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OBJECTIVES I N DYEING SYNTHETIC FIBERS
DYE F I B E R TO T H E D E S I R E D S H A D E
MAINTAIN
N E C E S S A R Y FASTNESS P R O P E R T I E S
O B T A I N A LEVEL U N I F O R M D Y E I N G
PREVENT D E S T R U C T I O N OF(5)
THE F A B R I C
OR
FIBERS
MAINTAIN
COST L E V E L S
--
I
MAJOR SYNTHETIC FIBERS
POLYAMIDES
-
NYLON 6, N Y L O N 6, 6
POLYACRYLONITRILES
-
ACRYLICS MODACRYLICS
POLYESTERS
(DISPERSE DYEABLE) (BASIC DYEABLE)
MODIFIED CELLULOSICS
-
tE\fTRIACETATE.
1
DYES FOR A C R Y L I C FIBERS
CATIONIC DYES
DISPERSE DYES
A C I D DYES
FOR A C I D DYEABLE TYPE
--
POLYACRYLON I TR I LE F I BERS
I
CN
ACRY LON I TR I LE100% POLYACRYLONITRILE IS DIFFICULT TO DYE
ACRYLIC FIBERS MODACRY LI C F I BERS
AT LEAST &SX ACRYLONITRILE35 - 85% ACRYLONITRILE
/-
SOURCES OF BARRE I N NYLON _ _ -
a
CHEMICAL END GROUPSO R I E N T A T I O N AND CRYSTALLINITY
X-SECTION,
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
NON-UNIFORM TEXTURING
NON-UNIFORM KNITTING TENSION
6
FACTORS I N SELECTING DYES FOR NYLON
ECONOMY
SHADE
(
BRIGHTNESS OR DULLNESS)
FASTNESS REQUI REMENTS
LEVEL
DYEING PROPERTIES
BARRE CONTROL
E
LEVELING ACID DYES ON NYLON
REQUIRES
ACETICWITH
OR
FORMIC ACID
FOR
DYEING
EXHAUSTED
ADDITIONAL FORMICACID
GOOD LEVELING PROPERTIESGOOD B A R R E COVERAGEPOOR WETFASTNESS P R O P E R T I E S
LIGHTFASTNESS V A R I E S
--
a
h I
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0Qc
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-
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zCI
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w
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z0 0CI
w u , = r L O uv)l -
w L
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JW L L
2 - 0
z
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J
7
NEUTRAL DYEING ACID DYESDYED FROM NEUTRAL SOLUTION
COMPLETE EXHAUSTION WITH AMMONIUM SULFATE*
LEVEL WELL
GOOD BARR:
COVERAGE
- GOOD L1GHTFASTNESS
a
WETFASTNESS PROPERTl ES
.
M I L L I N G ACID DYES ON NYLON
REQUIRES ACETIC ACID FOR DYEINGEXHAUSTED WITH ADDITIONAL ACETIC OR
FORMIC
DO NOT COVER BARRE LIGHTFASTNESS VARIES WETFASTNESS GENERALLY GOOD
--
a
NEUTRAL
DYEING
ACID DYES
DYED FROM NEUTRAL SOLUTIONCOMPLETE EXHAUSTlON WITH AMMONIUM SULFATEs
EL LEVEL W L
GOOD BARRE COVERAGE.GOOD LIGHTFASTNESSLIMITED WETFASTNESS PROPERTIES
--
-I-
A C I D METALIZED DYES ON NYLONDULL SHADES EXHAUSTED
WITH FORMIC A C I Ds
POOR LEVEL1 NG PROPERTIES
L l GHTFASTNESS GENERALLY GOODWETFASTNESS GENERALLY GOODe
/
-I
USE OF RETARDERS
TO
IMPROVE L E V E L I N G
- hcr13\:L5or f i b e r a t
-
hq-5
Compounds which combine w i t h e i t h e r dye
low t e m p e r a t u r e They a r e r e l e a s e d a t h i g h temp. and d y e i n g t a k e s
place.Reduce. t h e r a t e o f d y e i n g b e l o w the b o i l
-
May be c r i t i c a l i n p a s t e l shades t o o b t a i n l e v e l
dyeings
-
14
NEUTRAL METALIZED DYES ON NYLONDULL SHADES
DYED NEUTRAL OR SLIGHTLY ALKALINE
FAST STRIKE'
:POOR' LEVELING
L IGHTFASTNESS GOODNETFASTNESS GOOD.
CHROME DYES ON NYLON
.
FOR EXCELLENT WETFASTNESS I N HEAVY SHADES
APPLY SAME AS A C I D DYES AFTER - CYROME TREAT DYED
GOODS WITH FORMIC ACID SOD1 UM DICHROMATE SOD I UM TH I OSULFATE -
CHROME COMPLEXES WITH DYE MOLECULES
--
16
RETARDING SYSTE S FOR NYLuNI
AN I ON I C SURFACTANT
CATIONIC/NONIONIC SURFACTANT SALTS
--
DYEING NYLON AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURESFOR SELECTED DYES DYEING AT 235 - 250 F IMPROVES1, SHADE BUILDUP 2 , PENETRATION3,
LEVELING
4, BARR:
5- 6,
FASTNESS PROPERTIES FAULTY DYEINGS MADE AT THE BOIL
18
DISPERSE DYES ON NYLON
APPLY SAME AS ON ACETATE
DO NOT BUILD AS GOOD AS ON ACETATELEVEL WELLFASTNESS PROPERT I ES ARE POOR
.
.
17
H2N
-
NYLON
+J -
-
COOH'^ .
1 ;,w, ,- .I
p
HA (ACID)
+ H ~ N- NYLON
+
-
COOH
NA+ DYE-
D Y E - H ~ N - NYLON
-
COOH + NAA
4
DYES FOR NYLON
ACID DYES
ACID METALIZED DYESNEUTRAL METALIZED DYESCHROME DYES
DISPERSE DYES--
e
, -
ic
I! $
BASIC DYE PROPERTI~S
- I o n i c Dyes
t
D
n e t p o s i t i v e charge
-
AS
a class - h i g h c o l o r v a l u e-
- among t h e
b r i g h t e s t dyes a v a i l a b l e -
- Almost u n l i m i t e d shade r a n g e - Many h a v e f l u o r e s e n c e p r o p e r t i e s- L i g h t f a s t n e s s on a c r y l i c s v a r i e s f r o m poor t ogood. On o t h e r fibers i t c a n be very p o o r .
- W a s h f a s t n e s s i s g e n e r a l l y good
-
C h l o r i n e f a s t n e s s is p o o rHigh strike rate
Poor l e v e l i n g
B A S I C D Y E S ON A C R Y L I C S
DYEING MECHANISM
aso 3 -
ACRYLIC+DYE
_ - SO?
. L.
STRONG
IONIC BONDS
e
.*-
DYEING OF ACRYLICS WITH B A S I C S
Dye i s mixed w i t h :.25% EDTA10.0 % S o d i u m s u l f a t e ( g l a u b e r s s a l t )
. 5 % Nonionic s u r f a c t a n t1.5
-
3.0 % Retarder
0.5
-
1.0 % Acetic a c i d ( 5 6 % )
Raise dyebath 8 3" F / m i n t o 180" F , then s l o w l y 1" F / m i n or l e s s t o 212" F.Run for 1 . 0
-
1.5 hr.
Make any adds a f t e r cooling t o 170" F , then r a i s e slowly back t o 212" F , run 20 m i n .
Note.
Always c o o l bath slowly t o avoid crack
and c r e a s e marks i n t h e f a b r i c .--
I "
COMBINATION SHADES
CATIONIC DYES EXHAUST AT VARIOUS RATES I N COMBINATIONS, ONE DYE MAY EXHAUST F I R S T AND BLOCK OTHER DYES. RESULTS : SHADE DOES NOT BUILD ON TONE
MAY NOT OBTAIN DESIRED SHADEK1
-
Values,
-
F a s t e s t Exhaustion
5
- Slowest Exhaustion
FOR COMBINATION SHADES, USE DYES W I T H I N ONE U N I T OF EACH OTHER.. \
23
DISPERSE DYES ON ACRYLICS -
FOR LIGHT AND MEDIUM SHADES ONLY LEVEL WELL DYE AT BOIL FOR 14
-
2 HOURS
SELECTED DISPERSE DYES HAVE GOOD FASTNESS PROPERTIES
--
LL
0
(3
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w
ziI
tL
0W I -
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U D 0W c)
2W
0W
zul,
w0W
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0
a0
3baa aaW
cn
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z
t-
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MODACRYLICS SHRINK SEVERLY ABOVE A CRITICAL TEMPERATURE DELUSTER IN DYEBATH MUST COOL DYEBATH SLOWLY SENSITIVE TO DRY HEAT DYEABLE WITH SELECTIVE CATIONIC DYES DYEABLE WITH SELECTIVE DISPERSE DYES
ACID DYEABLE ACRYLICS DYEABLE WITH ACID, CATIONIC, AND DISPERSE DYESNOT
WIDELY USED
DYED AT BOIL AT VERY LOW PH SELECTED ACID DYES HAVE GOOD FASTNESS PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER
MORE HYDROPHOB I c THAN TR I ACETE DYED WITH DISPERSE DYESCAN BE DYED WITH AZOIC DYES*
REQUIRE CARRIER OR PRESSURE TO DYE CATIONIC DYEABLE TYPE CAN BE HEAT SET
--
DYES FOR POLYESTER
DISPERSE
PROPERTIES OF DISPERSE DYES
INSOLUBLE I N WATER WATER
D I SPERS IBLE
NONIONICDYES ALL SYNTHETIC
FIBERS
SUBLIME WHEN HEATED STAINS CELLULOSE
FIBERS
STAINS PROTEIN FIBERS
DYEING SYSTEMS FOR POLYESTER
NORMAL AQUEOUS SYSTEM
\
L
PRESSURE SYSTEM
0
THERMOSOL SYST
--
a
I'
"'*
HIGH ENERGY
I
DYEING MECHANISM
PARTITIONING OF A SOLID BETWEEN TWO IMMISCIBLE SOLVENTS
DYE FORMS A SOLID SOLUTION IN THE FIBER
33
PROPERTIES OF
AN IDEAL
CARRIER
1 HIGH EFFICIENCY, NEN WHEN APPLIED AT MINIMUM CONCENTRATION, AND .
INDEPENDENT Of THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DISPERSE DYE.2.
RAPID EMULSIFIABILITY AND GOOD STABILITY O THE CARRIER EMULSION f UNDER DYEING CONDITIONS. VOLATILITY IN STEAM.
3. LOW4. NO
OBJECTIONABLE ODOR.SHRINKAGE.
5 MINIMUM SWELLING O THE FIBER, AND MINIMUM INFLUENCE ON THE . FFIBER
6 NO PROMOTION O THE UPTAKE OF DISPERSE DYES BY OTHER FIBERS IN . F
BLENDS.7.8.
READILY REMOVED FROM THE FIBROUS MATERIAL.NO
INFLUENCE ON THE FASTNESS TO LIGHT AND HEAT -SETTING OF THE DYED SHADES. -TOXICITY.
9. LW O
FACTORS I N SELECTING DYES FOR POLYESTER
ECONOMY
FASTNESS REQUIREMENTS LEVEL DYEING OR BARRE CONTROL STABILITY AT HIGH TEMPERATURE DISPERSION (ESPECIALLY PACKAGE DYEING)
--
TRIMERS
CONGLOMERATE ON AND CLOG MACHINESRESTRICT FO I I N PACKAGE DYEING LG
GIVE DYEING DULL OR S m APPEARANCE P O
TO
ELIMINATE TRIMER PROBLEMS
1- USE CARRIER THAT CONTROLS TRIMER
RELEASE
2.
DROP BATH WHILE HOT
3. AFTER SCOUR GOODS GIITH CAUSTIC AND HYDRO
FACTORS IN SELECTING CARRIERS FOR POLYESTER ECONOMY
.
USE IN ATMOSPHERIC OR HIGH TWERATURE DYEING
LEVELLING AND BAR& COVERAGE'
EFFECT ON LIGHT FASTNESS RESISTANCE TO SPOTTINGEASE
W REHOVAL
TOXICITY ODOR DURING AND AFTF3 DYEING CONTROL OFSTAIN GlHEN
DYEING BLENDS
COMPATIBILITY AND FOAMING IN JET DYEING-.
TRIMER CONTROL
C A T I O N I C DYEABLE POLYESTER POLYESTER WITH SULPHONIC A C I D GROUP DYED WITH C A T I O N I C OR DISPERSE DYES REQUIWES CARRIER FOR DYEING P.EQUIRES G L R U B E V S SALT I F DYED UPJEEP. PRESSURE LIGHTFASTNESS OF MOST C A T I O N I C DYES NOT GOOD OTHER FASTNESS PROPERTIES OF C A T I O N I C DYES ARE GOOD USUALLY I N BLENDS RESERVE CROSS
-
DYEING
SUBLIMATION O DISPERSE DYES F
PROCESS OF DYE GOING FROM
SOLID TO VAPOR
WHEN HEATED
SUBLIMATION DECREASES WITH AN INCREASE IN SIZE O DYE MOLECULE F
LEVEL DYEING PROPERTIES DECREASE INCREASE IN SIZE O DYE MOLECULE F
WITH AN
39
u -' DYEING ACETATE WITH DISPERSE DYES
WET
OUT
GOODS
ADD SURFACTANT OR DISPERSING AGENT AT 100 - 120F ADD DYE IN PORTIONS OVER 10
-
15 MINUTES(
RAISE BATH SLOWLY TO 160 - 185 F DYE 30 - 60 MINUTES RINSE AT100
212'
F)
-
120 F
PROPERTIES OF ACETATE
HYDROPHOB ICWILL NOT DYE WITH WATER SOLUBLE DYES
WILL SAPONIFY I N CAUSTIC SOLUTION MAY DELUSTER USUALLY DYED WITH L W ENERGY DISPERSE DYES OCAN
EE DYED WITH AZOIC DYES
41
PROPERTIES OF TRIACETATEC MORE HYDROPHOB I THAN ACETATEWILL NOT SAPONIFY EASILY
WILL NOT DELUSTER
IN BOILING WATER
USUALLY DYED WITH DISPERSE DYES LIGHT AND MEDIUFJ: SHADES DYES 3
-
6 HOURS AT BOIL
HEAVY SHADES DYES 3
-
6 HOURS AT BOIL WITH CARRIER
(TRIPROPYLPHOSPHATE TYPE)CAN BE DYED UNDER PRESSURE AT 265 FCAN BE HEAT SET (10
- 15 SEC AT 425 - 450 F)
FASTNESS PROPERTIES OF DYES GENERALLY BETTER THAN ON ACETATE
FASTNESS PROPERTIES OF DISPERSE DYES (GENERAL) LIGHTFASTNESS - GOOD WASHFASTNESS - FAIR CROCKFASTNESS - GOOD PERSPIRATION -- FAIR
ON
ACETATE
GAS
FADING OZONE AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN (GAS FUMES) CAUSE SOME DYES (ESPECIALLY BLUES) TO FADE, REDUCED BY TREATING WITH GAS FADING INHIBITOR BEFORE OR DURING DYEING,1
DY ESTUF? PROPERTIES
Dyes
1I
E
t
Ease of Application Wash f a st nes s AverageI
L i ght f a s tness
Crock f a s t n e s s
Fastness
AcidI
Average1
Fair-Good
I
BasicD i rect
Averagg Cheap Average IAveragd
AverageF a i r l y Hard Easy Fairly Hard Hard
Poor-Good Poor-Good Good Good
II
II1
Good
II
Good
II
*
Good
Poor-Good r a i r-Good Good Good
1II
Fair-GoodWet -Poor Dry-Good
III
Fair-Good . Poor-GoodFa ir-Good
I
Disperse
Fai r-Good Fair-Good
'aphtho'
Fai r-Good
Reactive IGpensiIe Fairly AverageSulfur
Hard
1
I
Cheap
I
F a i r l y Hard
1
( if G-E soaped)
Good Good Excel 1ent
I II
.
Good
I
F a i r-Good
1
Fair-Goo Good Good
I
Fair-Good Good Excel 1ent
II
I
Good Good
1Ir
I
Vat
Average+ Fairly Hard
-
I
DYES ON FIBERType of Fiber
DyestuffsAcid
Ba*c
DirectX
Disperse NaphtholX
ReactiveX
S u l f u r VatX X
Natural Cotton
.WoolX X
Synthetic Rayon
*
X
X
X
.
x
X '
AcetatePol y e s t e r Nylon Acryl icXX
X
*
X
-
X
X
X
DY
ESTUFP PROPERTIESPerspi r a t i o n
Dyes
1I
z t
Properties Ease of I Lightfastness Application Washfastness AverageI
II
Crockfastness Good
Fastness
AcidI
AverageI
Fai r-Good
Good
- GoodFair-Good .Poor-Good~~~~
Bas i c
AverageFairly Hard
IDisperseNapht ho 1I
t
I
Poor-Good Poor-Good Good Good
Poor-GoodI
Fai r-Good Wet-PoorDry -Good
f a i r-GoodGood
Average Average
Fairly Hard HardII
I Fair-GoodFai r-Good
F a i r-Good
ReactiveSUI fur
I .II
Good
Fa i r -Good
I ICheap1
AverageExpens e Fairly Har F a i r l y Hard Fairly Hard
Good
Fai r-Goo
1II
Good
~
Fa i r-Good Good Excel 1ent
1
Good Good
I
VatII
Good ExcellentI
-
1
AC
I