Dynamics of Urban Industrial Hub

8/19/2019 Dynamics of Urban Industrial Hub

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Dynamics of an Upcoming Urban Industrial Hub: A case of Gurgaon-Manesar Urban

Complex.

Raman Kumar Singh1

Abstract

Urbanization and economic growth are considered to be the most striking features of the past century.There is currently a radical demographic shift in progress worldwide, wherein people are moving fromrural to urban areas at an increasing rate. The UN-Habitat report 2005 indicates that in 2025, 61 percent of the 5 billion world population will reside in the urban areas with about 85 per cent of thedevelopment process taking place in the urban hinterlands widely referred to as ‘peri -urban’, ‘suburbs’ ,

‘urban fringe’, ‘city edge’, ‘metropolitan shadow’, or ‘urban sprawl’ .

In this context the study is broadly concerned with understanding the development of the industrial hub in

the Gurgaon and its impact on the immediate neighborhood. However studies have revealed that with theincrease of industrial development the growth pattern changes rapidly, not only the growth of the urbanarea but the overall economy shifts from more agrarian to non-agrarian, with the change in theoccupational pattern of the people. The process is mainly known as Tertiarization, where a number oftertiary activities increase in comparison to primary or secondary. The change in the occupational

pattern creates a pull factor on its immediate neighborhood, which triggers the in- migrations from therural areas as people come in the core urban area in search of the better job opportunities and increased

standards of living.

But this gives way to the unplanned growth of the urban fringe and the villages which tend toaccommodate the migrants and in turn the pressure on the socio-economical infrastructure increases.

So it becomes increasing necessary for the government institution and policy level intervention to providean overall socio-economical growth along with rapid industrial growth.

Introduction

Urbanization plays an important role in the whole process of reconstruction of economy,

particularly in stimulating the process of industrialization. After various analyses it has been

found that both have a direct implication on each other as there are no conclusions been provided

regarding whether urbanization leads to industrialization or vice-versa, but it is a proved fact that

they are interrelated and they co-exist.

Cities grew by agglomeration during and after the Industrial Revolution, which was initiated by

Europe in the mid 80s. One trend occurring in the industrialized core is the development of urban

1 Mr. Raman Kumar Singh is currently working as a Town Planning Specialist under Rajiv Awas Yojna Technical Cell at

Rajkot Municipal Corporation, Gujarat, India. His expertise lies in the field of participatory planning and regional land use

development, socio-economic analysis and GIS techniques.


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conurbations large, multi- metropolitan complexes formed by the merging of two or more major

urban areas, another trend that is occurring more frequently in the developing world is the rise of

megacities, vast metropolitan areas

Yet another concept developed during urbanization is Nucleation (agglomeration) resulting from

the oil industry has much to do with some of the high levels of urbanization

It is observed that industrial development in any region attracts people from the neighboring and

remote areas. The push effect of the rural areas forces the people to move towards the towns to

avail the better opportunities in terms of economics standard and social well being. Moreover the

growth of industries at a particular location generates economies of scale which attracts new

entrepreneurs to come and locate their industries. Once the industries gather momentum it leads

to regional development and urbanization through the agglomeration of economies.

There are more than 300 cities with populations over 1 million in the world which are designated

as the Megacities, which are located in the less prosperous parts of the world. People continue to

migrate to cities in response to “pull” factors (e.g., jobs, better life, etc) that are often more

imaginary than real. Cities in the periphery generally lack enforceable zoning laws, which are

drawn up to ensure that space is used in ways that the society deems to be culturally and

environmentally acceptable. The pull effect continuously attracts the people to settle down in the

periphery or the urban fringes seeking for better life and job opportunities. The changing pattern

of urbanization has made it difficult to place it under certain model.

The city of Gurgaon in Haryana has seen the growth over the years as the expansion of the

national capital, Delhi and has been often confused as the part of Delhi. , Gurgaon is one of

India’s fastest growing districts, having grown more than 70% since 2001

As any urban fringe grows, Gurgaon had grown without the major infrastructure that is usually

required for the urban development, like sewer or drainage system; reliable electricity or water;and public sidewalks, adequate parking, decent roads or any citywide system of public

transportation. The government has engaged and has been depended on the private investors to

take the initiatives for the development, but the results have not been very positive, there still lies

a gap in the infrastructure and the amenities needed.


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The real estate prices have been astronomical in Gurgaon region. The global outsourcing demand

and its proximity to Delhi have made Gurgaon an ideal location for private business. The rise

and success of its private sector has proven Gurgaon to be more efficient than the government

itself in filling in civic and infrastructural gaps. But problems like inconstant electricity,

pollution, very limited transportation and water scarcity persist.

So, cities like Gurgaon was a small village before becoming part of Delhi’s metropolitan hub is

not singular in India; as the boundaries of Indian cities expand, they encroach upon rural areas

ill-equipped to handle urban demands. In this dynamic, what has happened is that the disparity

between the haves and have-nots is sharper, and the situation obviates the necessity of greater

investment and intervention to make Gurgaon and others like it a stronger city.

Aim and objectives

The aim of the study is to understand the development of an industrial hub in Gurgaon Manesar

Region and to study the impact of industrialization on its immediate neighborhood.

The objectives taken into consideration to achieve the aim are:

To assess the influence of industrial growth on urban development of Gurgaon-

Manesar region.

To understand the change in the functional dependency of the region

Assess the Socio-economic Impact on the livelihood transformation of the people in

the immediate surroundings.

Policy level intervention by the Government.

Baseline of the Study

The base of the study, which revolves around defining the correlation that exists betweenurbanization and the immediate impact on the neighborhood, can be defended with a hypothesis.

The hypothesis taken into consideration is that the development of an industrial center/hub need

not always bring about a positive effect but adds to the socio-economic pressure on its immediate

neighborhood.


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The hypothesis has been supported and reviewed under the theories of Cumulative Causation

where the backwash effect and the spread effect of industrialization and urbanization is

discussed. The Bed- Rent theory, where the nature of the growth of the urban agglomeration is

discussed with reference to the development of the central industrial area is shown. The urban

theories of Concentric Zones Multiple Nuclei and the Sector theory was helps in showing the

nature of the urban growth.

The analytical frame work is also developed to show the analysis, and how the primary and the

secondary data has been used to analyze the existing scenario of Gurgaon Manesar region and its

growth over the years and the impact of this growth on the neighborhood.

Analytical Framework

Understand the development of

industrial hub

Impact of industries on the immediate

neighborhood

Functional Dependency

1. Changing Economy

2. Change In Occupational pattern.

3.

Change in Working pattern

Assess the influence of the industrial growth

on the urban development of Gurgaon –

Manesar

1.

Area Delineation

2. Correlation between industries and

urbanization growth pattern.

3.

Changing demographic pattern.

4.

Land-use Standard for the industrial

Estate.

5. Existing social infrastructure

Socio-economic Impact on the livelihood of

the people

1. Neighborhood Description.

2. Migration pattern.

3. Change in village economy and

character form.

4. Pressure on the Physical

infrastructure due to the migration

Review the proposals by different Govt. agencies

Issues/ Gaps and Suggestion

Primary/ SecondarySecondary


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Delineation of the Study area

Gurgaon is the second largest city in the state of Haryana. Gurgaon is the industrial and

financial center of Haryana and is also the part of the National Capital Region. It was identified

as a satellite city in 1962; Gurgaon is within commuting distance of Delhi via an expressway and

Delhi MRTS.

Manesar is a fast growing industrial town in Gurgaon district of the State of Haryana in India,

and is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi. It is an upcoming area of NCR.

Some of the developers have added a new tag to Manesar calling it as "New Gurgaon ".

The population of Gurgaon has risen over the years. In 2011, Gurgaon had population of

1,514,085 of which male and female were 817,274 and 696,811 respectively. There was change

of 73.93 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. In the previous census of

India 2001, Gurgaon District recorded increase of 44.15 percent to its population compared to

1991. In 2001 the population density has been 694 persons/sq km, the rate of urbanization as

high as 35.6 %. As the Gurgaon has grown over the period of time along with engulfing its

nearby area forming an urban agglomeration and is known for Automobile Industries, Modern

Commercial Malls, Towers of Cyber Parks and Software Development is situated on prime

location on National Highway Number 8have shown great potential of growth as a major

industrial hub and point of outsourcing master plans have been developed and re-developed to

accommodate the increasing industrialization. The land use has been changed with the new

master plan with accommodating more industrial area. In order to cater to the projected

population of 37 lacs, an area of 15148 hectares has been reserved for residential purpose. The

demand for developed industrial plots / land in Gurgaon-Manesar Urban Complex has been

increasing. In order to cope-up with the demand of software industries, Auto Mobile industries

and other non-polluting free high-tech industries an area of 5431 hectares has been reserved for

industrial use and newly propose additional road links.


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Spatial Growth and M orphology of Gurgaon Manesar r egion

Gurgaon has evolved in the last two decades from a stretch of agricultural land in the

neighboring state of Haryana to a flourishing suburb of Delhi, catering to the ever growing

requirements of the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi

The spatial and the temporal changes of the city have taken place along the major road network

and the highways and have progressively engulfed Manesar. The growth has taken place towards

Jaipur and Delhi as the built-up scenario has also increased that way.

Figure 1.Map showing the Control Boundary of GUDA and Urban Agglomeration

Since the expansion of Industry in Gurgaon, there has been a large influx of population largely

from Delhi and the surrounding states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Rajasthan. The migration to

Gurgaon city has led to rapid urbanization and further growth of urban outgrowths in

continuation of the municipal boundaries of the city, better known by the Census of India as the

Gurgaon Urban Agglomeration (UA). The total population of Gurgaon UA was 228,820 in 2001.

A calculation of population growth reveals that from 1971 to 2001, the growth declined but a

projected figure from 2001 – 11 till 2021 shows that the growth rate is above 300 per cent. The

maximum increase in population has occurred in central Gurgaon town, which forms the

industrial region, contiguous to Delhi and is therefore the hub of multinational corporations’

expansion.


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The NCR Planning Board as well as the master plans for urban areas has incorporated the

outgrowth of the Gurgaon and come up with a new concept of the Gurgaon- Manesar urban

complex 2021. The population projected for the G-M complex 2021 to be above 3.7 million.

Based on these figures, the growth rate of the urban population between 1971 – 2011 is shown in

Figure 8, pointing to a massive increase in urban population from 2001 to 2011.

Figure 3. Proposed GUDA boundary

The above map is showing the Boundary of the new master plan 2021, incorporating all the out

growths and with the increase of the urban core area, the municipal corp. boundary has also been

extended which is showing in the above Figure.

Thus we find that the urban agglomeration in the Gurgaon Manesar region is having a pseudo

urban growth with increasing number of industrial sector and urban outgrowths.

Figure 2. Population growth rate

37,869 57,1611,00,877

1,35,884

2,28,820

540015.2

0

1,00,000

2,00,000

3,00,000

4,00,000

5,00,000

6,00,000

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

P o p u

l a t i o n

Years

Growth rate Urban Population


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0

5000

241 311 356 418 489684 950 944

1070 11982034

4012 4335

N o o f U n i t s

Years

Growth trend of Industries In Gurgaon

Functional Perspective and in terdependency between Gurgaon and Manesar

Gurgaon- Manesar Both has come up as Interdependent town. Before 2001, Manesar was a

small village with the Population of approx. 15000 only and now after it converted into town

after 2001 and being developed as IMT (Integrated Model Township) its character has totally

change to urban. As its population is expected in 2025 Gurgaon-Manesar master plan is about 37

lakh. This is just 2.5 times of current Population

Field Documentation and Analysis

The field documentation and analysis has been done based on the primary and the secondary data

and information collected as described in the analytical frame work.

Correlation between I ndustri al growth and urbanization

To understand the interdependency of industrial growth and how the growth has triggered the

urban development of the area, the growth trend of the industrial growth has to be understood

with has taken place in two phases, 1990-2000 and 2000 onwards.

Thus from the graph its clear how the industrial development has taken place over the years. A

quantum growth has been observed with the introduction and the addition of the IMT Manesar

along with the Udyog Vihar in terms of the industrial development.

UV & IMT ManesarUd o Vihar

Figure 4. Increasing trend of Industries in Gurgaon


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The industrial pockets have developed along the NH 8 and the Kundli Manesar-Parwal express

way from Delhi towards Jaipur. The major junctions have also developed along the industrial

pockets and the commercial areas too which has influenced the land-use pattern over the years.

The increase of the urban population has majorly settled in and around the industrial pockets.

The rapid growth of the region has also given way to the change in the economy through

changing work pattern. The economy has gradually given way to the non-agricultural activities

as the agricultural land is sold to develop new industrial complex. Gurgaon on a whole has 40%

people engaged in the agricultural activities and the rest in the non-agricultural like service

sectors, construction and other activities. But when we look into the MCI and out growth region

of Gurgaon we find only a mere 1% are in the agriculture nearly 99% have shifted to the other

sectors.

The change in the working pattern is determined by the primary survey conducted on the three

types of workers:

1. Those who are working in Manesar, but residing in Gurgaon.

2. Those who are working in Manesar and also residing in Manesar.

3. Those who are working in Gurgaon, but residing in Manesar

Figure 5. Upcoming Industrial and Residential areas


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This revealed that there are more 60% of the people are the white color job holders, who have

migrated but instead of residing within the Gurgaon Manesar preferred to stay in and around the

urban villages that surround the region, because of the high price of land.

This brings us to the issue of the migration and the pressure it has been creating on the villages.The migrants are mainly from Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan in search of the better job opportunities

abd living standards, but they end up residing in the villages. The villages like kanahi,

Figure 6. Increased number of working Population and Shortage of Housing

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

N o . o

f w o r k e r s

Years

workers

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

N o o f H o u s i n g U n i t s

Years

Shortage of Housing


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Dhanawas, Manesar village and Panchgaon has developed as the major villages. This increase in

the working population has given into the pressure created on the residential sector and the

shortages on the housing. Most of the workers work in the firm of Hero Honda, Maruti Suzuki

Company, which are situated in the Manesar, where the land prices are high and thus triggers the

slum development. The villages are already facing problems of basic infrastructure, sewage

system, portable water which has direct effect on the health of the people which is revealed I

through diseases and other health issues.

Policy I ni tiatives

In 2005, the Government of Haryana introduced the new industrial policy, which gave further

boost to increased and rapid urbanization; the key understanding and motive behind the new

initiative was promoting industrial growth, creating wealth for the citizens, and improving

quality of life, activities in the backward socioeconomic regions of the state, and ensuring

sustainable development through investment in key sectors

Findings

The primary survey and the secondary information of the Gurgaon-Manesar region reveal that

though the region has been developed by the government initiatives and the private developers,

the development has not been satisfactory as there are many loop holes and lags in the physicaland the social infrastructures being noticed.

The short falls are discussed under Industrial Infrastructure, Illegal Construction Industrial

Housing, Changing working pattern, Changing inherent character of the villages, where the

governmental policies and the master plan has failed to look into the problem of the pressure of

the increased population on the immediate neighborhood. So there comes the need to provide

basic housing facilities to the blue color workers and provide with the social and the physical

infrastructure which are needed for the development of urban areas. The land available under the

illegal construction and left under litigations needs to be considered for the construction of the

missing components of the industrial area and proposals needs to be developed to provide

economical weaker section housing facilities to the workers and the migrants.


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Conclusion

The region has shown a rapid urbanization with the increased number of industry in the whole

regions. The government has taken a number of initiatives for developing industrial

infrastructure to achieve consistent economic growth. But as per study, in the Gurgaon the

industrial sector has various infrastructure gaps/loopholes, While further effect on the

development can seen with the missing socio-economic infrastructure , and because of

industrialization the problem of increased migration took place which creates various problems

such as slum, environment, housing shortage, and unplanned growth at various sectors. With the

increased migration the pressure on the nearby villages has lead to haphazard growth. The

commuter’s pattern in the region was seen with the change in economic pattern. With the shift in

the economy many growth center are developing in and around the Gurgaon-Manesar urban

complex. So it becomes increasing necessary for the government institution and policy level

intervention to provide an overall socio-economical growth along with rapid industrial growth.


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Documents

Dynamics of Urban Industrial Hub