wtd­b­bö­jåe­xt­ybz.

Jghfd­lf­ybt­nt­hfr­njd

D­Bhf­rt­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­dpz­kf­yf­ct­åz­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjcnm­pf­30fi­nt­hfr­njd,­cj­dth-ity­ysö­d­Bhf­rt,­gj­cj­cnjz­ybñ­yf­atd­hfkm­2006­uj­lf.­Yf­xb­yfz­c­jr­nzå­hz­2006­uj­lf,­≤Bc­kfv­crjt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­Bhfr≥,­cj­plfy­yjt­rfr­ukfd­yfz­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­d­Bhf­rt,­dpz­kj­yf­ct­åz­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjcnm­gjx-nb­pf­dct­nt­hfr­ns­c­exfc­nb­tv­cvth­nyb­rjd,­ghj­bpj­itl­ibt­nfv.

Fåe­Le­léf­yf­fkm-Fy­cf­hb,­ukf­df­åhb­uf-ls­≤Fkm-Åf­hf­åby­vf­kbr≥,­jn­hz­lf­åjv­åbc­njd-cvth­nyb-rjd­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥,­jghfd­ls­df­tn­yf­gf­lt­ybz­cvth­nyb­rjd­ghj­nbd­≤cf­vjq­cbkm­yjq­b­cj­dht­vty­yjq­fh­vbb­yf­it­uj­dht­vt­yb≥­d­db­ltj­hj­kb­rt,­gj­cdz­oty­yjv­Fåe­Ve­cf­åe­fkm-pfh­rf­db,­eåb­nj­ve­kb­lt­he­nth­hj­hbc­njd.­Fkm-Fy­cf­hb­uj­dj­hbn,­xnj­åhb­uf­lf­cvth­nyb­rjd­cj­plf­tn­cz­gj­cj­dt­ne­ecf­vs­åby­Kf­lt­yf­lkz­pf­ge­ub­df­ybz­dhf­uf­b­hfp­he­it­ybz­tuj­chtl­cnd­pf­ob­ns­c­wt­kmñ­lt­vj­hf­kb­pf­wbb­tuj­cjk­lfn.

Yj­rfr­jyb­jghfd­ls­df­ñn­cdjb­yf­gf­lt­ybz­yf­jåsx-ysö­ve­cekm­vfy?­Gj­dcnfy­ws­d­Bhf­rt­(yt­njkm­rj­cdz-pfy­yst­c­≤Fkm-Rfb­ljq≥)­jn­dt­xf­ñn,­xnj­bhfr­crbt­cb­ks­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­–­änj­ghj­cnj­ghj­ljk­ét­ybt­jr­re­gf­wb­jy­ysö­djq­cr.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­gj­vyt­ybñ­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥,­ib­bn­crfz­vb­kb­wbz­fnf­re­tn,­gs­nf­tn­b­eåb­df­tn­cey­yb­njd,­jc­rjh­åkz-tn­b­eyb­éf­tn­bö­yf­rjy­nhjkm­yj-ghj­gec­rysö­gey­rnfö,­f­tt­xkt­ys­zd­kz­ñn­cz­igbj­yf­vb­jr­re­gf­wb­jy­ysö­djq­cr.­Vyj­ubt­bö­db­ltj­vf­nt­hbf­ks­gj­cdz­ot­ys­änjq­nt­vt.­D­jghfd­lf­ybt­fnfr­ghj­nbd­ltqcn­deñ­obö­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­dkfc­nb­Bhf­rf,­yf­wbj­yf­kbc­ns­b­gj­dcnfy­ws-léb­öf­lbc­ns­cf­kf­abn­crj­uj­yf­ghfd­kt­ybz­pf­zd­kz­ñn,­xnj­änj­ghf­db­ntkm-cn­dj­zd­kz­tn­cz­yt­kt­ub­nbv­ysv­b­vf­hbj­yt­njx­ysv­ht­éb-vjv,­rj­nj­hsq­ghb­itk­r­dkfc­nb­c­gj­vj­omñ­dhf­ujd­b­jc-nf­tn­cz­e­dkfc­nb­njkm­rj­gj­hfp­ht­it­ybñ­djq­cr­rjf­kb­wbb,­d­yf­he­it­ybt­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rj­uj­ds­åjh­yj­uj­ghj­wtc­cf.

Ct­re­kz­hbpv,­yf­wbj­yf­kbpv­b­ib­bpv­bpjå­hf­éf­ñn­cz­rfr­bycnhe­vty­ns­yt­xtc­nb­dj­uj­pf­uj­dj­hf,­dj­ukf­dt­rj­nj-hj­uj­cnj­zn­≤rhtc­nj­yjc­ws≥­b­≤cbj­ybc­ns≥.­Fh­ue­vty­ns­léb­öf­lbc­njd­cj­cnjzn­d­ckt­leñ­otv:­ct­re­kz­hbpv,­uj­dj-hzn­jyb,­lt­kbn­vbh­yf­ht­kb­ub­jp­yeñ­b­yt­ht­kb­ub­jp­yeñ­cat­hs,­xnj­ghj­nb­dj­ht­xbn­bc­kf­ve,­gj­crjkm­re­yf­he­if­tn­ujc­gjl­cn­dj­Åj­uf­yfl­lj­åhjv­b­pkjv,­yf­ntv,­xnj­hfp-

18­lt­ntq­bp­änjq­ct­vmb­gj­ubå­kb­dj­dht­vz­dphs­df­vf­ib­ys,­yf­xb­yty­yjq­dphsd­xfn­rjq,­d­ib­bn­crjv­ghb­uj­hj­lt­Åfu­lf­lf.­Xkt­ys­ct­vmb­cb­lzn­e­gjh­nht­njd­cdj­bö­lt­ntq­dj­dht­vz­gj­vb­yfkm­yjq­wt­ht­vj­ybb­dvtc­nt­c­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kz­vb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­Bhf­rf­d­bñ­kt­2005­uj­lf.

©AP Images/Khalid Mohammed

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

ht­it­yj­b­xnj­pf­ght­ot­yj.­F­yf­wbj­yf­kbpv­cgj­cjå­cn­detn­ep­rjq­blty­nb­ab­rf­wbb­c­zps­rjv,­cnhf­yjq­b­uhf­yb­wf­vb,­f­yt­c­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rjq­jå­oyjc­nmñ­ghf­dj­dth­ysö­ve­cekm-vfy.­Ib­bpv,­rfr­cxb­nf­ñn­léb­öf­lbc­ns,­gj­vj­uf­tn­hjc­ne­tht­nb­xtc­rbö­yf­cnhjt­ybq,­f­ibb­ns­ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­cz­rfr­yf­båj­ktt­jgfc­ysq­bycnhe­vtyn,­bc­gjkm­pet­vsq­ghj­nbd­bc­nby­yj­dt­heñ­obö,­gj­crjkm­re­jyb­≤rf­éen­cz≥­ve­cekm-vf­yf­vb,­yj­d­ht­fkm­yjc­nb­léb­öf­lbc­njd,­jn­dhf­of­ñn­kñ­ltq­jn­Cey­ys­b­njkm­rj­élen­djp­vjé­yjc­nb,­xnj­ås­jå­vf­yenm­bö.

Änb­bltj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­jghfd­lf­ybz­ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­ys­lkz­ep­rj­uj­rhe­uf­eåté­lty­ysö­léb­öf­lbc­njd,­rj­nj­hst­vj­uen­ecjv­ybnm­cz­d­yt­rj­nj­hsö­nfr­nb­xtc­rbö­vt­nj­lfö­b­ghf­dbkm­yjc­nb­wt­ktq,­ds­åhfy­ysö­gj­dcnfy­wf­vb­–­jcj­åty-yj­rju­lf­htxm­bltn­jå­jåsx­ysö­yf­gf­lt­yb­zö­yf­hz­lj-dsö­ve­cekm­vfy.­Rju­lf­änb­d­ds­citq­cnt­gt­yb­cgjh­yst­fh­ue­vty­ns­ghb­dj­lzn­cz­lkz­ib­hj­rjq­ve­cekm­vfy­crjq­geå­kb­rb,­jyb­jåsx­yj­cj­ghj­djé­lf­ñn­cz­ds­hf­pb­ntkm­ys­vb­ävj­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­ht­xf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­jrf­ps­df­ñn­uke­åj­rjt­djp­ltqcn­dbt­yf­vj­hfkm­yjt­cj­pyf­ybt­ve­cekm­vfy,­lt­vj­yb-pb­he­ñn­ibb­njd­b­bhfr­crbt­cb­ks­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­b­ecb­kb­df-ñn­xed­cn­dj­eu­hj­ps­lkz­ve­cekm­vfy­dj­dctv­vb­ht.

Gj­dcnfy­ws­d­Bhf­rt­yt­gj­kf­uf­ñn­cz­bc­rkñ­xb­ntkm­yj­yf­cb­ke­bltj­kj­ubb­ghb­vj­åb­kb­pf­wbb­gjl­lth­érb­ve­xt-yb­rjd.­Jyb­nfr­ét­gs­nf­ñn­cz­ds­qnb­pf­ght­ltks­bltj­kj-ub­xtc­rjq­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­fh­ue­vty­nf­wbb­b­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­nt­vs,­uke­åj­rj­pf­kj­éty­yst­d­bc­kfv­crjq­rekm­ne­ht­b­fhfå­crbö­än­yj­cfö­b­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­åkbp­rbt­yf­ct­kt­ybñ.­pltcm­ärcgkef­nb­he­ñn­cz­nhb­nt­vs:­eyb­ét­ybt,­åtc­cb­kbt­bp-pf­nfq­yj­uj­cuj­dj­hf­b­bc­reg­kt­ybt­uht­öjd­xt­htp­dt­he­b­éth­ndty­yjcnm.

Eyb­ét­ybt

Nt­vf­eyb­ét­ybz,­rj­nj­hjt­bc­gs­ns­df­ñn­kñ­lb­jn­åtpexfcn­ysö­b­ds­cj­rj­vth­ysö­dkfc­ntq­zd­kz­tn­cz­wty-nhfkm­yjq­lkz­änbö­bc­nj­hbq.­Jgb­cf­ybt­rjk­ktr­nbd­yj­uj­eyb­ét­ybz­xfc­nj­yf­xb­yf­tn­cz­c­db­lt­jg­kty­rb­dht­vt­yb­yf­xf­kf­djq­ys­d­Bhf­rt­d­2004­uj­le,­gj­rf­ps­dfñ­otq­fcbv­vtn­hbx­yjcnm­d­cnher­ne­hfö­dkfc­nb­b­aj­nju­hf­abb­hfp­he­ity­ysö­vt­xt­ntq,­jr­hj­dfd­kty­ysö­éthnd­b­lj­vfi-ybö­jåsc­rjd,­rj­nj­hst­cbkm­yj­ltqcn­de­ñn­yf­kñ­ltq.­Änb­cybv­rb­dvtc­nt­c­aj­nju­hf­abz­vb,­clt­kfy­ys­vb­d­nñhm­vt­Fåe-Uhtqå,­gth­cj­yf­kb­pb­he­ñn­cnhf­lf­ybt­b­ecb­kb­df­ñn­xed­cn­dj­åtc­gj­vjo­yjc­nb­b­djp­ve­ot­ybz,­rj­nj­hjt­tcnm­e­vyj­ubö­ve­cekm­vfy.

Cybv­rb­bp­Bhf­rf­jåsx­yj­cj­ghj­djé­lf­ñn­aj­nj-uhf­abb,­clt­kfy­yst­d­lhe­ubö­rjy­akbr­nysö­njx­rfö­d­ve­cekm­vfy­crbö­cnhf­yfö,­jcj­åty­yj­d­Gf­ktc­nb­yt.­Wtkm­cj­cnjbn­d­lj­dt­lt­ybb­lj­cj­pyf­ybz­phb­nt­ktq­ldeö­bltq.­Gth­dfz­cj­cnjbn­d­njv,­xnj­cnhf­lf­ybz­b­eyb­ét­ybz­ve-cekm­vfy­gj­dct­ve­vb­he­–­änj­yt­jn­ltkm­yst­ägb­pj­ls,­f­

wtgm­pkj­ltz­ybq­≤cjñ­pf­rhtc­nj­yjc­wtd­c­cbj­ybc­nf­vb≥.­Änf­bltz­ecb­kb­df­tn­xed­cn­dj­yf­dbc­itq­eu­hj­ps­b­gj­vj­uf­tn­jghfd­lfnm­xhtp­ds­xfq­yst­vt­hs,­ghb­yb­vft­vst­d­åjhm­åt­c­pf­uj­dj­hjv­ghj­nbd­bc­kf­vf.

Dnj­hfz­bltz­cj­cnjbn­d­njv,­xnj­Bhfr­–­änj­ukfd­yjt­gj­kt­åjz,­yf­rj­nj­hjv­dt­ltn­cz­djq­yf­c­dhf­uf­vb­bc­kf­vf.­Ghb­änjv­åjhm­åf­d­Bhf­rt­fyf­kj­ubx­yf­djq­yt,­rj­nj­hfz­dt-ltn­cz­d­Gf­ktc­nb­yt,­Xtx­yt,­Rfi­vb­ht,­Cfe­ljd­crjq­Fhf­dbb­b­d­lhe­ubö­vtc­nfö­d­ve­cekm­vfy­crjv­vb­ht,­gj­crjkm­re­lkz­léb­öf­lbc­njd­dct­änj­–­jl­yf­åjhm­åf,­f­yt­jn­ltkm­yst­djq­ys.­Hfc­cvfn­hb­dfz­rjy­akbrn­d­nf­rjv­cdt­nt,­gj­dcnfy-ws­vj­uen­jå­hf­ofnm­cz­r­léb­öf­lbc­nfv­dj­dctv­vb­ht­c­ghb­ps­djv­ghb­tp­éfnm­d­Bhfr,­pf­zd­kzz,­xnj­gj­åt­lf­nfv­–­änj­gj­åt­lf­lkz­kñ­åjq­ve­cekm­vfy­crjq­cnhf­ys.

Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­léb­öf­lbc­ns­fr­nbd­yj­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­nt­ve­eyb­ét­ybz­b­cnhf­lf­ybz­éty­oby,­rj­nj­hst­bv­ghb­xb­yb­kb­byj­cnhf­yws­b­bhfr­crbt­cb­ks­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb.­Léb­öf­lbc­ns­bk­kñc­nhb­he­ñn­cdjb­bc­nj­hbb­aj­nju­hf­abz­vb­pf­ge­ufy­ysö­éty­oby,­clt­kfy­ysö­d­vj­vtyn,­rju­lf­d­bö­lj­vf­d­gj­bc-rfö­gj­dcnfy­wtd­dhs­df­ñn­cz­cjk­lf­ns,­b­db­lt­jcütv­rf­vb­jåsc­rf­éty­oby.­Jyb­egj­vb­yf­ñn­j­cke­öfö­j­gj­öb­oty-ysö­bkb­fhtc­nj­dfy­ysö­éty­ob­yfö,­rj­nj­hst­gjl­dth­uf-ñn­cz­eyb­ét­ybñ­bkb­yf­cb­kbñ,­b­j­éty­ob­yfö,­zrj­ås­dpz­nsö­bhfr­crb­vb­cb­kf­vb­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­pf­kjé­ybw­lkz­jå­vt­yf­yf­hf­psc­rb­dft­vsö­gj­dcnfy­wtd.­Yt­cjv­ytyyj,­dct­änj­fgtk­kb­he­tn­r­ghtl­cnfd­kt­yb­zv­j­ve­ét­cn­dty­yjc­nb,­ghj­yb­ps­dfñ­obö­gkt­vty­yeñ­rekm­ne­he,­d­rj­nj­hjq­gj­yz­nbz­if­hfa­(åkf­uj­hjl­cn­dj),­bhl­(xtcnm)­b­ve­he­fö­(hs­wfh­cn­dj­bkb­ve­ét­cn­dty­yjcnm)­bvt­ñn­ukf­dty-cn­deñ­ott­pyf­xt­ybt.­Cj­jn­dtn­cn­detn­bkb­ytn­veé­xb­yf­änbv­ghtl­cnfd­kt­yb­zv­j­ve­ét­cn­dty­yjc­nb,­xfc­nj­jwt­yb­df-tn­cz­gj­nj­ve,­yf­crjkm­rj­htd­yjc­nyj­jy­pf­ob­of­tn­b­rjy-nhj­kb­he­tn­éty­oby,­cnf­hf­zcm­jåt­pj­gf­cbnm­bö­jn­yt­dth-ysö­if­ujd­gj­jn­yj­it­ybñ­r­veé­xb­yfv,­if­ujd,­rj­nj­hst­vj­uen­ghb­dtc­nb­r­nj­ve,­xnj­yf­dcñ­ct­vmñ­bkb­yf­dct­gkt­vz­kz­étn­rktq­vj­gj­pj­hf.

Åtc­cb­kbt­b­cuj­djh

Lhe­ujq­jcj­åty­yjc­nmñ­bc­nj­hbq,­hfc­crf­ps­dft­vsö­léb­öf­lbc­nf­vb,­zd­kz­tn­cz­lt­vjy­cnhf­wbz­≤yfl­vty­yjc­nb≥­cbk­rjf­kb­wbb­b­ghtl­gj­kf­uft­vj­uj­exfc­nbz­ghf­db­ntkm­cnd­ve­cekm­vfy­crbö­cnhfy­d­nfq­yjv­cuj­dj­ht.­D­db­ltj­vf­nt­hbf-kfö­gj­dcnfy­wtd­xfc­nj­bc­gjkm­pe­tn­cz­rkbg­c­ds­cneg­kt­yb-tv­ght­pb­lty­nf­CIF­Léjhléf­Åe­if­yf­åjh­ne­fvt­hb­rfy-crj­uj­fdbf­yjc­wf,­yf­rj­nj­hjv­jy­ghj­djp­ukf­if­tn­gj­åt­le­d­bhfr­crjq­djq­yt.­Jåsx­yj­pf­ybv­ckt­le­tn­db­ltj­vf­nt­hb­fk­jå­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­djq­crfö,­vfh­ib­heñ­obö­gj­ekb­wfv­Bhf­rf­bkb­ghj­ue­kb­dfñ­obö­cz­gj­ldjh­wfv­Cfl­lf­vf­Öe-ctq­yf.­Byju­lf­vjé­yj­edb­ltnm­pyf­vt­yb­nsq­cyb­vjr,­yf­rj­nj­hjv­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­cjk­lfn­dj­lhe­éf­tn­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­akfu­yf­cnf­neñ­Cfl­lf­vf­d­Åfu­lf­lt.

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Chf­pe­gjc­kt­änj­uj­blen­aj­nju­hf­abb­fhfå­crbö­kb­lt-hjd­–­rj­hj­kz­Få­lfk­ks­d­Cfe­ljd­crjq­Fhf­dbb,­rj­hj­kz­Få­lek­ks­ÈÈ­d­Bjh­lf­ybb,­Öjc­yb­Ve­åf­hf­rf­d­tubg­nt­b­he­rj­djl­cn­df­Bhf­rf­gjc­kt­dnjh­ét­ybz­cbk­rjf­kb­wbb­(cht-lb­ghj­xbö­–­Bzl­Fkf­db,­Bå­hf­ubv­fkm-Léffaf­hb,­Léf-kfk­Nf­kf­åf­yb­b­Få­ltkm­Fpbp­fkm-Öf­rbv)­d­rjv­gf­ybb­jab­wb­fkm­ysö­kbw­cnhfy­rjf­kb­wbb,­ght­pb­lty­nf­Åe­if­b­ght­vmth-vb­yb­cnhf­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybb­Nj­yb­Åkä­hf.­Yf­änbö­aj­nju­hf­ab­zö­änb­kb­lt­hs­eks­åf­ñn­cz,­f­byju­lf­–­jå­yb-vf­ñn­cz.­Yf­lhe­ubö­cybv­rfö­gj­rf­pf­ys­fhfå­crbt­b/b­kb­pf­gfl­yst­kb­lt­hs­d­rjv­gf­ybb­he­rj­dj­lz­obö­kbw­Bp­hfb­kz­–­jcj­åty­yj­xfc­nj­bc­gjkm­pe­tn­cz­aj­nju­hf­abz­2004­uj­lf,­yf­rj­nj­hjq­gj­rf­pf­yj­he­rj­gj­éf­nbt­ght­pb­lty­nf­Åe­if­b­åsd­it­uj­ght­vmth-vb­yb­cnhf­Bp­hfb­kz­Fhbä­kz­If­hj­yf­d­Åt­kjv­lj­vt­dj­dht­vz­djc­cnf­ybz­≤Fkm-Fr­cs≥,­nfr­ét­bp-dtcn­yj­uj­rfr­dnj­hfz­by­nb­af­lf­(2000–2005­u.u.).

Änf­db­pe­fkm­yfz­by­ajh­vf­wbz­dfé­yf­gj­ckt­leñ­obv­ghb­xb­yfv:

•­ Dj­-gth­dsö,­jyf­bpjå­hf­éf­tn­dctö,­rnj­hf­åj­nf­tn­yf­bhfr­crjt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj,­rfr­exfcn­yb­rjd­nfq­yj­uj­cuj­dj­hf­c­pf­gf­ljv.­Nt­kñ­lb,­rj­nj­hst­ghj­ljk­éf-ñn­änj­lt­kfnm,­gj­ghf­de­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­vb­it­ymñ­lkz­yf­gf­lt­ybq,­b­bö­vjé­yj­eåb­dfnm­åtp­eu­hs­pt-ybq­cj­dtc­nb.

•­­­Dj­-dnj­hsö,­gj­crjkm­re­änb­kb­lt­hs­bpjå­hf-éf­ñn­cz­rfr­≤vf­hbj­ytn­rb≥,­hf­åj­nfñ­obt­yf­byj­cnhfy­yst­lth­éf­ds,­bö­vj­hfkm­yfz­rhb­nb­rf­léb­öf­lbc­njd­b­nfr­nb­xtc­rbt­vt-nj­ls­nt­hz­ñn­cdjñ­cb­ke­–­rnj­jyb­nf­rbt,­xnj­ås­jc­gf­hb­dfnm­pf­rjy­yjcnm­ltqcn­dbq­gj­dcnfy­wtd?

•­­­D-nht­nmbö,­bpjå­hf­ét­ybt­åtc­cb­kbz­änbö­ghf­db­ntkm­cnd­erf­ps­df­tn­yf­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcnm­lkz­lhe­ubö­ve­cekm­vfy­yf­xfnm­åjhm­åe­dvtc-nj­ybö.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­léb­öfl­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­kbx­yjq­jåz­pfy­yjc­nmñ­(afhl-fqy),­gj­crjkm-re­cxb­nf­tn­cz,­xnj­ltqcn­deñ­obt­ghf­db­ntkm-cn­df­jn­rf­pf­kbcm­jn­cdjt­uj­ljk­uf­pf­ob­ofnm­ve­cekm­vfy­crbt­ptv­kb­b­jc­dj­åj­lbnm­bö­jn­yt­dth­ysö.

•­­­D­xtn­dth­nsö,­bpjå­hf­ét­ybt­léb­öf­lbc­njd­rfr­kb­ity­ysö­gjl­lth­érb­bkb­ht­ceh­cjd­jn­jab­wb­fkm­yj­uj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­jghfd­ls­df­tn­bö­nht­åj­df­ybt­xhtp­ds­xfq­ysö­vth­b­ghb­ps-ds­r­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­de.

•­­­Yf­rj­ytw,­änb­cybv­rb­gj­rf­ps­df­ñn,­xnj­åjhm­åf­d­Bhf­rt­–­änj­yt­ghj­cnj­jc­dj­åjé­lt-ybt­cnhf­ys­jn­byj­cnhfy­yjq­jr­re­gf­wbb.­Jyf­ght­gjl­yj­cbn­cz­rfr­åjhm­åf,­wtkm­rj­nj­hjq­pf­vt­ybnm­≤ghj­lfé­yst≥­b­≤yf­tv­yst≥­ht­éb-vs,­rj­nj­hst­d­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­ghf­dzn­d­ve­cekm­vfy­crjv­vb­ht,­yf­bc­nby­yj­bc­kfv-crbt.

Jxb­ot­ybt­jn­uht­öjd­xt­htp­dt­he­b­­ghb­yt­ct­ybt­éthnd

Ltqcn­dbz­1­b­2­vj­uen­jrf­pfnm­cz­yt­ljc­nf­njx­ys­vb,­tc­kb­pf­yb­vb­yt­ckt­le­tn­Ltqcn­dbt­3,­rj­nj­hjt­ghtl­kf-uf­tn­ht­it­ybt­–­cgf­ct­ybt­b­jxb­ot­ybt­jn­uht­öjd­dctö­ve­cekm­vfy­xt­htp­dt­he­dj­Dct­ds­iyt­uj­b­cnhtv­kt­ybt­ghb­yj­cbnm­éth­nds­yf­ge­nb­r­Yt­ve.

Dfé­ysv­äkt­vty­njv­Ltqcn­dbz­3­zd­kz­tn­cz­vb­aj­kj-ubz,­rj­nj­hjq­jr­he­ét­ys­ve­xt­yb­rb­b­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­dj.­D­Bhf­rt­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­ghj­gf­ufy­lb­he­tn­jå­hfp­ut­hjb­xtc­rj­uj­ve­cekm­vf­yb­yf,­uj­nj­dj­uj­yf­cf­vj­gj­éth­ndj­df­ybt­hf­lb­cgf­ct­ybz­cdjt­uj­yf­hj­lf­b­vtcnm­pf­kbx­yst­cnhf­lf­ybz­åtc­gj­vjo­ysö­ve­cekm­vfy,­jcj­åty­yj­éty­oby.­Ghj­gf­ufy-lf,­jr­he­éfñ­ofz­≤ve­xt­yb­rjd≥,­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yz­tn­cz­yf­cfq-nfö­by­nth­yt­nf,­db­ltj­pf­gb­czö­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­jgt­hf­wbq­b­d­jy­kfq­yj­djv­éeh­yf­kt­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­gjl­yf­pdf­yb­tv­≤Åb­ju­hf­abb­ds­lfñ­obö­cz­ve­xt­yb­rjd≥.

Änb­vf­nt­hbf­ks,­xfc­nj­rj­hjn­rbt­b­ghj­nb­dj­ht­xb­dst­b­bc­rkñ­xb­ntkm­yj­ghj­gf­ufy­lbcn­crbt,­erf­ps­df­ñn,­gj­rhfq­ytq­vt­ht,­yf­xt­ns­ht­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­vb­aj­kj­ubb­ve­xt-yb­xt­cn­df:

Éth­nde­åjv­åbc­nf­cvth­nyb­rf­yf­ghfd­kz­ñn­d­åjkm­yb­we­d­ct­dth­yjv­Bhf­rt­d­atd­hf­kt­2004­uj­lf.­D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­nt­hfr­nf­57­xt­kj­dtr­gj­ubå­kj,­b­åj­ktt­250­ås­kj­hf­yt­yj.

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�0 eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

•­ bc­rhty­yzz­ght­lfyyjcnm­ht­kb­ubb;•­ ét­kf­ybt­gj­éth­ndj­dfnm­kbx­ysv­åj­ufn­cn­djv­b­ct-

vtq­ys­vb­epf­vb­hf­lb­Dct­ds­iyt­uj;•­ ét­kf­ybt­cj­dth­ibnm­≤ve­xt­yb­xtc­rbq­gjl­dbu≥;•­ ec­gtö­d­cj­dth­it­ybb­≤ve­xt­yb­xtc­rj­uj­gjl­db­uf≥.Bc rhty yzz ghb dth éty yjcnm bc kf ve: Db­ltj­vf­nt­hbf-

ks­gj­dcnfy­wtd­yf­gjk­yt­ys­bpjå­hf­ét­ybz­vb­yf­åjé­ysö­ve­cekm­vfy,­rj­nj­hst­vj­kzn­cz­b­gj­ñn­≤Fk­kfö­dct­vj-ueo≥­(fk­kfö­fr­åfh),­lf­ét­tc­kb­änj­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­dj­dht-vz­jgt­hf­wbb­–­yf­ghb­vth,­ghb­ec­nf­yjd­rt­cf­vj­ltkm­yj­uj­dphsd­yj­uj­ec­nhjq­cn­df.­Yf­ghb­vth,­åjv­åbc­ns-cvth­nyb­rb­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­dctu­lf­bpjå­hf­éf­ñn­cz­rfr­uke­åj­rj­ht­kb-ub­jp­yst­kñ­lb.­D­åb­ju­hf­ab­zö­xfc­nj­gjl­hjå­yj­jgb­cs­df-tn­cz,­rfr­≤ve­xt­ybr≥­yt­ght­hsd­yj­vj­kbk­cz,­xb­nfk­bkb­pf­exb­dfk­Rj­hfy­b­c­kbö­djq­ds­gjk­yzk­cdjb­ht­kb­ub­jp­yst­jåz­pf­ntkm­cn­df­d­htd­yjc­nyjv­cke­ét­ybb­Dct­ds­iyt­ve.

Fr­wtyn­yf­bc­rhty­ytv­cke­ét­ybb­Dct­ds­iyt­ve­zd­kz-tn­cz­dfé­ysv,­gj­crjkm­re­dphs­ds­åjvå­c­gj­vj­omñ­cvth-nyb­rjd­vj­uen­cxb­nfnm­cz­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­djv,­njkm­rj­tc­kb­åjv­åbc­ns­zd­kz­ñn­cz­bc­nby­ys­vb­ve­cekm­vf­yf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­åj­hñn­cz­c­dt­hjq­d­Fk­kf­öf­b­gj­ub­åf­ñn­hf­lb­Yt­uj.­Yt-kmpz­jéb­lfnm­gj­ke­xt­ybz­yf­uhf­ls­pf­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­dj,­tc­kb­cvth­nybr­vj­nb­db­hj­dfy­yt­kñ­åj­dmñ­r­Fk­kf­öe­b­cnhtv-kt­yb­tv­r­Yt­ve,­f­xtv-nj­bysv.­Djp­vjé­yj,­tot­dfé­ytt­nj,­xnj­léb­öf­lbc­ns­cf­kf­abn­crj­uj­yf­ghfd­kt­ybz­pyf­ñn,­xnj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­ve­cekm­vfy­crbö­cnhfy­gs­nf­ñn­cz­bpjå­hf­pbnm­léb­öf­lbc­njd­rfr­≤yt­yjh­vfkm­ysö≥­b­lt­pj­hb-ty­nb­hj­dfy­ysö­kñ­ltq,­rj­nj­hst­vf­kj­pyf­ñn­jå­bc­kf­vt­b­

ghji­kb­≤ghj­vs­df­ybt­vjp­ujd≥­lkz­cj­dth­it-ybz­cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dty­ysö­nt­hfr­njd.­Gj­änj­ve­fr­wtyn­yf­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjc­nb­åjv­åbc­njd­zd­kz­tn­cz­gj­gsn­rjq­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­jg­hj­dth­uyenm­änb­jå­db­yt­ybz.

Ét kf ybt gj éth ndj dfnm kbx ysv åj­ufn cn djv b ct vtq ys vb epf vb: Ghj­gf­ufy­lf­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­bpjå­hf­éf­tn­≤ve­xt­yb­rjd≥­rfr­kñ­ltq,­rj­nj­hst­jn­rf­pf­kbcm­jn­dct­uj,­xnj­bv­lj­hj­uj,­lkz­cj­dth­it­ybz­cdjt­uj­ds­cit­uj­ljk-uf­–­léb­öf­lf­b­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­df.­Jyb­pf­zd­kz­ñn,­xnj­vyj­ubt­åjv­åbc­ns­ds­ikb­bp­åj­uf­nsö­ct­vtq­bkb­clt­kf­kb­kbx­yst­gj­éth­ndj­df­ybz,­yf­ghb­vth,­ghj­lf­kb­cdjb­vf­ib­ys,­bc­gjkm­pj­df-kb­cdjb­crhjv­yst­cåt­ht­ét­ybz­bkb­dj­cgjkm-pj­df­kbcm­gj­éth­ndj­df­ybz­vb­lkz­gj­tp­lrb­d­Bhfr.­Dj­vyj­ubö­åb­ju­hf­ab­zö­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­cz­cbkm­yst­jå­hf­ps­jn­wf,­jc­nfd­kzñ­ot­uj­cdjt­uj­yj­dj­hjé­lty­yj­uj­ht­åty­rf,­bkb­ve­éf,­gj­rb-lfñ­ot­uj­cdjñ­ét­ye,­xnj­ås­åj­hjnm­cz­b­evt-htnm­yf­ge­nb­r­Åj­ue.

Änb­hfc­crf­ps­ghb­pdf­ys­dj­jle­it­dbnm­lhe­ubö­kñ­ltq­b­ec­nf­yj­dbnm­yj­dsq­rhb­nt­hbq­bc­nby­yjq­dt­hs.­Jyb­uj­dj­hzn,­xnj­åsnm­öj-

hj­ibv­ve­cekm­vf­yb­yjv­–­pyf­xbn­yt­njkm­rj­ht­ue­kzh­yj­vj­kbnm­cz­b­ds­gjk­yznm­cdjb­hb­ne­fkm­yst­jåz­pf­ntkm­cn­df­–­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­nfr­ét­ghb­kj­ébnm­vfr­cb­vev­ecb­kbq,­xnj-ås­åj­hjnm­cz­b­evt­htnm­pf­ptv­kñ­léb­öf­lf.

Ét kf ybt cj dth ibnm ≤gjl dbu ve xt yb xt cn df≥: Cyj­df­b­cyj­df­vs­xb­nf­tv­d­åb­ju­hf­ab­zö­≤ve­xt­yb­rjd≥,­xnj­jyb­cnht­vzn­cz­evt­htnm­yf­ge­nb­r­Dct­ds­iyt­ve­b­bc-gs­ns­df­ñn­hf­pj­xf­hj­df­ybt­b­yt­eljd­ktn­dj­hty­yjcnm,­rju­lf­nf­rfz­djp­vjé­yjcnm­yt­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­tn­cz­bkb­jn­rkf­ls­df-tn­cz.­Gjx­nb­dj­dctö­rkb­gfö­åjv­åbc­ns­gj­rf­pf­ys­cxfc-nkb­ds­vb:­jåsx­yj­jyb­ghj­of­ñn­cz­c­ekså­rf­vb­yf­kb­wfö,­yf­ghfd­kz­zcm­r­cdj­bv­vf­ib­yfv,­yf­xb­yty­ysv­dphsd­xfn-rjq,­xnj­jn­hf­éf­tn­nt­ve­hf­ljc­nb­d­ghb­yt­ct­ybb­éthnd­b­eåté­lty­yjc­nb­d­yf­uhf­lt,­rj­nj­heñ­jyb­gj­ke­xfn­d­hfñ.

Änf­nt­vf­wt­kt­ec­nhtv­kty­yjc­nb­b­hf­ljc­nb­ghb­pdf­yf­gj­rf­pfnm,­xnj­åjv­åbc­njd­yt­pf­cnfd­kz­kb­cj­dth­ifnm­cdjb­cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dty­yst­jgt­hf­wbb­b­yt­ghj­vs­df­kb­bv­vjp­ub.­Jl­yf­rj­bhfr­crbt­cgen­yb­rj­dst­rf­yf­ks­xfc­nj­gt­ht­lf­ñn­≤ghbp­yf­ybz≥­yt­elfd­ibö­cz­åjv­åbc­njd,­pf­zd­kzñ­obö,­xnj­jyb­yt­pyf­kb,­xnj­åe­len­exf­cn­dj­dfnm­d­cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dty-yjq­jgt­hf­wbb,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­rnj-nj­lhe­ujq­jn­dt­xfk­pf­lt­nj­yf­njh,­f­jyb­ghj­cnj­yf­ghfd­kz­kb­cdjñ­vf­ib­ye­yf­wtkm.­J­yt­rj­nj­hsö­bp­ybö­uj­dj­hzn,­xnj­bö­he­rb­ås­kb­pf­rhtg­kt­ys­r­he­kñ­c­gj­vj­omñ­yf­hex­yb­rjd,­f­lhe­ubt­pf-zd­kz­ñn,­xnj­bv­lf­df­kb­yfh­rjnb­rb­b­gj­rf­ps­df­kb­gj­hyj-u­hf­abñ,­xnj­ås­djp­åe­lbnm­d­ybö­ét­kf­ybt­dcnht­nbnm­cz­c­lt­dei­rf­vb­d­hfñ.­Gj­änj­ve­nt­vf­uj­njd­yjc­nb­evt­htnm­bvt­tn­wt­kmñ­hfp­dt­znm­änb­cke­öb­b­gj­ds­cbnm­cnf­nec­åjv-

D­fd­uec­nt­2004­uj­lf­yf­cdj­tv­cfq­nt­≤Fh­vbz­Fy­cfh­Fkm­Cey­yf≥­pf­zdb­kf,­xnj­änjn­xt­kj­dtr­åsk­jl­ybv­bp­12­yt­gfkmc­rbö­hf­åj­xbö,­gj­öb­oty­ysö­d­Bhf­rt.

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��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

åbc­njd-cvth­nyb­rjd­lj­ehjd­yz­ghf­dj­dth­ysö­ut­hjb­xtc­rbö­ve­xt­yb­rjd,­rj­nj­hst­gjk­yj­cnmñ­d­jn­dt­nt­pf­clt­kfy­ysq­ds­åjh­b­cdjñ­celm­åe.

Ec gtö d cj dth it ybb ≤gjl db uf ve xt yb xt cn df≥: D­åb­ju­hf­ab­zö­ve­xt­yb­rjd­yt­bp­vty­yj­gjl­xth­rb­df­tn­cz,­f­xf­ot­dct­uj­ght­edt­kb­xb­df­tn­cz­ec­gtö­jgt­hf­wbq­c­exfc­nb-tv­cvth­nyb­rjd,­xnj­ås­eåt­lbnm­gj­nty­wb­fkm­ysö­yj­djå-hfy­wtd,­xnj­ghb­yt­ct­ybt­bvb­d­éth­nde­cdj­bö­ébp­ytq­yt­åe­ltn­yf­ghfc­ysv.­Xbc­kj­≤jn­cneg­yb­rjd≥,­≤rhtc­nj­yjc­wtd≥­b­≤futy­njd­WHe≥,­eåb­nsö­d­öj­lt­jn­ltkm­ysö­jgt­hf­wbq,­xfc­nj­bc­xbc­kz­tn­cz­cjn­yz­vb.­Cyj­df­b­cyj­df­vs­yf­öj­lbv­pf­zd­kt­ybz­j­njv,­xnj­åjv­åbc­ns­eåb­kb­åjkm­it­kñ­ltq,­xtv­crf­pf­yj­d­CVB,­rj­nj­hst­≤ghb­dj­lzn­fvt­hb­rfy­creñ­cnf­nbc­nb­re≥.­Xfc­nj­vjé­yj­ec­ks­ifnm,­xnj­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­cåhf­cs­df­ñn­cdj­bö­vth­ndt­wjd­d­ht­rb­bkb­cdf­kb­df­ñn­bö­d­yf­crj­hj­gjl­uj­njd­kty­yst­vj­ub­ks,­xnj­ås­pf­yb­pbnm­ht-fkm­yst­gj­nt­hb.­D­cke­xft­≤ec­gt­öf≥­åb­ju­hf­as­yf­ps­df­ñn­rfé­leñ­nf­reñ­jgt­hf­wbñ­≤gj­åt­ljq≥­(ufp­dfö),­yf­ghb­vth,­ufp­dfö­fkm-yf­cb­hbz­(yf­gf­lt­ybt­yf­bnf­kmzy­crbt­cb­ks­d­fkm-Yf­cb­hbb,­rju­lf­åsk­eåbn­31­xt­kj­dtr).­Nth­vby­ufp-dfö­yf­vt­hty­yj­ds­ps­df­tn­fc­cj­wbf­wbb­c­åbn­df­vb­d­hfy­ytq­ve­cekm­vfy­crjq­bc­nj­hbb,­rju­lf­ve­cekm­vf­yt­åj­hj­kbcm­ghj­nbd­yt­dth­ysö­b­d­rjy­wt­rjy­wjd­gj­åté­lf­kb­bö.

Gj­yb­vf­ybt­ekj­djr

Vb­aj­kj­ubb­ve­xt­yb­xt­cn­df­yt­ljc­nf­njx­yj­lkz­jåüzc-yt­ybz­dctö­cke­xf­td­dphs­djd­åjvå­c­exfc­nb­tv­cvth­nyb-rjd­d­Bhf­rt.­Jl­yf­rj­bltj­kj­ubz,­ht­kb­ub­jp­yfz­jr­hfc­rf­b­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obq­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbq­yf­cnhjq­gj­vj­uf­ñn­jåüzc­ybnm,­rfr­léb­öf­lbc­ns­ytq­nhf­kb­pe­ñn­dyen­hty­ybt­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rbt­vt­öf­ybp­vs­pf­ght­nf­yf­eåbq­cn­dj­b­yf­yt­ct-ybt­edt­xbq.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­änj­gj­pdj­kz­tn­bv­ds­cne­gfnm­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­yj­cb­nt­ktq­vj­hf­kb­lf­ét­d­ntö­cke­xf­zö,­rju­lf­jyb­ltqcn­de­ñn­fvj­hfkm­yj.

D­jc­yj­dt­jghfd­lf­ybz­eåbq­cnd­jåsx­ysö­ve­cekm­vfy­kt­éfn­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­eåt­lb­ntkm­yst­cj­jå­hf­ét­ybz,­rj­nj-hst­cdz­ps­df­ñn­cnhf­lf­ybt­b­eyb­ét­ybt­ve­cekm­vfy­c­nfr­yf­ps­dft­vsv­nfq­ysv­cuj­dj­hjv­åtc­cbkm­ysö­ve­cekm­vfy-crbö­kb­lt­hjd­b­bö­futy­njd­c­pf­gfl­ys­vb­eu­yt­nf­nt­kz­vb,­cnht­vz­ob­vb­cz,­gj­pf­zd­kt­ybñ­ärcnht­vbc­njd,­hfp­he­ibnm­bc­kfv­b­gjl­xb­ybnm­ct­åt­ve­cekm­vfy­crbt­ptv­kb.­Hfc­cvfn-hb­dfz­åjhm­åe­d­änbö­nth­vb­yfö,­léb­öf­lbc­ns­cj­plf­ñn­db­lb­vjcnm­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­jåjc­yj­df­ybz­nj­uj,­xnj­yt­jå­öj­lb-vs­bc­nby­yst­≤ut­hjb≥,­rj­nj­hst­cvj­uen­dcnfnm­dj­ukf­dt­cdjt­uj­yf­hj­lf,­dth­yenm­tve­xtcnm­b­jxbc­nbnm­tuj­jn­cns­lf­eyb­ét­ybz,­åj­hzcm­c­nt­vb,­rnj­hf­åj­nf­tn­yf­cnj­hj-yt­dhf­uf.

Gj­yb­vf­ybt­änbö­ekj­djr­–­dfé­ysq­ifu­d­åjhm­åt­ghj-nbd­nth­hj­hbp­vf.­3

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft­vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

lä­dbl­Rbk­rfk­kty­–­gjl­gjk­rjd­ybr­fd­cnhf­kbq­crjq­fh-vbb­d­jn­cnfd­rt,­cnfh­ibq­cj­dtn­ybr­vyj­uj­yf­wbj­yfkm-ysö­cbk­d­Bhf­rt­gj­dj­ghj­cfv­gj­lfdkt­ybz­vz­nt­étq­b­cgt­wb­fkm­ysq­cj­dtn­ybr­gty­nf­uj­yf­gj­yt­ht­ue­kzh­ysv­djq­crfv­b­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv;­d­ghji­kjv­ukfd­ysq­cnhf­ntu­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­rj­jh­lb­yf­nj­hf­gj­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj-hbp­vjv­d­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjv­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nt­cIf.­Ht-ue­kzh­yj­geå­kb­re­tn­cz­d­åkj­ut­≤Éeh­yfk­vf­ksö­djq­y≥.­D­änjq­cnf­nmt,­rfr­b­d­jc­nfkm­ysö­tuj­geå­kb­rf­wb­zö,­ghtl­cnfd­kt­yf­njkm­rj­tuj­kbx­yfz­njx­rf­pht­ybz.

Ctq­xfc­yfi­htn­hjc­gtr­nbd­ysq­dpukzl­yf­Dnj­heñ­vb­hj­deñ­djq­ye­vjé­yj­yf­pdfnm,­d­jc­yjd­yjv,­tlb-yj­jå­hfp­ysv,­öj­nz­d­nj­dht­vz,­rju­lf­jyf­dt­kfcm,­

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ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­ybr­nj­yt­cgj­hbk­c­ntv,­xnj­änj­ås­kf­djq­yf,­f­lth­éf­ds­Jcb­ås­kb­dhf­uf­vb/fu­htc­cj­hf­vb.

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Lä­dbl­Rbk­rfk­kty

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©AP Images/Hussein Malla

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

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Yf­pdf­ybz­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­ysö­dt­ljv­cnd­CIF,­exf­cn­deñ­obö­d­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­gt­ht­xbc­kt­ys­dj­dht­vz­cke­if­ybq­gj­ht­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­at­lt­hfkm­yj­uj­ehjd­yz­lkz­åjhm­ås­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv­d­bñ­yt­2002­uj­lf.

©AP Images/Kenneth Lambert

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

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Dhfu­flfg­nb­he­tn­cz­jxtym­åsc­nhj.­Hfc­cvjn­hbv­ädj­kñ­wbñ­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­c­ct­ht­lb­ys­1990-ö­uj­ljd.­Gth­dst­nt-hfr­ns­(dphs­ds­åjvå­d­gj­cjkm­cn­dfö­d­cnhf­yfö­Dj­cnjx­yjq­Fa­hb­rb,­nt­hfrn­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crjv­äc­vby­wt­≤Rj­ek≥­b­11­cty­nzå­hz)­ås­kb­≤är­cgt­lb­wb­jy­ys­vb≥:­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­ajh­vb­hj­df­kf­rj­vfy­le­d­cnhf­yt­A,­gjl­uj­nfd­kb­df­kf­tt­d­cnhf­yt­B­b­nfq­yj­pf­åhf­cs­df­kf­tt­d­cnhf­ye­C­lkz­fnf­rb­wt­kb.­D­jn­dtn­vs­gj­ds­cb­kb­ehj­dtym­nhfyc­gjhn­yjq­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb,­pf­ob­ns­by­ahf­cnher­ne­hs­b­bv­vbu­hf­wb-jy­yj­uj­rjy­nhj­kz.­D­cdjñ­jxt­htlm,­nth-hj­hbc­ns­hfp­hf­åj­nf­kb­≤gfh­nb­pfy­crbq≥­gjl­öjl,­rju­lf­dvtc­nj­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­cj­plf-dfnm­rj­vfy­ls­≤yf­hfc­cnjz­ybb≥­b­nfq­yj­bö­dyt­lhznm­lkz­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­nt­hfr­njd,­jyb­ajh­vb­hj­df­kb­rj­vfy­le­hz­ljv­c­vtc­njv­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­nt­hfr­nf,­bc­gjkm­pez­uhfé­lfy­dhfé­ltå­ysö­uj­ce­lfh­cnd.­Gj­nf­rj­ve­cwt­yf­hbñ­ås­kb­gj­cnhjt­ys­dphs-ds­åjvå­d­Kjy­lj­yt­b­Vfl­hb­lt,­f­nfr-ét­nt­hfr­ns­d­Rf­cfå­kfy­rt,­Cnfv­åe­kt­b­Létl­lt­b­yt­elfd­ibq­cz­pf­uj­djh­ghj­nbd­

fdbf­rjv­gf­ybb­d­Kjy­lj­yt­kt­njv­2006­uj­lf.Xfc­nj­änb­nt­hfr­ns­jgb­cs­df­ñn­cz­rfr­≤vtcn­yst≥,­

jl­yf­rj­ghb­änjv­jyb­by­cgb­hb­he­ñn­cz,­ärcgkef­nb­he­ñn­cz­b­lj­yt­rj­nj­hjq­cnt­gt­yb­eg­hfd­kz­ñn­cz­≤Fkm-Rfb­ljq≥.­Yf­ghb­vth,­Vj­öfv­vtl­Cb­ltr­Öfy,­he­rj­dj­lb­ntkm­kjy­ljy-crj­uj­nt­hfr­nf­7­bñ­kz­2005­uj­lf,­ghb­kt­nfk­d­Gf­rbc­nfy,­b,­djp­vjé­yj,­dcnht­xfk­cz­c­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kz­vb­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­lkz­gj­ke­xt­ybz­erf­pf­ybq­b­bycnher­nf­éf­gt­htl­ds­gjk­yt­yb­tv­nt­hfr­nf­4.­Jl­yf­rj­yj­dsq­gjl­öjl­dht­vty­yj­ytq­nhf­kb­pj­dfk­yf­ib­rjyn­hvt­hs:­dvtc­nj­nfq­yj­uj­ghj­ybr-yj­dt­ybz­19­xt­kj­dtr,­nth­hj­hbc­ns­bc­gjkm­pj­df­kb­njkm­rj­jl­yj­uj­xt­kj­dt­rf,­rj­nj­hj­ve­elf­kjcm­ghjq­nb­xt­htp­yf­ib­yj­dst­cbc­nt­vs­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb.­Nth­hj­hbc­ns­ghb­cgj­cj­åb-kbcm­r­yf­it­ve­yj­dj­ve­gjl­öj­le,­hfp­hf­åj­nfd­lkz­ct­åz­yj­dst­vt­nj­ls.

Rj­ytx­yj,­nt­gthm­vs­dyb­vf­ntkm­yj­ckt­lbv­pf­änbv­≤gfh­nb­pfy­crbv≥­vt­nj­ljv.­Chsd­nt­hfr­nf­d­fd­uec­nt­2006­uj­lf­d­Kjy­lj­yt­b­lhe­ubö­yt­lfd­ybö­gj­gs­njr­nt­hfr­njd­–­ht­pekm­nfn­yf­itq­yj­djq­nfr­nb­rb.­Jl­yf­rj,­yt­cjv­ytyyj,­nth­hj­hbc­ns­eét­hfp­hf­åf­ns­df­ñn­yj­dst­chtl­cn­df­flfg­nf-wbb.­D­åjhm­åt­ghj­nbd­nth­hj­hbp­vf­vt­nj­ls,­rj­nj­hst­lj-kéys­hf­åj­nfnm,­gjx­nb­gj­jght­ltkt­ybñ,­eét­ec­nf­ht­kb:­rju­lf­yfv­elf­tn­cz­ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­bö­ys­yti­yt­ve­gjl­öj­le,­jyb­eét­hfp­hf­åf­ns­df­ñn­ckt­leñ­obq.­Ghj­cnj-uj­ht­it­ybz­yt­ce­ot­cn­detn.­Rfr­b­vf­kz­hbz,­nth­hj­hbpv­gj­cnj­zy­yj­ve­nb­he­tn,­f­nht­åe­tn­gj­cnj­zy­yj­uj­jå­yjd­kt­ybz­fh­ct­yf­kf­jn­dtn­ysö­chtl­cnd.

≤Kfv­åth­nby≥­–­vf­uf­pby­yf­jr­hfb­yt­Fv­vf­yf,­cnj­kb­ws­Bjh­lf­ybb:­hf­åj­xbt­­crkf­lb­he­ñn­jltz­kf,­ght­lj­cnfd­kty­yst­d­db­lt­gj­vj­ob­Futyn­cn­djv­CIF­gj­­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­ve­hfp­db­nbñ­lkz­hfcght­ltkt­ybz­d­Bhf­rt.

© AP Images/Lefteris Pitarakis

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Gznm­ghfr­nb­xtc­rbö­if­ujd

D­jn­dtn­yf­gj­zd­kt­ybt­≤ytc­nfy­lfh­nysö≥­bkb­≤ytj­xt-dbl­ysö≥­ajhv­dj­ty­ysö­ltqcn­dbq­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­r­yf­cnjz­ot­ve­dht­vt­yb­ghtl­ghb­yz­kb­hzl­dfé­ysö­vth.­Dj­-gth­dsö,­ås­kb­ecj­dth­ity­cn­djdf­ys­ce­ot­cn­deñ­obt­by­cnb­ne­ns:­ghj­bp­dt­lt­yf­ht­ajh­vf­d­hfp­dt­ls­df­ntkm­ysö­jh­uf­yfö,­cj­plf­yj­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­dj­dyen­hty­ytq­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­b­edt­kb­xt­yf­xbc­kty­yjcnm­≤yt­ht­ue­kzh­ysö≥,­n.t.­yt­nhf­lb-wb­jy­ysö,­åjt­dsö­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybq­d­hfv­rfö­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­df­jåj­hj­ys.­Dj­-dnj­hsö,­vs­yf­xf­kb­hfp­hf­åjn­re­yj­dsö­rjy-wtg­ne­fkm­ysö­gf­hf­lbuv­c­ext­njv­yj­djq­ht­fkm­yjc­nb.­Bö­cj­plf­ybt­gjk­yj­cnmñ­tot­yt­pf­rjy­xt­yj,­jl­yf­rj­yt­rj­nj-hst­bltb­gj­ke­xb­kb­hfp­db­nbt­–­yf­ghb­vth,­bltz­hfc­cvfn-hb­dfnm­rjy­akbrn­rfr­ib­hj­rj­vfc­infå­yeñ­ghj­åkt­ve­ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dbz­gj­dcnfy­wfv,­rj­nj­hfz­nht­åe­tn­bc­gjkm-pj­df­ybz­d­gth­deñ­jxt­htlm­yt­dj­ty­ysö­chtl­cnd­dvtc­nt­c­vt­hf­vb­gj­pf­ob­nt­yf­ct­kt­ybz,­gjl­dth­éty­yj­uj­jgfc­yjc­nb,­jn­djp­ltqcn­dbz­dhf­uf­5.

Jl­yf­rj­d­yt­rj­nj­hjv­cvsc­kt­ct­ujl­yzi­ybt­gj­kb­nb-rb,­cnfk­rb­df­zcm­c­ajh­vjq­rjy­akbr­nf,­rj­nj­hfz­jåtc-wt­yb­df­tn­bvtñ­ott­cz­pyf­ybt,­yf­gj­vb­yf­ñn­ut­yt­hf­kjd­dht­vty­Gth­djq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys,­rj­nj­hst­cnjkr­ye­kbcm­c­≤ghjå­kt­vjq­jrj­gjd≥­d­1914–1918­u.u.­Gj­ljåyj­bv,­vs­ltqcn­de­tv­d­cht­lt,­rj­nj­hfz­nhfyc­ajh­vb­he­tn­cz­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­gj­zd­kt­ybz­yj­dsö­ntö­yj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­b­cj­wb­fkm-ysö­afr­nj­hjd­b­lkz­rj­nj­hjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­b­rjy­wtg­wbb,­hf­åj­nfd­ibt­lj­cbö­gjh,­dhzl­kb­gjl­öj­lzn.­Rfr­b­e­ybö,­e­yfc­tcnm­≤jå­öjl­yst­ge­nb≥,­jl­yf­rj­yfv­tot­ghtl­cnj­bn­hfp­hf­åj­nfnm­b­cj­plfnm­ghby­wb­gb­fkm­yj­yj­dst­rjy­wtg­wbb,­ntö­yj­kj­ubb­b­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­–­fyf­kj­ubx­yst­rjy­wtg­wbb­åkbw­rhb­uf,­cj­plfy­yjq­d­1930-t­uj­ls­–­rj­nj­hst­ås­jn-dt­xf­kb­ås­cgt­wb­ab­rt­ec­kj­dbq,­d­rj­nj­hsö­cj­plf­ñn­cz­yj­dst­eu­hj­ps.

Ghj­cnj­uj­jn­dt­nf­yt­ce­ot­cn­detn­(tc­kb­ås­jy­åsk,­vs­ås­tuj­eét­yf­ikb),­jl­yf­rj­vjé­yj­cajh­ve­kb­hj­dfnm­yt­rj­nj­hst­ghby­wb­gs­ldb­ét­ybz­d­yeé­yjv­yf­ghfd­kt­ybb.­Jyb­drkñ­xf­ñn­nhb­≤rjy­wtg­ne­fkm­ysö≥­if­uf,­rj­nj­hst­ghb­dt­len­r­cj­plf­ybñ­yj­dsö­vj­lt­ktq­lkz­gj­yb­vf­ybz­eu-hj­ps­b­ldf­≤jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­jy­ysö≥­if­uf,­rj­nj­hst­ghb­dt­len­r­cj­plf­ybñ­cbk­lkz­lfy­yjq­ajh­vs­rjy­akbr­njd.­Änjn­gjl­öjl­–­yt­he­rj­djl­cn­dj­r­ltqcn­dbñ,­f­kbim­jlby­bp­djp­vjé­ysö­df­hb­fy­njd.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­ds­ldb­uft­vst­bltb­yt­yj­ds­–­crj­htt,­jyb­cj­åhf­ys­dvtc­nt­b­vj­uen­hfc­cvfn-hb­dfnm­cz­rfr­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbq­gjl­öjl.

1. Hfp hf åjn rf yj djq nth vb yj kj ubbGhj­atc­cjh­Vfqrk­Dkf­öjc­jn­vt­xf­tn,­xnj­zpsr,­rj­nj-

hsq­vs­bc­gjkm­pe­tv­lkz­jgb­cf­ybz­yj­dsö­eu­hjp,­fr­nbd­yj­ght­gzn­cn­detn­by­yj­df­wb­jy­yj­ve­vsi­kt­ybñ­6.­Yf­ib­nth­vb-ys­bvt­ñn­jn­hb­wf­ntkm­yeñ­ajh­ve­kb­hjd­re­–­jyb­uj­dj­hzn­j­njv,­xtv­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rfz­cht­lf­yt­zd­kz­tn­cz,­f­yt­

j­njv,­xtv­jyf­zd­kz­tn­cz.­Cht­lb­änbö­nth­vb­yjd­–­yt-nhf­lb­wb­jy­ysq,­yt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysq,­yt­jh­nj­ljr­cfkm­ysq­b­yt­ht­ue­kzh­ysq.­Yt­cjv­ytyyj,­nth­vb­yj­kj­ubz­dkbztn­yf­yf­ie­cgj­cjå­yjcnm­xtn­rj­vsc­kbnm.­Jl­yjq­bp­ghb­xby,­gj­rj­nj­hsv­jh­uf­ys­dj­ty­yj­uj­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybz­d­Bhf­rt­cxb­nf-kb­Änfg-3,­≤rheg­yst­dj­ty­yst­jgt­hf­wbb≥,­pf­dth­ifñ­obv,­yt­gj­yb­vfz,­xnj­d­änjv­cke­xft­gj­cnrjy­akbr­nysq­änfg­bvt­tn­rhb­nb­xtc­rjt­pyf­xt­ybt,­f­gj­nj­ve­Änfg­3­åe­ltn­ht­ifñ­obq­gj­jght­ltkt­ybñ.­tuj­gjk­yjt­jab­wb­fkm­yjt­yf­pdf­ybt­≤Ä­nfg­3­–­ht­ifñ­obt­jgt­hf­wbb≥.­Lkz­ghj­zc­yt-ybz­yj­dsö­eu­hjp­yfv­yt­jå­öj­lb­vf­yj­dfz­nth­vb­yj­kj­ubz,­jc­yj­dfy­yfz­yf­afr­nb­xtc­rbö­b­yf­åkñ­lft­vsö­öf­hfr­nt­hbc-nb­rfö­ht­fkm­ysö­dhf­ujd,­rj­nj­hst:

•­ jåüt­lb­yz­ñn­nth­hj­hbpv,­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yst­gt­ht-dj­hj­ns,­ue­vf­yb­nfh­yeñ­gj­vjom­b­gj­dcnfy­xtc­rbt­jgt­hf­wbb­lkz­gjl­lth­érb­ghj­gf­ufy­ls,­yf­ghfd­kty-yjq­yf­vf­yb­ge­kb­hj­df­ybt­xed­cn­df­vb­vtcn­yjq­b­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjc­nb;

•­ jåüt­lb­yz­ñn­ecb­kbz­ju­hj­vyj­uj­xbc­kf­cnb­öbq­ysö­fr­nb­dbc­njd,­hfp­åhj­cfy­ysö­gj­vyj­ubv­cnhf­yfv,­d­vfc­cj­djt­ldb­ét­ybt,­rj­nj­hjt­gj­äa­atr­nbd­yjc­nb­ght­djc­öj­lbn­cev­ve­ecb­kbq­jn­ltkm­ysö­xfc­ntq­b­jn­kb­xf­tn­cz­hfc­gs­kty­yjc­nmñ­aeyr­wbq­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­b­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybz,­xnj­vt­if­tn­yfv­d­jght­ltkt­ybb­wt­ktq;

•­ bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­jgt­hf­nbd­yjcnm­b­jå­ot­ljc­neg­yjcnm­cj-dht­vty­ysö­CVB­lkz­vj­åb­kb­pf­wbb­cdj­bö­cgjy­cj-hjd­b­cnj­hjy­yb­rjd­cj­crj­hjc­nmñ,­ght­ds­ifñ­otq­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­ysö­jh­uf­yjd;

•­ ärcgkef­nb­he­ñn­uke­åj­rj­erj­ht­ybd­ieñ­cz­cbc­nt­ve­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybq,­jc­yj­dfy­yeñ­yf­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq,­än­yb-xtc­rjq,­gkt­vty­yjq­bkb­rekm­neh­yjq­blty­nbx­yjc­nb,­lkz­cj­plf­ybz­rhfq­yt­dj­by­cn­dty­yjq­b­yt­hf­wbj­yfkm-yjq­ht­fr­wbb­e­hfp­kbx­ysö­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­uhegg;

•­ ärcgkef­nb­he­ñn­åt­pj­gfc­yst­eåt­éb­of,­nf­rbt­rfr­yt­eg­hfd­kzt­vst­bkb­gkj­öj­eg­hfd­kzt­vst­jå­kfc­nb­(d­ab­pb­xtc­rjv­bkb­dbh­ne­fkm­yjv­ghj­cnhf­ycn­dt);­bltj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt,­ht­kb­ub­jp­yst­bkb­rekm­neh­yst­≤pj­ys­vjk­xf­ybz≥­bkb­ghj­åt­ks­d­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­cn-dt;

•­ bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­ds­cj­rj­ehjd­yt­dst­cbv­dj­kb­xtc­rbt­nt­hfr­ns,­ghj­dj­wb­heñ­obt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­r­ghb­yz­nbñ­xhtp­vth­ysö­jn­dtn­ysö­vth,­rj­nj­hst­dht­lzn­bö­ljk­uj­chjx­ysv­by­nt­ht­cfv;

•­ cj­plf­ñn­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­yst­kj­rfkm­yst­ghj­åkt­vs,­bc­gjkm­pez­yt­åjkm­ibt­ab­yfy­cj­dst­ht­ceh­cs,­xnj-ås­bp­vj­nfnm­yfc,­ghj­dj­wb­hez­yf­lj­hj­ujc­njz­obt­chtl­cn­df­clth­éb­df­ybz,­ght­ljndhf­ot­ybz­b­ghj­nb­dj-ltqcn­dbz­d­wt­kjv­hz­lt­elf­kty­ysö­ht­ubj­yjd.

Änb­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rb­yj­djq­cht­ls­vj­uen­gj­cke­ébnm­jc­yj­df­yb­tv­lkz­cj­plf­ybz­nth­vb­yj­kj­ubb,­rj­nj­hfz­kex­it­jgb­cs­df­tn­eu­hj­pe.­Gj­crjkm­re­yj­dst­eu­hj­ps­bc­öj­lzn­yt­

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

jn­uj­ce­lfh­cnd,­jc­yj­df-yb­tv­yf­it­uj­gjl­öj­lf­lj­kéys­cnfnm­yt­vté-le­yf­hjl­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz­–­bpe­xt­ybt­dpf­bvj-ltqcn­dbz­uj­ce­lfh­cnd­d­hfv­rfö­äkbn,­f­fy­nhj-gj­kj­ubz­–­bpe­xt­ybt­cj-wb­fkm­ysö­hj­ktq,­uhegg,­cnf­ne­cf,­by­cnb­ne­njd­b­jn­yj­it­ybq­c­uheg­gf­vb­yf­ct­kt­ybz­pf­ght­ltkf­vb­cnher­neh­dkfc­nb­d­yt­uj-ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­cht­lt.

2. Ds åjh åf pj djq cnhf nt ubb

tc­kb­änf­rjy­ahjy­nf-wbz­jc­yj­df­yf­yf­ljk­uj-chjx­ysö­nty­lty­wb­zö,­jn­cñ­lf­ckt­le­tn,­xnj­åjhm­åf­vj­étn­cnfnm­ljk­uj­chjx­yjq­b­pf­yznm­gt­hb­jl­ébp­yb­jl­yj­uj­bkb­åj­ktt­gj­rj­kt­ybq.­Änj­jp­yf­xf­tn,­xnj­yfv­ye­éty­rfr­≤gth­cgtr­nbd-ysq≥,­nfr­b­≤ib­hj­rbq≥­dpukzl­7,­xnj­ås­jg­nb­vfkm­ysv­jå­hf­pjv­cj­tlb­ybnm­dvtc­nt­dct­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obt­yf­wbj­yfkm-yj­uj­vj­ob,­drkñ­xfz­xfc­nysq­ctr­njh­b­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rbt­ckjb­jå­ot­cn­df.­Gj­änj­ve­yfv­yeé­yf­åf­pj­dfz­cnhf­nt­ubz,­rj­nj­heñ­ås­gjl­lth­éf­kb­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­yf­hjl,­gj­cktle-ñ­obt­fl­vb­yb­cnhf­wbb­ght­pb­lty­njd­CIF,­rkñ­xt­dst­cj­ñp­yb­rb­b­gfh­nyt­hs­gj­dct­ve­vb­he.­Ajh­ve­kb­hj­df­ybt­nf­rjq­ljk­uj­chjx­yjq­åf­pj­djq­cnhf­nt­ubb­gj­nht­åj­df­kj­ås­ghb­yz­nbz­xt­ns­htö­jc­yjd­ysö­ht­it­ybq­gj­ckt­leñ­obv­dj­ghj­cfv:

•­ zd­kz­tn­cz­kb­yfb­kex­ibv­lkz­yf­ibö­by­nt­ht­cjd­dvt­if­ntkm­cn­dj­b­gj­gsn­rf­eg­hfd­kznm­ghj­wtc­cjv­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­uj­b­ht­kb­ub­jp­yj­uj­åhj­ét­ybz­d­ve-cekm­vfy­crjv­vb­ht­bkb­kex­it­dvtc­nj­änj­uj­clth-éb­dfnm­kñ­åst­ds­gktc­rb­yf­cb­kbz­b­åtc­gj­hzl­rjd­d­pf­gfl­ysö­cnhf­yfö?­Änf­lb­ktv­vf­fyf­kj­ubx­yf­ds-åj­he­vté­le­≤jn­åhf­cs­df­yb­tv≥­b­≤clth­éb­df­yb­tv≥­dj­dht­vz­öjkjl­yjq­djq­ys­b­zd­kz­tn­cz­rkñ­xt­dsv­äkt­vty­njv­d­htf­kb­pf­wbb­ljk­uj­chjx­yjq­cbc­nt­vs­jn­dtn­ysö­vth.

•­ Rfr­hfcght­ltkznm­ht­ceh­cs­vté­le­dj­ty­ys­vb­b­yt­dj­ty­ys­vb­äkt­vty­nf­vb­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­vj­ob?­Yf­ib­ys­yti­ybt­hfc­öj­ls­b­ecb­kbz­zd­kz­ñn­cz­d­jc­yjd­yjv­dj­ty­ys­vb.­Yf­ghj­nbd,­d­hfv­rfö­≤vté-le­yfhjl­yj­uj­ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dbz­gj­dcnfy­xtc­rbv­ldb-

ét­yb­zv≥­ghb­vth­yj­80fi­ecb­kbq­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­tn­cz­yf­ghf­dbnm­yf­gj­kb­nb­xtc­reñ,­lbg­kj­vf­nb­xtc­reñ,­djc­cnf­yj­db­ntkm­yeñ,­hfp­dt­ls­df­ntkm­yeñ­b­by­ajh-vf­wb­jy­yeñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­b­njkm­rj­jrj­kj­20fi­–­yf­dj­ty­yeñ­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm.­Gjl­öj­lbn­kb­yfv­nf­rjq­gjl­öjl,­pf­db­cbn­jn­yf­it­uj­ds­åj­hf­vté­le­dvt­if­ntkm­cn­djv­b­clth­éb­df­yb­tv.

•­ Crjkm­rj­ht­ceh­cjd,­drkñ­xfz­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rbt­ébp­yb,­vj­étn­åsnm­gj­nhf­xt­yj­yf­ht­it­ybt­änjq­ghj-åkt­vs?­Änj­gj­nht­åe­tn­jwty­rb­hbc­rjd­c­ext­njv­dt­hj­zn­yjc­nb­b­gj­cktl­cn­dbq­åe­le­obö­nt­hfr­njd.­Nf­rfz­jwty­rf­lj­kéyf­nfr­ét­exb­ns­dfnm,­crjkm­rj­chtl­cnd­vjé­yj­bp­hfc­öj­lj­dfnm­yf­åt­pj­gfc­yjcnm,­yt­cj­plf­dfz­nz­ét­kj­uj­åht­vt­yb­lkz­yf­ibö­jå­ot­cnd.

•­ Rfr­ds­åhfnm­ut­ju­hf­ab­xtc­rbt­ghb­jhb­nt­ns?­D­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­åjkm­ifz­xfcnm­ecb­kbq­cj­cht­lj-nj­xt­yf­yf­Bhf­rt,­lhe­ufz,­yf­vyj­uj­vtym­ifz­xfcnm­–­yf­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yt,­f­jc­nfd­ifz­cz­ghb­öj­lbn­cz­yf­dct­jc­nfkm­yst­ht­ubj­ys.­Xfc­nbx­yj­änj­cdz­pf­yj­c­ntv,­xnj­yf­ib­hfc­öj­ls­zd­kz­ñn­cz­d­jc­yjd­yjv­dj­ty­ys­vb,­b­vs­ghtl­gjx­kb­dvt­if­ntkm­cn­dj­d­cf-vjv­wty­nht­ve­cekm­vfy­crj­uj­vb­hf.­Ds­åjh­vté­le­dj­ty­ysv­b­yt­dj­ty­ysv­exfc­nb­tv,­f­nfr­ét­vté­le­dvt­if­ntkm­cn­djv­b­clth­éb­df­yb­tv­vj­étn­ghb­dtc-nb­r­cj­plf­ybñ­ce­ot­cn­dty­yj­hfp­kb­xfñ­obö­cz­ht­ubj-yfkm­ysö­ghb­jhb­nt­njd.

D­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­åjhm­åt­ghj­nbd­nth­hj­hbp­vf­exf­cn­deñn­dj­ty­yst­vyj­ubö­cnhfy,­drkñ­xfz­änbö­cjk­lfn­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­uj­yf­pyf­xt­ybz­bp­By­lj­yt­pbb,­ghb­dtn­cn­deñ­obö­cdj­bö­rjk­ktu­dj­dht­vz­fy­nb­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­jgt­hf­wbb,­ghj­dt­lty­yjq­yt­gj­lfkt­re­jn­Léf­rfh­ns­d­2006­uj­le.

© AP Images/Irwin Fedriansyiah

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

zc­yj,­xnj­cgt­wb­ab­rf­cnhf­nt­ubb­kñ­åjq­fl­vb­yb­cnhf­wbb­bp­vt­yb­kfcm­ås­d­jn­dtn­yf­hfp-db­nbt­cb­nef­wbb.­Afr­nb­xtc­rb,­nf­rfz­ubå­rjcnm­bvt­tn­rhb­nb­xtc­rjt­pyf­xt­ybt.­Jl­yf­rj­lj­cnb­ét-ybt­ec­njq­xb­dj­uj­rjy­cty­ce­cf­rfr­yf­yf­wbj-yfkm­yjv,­nfr­b­yf­vté­le­yfhjl­yjv­ehjd­yt­gj­xt­ns­htv­rkñ­xt­dsv­dj­ghj­cfv,­gt­ht­xbc­kty-ysv­ds­it,­cnf­kj­ås­ljk­uj­chjx­yjq­jc­yj­djq­lkz­jce­ot­cn­dkt­ybz­gj­kb­nb­rb­gj­cktl­eñob­vb­fl­vb­yb­cnhf­wbz­vb.

3. Ecnhf yt ybt lbc åf kfy cf d chtl cn dfö, yf öj lz obö cz d hfc gj hz ét ybb ghf db ntkm cn df

D­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­jåj­hjy­ysq­åñ­létn­CIF­cj­cnfd­kz­tn­ghb­vth­yj­gj­kj­db­ye­vb­hj-dsö­hfc­öj­ljd­yf­jåj­hj­ye,­d­nj­dht­vz­rfr­d­dj­jhe­éty­ysö­cb­kfö­CIF­cke­éfn­ghb­vth­yj­1,68­vky.­xt­kj­dtr­8.­Lkz­chfd­yt­ybz­–­d­Uj­ce-lfh­cn­dty­yjv­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nt­hf­åj­nf­ñn­ghb­vth-yj­6­nsc.­cgt­wbf­kbc­njd­gj­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysv­jn­yj­it­yb­zv,­f­d­Futyn­cn­dt­CIF­gj­vté-le­yfhjl­yj­ve­hfp­db­nbñ­–­ghb­vth­yj­2­nsc.­xt­kj­dtr­9.­Lhe­ub­vb­ckj­df­vb,­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­dj­jåj­hj­ys­ghb­vth­yj­d­210­hfp­åjkm­it,­xtv­Futyn­cn­dj­gj­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­ve­hfp­db­nbñ­b­Ujc­lt­gfh­nf-vtyn­dvtc­nt­dpz­nst­–­d­jh­rt­cnhfö­Dj­jhe­éty­ysö­cbk­bu­hf­tn­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­åjkm­it­ve­ps­rfy­njd,­xtv­dj­dctq­dyti­yt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­ckeé­åt­10.

Wt­kmñ­änj­uj­yt­zd­kz­tn­cz­rhb­nb­rf­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­df­jåj­hj­ys:­dj­jhe­éty­yst­cb­ks­dctu­lf­ås­kb­åj­ktt­nhe-lj-­b­rf­gb­nf­kj­tv­rb­vb,­xtv­lbg­kj­vf­nb­xtc­rjt­dt­ljv­cn-dj­bkb­futyn­cn­df­gj­jrf­pf­ybñ­gj­vj­ob.­Jl­yf­rj­tc­kb­extcnm,­yf­crjkm­rj­dfé­ys­d­lfy­yjq­ajh­vt­rjy­akbr­nf­lbg­kj­vf­nbz,­cj­wb­fkm­yj-ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­db­nbt­b­by­ajh­vf­wbz­(By­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yjt­futyn­cn­dj­CIF­ås­kj­hfc­ajh­vb­hj­df­yj­d­1999­uj­le,­f­tuj­aeyr­wbb­ås­kb­gt­ht-lf­ys­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­ve­lt­gfh­nf­vty­ne),­nj­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­zc­yj,­xnj­ce­ot­cn­detn­zd­ysq­lbc­åf­kfyc­vté­le­dj­ty­ys­vb­b­yt­dj­ty­ys­vb­äkt­vty­nf­vb­gj­nty­wbf­kf.­Nf­rfz­cb­nef­wbz­bc­rf­éf­tn­gj­kb­nb­re­b­zd­kz­tn­cz­bc­rkñ­xt­yb­tv­d­vb­hj­djq­ghfr­nb­rt.­Yf­ghb­vth,­dj­jhe­éty­yst­cb­ks­Fd­cnhf­kbb­ghb-vth­yj­d­9­hfp­åjkm­it,­xtv­tt­lbg­kj­vf­nb­xtc­rjt­dt­ljv-cn­dj­b­futyn­cn­df­gj­jrf­pf­ybñ­gj­vj­ob­dvtc­nt­dpz­nst:­lf,­jyb­åjkm­it,­xtv­lhe­ubt­äkt­vty­ns­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­dkfc­nb,­yj­yt­d­210­hfp.

R­lj­cnj­by­cn­de­cdjt­ve,­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­dj­jåj­hj­ys­ghb-pyf­tn­yf­kb­xbt­ghj­åktv,­pf­kj­éty­ysö­d­nf­rjv­lbc­åf­kfy-ct,­b­änj­nfr­ét­jn­vt­xt­yj­d­xt­ns­htö­uj­lbx­yjv­≤Jå­pj­ht­cj­cnjz­ybz­jåj­hj­ys≥­2006­uj­lf­11.­Fl­vb­yb­cnhf­wbz­Åe­if­nfr­ét­bvt­tn­ghj­uhfv­vs­gj­edt­kb­xt­ybñ­yt­dj­ty­ysö­chtl­cnd.­Jl­yf­rj­lkz­ljk­uj­chjx­yj­uj­ec­gt­öf­yfv­yeé­yj­

ndth­ljt­yf­vt­ht­ybt­cj­plfnm­yt­dj­ty­yst­rjv­gj­yty­ns­yf-wbj­yfkm­yjq­vj­ob.­Nfr­yf­ps­dft­vst­≤vzu­rbt≥­afr­nj­hs­vj­ob­–­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­ehj­dtym­xfc­nyj­uj­ctr­nj­hf,­yf-wbj­yfkm­yfz­ht­ge­nf­wbz­b­lj­dt­hbt­r­rekm­ne­ht­zd­kz­ñn­cz­rhfq­yt­dfé­ys­vb,­gj­crjkm­re­dj­ty­yfz­vjom­cf­vf­gj­ct­åt­yt­vj­étn­rjv­gty­cb­hj­dfnm­bö­gj­nt­hñ.

Ghb­yz­nbt­ht­it­ybq­lkz­jåtc­gt­xt­ybz­ldb­ét­ybz­gj­änbv­nhtv­yf­ghfd­kt­yb­zv­pfq­vtn­dht­vz.­Xnj,­vté­le­ghj­xbv,­zd­kz­tn­cz­öj­hj­ibv­jc­yj­df­yb­tv,­xnj­ås­yf­xfnm­bö­lt­kfnm.­Jl­yf­rj­cyf­xf­kf­yeé­yj­cj­dth­ibnm­ldf­if­uf­d­gkf­yt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb:

4. Jght ltkt ybt yj dsö ≤cnhf nt ub xtc rbö ckeéå≥Dt­le­oeñ­hjkm­d­djq­yt­ghj­nbd­nth­hj­hbp­vf­bu­hf­ñn­

Cb­ks­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­uj­yf­pyf­xt­ybz,­gj­crjkm­re­jå­kf­lf­ñn­gj­nty­wbf­kjv­ghz­vsö­ltqcn­dbq­d­jn­lf­kty­ysö­bkb­pf-ghtn­ysö­hf­qj­yfö.­Vté­le­ntv,­Vfrc­Åen­12­cxb­nf­tn,­xnj­yfv­cyj­df­yeé­yj­dt­ljv­cn­dj,­fyf­kj­ubx­yjt­eg­hfd­kt­ybñ­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­ckeéå,­rj­nj­hjt­ltqcn­dj­df­kj­dj­dht­vz­Dnj­hjq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys­b­pf­yb­vf­kj­cm­fyf­kb­pjv,­hfp­dtl-rjq,­bpe­xt­yb­tv­jå­cnf­yjd­rb­yf­vtc­nfö,­cgt­wb­fkm­ys­vb­jgt­hf­wbz­vb,­by­ajh­vf­wb­tq,­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­vb­jgt­hf­wbz-vb­b­dj­ghj­cf­vb­ntö­yj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­gj­nty­wbf­kf.

pltcm­dfé­ys­ghb­kf­uf­ntkm­yst­–­≤CGt­WB­FKm­YJ­UJ­yf­pyf­xt­ybz≥­b­≤CNHF­Nt­UB­XtC­RBÖ­ckeéå≥.­Djq­crf­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­uj­yf­pyf­xt­ybz­ds­lt­kz­ñn­cz­bp­jå­otq­cj­dj­reg-yjc­nb­dj­jhe­éty­ysö­cbk­–­jyb­ht­if­ñn­pf­lf­xb,­rj­nj­hst­

Cjk­lfn­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­udfh­lbb­CIF­hf­åj­nf­tn­c­bhfr­crbv­gj­kb­wtq­crbv­d­jn­lt­kt­nzé­rbö­ght­cneg­kt­ybq­d­pf­gfl­yjv­Åfu­lf­lt.

© AP Images/David Guttenfelder

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

≤ds­öj­lzn­pf­ght­ltks­djp­vjé­yjc­ntq≥­jåsx­ysö­djq­cr.­Yf­ghj­nbd,­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­ckeéå­ås­kj­cnhf-nt­ub­xtc­rbv­dt­ljv­cn­djv.­tuj­aeyr­wbz­jght­ltkz­kfcm­cj-plfd­ib­vb­cz­dyti­yb­vb­ec­kj­dbz­vb,­b­jyj­ht­if­kj­pf­lf­xb­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rjq­dfé­yjc­nb,­åsc­nhj­ajh­vb­hez­b­ghb­vt­yzz­cdjb­cb­ks­d­cke­xft­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjc­nb.­Cb­ks­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­uj­yf­pyf­xt­ybz­ajh­vb­he­ñn­cz­gjx­nb­gjk­yj­cnmñ­bp­dj­ty­ysö.­Yj­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­ckeéå­ås­kj­vté­dt-ljv­cn­dty­ysv­jh­uf­yjv­cj­pyf­xb­ntkm­ysv­uhfé­lfy­crbv­rjv­gj­yty­njv.­Ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­dtcm­tuj­dj­ty­ysq­gth­cj­yfk­cj­cnjzk­bp­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­obö-chjx­yb­rjd­–­ghb­pdfy­ysö­yf­ckeé­åe­dj­dht­vz­djq­ys­uhfé­lfy­crbö­cgt­wbf­kbc­njd­hfp-yj­uj­ghj­ab­kz,­e­rj­nj­hsö­ås­kb­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rb­dfé­yst­ghj­atc­cbb­13.­Cb­ks­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­uj­yf­pyf­xt­ybz­dt­len­cdjñ­bc­nj­hbñ­jn­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­ckeéå;­jl­yf­rj­ct­ujl­yzi­ybt­cb­ks­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­uj­yf­pyf­xt­ybz­–­änj­ep­rj-c­gt­wbf­kb­pb­hj­dfy­yst­äkbn­yst­djq­crf,­cgj­cjå­yst­ghj­dj-lbnm­7­db­ljd­vbc­cbq­14.­F­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­ckeéå­ås­kj­cvt­ify­yjq­uhfé­lfy­crj-dj­ty­yjq­jh­uf­yb­pf-wb­tq,­rj­nj­hfz­ds­gjk­yz­kf­nt­pf­lf­xb,­rj­nj­hst­lbr­nj­df­kf­jå­cnf­yjd­rf,­yf­rfg­kb­dfz­ghb­änjv­yt­jå­öj­lb­vsq­gj­nty­wb-fk­gj­vt­ht­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjc­nb.

Jght­ltkt­ybt­nj­uj,­rf­rbt­ckeé­ås­zd­kz­ñn­cz­yf­ct­ujl-yzi­ybq­ltym­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbv,­cnf­ytn­rkñ­xt­dsv­if­ujv­d­cj­plf­ybb­ghb­jhb­nt­njd­ghb­htf­kb­pf­wbb­vté­dt­ljv­cn­dty-ysö­vth.­Chtl­cn­df­lkz­åjhm­ås­cj­cnb­öbq­yj­djp­yb­rfñ-ob­vb­eu­hj­pf­vb­drkñ­xf­ñn­d­ct­åz­gj­ke­xt­ybt­lfy­ysö­j­cj­cnjz­ybb­rekm­ne­hs,­än­yju­hf­ab­xtc­rbq­fyf­kbp,­bpe­xt­ybt­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­cbc­ntv,­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yst­jgt­hf­wbb­(cv.­yb­ét),­uheg­gs­hfy­yt­uj­htf­ub­hj­df­ybz­bkb­ue­vf­yb­nfh­yst­b­eg­hfd­kzñ­obt­rj­vfy­ls­gj­htf­ub­hj­df­ybñ­yf­jcj­åj­jgfc-yst­eu­hj­ps,­uheg­gs­gt­ht­uj­djh­ob­rjd­b­gj­chtl­yb­rjd,­åbj-vtn­hb­xtc­rbt­chtl­cn­df­b­wt­ksq­hzl­lhe­ubö­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rb­dfé­ysö­chtl­cnd.­pyf­xb­vjcnm­rfé­lj­uj­bp­änbö­chtl­cnd­cj­dht­vt­ytv­vt­yz­tn­cz­–­yt­rj­nj­hst­chtl­cn­df,­rj­nj­hst­zd­kz­ñn­cz­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rb­dfé­ys­vb­ctq­xfc,­d­åe­le­otv­gt-ht­cnf­yen­åsnm­nf­rj­ds­vb,­ghb­änjv­gj­zdzn­cz­yj­dst­chtl-cn­df.­Ukfd­ysv­zd­kz­tn­cz­cj­plf­ybt­vté­dt­ljv­cn­dty­yj­uj­gj­nty­wbf­kf­åsc­nhj­uj­ghb­jå­ht­nt­ybz­b­ghb­vt­yt­ybz­yj­dsö­ntö­yj­kj­ubq­d­jå­cnf­yjd­rt,­rj­nj­hfz­åsc­nhj­vt­yz­tn­cz.

5. Hfp hf åjn rf cnhf nt ub xtc rj uj gj nty wbf kf lkz dt lt ybz by ajh vf wb jy yjq djq ys

D­wt­kzö­vf­yb­ge­kz­wbb­vtcn­yjq­b­pf­he­åté­yjq­felb-nj­hb­tq­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­dtcm­vf­bpjo­hty­yj­ärcgkef­nb­he­tn­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­yst­hfp­hjp­yty­yst­ltqcn­dbz­jn­ltkm­ysö­kñ­ltq­b­uhegg,­bc­gjkm­pez­bö­d­cdj­bö­ghj­gf­ufy­lbcn­crbö­vf­nt­hbf­kfö.­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­bvt­tn­ctnm­cåj­hf­by­ajh­vf­wbb­j­lt­åf­nfö­yf­pf­gf­lt­b­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­tn­tt­dvtc­nt­c­jwty-rjq­äa­atr­nbd­yjc­nb­cdj­tq­ghj­gf­ufy­ls­cdj­bv­kb­lt­hfv.­Jyb­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­ab­pb­xtc­rbt­jgt­hf­wbb­(dphs­ds­åjvå,­gj­dcnfy­xtc­rfz­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm,­rfp­yb)­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­dcgj-

vj­uf­ntkm­ysö­vf­nt­hbf­kjd­lkz­rjv­gktr­cyjq­rfv­gf­ybb­≤djj­he­éty­yjq­ghj­gf­ufy­ls≥.­≤By­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yfz≥­cnj­hj­yf­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­zd­kz­tn­cz­jc­yjd­yjq;­ab­pb­xtc-rbt­jgt­hf­wbb­–­änj­ghj­cnj­bycnhe­vtyn­lkz­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­ghj­gf­ufy­lbcn­crj­uj­ht­pekm­nf­nf.­≤Nf­kb­åfy≥,­≤Cf­kf­abn-crfz­uheg­gf­ghj­gj­dt­lb­b­léb­öf­lf≥­(ctq­xfc­änj­gjl­hfp­lt-kt­ybt­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­d­ve­cekm­vfy­crbö­cnhf­yfö­Vfu­hb­åf)­b­yt­rj­nj­hst­lhe­ubt­uheg­gs,­cdz­pfy­yst­c­≤Fkm-Rfb­ljq≥,­f­nfr­ét­≤Ötp­åjk­kf≥,­ghb­vt­yz­ñn­fyf­kj­ubx­yst­vt­nj­ls.

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Yj­dst­eu­hj­ps,­rj­nj­hst­dj­vyj­ubö­jn­yj­it­yb­zö­jåtc-wt­yb­df­ñn­yf­it­pyf­ybt,­jc­yj­dfy­yjt­yf­ghji­kjv­jgs­nt,­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­deñn­j­njv,­vs­yf­öj­lbv­cz­d­yf­xf­kt­yj­djq­ägj­öb­rjy­akbr­njd.­B­ctq­xfc­vs­lj­kéys­d­gth­deñ­jxt-htlm­bc­rfnm­ghby­wb­gb­fkm­yj­yj­dst­bltb­lkz­gj­yb­vf­ybz­b­jn­hf­ét­ybz­änbö­eu­hjp.­Änj­cf­vsq­ct­hmtp­ysq­ds­pjd,­rj­nj­hsq­yfv­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­jn­dhf­nbnm.­3

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Cyjc rb b ghb vt xf ybz

1.­Cv.­Rupe­rt­Smith,­The Uti lity of Fo rce: The Art of War in the Modern World­(New­York:­Alf­red­A.­Knopf,­2007),­es­pecially­pp.­3–28­and­269–335.

2.­Cv.­Gerald­K.­Haines­and­Robe­rt­E.­Leg­gett,­Watching the Bear: Essa ys on CIA’s Analys is of the So viet Union­(Washi­ngton,­D.C.:­Ce­ntral­­Int­elligen­ce­Agency,­Ce­nt­er­for­the­Study­of­Int­elligen­ce,­2003),­jcj­åty­yj­ukf­ds­ªÈ­b­ªÈÈ.

3.­Cv.­Kevin­M.­Woods­et.­al,­Iraqi Pe rs pe cti ves Proje ct: A View of Oper ation Iraqi Fre edom from Saddam’s Senior Lea de rship­(Jo­int­Fo­rces­Command,­Jo­int­Ce­nt­er­for­Oper­ational­Analys­is),­p.­92.

4.­Int­elligen­ce­and­Security­Committee,­Rep ort Into the London Terrorist At ta cks on 7 July 2005­(London:­The­St­ati­onery­Of­fi­ce,­May­2006),­p.­12.

5.­Cv.­David­Kilcullen,­“Count­ering­Global­Insu­rgency,”­Small Wars Journal­(November­2004)­b­lj­cneg­yj­gj­fl­ht­ce­ht tp://www.smallwars-journal.com/docume nts/kilcullen.pdf­;­Williamson­Murray­(ed.),­Str at egic Challen ges for Count er insu rgency and the Global War on Terrorism­(Carlis­le,­PA:­Str­at­egic­Stu­dies­Inst­it­ute,­2006);­and­Br­uce­Hoffman,­“From­War­on­Terror­to­Global­Count­er­insu­rgency,”­Curre nt His tory (De­cember­2006):­pp.­423–429.

6.­Professor­Michael­Vlahos,­Jo­hns­Hopkins­Unive­rs­ity­Applied­Physi­cs­Labo­ratory,­kbx­yjt­cj­jå­ot­ybt,­lt­rfåhm­2006­uj­lf.

7.­z­ghb­pyf­nt­kty­Cnb­de­Bv­ce­pf­äne­rjy­wtg­ne­fkm­yeñ­ajh­ve­kb-hjd­re.

8.­Yf­jc­yj­dt­lfy­ysö­Vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­by­cnb­ne­nf­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq,­Military Balance­2007,­pp.­15–50.

9.­Lfy­yst­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nf­CIF­b­Futyn­cn­df­CIF­gj­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­ve­hfp­db­nbñ,­Congressional Bu dget Just ifi cation 2007,­tab­le­9.

10.­Njkm­rj­d­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­crfö­CIF­hf­åj­nf­ñn­åj­ktt­5­nsc.­jh­rtc­nhj­dsö­ve­ps­rfy­njd,­cj­ukfc­yj­jåüzd­kt­yb­zv­j­ghb­ukf­it­ybb­yf­­hf­åj­ne­(vfhn­2007­u.);­cv.­ht tp://ba nds.army.mil/j obs/de fa ult.asp.

11.­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­dj­jåj­hj­ys,­Quadrennial Defe nse Rev iew Rep ort (2­February­2006):­pp.­83–91.

12.­Cv.­Max­Bo­ot,­Congressional­Testimony­Befo­re­the­House­Armed­Services­Committee,­29­Ju­ne­2006,­gj­fl­ht­ce­ht tp://www.globa ls ecurity.org/military/library/congress/2006_hr/060629-bo ot.pdf.

13.­Cv.­Wty­nhfkm­yjt­hfp­dt­ls­df­ntkm­yjt­eg­hfd­kt­ybt,­The Of fi ce of Str at egic Services: America’s Fi rst Int elligen ce Agency­gj­fl­ht­ce­htt ps://www.cia.gov/cia/publi cati ons/oss/index.htm.

14.­Ctvm­cnfy­lfh­nysö­vbc­cbq­Cbk­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­uj­yf­pyf­xt­ybz­­drkñ­xf­ñn­d­ct­åz­ghz­vjt­ltqcn­dbt,­cgt­wb­fkm­yeñ­hfp­dtl­re,­yt­nhf­lb­wb­jy-yst­jgt­hf­wbb,­dyen­hty­yññ­jåj­hj­ye­byj­cnhfy­ysö­uj­ce­lfh­cnd,­åjhm­åe­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­jgt­hf­wbb­b­cdzpm­c­yf­ct­kt­yb­tv.

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Hf­åj­nfz­c­cj­ñp­yb­rf­vb­b­gfh­nyt­hf­vb­gj­dct­ve­vb­he,­åkf­uj­lf­hz­rj­jh­lb­yf­wbb­b­jå­vt­ye­by­ajh­vf­wb­tq,­vs­cj­plf­kb­vyj­uj­nhel­yjc­ntq­lkz­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­pf­cnf­dbd­bö­kb­lt­hjd­gj­cnj­zy­yj­gt­ht­tp­éfnm­c­vtc­nf­yf­vtc­nj­bkb­crhs­dfnm­cz,­xnj­cj­rhf­of­tn­bö­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­gj­gkf­yb-hj­df­ybñ­bkb­ghj­dt­lt­ybñ­nt­hfr­njd.­Rfyf­lf,­Fd­cnhf­kbz,­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybz,­Cfe­ljd­crfz­Fhf­dbz,­Neh­wbz,­Gf­rbc­nfy,­Fa­uf­ybc­nfy­b­vyj­ubt­lhe­ubt­gfh­nyt­hs­csu­hf­kb­rkñ­xt-deñ­hjkm­d­änjv­ec­gt­öt,­gj­yb­vfz,­xnj­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysq­nth­hj­hbpv­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­eu­hj­pe­lkz­dct­uj­vté­le-yfhjl­yj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df.

D­hfv­rfö­Ht­ubj­yfkm­yjq­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rjq­byb­wbf­nb-ds­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysq­lt­gfh­nf­vtyn­hf­åj­nf­tn­c­gj­ckf­vb­b­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kz­vb­hfp­kbx­ysö­dt­ljv­cnd­d­jc­yjd­ysö­njx­rfö­ltqcn­dbz­nth­hj­hbc­njd­lkz­jwty­rb­eu­hj­ps­b­hfp-hf­åjn­rb­cnhf­nt­ubq­cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­df,­gkf­yjd­ltqcn­dbq­b­ht­rj­vty­lf­wbq­lkz­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­ntö­bkb­bysö­vth.­Vs­lj­åb­kbcm­ghj­uhtc­cf­d­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­ht­ubj­yfkm­ysö­jn­dtn-ysö­vth­yf­ltqcn­dbz­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­rj­nj­hst­ltqcn­de­ñn­

yf­yt­eg­hfd­kzt­vsö­nth­hb­nj­hb­zö­bkb­gt­ht­ct­rf­ñn­yf­wbj-yfkm­yst­uhf­yb­ws.­Änf­byb­wbf­nb­df­ghb­dt­kf­r­gj­ds­it­ybñ­ehjd­yz­dyen­hbg­hf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­yjq­rj­jh­lb­yf­wbb­vté­le­dt­ljv­cn­df­vb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­dpf­bvj-ltqcn­dbz­c­ht­ubj­yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­nyt­hf­vb­b­bö­dpf­bvj­ltqcn-dbz­vté­le­cj­åjq,­f­nfr­ét­ekex­ib­kf­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rjt­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybt­b­cbc­nt­ve­ghb­jhb­nt­njd,­rj­nj­hfz­gj­pdj­kz-tn­yfv­bc­gjkm­pj­dfnm­dct­bycnhe­vty­ns­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­dkfc­nb­lkz­htf­kb­pf­wbb­ljk­uj­chjx­ysö­vth­b­vfh­ub­yf­kb-pf­wbb­nth­hj­hbc­njd.

Öf­hfr­nth­ghj­åktv­yt­vt­yz­tn­cz

Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­jxt­dbl­ysq­ghj­uhtcc,­jc­yjd­yst­ghj­åkt-vs­jc­nf­ñn­cz­nt­vb­ét.­Yt­crjkm­rj­uj­ce­lfh­cnd­ghj­ljk-éf­ñn­cgjy­cb­hj­dfnm­nth­hj­hbpv.­Bhfy­jc­nf­tn­cz­cf­vsv­rheg­ysv­uj­ce­lfh­cn­djv-cgjy­cj­hjv­nth­hj­hbp­vf­b­ghj­ljk-éf­tn­eu­hj­éfnm­cdj­bv­cj­ct­lzv­b­ltc­nf­åb­kb­pb­he­tn­cb­nef-wbñ­d­Bhf­rt,­gj­cnfd­kzz­jhe­ébt,­ghj­dj­lz­bycnher­nfé­b­jce­ot­cn­dkzz­ab­yfy­cb­hj­df­ybt­bhfr­crbö­gj­dcnfy­wtd-ibb-njd.­Cb­hbz,­rfr­yf­ghz­veñ,­nfr­b­dvtc­nt­c­≤Ötp­åjk­kjq≥,­gs­nf­tn­cz­gj­ljhdfnm­dkfcnm­bp­åhfy­yj­uj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­Kb­df­yf­b­ght­gzn­cn­detn­ghj­wtc­ce­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wbb­yf­Åkbé­ytv­Dj­cnj­rt.­Cb­hbz­nfr­ét­gjl­lth­éb­df­tn­yt­rj-nj­hsö­bhfr­crbö­åff­cbc­njd­b­gj­dcnfy­wtd­b­ghj­ljk­éf­tn­gj­pdj­kznm­byj­cnhfy­ysv­gj­dcnfy­wfv­b­nth­hj­hbc­nfv­gt­ht-öj­lbnm­xt­htp­cdjñ­uhf­yb­we­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbñ­Bhf­rf.

Vté­le­yfhjl­yjt­dvt­if­ntkm­cn­dj­d­Bhf­rt­ghb­ytc­kj­joe­nb­vst­ds­uj­ls.­Jyj­ecnhf­yb­kj­yt­yjh­vfkm­ysq­nj­nf-kb­nfh­ysq­ht­ébv,­rj­nj­hsq­d­nt­xt­ybt­ljk­uj­uj­dht­vt­yb­cgjy­cb­hj­dfk­b­gjl­lth­éb­dfk­ht­ubj­yfkm­ysq­nth­hj­hbpv,­b­jåtc­gt­xb­kj­yf­xf­kj­yj­dj­uj­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rj­uj­gj­kb­nb­xtc-rj­uj­ghj­wtc­cf.­Jl­yf­rj­jyj­ås­kj­bc­gjkm­pj­df­yj­nth­hj­hbc-nf­vb­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­gj­dj­lf­r­ghb­ps­de­r­hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbb­b­ärcnht­vbcn­crjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb,­xnj­ecb­kb­kj­yt­cnf­åbkm-yjcnm­d­cj­ctl­ybö­cnhf­yfö.

Fa­uf­ybc­nf­ye­ghj­ljk­éf­ñn­eu­hj­éfnm­gj­dcnfy­ws­bp­ldb­ét­ybz­≤Nf­kb­åfy≥­b­ht­kb­ub­jp­yst­ärcnht­vbc­ns­–­yt­rj-nj­hst­bp­ybö­cdz­pf­ys­c­≤Fkm-Rfb­ljq≥­b­cgjy­cj­hf­vb­pf­ght­ltkf­vb­cnhf­ys.­D­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yt­jå­ot­cn­dty­yfz­gjl-lth­érf­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­jc­nf­tn­cz­ds­cj­rjq,­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­

Cnhf nt ub xtc rfz jwty rf ghj uhtc cf d åjhm åt c nth hj hbc nb xtc rjq eu hj pjq

eg­hfd­kt­ybt­rj­jh­lb­yf­nj­hf­gj­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­­

Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysq­lt­gfh­nf­vtyn­CIF

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

by­cnb­ne­ns­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­ghjx­ytt,­f­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­fa­ufy­wtd­cxb­nf­ñn,­xnj­gj­chfd­yt­ybñ­c­gt­hbj­ljv­ghfd­kt­ybz­≤Nf­kb-åf­yf≥,­bö­ébpym­ekex­ib­kfcm.­Jl­yf­rj­lkz­gj­åt­ls­yfl­hfc-ne­otq­eu­hj­pjq­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­ve­cj­jå­ot­cn­de­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­ght­lj­cnf­dbnm­fa­ufy­wfv­jåt­ofy­yeñ­gj­vjom­b­hf­åj­nfnm­dvtc­nt­c­yb­vb,­cj­dth­ity­cn­dez­chtl­cn­df­åjhm­ås­c­gj­dcnfy-wf­vb,­jåtc­gt­xb­dfz­pf­rjy­yjt­b­äa­atr­nbd­yjt­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­b­ghj­ljk­éfz­åj­hjnm­cz­c­ghj­bp­djl­cn­djv­yfh­rjnb­rjd.

Bp­hf­bkmc­rj-gf­ktc­nby­crbq­rjy­akbrn­jc­nf­tn­cz­bc­njx-yb­rjv­vj­nb­df­wbb­nth­hj­hbc­njd.­Ghj­dt­lt­ybt­cdj­åjl­ysö­ds­åj­hjd­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­Gf­ktc­nb­ys­ås­kj­gj­pb­nbd­ysv­ghb­pyf­rjv­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wbb,­jl­yf­rj­gj­cktl­eñ­obq­jn-rfp­≤Ötp­åjk­ks≥­jn­htxm­cz­jn­nth­hj­hbp­vf­bkb­ghb­pyfnm­ghf­dj­Bp­hfb­kz­yf­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybt,­ghb­pyfy­yjt­vb­hj­dsv­cj­jå­ot­cn­djv,­cyb­pbk­pyf­xb­vjcnm­ds­åj­hjd.­Nth­hj­hbc-nb­xtc­rfz­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm,­bc­njx­yb­rjv­rj­nj­hjq­zd­kz­tn­cz­nth­hb­nj­hbz­Gf­ktc­nb­ys,­jc­nf­tn­cz­rkñ­xt­dsv­ltc­nf­åb­kb­pb-heñ­obv­afr­nj­hjv­b­ghb­xb­yjq­lkz­åtc­gj­rjq­cn­df.

Ktn­yzz­djq­yf­d­Kb­df­yt­vté­le­Bp­hfb­ktv­b­≤Ötp-åjk­kjq≥­cnf­kf­gth­dsv­ghb­vt­hjv­nj­uj,­rfr­gj­cnj­zy­yst­gj­gsn­rb­≤Ötp­åjk­ks≥­vf­yb­ge­kb­hj­dfnm­ghj­ljk­éfñ­ob­vb-cz­rjy­akbr­nf­vb­dljkm­bp­hf­bkmc­rj-kb­dfy­crjq­uhf­yb­ws­vj­uen­åsc­nhj­ght­dhf­nbnm­cz­d­jn­rhs­njt­dj­jhe­éty­yjt­cnjkr­yjdt­ybt.­Rjy­akbrn­ds­ye­lbk­vté­le­yfhjl­yjt­cj-jå­ot­cn­dj­tot­hfp­gj­nht­åj­dfnm­jn­≤Ötp­åjk­ks≥­gjk­yj­uj­

hf­pj­he­ét­ybz­(cj­ukfc­yj­ht­pj­kñ­wbb­1701­Cj­dt­nf­Åt­pj­gfc-yjc­nb­JJY)­b­cyj­df­gj­rf­pfk­cnhtv­kt­ybt­vté­le­yfhjl-yj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df­r­gjl­lth­ért­vb­hf,­cnf­åbkm­yjc­nb­b­ht-kb­ub­jp­yjq­nth­gb­vjc­nb­d­Kb­df­yt.­Lf­ét­d­änbö­ec­kj­db­zö­≤Ötp­åjk­kf≥­–­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz,­dyt­cty­yfz­d­cgb­cjr­nth­hj­hbc-nb­xtc­rbö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nf,­dvtc­nt­c­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­vb-cgjy­cj­hf­vb­nth­hj­hbp­vf­(Bhf-yjv­b­Cb­hb­tq)­ghj­ljk­éf­tn­vt­ifnm­hf­åj­nt­bp­åhfy­yj­uj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­Kb­df­yf­b­jc­nf­tn­cz­ct­hmtp­yjq­eu­hj­pjq­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­yf­Åkbé­ytv­Dj­cnj­rt.

≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­b­tt­gjl­hfp­lt­kt­ybz­eét­ghb­cgj­cj­åb-kbcm­r­nj­ve,­xnj­vs­cgj­cjå­ys­cj­rhf­nbnm­bö­gj­nty­wb­fk­d­ghj­dt­lt­ybb­jgt­hf­wbq,­b­åjkm­it­dyb­vf­ybz­b­ht­ceh­cjd­elt­kz­ñn­cdj­tq­ghj­gf­ufy­lt­b­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybñ­lt­pby­ajh-vf­wbb.­Jyb­ärcgkef­nb­he­ñn­b­by­nth­ght­nb­he­ñn­ltqcn­dbz­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­ysö­vtcn­ysö­gctd­lj­yt­pf­db­cb­vsö­fr­nb­dbc-njd­b­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­bö­lkz­vj­åb­kb­pf­wbb­cgjy­cj­hjd­b­cnj­hjy­yb­rjd,­pf­ge­ub­df­ybz­ghj­nbd­yb­rjd­b­djp­ltqcn­dbz­yf­vb­hj­djt­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjt­vyt­ybt.­Nth­hj­hbc­ns­cxb­nf-ñn­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yst­jgt­hf­wbb­xfc­nmñ­cdj­tq­hf­åj­ns.­Vté­le­yfhjl­yj­ve­cj­jå­ot­cn­de­tot­ghtl­cnj­bn­jh­uf­yb­pj-dfnm­crj­jh­lb­yb­hj­dfy­ysq­b­äa­atr­nbd­ysq­rjy­nhe­lfh­gj­ärcnht­vbcn­crjq­ghj­gf­ufy­lt.

D­wt­kjv­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­b­rjy­at­lt­hf­wbz­ghb­cjt­lb­ybd-ibö­cz­r­ytq­ldb­ét­ybq,­rj­nj­hst­ckf­åj­cdz­pf­ys­vté­le­

Hbc. 1Xbc kj nt hfr njd b éthnd gj ht ubj yfv \ chfd yb ntkm yfz nfå kb wf

Änjn­jn­xtn­jc­yj­dfy­yf­lfy­ysö­bp­jn­rhs­nsö­bc­njx­yb­rjd.­D­ytv­bc­gjkm­pe­tn­cz­ghb­yz­njt­d­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­cn­dt­CIF­jght­ltkt­ybt­nth­hj­hbp­vf­rfr­≤ghtl­yf­vt­hty­yj­uj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­vj­nb­db­hj­dfy­yj­uj­yf­cb­kbz­d­jn­yj­it­ybb­yt­dj­ty­ysö­wt­ktq,­cj­dth­ity­yj­uj­ceå­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­uheg­gf­vb­bkb­nfq­ys­vb­futy­nf­vb≥.

Bc­njx­ybr:­National­Counte­rt­errorism­Ce­nt­er­Rep­ort­on­Terrorist­Incide­nts­–­2006

Hf­yt­yst

pf­kjé­yb­rbeåb­nst

Nt­hfr­ns

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ht­ub­jy

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ñé­yfz­Fpbz

pf­gfl­yjt­gj­ke­if­hbt

1,64

3

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

cj­åjq,­jc­nf­tn­cz­cf­vjq­zd­yjq­eu­hj­pjq­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­åt­pj-gfc­yjc­nb­CIF­b­ct­hmtp­yjq­ghj­åkt­vjq­lkz­vté­le­yfhjl-yj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df.

Jc­yjd­yst­nty­lty­wbb­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥

Jn­ltkm­yst­nt­hfr­ns,­nf­rbt­rfr­dphsd­åjv­ås­d­vt-xt­nb­Fc­rf­hbz­d­Cf­vfh­ht­(Bhfr)­22­atd­hf­kz­2006­uj­lf,­rj­nj­hsq­cghj­dj­wb­hj­dfk­ib­hj­rjt­yf­cb­kbt­yf­ht­kb­ub­jp-yjq­gj­xdt­b­bp­vt­ybk­öf­hfr­nth­djq­ys­d­Bhf­rt,­vj­uen­cnfnm­yf­xf­kjv­tot­åj­ktt­vfc­infå­yj­uj­rjy­akbr­nf­bkb­jå­hfp­wjv­lkz­fyf­kj­ubx­ysö­fnfr.­Gj­crjkm­re­nth­hj­hbpv­gj­cdj­tq­ghb­hj­lt­zd­kz­tn­cz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbv,­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­pyf­xb­vjcnm­rheg­ytq­ibö­cj­ås­nbq­rhfq­yt­dfé­yf­lkz­jght-ltkt­ybz­fltr­dfn­ysö­jn­dtn­ysö­ltqcn­dbq.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­nty­lty­wbb,­jgb­cfy­yst­d­lfy­yjv­hfp­lt­kt,­ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­cj­åjq­by­nth­ght­nf­wbñ­cnf­nbc­nb­xtc­rbö­lfy­ysö.

Ghj­gf­ufy­lf­rfr­jhe­ébt­nth­hj­hbp­vf

Rfr­jn­vt­xt­yj­d­lj­rkf­lfö­gj­cnhf­yfv­pf­2005­ujl,­ec­gtö­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df­d­eybx­nj­ét­ybb­kb­lt-hjd­nth­hj­hbc­njd­b­cj­rhf­ot­ybb­gj­nty­wbf­kf­d­ghj­dt­lt­ybb­bvb­jgt­hf­wbq­pf­cnf­dbk­≤Fkm-Rfb­le≥­elt­kbnm­åjkm­it­dyb­vf­ybz­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybñ­lt­pby­ajh­vf­wbb­b­fy­nb­pf­gfl-yjq­ghj­gf­ufy­lt.­Änf­nty­lty­wbz­ecb­kb­kfcm­d­änjv­uj­le,­rju­lf­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­wb­ybx­yj­ärcgkef­nb­hj­df­kf­yt­ljdjkm­cn­dj­vtcn­ysö­uhegg­b­gs­nf­kfcm­ghtl­cnf­dbnm­ct­åz­d­rf-xt­cn­dt­fdfy­ufh­lf­dct­vbh­yj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz.­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­dct­tot­jå­kf­lf­tn­gj­nty-wbf­kjv­cj­dth­ifnm­jgt­hf­wbb­b­ét­kf­ybt­ecnhf­bdfnm­dtp­lt­rheg­yst­b­≤äa­atr­n-yst≥­nt­hfr­ns,­d­njv­xbc­kt­d­CIF­b­d­lhe­ubö­hfp­db­nsö­cnhf­yfö­pf­gf­lf.­Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­ghb­änjv­rkñ­xt­dsv­äkt­vty-njv­ys­yti­yt­uj­gjl­öj­lf­≤Fkm-Rfb­ls≥­zd­kz­tn­cz­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybt­ghj­gf­ufy­ls­rfr­jhe­ébz­–­cj­xt­nf­ybt­nt­hfr­njd,­gj­dcnfy­xtc-rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb,­rf­yf­kjd­CVB,­chtl­cnd­by­nth­yt­nf­b­bc­rf­éty­ysö­afr­njd­c­wt­kmñ­jc­kfå­kt­ybz­lj­dt­hbz­b­tlby­cn­df­cht­lb­yf­ct­kt­ybz­cnhfy­pf­gf­lf­b­cj­plf­ybz­kjé-yjq­rfh­nb­ys­vjo­yj­uj­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz.

Nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbq­≤rjy­dt­qth≥

Hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbz­bv­vbu­hfyn­crj­uj­yf­ct-kt­ybz,­vj­kj­lt­éb­b­vfh­ub­yfkm­ysö­vtym-iby­cnd­d­td­hj­gt,­yf­Åkbé­ytv­Dj­cnj­rt­b­d­Fa­hb­rt­ghj­ljk­éf­tn­cz.­Jl­yf­rj­cnf­yj-

dbn­cz­dct­zc­ytt,­xnj­nf­rfz­hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbz­cj­dctv­yt­cke-xfq­yf­b­yt­ds­pdf­yf­dyen­hty­ytq­crkjy­yjc­nmñ­r­ärcnht-vbp­ve.­Ghb­änjv­gj­zd­kz­tn­cz­dct­åjkm­it­cdb­lt­ntkm­cnd­nj­uj,­xnj­nth­hj­hbc­ns­b­ärcnht­vbc­ns­vf­yb­ge­kb­he­ñn­yt­ljdjkm­cn­djv­cht­lb­vfh­ub­yfkm­yjq­vj­kj­lt­éb­bkb­bv-vbu­hfyn­crj­uj­yf­ct­kt­ybz­b­pf­ntv­wb­ybx­yj­ärcgkef­nb­he-ñn­änj­yt­ljdjkm­cn­dj­lkz­cdth­ét­ybz­pf­rjy­ysö­dkfc­ntq­b­gjl­cnht­rf­ntkm­cn­df­r­åtc­gj­hzl­rfv.

Nth­hj­hbc­ns­gs­nf­ñn­cz­vf­yb­ge­kb­hj­dfnm­yt­ljdjkm­cn-djv­lkz­hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbb­lhe­ubö­ckj­td­yf­ct­kt­ybz,­njk­rfz­bö­dct­lfkm­it­b­lfkm­it­gj­ge­nb­yt­pf­rjy­yjq­ltz­ntkm-yjc­nb.­Kex­itq­bk­kñ­cnhf­wb­tq­änj­uj­ghj­wtc­cf­zd­kz­tn­cz­≤rjy­dt­qth≥­bp­uj­njd­kt­ybz­nth­hj­hbc­nf­–­ghj­wtcc,­rj­nj­hsq­yf­xb­yf­tn­cz­c­gj­gs­njr­nth­hj­hbc­njd­crkj­ybnm­vfh­ub­yfkm-yst­bkb­eyb­éty­yst­ckjb­yf­ct­kt­ybz­r­ärcnht­vbcn­crbv­djp­pht­yb­zv­b­gj­cnt­gty­yj­ght­dhf­nbnm­bö­cyf­xf­kf­d­cj­xed-cn­deñ­obö,­gj­njv­d­cnj­hjy­yb­rjd­b,­yf­rj­ytw,­d­xkt­yjd­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­ct­ntq.­D­yt­rj­nj­hsö­cnhf­yfö­≤Fkm-Rfb-lf≥­b­lhe­ubt­nth­hj­hbc­ns­gs­nf­ñn­cz­ärcgkef­nb­hj­dfnm­gj-dcnfy­xtc­rjt­ldb­ét­ybt­b­vtcn­yst­rjy­akbr­ns­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­chtl­cnd­hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbb­b­dth­åjd­rb,­fr­nbd­yj­bc­gjkm­pez­by­nth­ytn­lkz­gt­ht­lf­xb­cdj­bö­ghb­ps­djd­b­cj­jå­ot­ybq.­Ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dbt­nf­rjq­ghfr­nb­rt­nht­åe­tn­jn­yfc­jå­hf-ot­ybz­c­bv­vbu­hfy­nf­vb­b­vj­kj­lsv­yf­ct­kt­yb­tv­yt­rfr­c­bc­njx­yb­rf­vb­eu­hj­ps,­jn­rj­nj­hjq­yt­jå­öj­lb­vf­pf­ob­nf,­

Hbc. 2

Ukfd yst vt nj ls, bc gjkm pet vst d nt hfr nfö

Dphs­ds­åjvå­­–­27fi

Gj­öb­ot­ybt­kñ­ltq­–­11fi

Gjl­éj­ub,­d­njv­xbc­kt­c­­gj­vj­omñ­åjvå­–­4fi

Yf­gf­lt­ybz­–­3fi

Nt­hfr­ns­c­exfc­nb­tv­­cvth­nyb­rjd­–­2fi

Åfh­hb­rf­ls/pf­kjé­yb­rb­­–­1fi

Lhe­ujt/yt­bp­dtcn­yj­­–­3fi

Dj­jhe­éty­yst­ltqcn­dbz­–­49fi

14352­nt­hfr­njd­d­2006­uj­leGhb­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybb­hfp­kbx­ysö­vt­nj­ljd­byju­lf­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­ldjq­yjq­gjl­cxtn.

Bc­njx­ybr:­National­Counte­rt­errorism­Ce­nt­er­Rep­ort­on­Terrorist­Incide­nts­–­2006.

��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

f­rfr­c­nt­vb,­rj­uj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­pf­ob­ofnm­jn­dhf­uf.­Lkz­änj­uj­nfr­ét­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj,­xnj­ås­vtcn­yst­kb­lt­hs­dpz­kb­yf­ct­åz­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjcnm­pf­ltqcn­dbz­xkt­yjd­cdj­bö­jå-oby­b­ghj­nb­djc­njz­kb­ärcnht­vbcn­crjq­ghj­gf­ufy­lt.

Yj­dsq­nbg­dhf­uf

Afr­nb­xtc­rb­yf­åkñ­lft­vst­zd­kt­ybz,­jn­vt­xty­yst­ds­it,­jn­hf­éf­ñn­åj­ktt­uke­åj­reñ­nty­lty­wbñ­–­nhfyc-ajh­vf­wbñ­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­nth­hj­hbp­vf.­Jyj­cj­cnjbn­d­njv,­xnj­nth­hj­hbpv­gt­ht­öj­lbn­jn­nhf­lb­wb­jy­ysö­ajhv­fr­nbd­yjc­nb,­rj­nj­hst­Rjy­uhtcc­yf­vt­ht­dfk­cz­jc­dt­ofnm­d­tétujl­yjq­ct­hbb­≤ljr­kf­ljd­gj­cnhf­yf­v≥,­r­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rbv­b­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­ysv­nhfyc­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­yt­uj­ce-lfh­cn­dty­ysv­dj­ty­ysv­ltqcn­db­zv.­D­cdj­tq­cj­dj­reg­yjc­nb­änb­ltqcn­dbz­d­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­yf­gj­vb­yf­ñn­yt­rj­nj­heñ­ajh­ve­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­gj­dcnfy­xtc­rj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz.­Nf-rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­vs­dcne­gb­kb­d­yj­deñ­ägj­öe­rjy­akbr­njd,­rj­nj­hfz­vj­étn­gj­nht­åj­dfnm­ghby­wb­gb­fkm­yj­yj­dsö­gf­hf-lbuv­b­yj­dsö­jn­dtn­ysö­ltqcn­dbq.

≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­b­tt­ukfd­yfz­uheg­gf­ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­cj­åjq­vté­le­yf­hjl­yeñ­ctnm,­rj­nj­hfz­cnht­vbn­cz­jåüt­lb-ybnm­b­bc­gjkm­pj­dfnm­ltqcn­dbz­hfp­hjp­yty­ysö­gj­ke­yt­pf­db-cb­vsö­fr­nb­dbc­njd.­Jyf­nfr­ét­jn­rhs­nj­ghj­djp­ukf­if­tn­ct­åz­nhfyc­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­gfh­nb­pfy­crbv­ldb­ét­yb­tv­b­ghb­vt­yz­tn­rkfc­cb­xtc­rbt­cnhf­nt­ubb­gj­dcnfy­xtc­rj­uj­ldb-ét­ybz­yf­vté­le­yfhjl­yjv­ehjd­yt.­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­bc­gjkm-pe­tn­yt­njkm­rj­chtl­cn­df­nth­hj­hbp­vf,­yj­b­ghb­åt­uf­tn­r­gjl­hsd­yjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb,­jh­uf­yb­pe­tn­ghj­gf­ufy­lbcn­crbt­rfv­gf­ybb­b­bltn­yf­jn­rhs­nst­dj­ty­yst­cnjkr­yjdt­ybz.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­jyf­gs­nf­tn­cz­pf­dkf­ltnm­jhe­éb­tv­vfc­cj-dj­uj­gj­hf­ét­ybz­lkz­ghb­xb­yt­ybz­vfr­cb­vfkm­yj­uj­dht­lf­cdj­bv­ghj­nbd­yb­rfv.­Jyf­nfr­ét­fgtk­kb­he­tn­r­åj­ktt­ib-hj­rj­ve­rhe­ue­–­c­yt­jght­ltkty­ys­vb­uhf­yb­wf­vb­–­ht­ubj-yfkm­ysö,­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­b­vtcn­ysö­fr­nb­dbc­njd,­rj­nj­hst­hfp­lt­kz­ñn­yt­rj­nj­hst­bp­tt­wt­ktq,­yj­ghb­änjv­ght­ckt-le­ñn­b­cdjb­cj­åcn­dty­yst.­Yf­rj­ytw,­≤Fkm-Rfb­lf≥­bc­gjkm-pe­tn­ctnm­vtcn­ysö­b­ghb­uhf­ybx­ysö­åt­pj­gfc­ysö­eåt­ébo,­rj­nj­hst­eg­hj­of­ñn­bö­ltqcn­dbz­b­pf­nhel­yz­ñn­ghb­yz­nbt­jn­dtn­ysö­vth­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­djv.

Yt­lj­gec­nbnm­rjy­cj­kb­lf­wbb­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­hfp­hjp­yty­ysö­uhegg­nth­hj­hbc­njd

Gj­vt­ht­nj­uj,­rfr­≤Fkm-Rfb­lt≥­elfcn­cz­rjy­cj­kb­lb-hj­dfnm­änb­hfp­hjp­yty­yst­uheg­gs­ärcnht­vbc­njd,­jyf­vj-étn­edt­kb­xbnm­xbc­kj­b­hfc­ib­hbnm­ut­ju­hf­abñ­nt­hfr­njd.­Gj­änj­ve­vs­lj­kéys­ltqcn­dj­dfnm,­xnj­ås­yt­lj­gec­nbnm­gj­ljåyjq­rjy­cj­kb­lf­wbb,­eu­keå­kzz­vté­le­yfhjl­yjt­cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­dj,­åj­hzcm­c­gjl­hsd­yjq­b­gj­dcnfy­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nmñ­b­cj­dth­ity­cn­dez­nhf­lb­wb­jy­yst­vt­hs­gj­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv.

ecb­kbz,­ghj­nb­djc­njz­obt­rjy­cj­kb­lf­wbb,­gj­vt­if­ñn­ärcgkef­nf­wbb­yt­ljdjkm­cn­df­ghj­cnsö­kñ­ltq­b­vf­yb­ge-kb­hj­df­ybñ­bvb­d­wt­kzö­ghb­dkt­xt­ybz­bö­d­hz­ls­nth­hj-hbc­njd.­Änb­ecb­kbz­gj­vj­uen­kñ­lzv,­cj­pyf­ybt­rj­nj­hsö­njkm­rj­yf­xf­kj­hf­lb­rf­kb­pb­hj­dfnm­cz,­eq­nb­c­änj­uj­ge­nb;­jyb­nfr­ét­gj­vj­uen­cj­wb­fkm­yj­jn­xeé­lty­ysv­ckj­zv­yf-ct­kt­ybz­ds­hf­éfnm­cdjb­pf­rjy­yst­ght­nty­pbb­b­yt­ljdjkm-cn­dj,­yt­jå­hf­of­zcm­r­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbv­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­zv.­Yf­rj­ytw,­änb­ecb­kbz­åe­len­ght­gzn­cn­dj­dfnm­lj­cnb­ét­ybñ­≤Fkm-Rfb­ljq≥­cdj­tq­ukfd­yjq­wt­kb­–­djp­ukf­dbnm­ärcnht-vbcn­crbt­ldb­ét­ybz­gj­dct­ve­vb­he­b­cgkj­nbnm­bö­d­tlb­yjt­ldb­ét­ybt.­Gj­ljåyst­ecb­kbz­yt­ecnhf­yzn­eu­hj­pe­gjk­yj­cnmñ,­yj­gj­pdj­kzn­cj­rhf­nbnm­tt,­gt­ht­yt­cz­tt­yf­vtcn­ysq­ehj­dtym,­ult­c­ytq­ktu­xt­åj­hjnm­cz­jn­ltkm­ysv­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dfv­b­rjk­ktr­nb­dfv­kñ­ltq.

Ct­nb­lj­dt­hbz

Nf­rjt­cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­dj­nht­åe­tn­cj­plf­ybz­ct­ntq­lj­dt-hbz­lkz­ds­ntc­yt­ybz­b­vfh­ub­yf­kb­pf­wbb­ärcnht­vbcn­crbö­ct­ntq.­Öj­nz­eåbq­cn­dj­b­pf­ödfn­ukfd­ysö­nth­hj­hbc­njd­zd­kz­ñn­cz­rhfq­yt­dfé­ys­vb­d­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv,­änb­vt­hs­vj­uen­bvtnm­yt­uf­nbd­yst­gj­cktl­cn­dbz.­Jyb­yt­ecnhf­yz­ñn­eu­hj­pe­b­ghb­yt­ghf­dbkm­yjv­bc­gjk­yt­ybb­vj­uen­jrf­pfnm­cz­dtcm­vf­rjynhghj­ler­nbd­ys­vb.­Vs­lj­kéys­cnht­vbnm­cz­r­cj­plf­ybñ­ct­ntq­lj­dt­hbz­vté­le­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­vb,­uhfé­lf­yf­vb,­vté­le­yf­hjl­ys­vb­jh­uf-yb­pf­wbz­vb­b­lt­kj­ds­vb­rhe­uf­vb­b­dvtc­nt­åj­hjnm­cz­c­eu­hj­pjq­ärcnht­vbp­vf,­ghb­vt­yzñ­ot­uj­yf­cb­kbt.

Nf­rbt­ct­nb­c­nt­xt­yb­tv­dht­vt­yb­gj­vj­uf­ñn­yf­ct­kt-ybñ,­rj­nj­hj­ve­eu­hj­éf­ñn­ue­åb­ntkm­yst­vf­yb­ge­kz­wbb­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­cj­plfnm­vt­öf­ybp­vs­lkz­ht­it­ybz­ghj­åktv­b­ecnhf­yt­ybz­gj­dj­ljd­lkz­yt­ljdjkm­cn­df­b,­ntv­cf­vsv,­vfh­ub­yf­kb­pb­hj­dfnm­nth­hj­hbc­njd.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­ghb­gjl-lth­ért­cj­cnj­hj­ys­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­vj­uen­csu­hfnm­cdjñ­hjkm­vj­kj­lté­yst­fc­cj­wbf­wbb,­ex­hté­lt­ybz­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz,­åbp­ytc,­uheg­gs,­ds­cne­gfñ­obt­d­pf­ob­ne­ghfd­éty­oby­b­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb,­pf­yb­vfñ­obt­cz­cj­wb­fkm­yj-ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbv­hfp­db­nb­tv­yf­vtc­nfö.

He­rj­dj­lb­nt­kb,­åt­pj­gfc­yst­­eåt­éb­of­b­ghb­xb­ys

Xnj­ås­jåtc­gt­xbnm­äa­atr­nbd­yjcnm­nf­rbö­vth,­yt­jå-öj­lb­vj­ytq­nhf­kb­pj­dfnm­nhb­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbö­rjv­gj­yty­nf­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­eu­hj­ps­–­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktq,­åt­pj­gfc­yst­eåt­éb­of­b­uke­åby­yst­ghb­xb­ys.­He­rj­dj­lb­nt­kb­ds­gjk­yz-ñn­vj­nb­df­wb­jy­yeñ,­vj­åb­kb­pf­wb­jy­yeñ­b­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­jy-yeñ­aeyr­wbñ­b­ds­cne­gf­ñn­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­cbv­dj­kb­xtc­rbö­kb­lt­hjd.­eåt­éb­of­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­rj­nj­hst­xfc­nj­yf­öj­lzn-cz­yf­yt­eg­hfd­kzt­vsö­bkb­gkj­öj­eg­hfd­kzt­vsö­nth­hb-nj­hb­zö,­zd­kz­ñn­cz­åt­pj­gfc­yjq­cht­ljq­lkz­jåe­xt­ybz­b­

�� eJournal uSaDyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

gkf­yb­hj­df­ybz,­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­ab­yfy­cj­djq­b­jgt­hf­wb­jy­yjq­gjl­lth­érb,­f­nfr­ét­cke­éfn­åf­pf­vb­lkz­gjl­uj­njd­rb­nt­hfr­njd.­Gj­ce­nb,­jyb­vj­uen­åsnm­ab­pb­xtc­rb­vb­bkb­dbh­ne­fkm­ys­vb.­Yf­rj­ytw,­uke­åby­yst­ghb­xb­ys­–­änj,­xnj­gb­nf­tn­nth­hj­hbpv,­båj­yt­ljdjkm­cn­dj­kñ­ltq­b­rjy­akbr-ns­ecb­kb­df­tn­ghj­wtc­cs­hf­lb­rf­kb­pf­wbb.

tc­kb­vté­le­yfhjl­yjt­gj­dcnfy­xtc­rjt­ldb­ét­ybt­cj-cnfd­kz­tn­cj­lth­éf­ybt­yj­djq­ähs­rjy­akbr­njd,­nj­jn­cñ­lf­ckt­le­tn,­xnj­vt­nj­ls­åjhm­ås­c­gj­dcnfy­wf­vb­zd­kz­ñn­cz­jc­yjd­ys­vb­d­åjhm­åt­c­yj­djq­ajh­vjq­nhfyc­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj-uj­nth­hj­hbp­vf.­Änb­vt­nj­ls­drkñ­xf­ñn­d­ct­åz,­ght-élt­dct­uj,­jcj­åjt­dyb­vf­ybt­r­pf­ob­nt­b­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­yf­ct­kt­ybz,­f­dj­-dnj­hsö­–­gj­kb­nb­xtc­reñ­b­ab­pb­xtc­reñ­vfh­ub­yf­kb­pf­wbñ­gj­dcnfy­wtd,­pf­djt­df­ybt­gjl­lth­érb­cj­cnj­hj­ys­yf­ct­kt­ybz,­rj­nj­hjt­yf­öj­lbn­cz­gjl­eu­hj­pjq,­b­cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­dj­c­ybv.­Lkz­änj­uj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­ghj­dj­lbnm­wt­kt­yfg­hfd­kty­yst­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­vt­hs,­djc­cnf­yj­db­ntkm-yst­hf­åj­ns­b­≤nj­xtx­yst≥­cgt­wb­fkm­yst­jgt­hf­wbb­yf­jc­yj­dt­lfy­ysö­hfp­dtl­rb.­Dct­änj­gj­pdj­kbn­ecnhf­ybnm­rhb­nb­xtc­rb­dfé­yst­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obt­gj­nty­wbf­kf­dhf­étc-rjq­cnj­hj­ys­c­vb­yb­vfkm­ysv­gj­åjx­ysv­eoth­åjv.

Cj­dvtcn­yfz­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­dctö­jh­uf­yjd­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­dkfc­nb

Dct­jh­uf­ys­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­dkfc­nb,­drkñ­xfz­lbg-kj­vf­nb­xtc­rbt,­dj­ty­yst­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­dt­ljv­cn­df,­f­nfr­ét­hfp­dtl­re,­lj­kéys­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­cj­dvtcn­yj,­f­bö­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­lj­kéyf­rj­jh­lb­yb­hj­dfnm­cz­yf­ghf­db­ntkm-cn­dty­yjv­ehjd­yt.­By­ntk­ktr­ne­fkm­yst­b­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc-rbt­fc­gtr­ns­eu­hj­ps­yt­vt­ytt­dfé­ys­tt­ab­pb­xtc­rj­uj­bp­vt­ht­ybz,­gj­änj­ve­vt­hs­gj­ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dbñ­lj­kéys­fltr­dfn­yj­rj­jh­lb­yb­hj­dfnm­cz­b­ab­yfy­cb­hj­dfnm­cz.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­dj­ty­yfz­cj­cnfd­kzñ­ofz­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­dkfc-nb­bu­hf­tn­d­änjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­kbim­hjkm­gjl­lth­érb­–­ukfd­ysv­aj­re­cjv­zd­kz­tn­cz­yt­dj­ty­yjt­djp­ltqcn­dbt.

Gj­crjkm­re­dhfu­–­änj­dyt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yfz­cnher-ne­hf,­bc­njx­yb­rjv­er­htg­kt­ybz­rj­nj­hjq­zd­kz­tn­cz­yt-ljdjkm­yjt­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­ecb­kbz­xfc­nyj­uj­ctr­nj­hf­yt­vt­ytt­dfé­ys,­xtv­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­yfz­ltz­ntkm­yjcnm.­Uhfé­lfy-crfz­lbg­kj­vf­nbz,­rekm­neh­yst­vt­hjg­hbz­nbz,­kbx­ysq­rjy­nfrn­c­kñlm­vb,­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjt­dpf­bvj­ltqcn­dbt­b­hfp­db­nbt,­f­nfr­ét­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybt­CVB­b­frf­lt­vb­xtc­rbö­ht­ceh­cjd­–­änj­dfé­ytq­ibt­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obt­yf­it­uj­jn­dt­nf­yf­eu­hj­pe.­Vj­nb­df­wbz,­vj­åb­kb­pf­wbz­b­gjl­lth­érf­nf­rbö­xfc­nysö­byb­wbf­nbd­–­ukfd­yst­pf­lf­xb­he­rj­djl­cn­df­lkz­hf­åj­ns­d­yj­djq­jå­cnf­yjd­rt.

Cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­dj­–­rkñx­r­ec­gt­öe

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��eJournal uSa Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf

Bin Hassan, Muhammad Haniff.­“Key­Considerations­in­Counterideological­Work­Against­Terrorist­Ideology.”­­Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,­vol.­29,­no.­6­(September­2006):­­pp.­561–588.

Bloom, Mia.­Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror.­­New­York:­Columbia­University­Press,­2005.

Borum, Randy.­Psychology of Terrorism.­Tampa,­FL:­University­of­South­Florida,­2004.

Fouda, Yosri, and Nick Fielding.­Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Attack the World Has Ever Seen.­Edinburgh,­Scotland:­Mainstream­Publishing,­2003.

Hafez, Mohammed.­Manufacturing Human Bombs: The Making of Palestinian Suicide Bombers.­Washington,­D.C.:­U.S.­Institute­of­Peace,­2006.

Haqqani, Husain, and Daniel Kimmage.­“The­Online­Bios­of­Iraq’s­Suicidology.”­The New Republic­(22­September­2005):­­p.­14.

Hoffman, Bruce.­Inside Terrorism.­New­York:­­Columbia­University­Press,­2006.

Horgan, John.­The Psychology of Terrorism.­­London:­Routledge,­2005.

Hronick, Michael S.­“Analyzing­Terror:­Researchers­Study­the­Perpetrators­and­the­Effects­of­Suicide­Terrrorism.”­­NIJ Journal,­no.­254­(July­2006):­pp.­8-11.

Hudson, Rex A.­The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?­Washington,­D.C.:­­Federal­Research­Division,­Library­of­Congress,­1999.

Kilcullen, David.­“Countering­Global­Insurgency.”­­October­2004.­(The­long­Internet­version­of­a­paper­subsequently­published­in­the­Journal of Strategic Studies.)­

Laqueur, Walter Z.­No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-first Century.­New­York:­Continuum­Books,­2003.

Lelyveld, Joseph.­“All­Suicide­Bombers­Are­Not­Alike.”­­The New York Times Magazine­(28­October­2001):­pp.­48–79.

Martin, Gus.­Understanding Terrorism:­Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues.­Thousand­Oaks,­CA:­­Sage­Publications,­Inc.,­2006.

Miller, Laurence.­“Terrorist­Mind:­I.­A­Psychological­and­Political­Analysis.”­International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology,­vol.­50,­no.­2­(April­2006):­pp.­121–138.

Miller, Laurence.­“Terrorist­Mind:­II.­Typologies,­Psychopathologies,­and­Practical­Guidelines­for­Investigation.”­International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology,­vol.­50,­no.­3­(June­2006):­pp.­255–268.

Perl, Raphael.­“Trends­in­Terrorism.”­Washington,­D.C.:­Congressional­Research­Service,­2006.

Post, Jerrold M.­Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior.­Ithaca,­NY:­Cornell­University­Press,­2004.

Post, Jerrold M.­“When­Hatred­Is­Bred­in­the­Bone:­­Psycho-cultural­Foundations­of­Contemporary­Terrorism.”­Political Psychology,­vol.­26,­no.­4­(August­2005):­pp.­615–636.­

Sageman, Marc,­Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia,­PA:­University­of­Pennsylvania­Press,­2004.

Stern, Jessica.­Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New­York:­HarperCollins,­2003.

Weimann, Gabriel.­Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges.­Washington,­D.C.:­­United­States­Institute­of­Peace,­2006.

Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysq­lt­gfh­nf­vtyn­cIf­yt­yt­ctn­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjc­nb­pf­cj­lth­éf­ybt­b­lj­cneg­yjcnm­ht­ceh­cjd­lhe­ubö­dt­ljv­cnd­b­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq,­gt­ht-xbc­kty­ysö­ds­it.­gj­cj­cnjz­ybñ­yf­vfq­2007­uj­lf,­dct­erf­pfy­yst­ccsk­rb­d­by­nth­yt­nt­hf­åj­nf­ñn.

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Irj kf uj ce lfh cn dty yj uj eg hfd kt ybz Rty yt lb: åjhm åf c nth hj hbp vjvht tp://www.ksg.harvard.edu/terrorism/Yf­änjv­gjh­nf­kt­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ys­ukfd­yst­yf­ex­yst­hf­åj­ns,­jn­xt­ns,­ryb­ub,­geå­kb­wbc­nb­xtc­rbt­cnf­nmb­b­ht­pekm­nf­ns­hf­åj­ns­rjy­at­hty­wbq­gj­åjhm­åt­c­nth­hj­hbp­vjv.

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Yf wbj yfkm ysq rjy cjh wb ev gj bpe xt ybñ nth hj hbp vf b chtl cnd ghj nb dj ltqcn dbz nth hj hbp veht tp://www.sta rt.umd.edueg­hfd­kt­ybt­yf­erb­b­ntö­yj­kj­ubb­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­df­dyen­hty-ytq­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­gj­cnf­db­kj­gt­htl­lfy­ysv­ghj­tr­njv,­cj­plfy­ysv­yf­åf­pt­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­inf­nf­Vä­hb­ktyl,­pf­lf­xe­bpe­xbnm­bc­nj­rb,­lb­yf­vb­re­b­cj­wb­fkm­yj-gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­gj­cktl­cn­dbz­nth­hj­hbp­vf­yf­jc­yj­dt­lfy­ysö­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­b­gj­dt­lty­xtc­rbö­yf­er.

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By cnb nen gj bpe xt ybñ chtl cnd ghj nb dj ltqcn dbz nth hj hbp veht tp://www.ict.org.il/Änjn­bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkmc­rbq­by­cnb­nen­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­tn­gjl­hjå-yst­jgb­cf­ybz­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rbö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq­b­rhfn­rbt­jn­xt­ns­j­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.

Vté le yf hjl ysq wtynh bpe xt ybz nth hj hbp vfht tp://www.wun.ac.uk/ct ce nt er/Wtynh­cj­plfy­yf­åf­pt­hz­lf­eyb­dth­cb­nt­njd,­rj­nj­hst­bc­gjkm-pe­ñn­ntj­hbb,­vt­nj­ls,­afr­ns­b­ghju­yjps­wt­kj­uj­hz­lf­lbc-wbg­kby,­drkñ­xfz­gcb­öj­kj­ubñ­b­cj­wbj­kj­ubñ,­b­ghb­vt­yz­ñn­bö­lkz­bpe­xt­ybz­nth­hj­hbp­vf­b­hfp­hf­åjn­rb­chtl­cnd­åjhm­ås­c­nth­hj­hbc­nb­xtc­rb­vb­eu­hj­pf­vb.

Bc ckt lj df ntkmc rbq by cnb nen gj bpe xt ybñ åkbé yt djc njx ysö CVB: ghj trn gj vj yb nj hby ue bc kf vbcn crbö dtå­cfq njdht tp://memri.org/iwmp.htmlHt­pekm­nf­njv­ghj­tr­nf­gj­vj­yb­nj­hby­ue­bc­kf­vbcn­crbö­cfq-njd,­d­hfv­rfö­rj­nj­hj­uj­bpe­xf­ñn­cz­jc­yjd­yst­cfq­ns­léb-öf­lbc­njd,­cnf­yen­ht­ue­kzh­yst­ds­gec­rb­yj­djc­ntq,­fyf­kbp­b­db­ltj­vf­nt­hbf­ks­c­änbö­cfq­njd.

Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysq­lt­gfh­nf­vtyn­cIf­yt­yt­ctn­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjc­nb­pf­cj­lth­éf-ybt­b­lj­cneg­yjcnm­ht­ceh­cjd­lhe­ubö­dt­ljv­cnd­b­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq,­gt­ht­xbc­kty­ysö­ds­it.­gj­cj­cnjz­ybñ­yf­vfq­2007­uj­lf,­dct­erf­pfy­yst­ccsk­rb­d­by­nth­yt­nt­hf­åj­nf­ñn.