DYSLEXIANorthwest ISD

CharacteristicsTesting

DiagnosingEffective StrategiesAccommodations

• http://www.dyslexiatraininginstitute.org/

Definition

Texas law defines Dyslexia under the Texas Education Code as:

Dyslexia means a disorder of constitutional origin manifested by difficulty in learning to read, write, or spell, despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and socio-cultural opportunity. (TEC Section 38.003)

Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and background knowledge.

(Adopted by the IDA Board of Directors, Nov. 12, 2002. This Definition is also used by the National Institute of Child Health and Human

Development (NICHD).

“Specific Learning Disability”

• Not synonymous with the broad term of learning disabilities

• One specific type of learning disability

“Dyslexia is… neurological in origin.”

• Predisposition for dyslexia

• Often inherited

• Persists across the life-span

“…characterized by difficulties with accurate

and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding

abilities.”• Accurate, rapid word recognition fluency

• Accuracy & fluency comprehension

• Varying degrees of difficulty with other language skills: such as– Reading– Writing– Spelling

“These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological

component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom

instruction.”• Unexplained difficulties

• Despite effective classroom instruction

• Not predicted by– Age– Cognitive ability– Other academic strengths

“These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological

component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom

instruction.”

• Not a lack of intelligence or ability to learn

• Not a visual or hearing deficit

“a deficit in the phonological component of

language”

• Language based disorder

• Weak phonological skills impede acquisition of reading abilities and other language skills

Phonological processing abilities include:

• Phonological awareness

• Rapid naming

Phonological awareness is:

• A sensitivity to or an explicit understanding of the sound structure of spoken words

• The ability to notice, think about, and manipulate the individual sounds

Phonologic Awareness Skills• Rhyme and alliteration

• Blending

• Segmentation

• Manipulation

Rapid Naming is:

• Efficient retrieval from long term memory of phonological information; such as,

– Individual sounds in words

– Pronunciations of common word parts

– Pronunciations of whole words

• An influence on reading fluency and rate

Facts About Phonological Processing• Phonological processing skills are a better

predictor of good reading than intelligence.

• Variation in phonological processing skills exists independent of intelligence.

• Deficiencies in phonological processing skills are related to linguistic experiences and genetic endowment.

Facts About Phonological Processing

• 40% of kindergartners begin school without adequate phonological processing skills.

• Growth of phonological processing depends on:– Type of reading instruction– Response to reading instruction

“ Secondary consequences may

include problems in reading comprehension

and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and

background knowledge.”(Adopted by the International Dyslexia Association Board of Directors, November 23, 2002)

In summary, dyslexia is…

• Difficulty in processing and producing print language

• Deficits in phonological awareness and rapid naming

• Poor application of phonics for decoding and encoding

• Struggle in using basic skills in a fluent and accurate manner

Common Signs of Dyslexia K-4

• Learns the alphabet later and confuses associated sounds

• Learns letter-sound relationships only with explicit instruction

• Difficulty with holding sounds/words in memory (phonological memory)

• Confuses common sight words and difficulty with rapid naming

• Difficulty reading words in isolation or decoding unfamiliar words

Common Signs of Dyslexia K-4

• Makes frequent reading and spelling errors

• Difficulty with segmenting, blending, manipulating sounds

• Has poor or slow handwriting & difficulty copying

• Struggles with reading comprehension and written expression

• Reliance on listening rather than reading for comprehension

What about reversals?

• Reversals are more frequent and persistent.

• Reversals are not the cause of dyslexia

Common Signs of Dyslexia Grades 5 - 8

• Use of less complicated words in writing that are easier to spell

• Still reads below grade level

• Requires specific instruction to learn decoding/spelling strategies

• Avoids reading aloud / Avoids reading

• Avoids high volumes of reading or writing compositions

• Comprehends below listening comprehension level

• Reliance on listening rather than reading for comprehension

Common Signs of DyslexiaHigh School and Adult

• Difficulty with word retrieval and spoken vocabulary

• Avoids reading books independently / difficulty with reading demands of multiple course requirements

• Difficulty with note-taking

• Continues to spell incorrectly

• Difficulty with written production / Avoids writing whenever possible

• Finds unique ways to cope with reading and writing tasks

Overcoming Dyslexiaby Sally Shaywitz, M. D.

Identification of Dyslexia

Cognitive Academic Ability• Measure or document other cognitive and/or academic abilities

(intelligence, problem solving, reasoning, listening comprehension, and/or mathematics.

• Look for characteristics of dyslexia to be unexpectedly low for the student’s age and in contrast to intelligence and other cognitive and academic abilities.

• Other considerations of coexisting factors/complications:– Oral Language / Speech Concerns– Attention– Handwriting– Vision / Hearing– Attendance– Family History– Behavioral/Emotional Concerns– Motivation

Underlying Causes

Measuring the underlying causes of dyslexia through Phonological Processing Skills:

– Phonemic Awareness -Segmenting, blending, and manipulating sounds in words (phonemic awareness) / Learning the names of letters and their associated sounds

– Phonological Memory – Holding information about sounds and words in memory

– Rapid Naming - Rapidly recalling the names of familiar objects, colors, or letters of the alphabet

Characteristics

Measure the primary reading and spelling characteristics of dyslexia including:

• Single word decoding / words in isolation

• Word recognition / decoding unfamiliar words

• Oral reading accuracy and rate (fluency-slow, inaccurate, or labored)

• Spelling

Outcomes

Determine the outcomes of the reading and spelling problems by measuring:

• Reading Comprehension– Word Comprehension– Passage Comprehension– Oral Reading Comprehension

• Written Expression

Recognize that the degree of difficulty will be variable for individual students.

Co-Existing Complications or Assets

Measure or observe development in areas that may complicate dyslexia or represent

an asset for the student.

• Common co-existing deficits are: other language-based delays & attention problems

• Common co-existing assets are: good reasoning & mathematics skills

School-based Identification of Dyslexia

• Parent/Teacher Conference• Student Support Team• 504 Referral Process• Data Gathering & Parent Permission• Standardized Testing• Test Interpretation• Campus committee determination

Data Gathering

• Grades• Achievement Data and Trends• Retention Information• Language Proficiency• Early Interventions & Special programs• Vision/Hearing/Health• Attendance• Teacher Information• Parent Information & Family History

Standardized Testing

• Phonological Processing• Decoding• Word Recognition• Oral Reading Fluency• Spelling• Listening Comprehension• Reading Comprehension• Cognitive/Academic Ability

Dyslexia InstructionComponents of Instruction include:

– Phonemic Awareness – internal sound structure of words/units of

sound/segments of spoken language

– Sound-symbol association – speech sounds corresponding with

letter/letter combinations

– Syllabication – units of oral or written language

– Orthography – written spelling patterns and rules

– Morphology – units of meaning through base words, prefixes, & suffixes

– Syntax – sequence and order of words in a sentence to convey meaning

– Reading Comprehension – extracting and constructing meaning

– Reading Fluency – reading with speed and accuracy

Reference: The Dyslexia Handbook Revised 2014

Dyslexia InstructionInstructional Approaches include:

– Explicit, direct instruction that is simultaneously systematic, sequential, multisensory, and cumulative through demonstration of the task and immediate corrective feedback

– Diagnostic teaching to automaticity – prescriptive instruction that meet individual student needs of language and print concepts

– Synthetic and Analytic – presenting parts of alphabetic language to form a whole and breaking down the whole word into its component parts

Reference: The Dyslexia Handbook Revised 2014

NISD Dyslexia Programs• SIPPS Beginning, Extension, Challenge, or Plus

• Corrective Reading (Supplemental)

• Meadows Word Recognition and Fluency

• Meadows Vocabulary and Comprehension

• Leveled Literacy Intervention (Elementary only)

• Comprehension Toolkit (Secondary only)

• Literacy Navigator (Secondary only)

Classroom Accommodations• Extended Time

• Oral Tests

• Use of a Computer

• Reduced Assignments

• Avoid Counting Off For Spelling Errors

• Use a Tape Recorder

• Dictate Responses

• Textbooks on Tape

• Organizers

• Opportunity to ask again for clarification of directions

• Allow 2 or more step directions to be written

• Check Often for Understanding

• Study Guides

• Read Material Aloud

• Hard Copy of Notes

• Outlines

• Alternate Assignments

• Assigning Work in Smaller Units

• Provide Lots of Encouragement

State Assessment Accommodations

• Accommodations for Reading– Orally reading portions of the test (as allowable by TEA) and

reading questions and answer choices to students– Extending the testing time– Reference the Accommodations Triangle for more information

• Identified as having a disability that affects the examinee’s reading and who regularly receives this accommodation in the classroom.

• ARD Committee or Section 504 Committee as outlined in The 2014 Dyslexia Handbook.

*All accommodations are Pending TEA Guidance and Approval