dY© mZ hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>massets.vmou.ac.in/MARJ08.pdf ·

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

amOñWmZr ^{ŠV gm{hË`

MARJ-08

ikB~;Øe vfHkdYi lfefr

AÜ`jàmo\o$ga (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrMHw$bn{VdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

g§ moOH$ :àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mUqgh eoImdVnam_e©XmVm, amOñWmZr H$m`©H«$_dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>mgXñ`

gånmXZ Ed§ BH$mB© - boIZ

1. S>m°. hrambmb _mhoídarnyd© AÜ`j, {hÝXr {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amO.)

2. lr aKwamOqgh hmS>md[að H${d-gm{hË`H$ma,Pmbmdm‹S> (amOñWmZ)

la;kstd@leUo;d@lnL;x.k

1. S>m°. _§JV ~mXb 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,13nyd© àmÜ`mnH$, qhXr (godm{Z.)ehrX ^JVqgh ñZmVH$moVa _hm{dÚmbàm`qgh, lrJ§JmZJa> (amO.)

2. S>m°. MoVZ ñdm_r 11àmÜ`mnH$goR> Or. Ama. M_{‹S>`m nrOr H$m°boO, \$Vohnwa eoImdmQ>r (amO.)

3. S>m°. JmoaYZqgh eoImdV{ZXoeH$, lr H¥$îU gËg§J ~m{bH$m _hm{dÚmb`grH$a (amOñWmZ)

4. S>m°. AOw©ZXod MmaUAÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amOñWmZ)

gånmXH$àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mU qgh eoImdV

nyd© AmMm`© Ed§ AÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa

g_Ýd`H$ :S>m°. _rVm e_m©

ghm`H$ AmMm ©, {hÝXrdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m3. S>m°. n¥ÏdramO (aVZy) 14

H$m ©dmhH$ g{MdamOñWmZr ^mfm, gm{hË` Ed§ g§ñH¥${V AH$mX_r, ~rH$mZoa~rH$mZoa (amO.)

4. S>m°. aUOrV qgh Mm¡hmZ 4,9,10,12A§eH$m{bH$ {ejH$amOñWmZr {d^mJ,O` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amO.)

nmR²>`H«$_ CËnmXZ`moJoÝÐ Jmo b

ghm`H$ CËnmXZ A{YH$mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

mRiknu % Qjojh] 2011 ISBN/978/81 - 8496 - 259 - 8gdm©{YH$ma gwa{jV : Bg gm_J«r Ho$ {H$gr ^r A§e H$s dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m H$s {b{IV AZw_{V Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr ^r ê$n _|"{_{_`mJ«m\$s' (MH«$_wÐU) Ho$ Ûmam `m AÝ`Wm nwZ: àñVwV H$aZo H$s AZw_{V Zht h¡Ÿ&Hw$bg{Md, d._.Iw.{díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ûmam dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ho$ {b o _w{ÐV Ed§ àH$m{eVŸ&Xr S>m`_ÊS> {àpÝQ>J àog, O`nwa Ûmam 500 à{V`m§ _w{ÐV&

AH$mX{_H$ Ed§ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWmàmo. (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrM àmo. (S>m°.) E_. Ho$. K‹S>mo{b`m `moJoÝÐ Jmo b

Hw$bn{V {ZXoeH$ (AH$mX{_H$) à^mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m g§H$m` {d^mJ nmR²> gm_J«r CËnmXZ Ed§ {dVaU {d^mJ

bdkbZ la- bdkbZ&'kh"kZd i`"B la[;k

[k.M & I

1- Hkxrh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vj fodkl 1&10

2- Hkxrh dkO; % ijEijk vj ewy L=ksr 11&19

[k.M & II

3- Hkxrhdky vFkok e/;dky ¼fo-la- 1450 lwa 1850 rd½ % tqx jks njlko 20&26

4- e/;dkyhu lxq.k Hkxrh jk oS".ko lEiznk; 27&37

5- lxq.k vj fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk 38&49

6- Hkxrh /kkjkoka % izeq[k jpukdkj vj jpukoka 50&61

[k.M & III

7- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh /kkfeZd vj nklZfud iwBHkkSe ¼i"BHkwfe½ 62&71

8- iwohZ jktLFkku jk izeq[k lar&lEiznk; 72&82

9- if'pe jktLFkku jk lar lEiznk; 83&93

10- nknw iaFk nknw n;ky m.kk jk psyk & nknw ok.kh vj lar lkfgR; 94&100

11- jktLFkku jk lar&lEiznk; vjokjks lkfgR; 101&109

[k.M & IV

12- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk Hkxrh lkfgR; jh folslrkoka 110&120

13- jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS Hkxrh lkfgR; jh nsu 121&130

[k.M & V

14- jktLFkku jk yksd nsoh&nsork 131&156

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

amOñWmZr ^{º$ gm{hË`

AZwH«$_{UH$m

MARJ-08

[k.M ifjpS

[k.M 1 & b.k uS 14 bdkbZ;ka vj 5 [k.Mka esa ckaV~;kS x;kS gSA iSyk [k.M esa nks bdkbZ;ka gSAbdkbZ 1 esa Hkxrh lkfgR; jks mn~Hko vj fodkl vj bdkbZ 2 esa Hkxrh dkO; ijEijkvj ewG lzksr fn;kSM+kA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks Hkxrh lkfgR; tqxka twuks vj lez) gSA x| vj i| jh eksdGhfo/kkoka esa v.kikj Hkxrh lkfgR; jh fljt.kk jktLFkkuh jpukdkj djh gSA vka nksuwabdkbZ;ka esa b.k Hkxrh lkfgR; jh tk.kdkjh mnkgj.kka lwa nh xbZ gSA lkFk gh HkxrhdkO; jh ijEijk vj ewG lzksrka jh tk.kdkjh Hkh djkbZ xbZ gSA

[k.M 2 & b.keas P;kj bdkbZ;ka gSA bdkbZ 3 esa ^jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk e/;dky* ft.kuS Hkxrhdky Hkh d;kS tkoS m.kjks lkaxksikx ifjpS gSA foØeh laor 1450 lwa yS;*j 1850rd&vks nks lkS cjlka jks ys[kks&tks[kks tqxnjlko jS :i esa vk[kjka <G~;kS gSA

bdkbZ 4 esa ^lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk* jh foxr eaMh gSA bdkbZ 5 esa ê/;dkyhu lxq.koS".ko lEiznk;ka*] m.kkjk vkpk;kZa] Hkxrh lk/kuk vj i)fr] m.kkjk vkjk/;nso vjizeq[k psyka jh tk.kdkjh djkbZ xbZ gSA bdkbZ 6 esa ^Hkxrh jh fujxq.k vj lxq.k/kkjkoka] izeq[k jpukdkjka vj jpukoka* jks ifjpS fn;kS x;kS gSA

[k.M 3 & b.k bdkbZ jks vks [k.M jktLFkku jk Hkxrh lkfgR; jh vksG[kk.k djkoSA bdkbZ 7 esa^jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh /kkfeZd vj nklZfud iwBHkkse jh tk.kdkjh nh xbZ gSA bdkbZ8 esa jktLFkku jk izeq[k lar lEiznk;ka uS nks Hkkxka esa ckV~;k x;k gS& ,d vxw.kS¼iwohZ½ jktLFkku jk lar iaFk vj nwtks fn[k.kkn ¼if'peh½ jktLFkku jk lar iaFkAbdkbZ 9 esa vkFkw.kS jktLFkku jk izeq[k lar lEiznk;ka jh tk.kdkjh gS rks bdkbZ 2 esamxw.kS jktLFkku jk lar iaFkka jh foxr gSA bdkbZ 10 esa nknwiaFk* vj m.kjk laLFkkidnknwn;ky] m.kkjh lk/kuk i)fr] oka jk [kkl psyka vj nknwiaFk jk lkfgR; jhtk.kdkjh djkbZ xbZ gSA

[k.M 4 & b.k [k.M jh bdkbZ 12 esa ^jktLFkkuh Hkxrh lkfgR; jh folslrkoka* vj 13oha bdkbZesa ^jktLFkkuh Hkxrh lkfgR; jh nsu* jh vksG[kk.k djkbZ xbZ gSA

[k.M 5 & bZ [k.M jh 14 oha bdkbZ esa ^jktLFkku jk yksd nsoh&nsorkoka* vj m.kk jk yksd:i]yksdekurk] yksdvkLFkk] yksdfgr uS njlk;kS x;kS gSA

1

bdkbZ & 1

Hkxrh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vj fodklbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

1-0 mÌs';

1-1 izLrkouk

1-1-1 mi;ksfxrk

1-1-2 vkoL;drk

1-2 mn~Hko vj fodkl

1-2-1 Hkxrh jks mn~Hko

1-2-2 mn~Hko jk dkj.k

1-2-3 okrkoj.k

1-2-3-1 jktuSfrd

1-2-3-2 lkekftd

1-2-3-3 lkaLÑfrd

1-2-3-4 /kkfeZd

1-3 Hkxrh i)fr

1-3-1 fujxq.k Hkxrh

1-3-1-1 Kku ekxZ

1-3-1-2 izse ekxZ

1-3-2 lxq.k Hkxrh

1-3-2-1 jke Hkxrh

1-3-2-2 fØlu Hkxrh

1-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

1-5 vH;kl jk izLu

1-6 lanHkZ xzaFkka jh ikuM+h

1-0 mÌsL;

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa Hkxrh dky ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA mrjkn law fn[k.kkn yx vk[kS Hkkjr esa vks HkxrhvkUnksyu nslh Hkklkoka jS ek/;e lwa gq;kSA b.k bdkbZ esa vks tk.k.kks vki.kks mÌsL; gS dS Hkxrh jks mn~Hko dndj fd.k ifjfLFkfr;k¡ esa gq;ks \ dhdj b.k jks fodkl vk[kS Hkkjr esa gq;kS \ b.k vkUnksyu jS foLRkkj vj egÙockcr MkW- jkefoyk'k 'kekZ jkS dSo.kks gS] ^^;g Hkxrh vkUnksyu czã ns'k vQxkfuLrku vkSj bZjku dh lhekvksaij :d tkrk gSA fla/k] d'ehj] iatkc] caxky] egkjk"Vª] vka/kz] rfeyukMq vkfn izns'kksa ij Hkxrh vkUnksyudh /kkjk iwjs osx ls cgrh gSA Hkxr dfo;ksa us fofHkUu izns'kksa dks jk"Vªh; ,drk ds lw= esa cka/kus esa fdrukcM+k dke fd;k Fkk] bldk ewY; vkaduk lgt ugha gSA bu.ds ikl jktuhfr 'kkL= ds dksbZ ,sls ifjfpr lw=ugha Fks] ftUgsa os vk, fnu nksgjkrs gq, turk dks ,drkc) djrsA mUgksaus HkkoukRed :i ls turk dks ,d

2

fd;kA bl HkkokRde ,drk esa eq[; Hkko Fkk Hkxrh dk**A b.k Åij fy[ks vkys[k eqtc vkika Hkxrh lkfgR;jks mn~Hko [kkst.kS jh dkslhl djkayk vj b.k vkUnksyu jh fodkl tkrjk uS le>.k jh dkslhl djkaykA

1-1 izLrkouk

Hkxrh vkUnksyu vsd vSM+ks vkUnksyu gks tdks Hkkjrh; xk¡oka jS v.ki<+ yksxka esa QSY;ksA b.k vkUnksyujk lw=/kkj lar vj Hkxr gk tdka esa T;knkrj de Hk.k~;k&fy[;k ;k v.kHk.ksM+k gk i.k okauS ftUnxh jksvuqHko ?k.kks xSgjks gks vj cS vke feu[k lwa tqMs+Mk gkA vkt rd iwtk&ikB jks vf/kdkj iqjksfgrka vj cMSyksxka uS gksA rqylhnkl gqoS pkgS dchj nksuqoka bZ b.kjh tM+ka fgyk;nhA rqylh jk jke] lcj] Hkhy] fdjkr]cuoklh vj vUR;t jk lc lwa iSyh gk vj fulkn uS Hkjr le Hkzkrk* d;ks vj lcjh jk >wBka cksj [kk;kAnwtS dkuh lar dfo;k¡ ^tkr&ikar iwNs ufga dksbZA gfj dks Hkts lks gfj dks gksbZAA* dS;*j Hkxr jks ekxZ ^loZlqyHk* djok fn;kSA b.k Hkxrh vkUnksyu lk: dSbZ fo}kuka jks dSo.kks gS dS b.kjks mn~Hko Hkkjr esa fonslh lÙkkjS dCtS jS dkj.k gq;kS i.k ckn jh [kkst lwa vk ckr lQk >wB fudGhA fonslh lÙkk jS dkj.k b.k vkUnksyuesa dh rsth t:j vkbZ i.k b.k jh tM+ka rks Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa bZ fojktSA b.k jh fopkj /kkjk vj nklZfudiLBHkwfe folq) Hkkjrh; gSA gk¡ ! bÙkS yEcS vjlS rd pky.kS jS dkj.k b.k ij nwth fopkj /kkjkoka jks vljt:j iM~;kSA vks t:jh Hkh gks D;wa dS vyx&vyx tkr&/kje jk yksx tn vsd&nwtS jS usM+S vkoSyk rksvknku&iznku gqoSyks bZA b.kht dkj.k b.k vkUnksyu ij ckS)] tSu] bLyke vkn nwtS /kjeka vj lEiznk;ka jhfopkj /kkjk jks vlj iM~;kSA

1-1-1 mi;ksfxrk

Hkxrh vkUnksyu jS mn~Hko vj fodkl uS tk.k.kS jh iSyh mi;ksfxrk rks vkbZt gS dS b.k lwa nsl jhHkkokRed vj jkLVªh; vsdrk etcwr gqbZA b.kjS v/;;u lwa fo|kFkhZ tk.k ldSyk dS jkLVªh; vsdrk uS etcwrdj.kokGk rÙo dq.klk gS \ ft.kkjh vkt lclwa tknk t:jr gSA b.k vkUnksyu lwa Hkw[kh] xjhc vj fujhgturk uS uSfrd lacG feY;kSA vkt rd nC;k&dqpG~;k yksxka iSyh ckj vks le>;ks dS ijekRek jS ?kj esa dksbZcMks&NksVks ;k Å¡pks&uhpks dksuhA lxGk Hksn&Hkko feu[k jk c.kk;ksM+k gSA tqxka&tqxka lwa va/k foLoklka esafeu[k vj feu[ki.kS uS mckj.kS esa Hkxrh vkUnksyu jks egrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;ks gSA vkt Hkh rqylh] lwj] ehjk¡]dchj vj chtS Hkxr dfox.k jks lkfgR; yksxka uS vkil esa tksM+sA vkt nsl esa tn izfrfØ;koknh vjlkEiznk;oknh rkdrk lfØ; gks;*j yksxka uS cjxGkoS] b.k nsl uS [kafMr dj.kS jh dkslhl djS] rks HkxrhlkfgR; jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jh mi;ksfxrk lclwa T;knk fuxS vkoSA

1-1-2 vkoL;drk

fd.kh nsl ;k dky uS le>.k rkabZ m.k nsl ;k dky jS lkfgR; jks vuqlhyu t:jh gqoSA b.k nslesa tn Hkxrh vkUnksyu iwjh Å¡pkbZ ij gks cha c[kr fonslh lÙkk ghA b.k dkj.k dSbZ fo}kuka uS vks Hkje gksX;ksdS Hkxrh vkUnksyu jh l:vkr fonslh lÙkk jS dkj.k gqbZ gSA d;ks Hkh gS ^gkj~;S uS gfj ukao* i.k vk ckrdksuhA b.k jks fcxlko vki jh ijEijk lwa bZ gq;kS gSA fonslh lÙkk vxj vBS uah vkoarh rks Hkh b.k lkfgR;/kkjk jks fcxlko b.kjS vklS iklS bZ gksaorksA fd.kh nsl jS lkfgR; esa cha nsl jS yksxka jh fgM+nS jh /kM+d.k gq;kdjSA vk ckr Hkxrh lkfgR; ij Hkh ykxw gqoSA b.k uS Bhd&Bhd tk.k.k rkabZ Hkxrh lkfgR; jks mn~Hko vjfcxlko tk.k.kks t:jh gSA

1-2 mn~Hko vj fodkl


vk;Z yksx izÑfr iwtd gkA m.kka jh ftUnxh esa djedkaM jh iz/kkurk ghA cS izkÑfrd rRoka] gok]tG] vkx] pk¡n] lwjt vkn uS nsork ekurk gkA cS b.kk jh oanuk djrk vj b.klwa vki jS thou esa lq[k vj

3

lEiUurk jh dkeuk Hkh djrk gkA HkkSfrd lq[kka dkuh /;ku gks.kS jS dkj.k vk;Z vUr%dj.k jh lk/kuk jS ctk;ck*jyS fo/kkuka dkuh tknk /;ku nsaork gkA cS gou cM+h J)k vj foLokl jS lkFkS dj~;k djrk gkA vBS lwabZ ^J)k ewyd Hkxrh* jks tye gq;kS vj cgqnsookn jh tkxka vsdnso mikluk jh l:vkr gq;hA

eksfu;kj fofy;e eqtc Hkxrh lcn jh O;qRifÙk ^Hkt~* /kkrq lwa djh tk ldSA b.k jS vk/kkj ij vkikadS; ldka dS vk;k± jS nklZfud vj vk/;kfRed fopkjka jS dkj.k J)k] foLokl] miokl vkn law fodflrgks;*j mikL; Hkxoku jh efgek jS O;kid Hkko esa cnGxhA Hkxrh Hkko jks lclwa iSyks ys[k mifu"kn* esa feySAxhrk esa Hkxoku fØlu Hkh Hkxrh jh eSgek crkbZ gSA lkafMY; vj ukjn jS ^Hkxrh lw=* esa Hkxoku jh Hkxrhjks [kwc c[kk.k gq;kS gSA lkafMY; jS eqtc Hkxrh lwa bZl esa vVy] v.kwarks] vfoHks| vj dnS uha [kRe gkso.kkGksizse txk;ks tk ldSA

ikSjkf.kd jks ewG Ô;fDr ijd J)k* esa gqoS b.kesa ijekRek jh dYiuk t:jh gSA fo".kq iqjk.ka* esa fo".kquS bZ ijelÙk jks :i crk;ks x;ks gSA Hkxoku fo".kq vki jh tksxek;k ¼fyNeh½ lkFkS ije /kke cSdq.B esa tksxuhan esa ¼;ksx funzk½ rYyhu jSoSA J)k] fcLokl vj izse bZ b.k Hkxrh jh rkxr gSA b.kka jS ek/;e lwa Hkxrvk[khj esa vki jS bLVnso ¼Hkxoku½ esa yhu gks tkoSA Hkxrh rkabZ vks t:jh gS dS cks ru] eu] /ku vkn lxGksdha Hkxoku uS bZ vji.k dj nsoSA Hkxrh jks iwjks :i ^mifu"kn* iNS bZ mHkj*j lkHkh vkoSA b.k Hkkar vk ckrdS;h tk ldS dS Hkxrh jh ijEijk Hkkjr esa ?k.kh twuh gSA fonslh lÙkk jS vkxeu lwa b.k esa FkksM+h laosnukRed:i* lwa t:j c<+ksrjh gq;h ojuk Hkxrh jk cht rks iSyh lwa ekStwn gkA

1-2-2 mn~Hko jk dkj.k

lekt esa tn Hkh dksbZ vkUnksyu l: OgS cha jS ikNS dksbZ dkj.k t:j gqoSA Hkxrh vkUnksyu vk[kSHkkjr esa QSY;ks b.k jk Hkh dSbZ dkj.k gk] tdka jks v/;;u b.kk fcUnqoka esa dj~;ks tkoSyk &

¼1½ iSyks dkj.k rks vksbZt gks dS Hkkjrh; lekt izkphu :f<+;ka esa brjks tdM+ht pqD;kS gks dS cBSfd.kh lkekftd U;k; jh vkl dj.kh csdkj ghA lekt jh izxfr Fke pqdh ghA lekt jh ckxMksj dharFkkdfFkr Å¡pS yksxka jS gkFkka esa gh tdka uS cnyko jks Mj b.k dkj.k ykxS gks dS lxGk gd Nhu fy;ktkoSykA vSM+h ifjfLFkfr;k¡ esa mrjknS Hkkjr esa ckS) vj tSu /kjeka jks mn; gq;kSA vs nksU;wa /kje :<+ c.ksM+kfgUnw ;k lukru /kje jks fojks/k djS gkA vsd c[kr rks vk[kS Hkkjr esa tSu vj ckS) /kjeka jks ncncks gksX;kSi.k c[kr chr.kS jS lkFkS&lkFkS vS /kje Hkh :f<+;ka esa ca/kX;kA urhtks vks gq;ks dS b.kk esa fonzksg gksX;ks vjvS dSbZ lk[kkoka esa caVX;kA

mrjknS Hkkjr esa fl)ka jks vkUnksyu ckS) /kje jh :f<+okfnrk ij pksV dj lkekftd U;k; jh ekaxdjS gksA mrjknS Hkkjr ij yxksyx fonslh geyk gksaork jS;k b.k dkj.k lwa Hkh cnGko vkoS gksA ;wukuh] ld]gw.k] rqjd] eaxksy vQxku vkn jk geyk mrjknS Hkkjr uS cjkscj >sy.kk iM+~;kA b.k esa ?k.kdjk fonslhgeykoj vBS bZ clX;kA b.kk esa vBS jS iqjk.kS jSo.kkGka lkFkS [kwc lkaLÑfrd vj oSpkfjd vknku&iznkugksaorksA eqlyekuka jS vk.kS rd vkbt gkykr jSbZA gkykadS lekt esa Hksn&Hkko rks gks i.k brjks xSgjks dksuhgksA vBS vsd ckr vk /;ku dj.k tksx gS dS lkekftd vU;k; jks fojks/k fiNM+h uhph tkr jk yksx bZ djSgkA fl)ka esa vks fojks/k dha tknk gksA

¼2½ fn[k.kknS Hkkjr jh fLFkfr mrjknS Hkkjr lwa vyx ghA fn[k.kknS Hkkjr uS fonslh geyk dksuh>sy.kk iM~;k b.k dkj.k cBS jks lekt T;knk :<+ gksA /kje jh /kTtk lkeUr vj czkã.k Fkke jk[kh ghA /ku jk lxGk lzksr cka jS dkcw esa gkA cS tSM+ks Hkh dke djrk /kje jh vksV yS;*j djrkA xjhc] fiNM+s vj uhpSrcdS jS yksxka uS cka feu[k le>.kks bZ NksM+ fn;kS rksA Hkxoku jks ukao yS;*j vj djeka jks naM crk;*j cs yksxkajks lksl.k dj~;k tkaorkA vs gkykr ns[k*j izcq) vj laosnulhy yksxka uS fpUrk gqbZA cs /kje jh iqujFkkiukjks chM+ks mBk fy;kSA b.kesa lc lwa vkxS 'kadjkpk;Z gkA cS /kje jh iqjk.kh O;k[;k djrk Fkdka fonzksg jk iSyk

4

mn~?kksld gkA ^vga cãkfLe* ;k ^,dksczãf}rh;ksukfLr* dS;*j cka feu[k&feu[k uS cjkscj crk;kSA cka dS;ksdS /kje ij fd.kh jks vsdkf/kdkj uha gks ldSA 'kadjkpk;Z iNS jkekuqtkpk;Z lxGS feu[kka uS Hkxrh jk vf/kdkjh crk;*j b.k lkekftd vj lakLÑfrd ØkfUr uS vsd vsd feu[k rd iqxkbZ] tdh vkxS pky*j jkLVªh;vsdrk vj leUo; jks dkj.k c.khA nD[k.kh Hkkjr jS b.k vkUnksyu] mrjknS Hkkjr uS iwjh rjS izHkkfor dj~;kSAvBS ck ckr Hkh ns[k.kokGh gS dS iqjk.kS tqx esa mrjknS vj fn[k.kknS Hkkjr jk brjk Hksn dksuh gk] ftrjk vktnh[kSA cha c[kr lkaLÑfrd :i law Hkkjr v[k.M gksA b.kht dkj.k fnD[k.kh Hkkjr esa mBsM+ks v}SroknhvkUnksyu vk[kS Hkkjr jks vkUnksyu c.kX;kSA

1-2-3 okrkoj.k

fd.kh vkUnksyu jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jks bfrgkl tk.k.kS rkabZ vks Hkh t:jh gS dS m.k nsl vj dkyjh jktuSfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vj /kkfeZd ifjfLFkfr;ka jks v/;;u dj;kS tkoSA b.klwa bZ csjks iMS+yks dScks vkUnksyu m.k dky vj nsl esa dhadj mB~;ks vj iuI;kSA Hkxrh vkUnksyu jh ifjfLFkfr;ka jks v/;;u Hkhvka gh fcUnqvka jS rgr dj;kS tkoSyksA

1-2-3-1 jktuSfrd

Hkxrh lkfgR; jS mn~Hko jS c[kr rkabZ Hkkjr esa eqfLye lkezkT; jh Fkkiuka gks pqdh ghA b.k lwaiS*yh okGks laeS ?kksj vjktdrk jks gksA fgUnw jktk NksVh&NksVh ckrka uS yS;*j vkil esa yM+rk jSaorkA cka esa^vsd jkLVª* jh Hkkouk dksuh ghaA ftrjks jkt vj jdcks gksaorks cks bZ nsl gksorksA fgUnw jktk [kqn ij fcinkjS c[kr eqlyekuka lwa tq) djrkA vkil esa vsdrk jS vHkko jS dkj.k cS dnSbZ HksGk gks;*j vsd lkFkS fd.kheqlyeku lkld jks izfrjks/k dksuh dj lD;kA vkil jh QwV jS dkj.k lxGka jh lÙkk fc[kfj;kSM+h jSaorhA iztkdnSbZ b.k jS rks dnSbZ m.k jS >aMS rGS jS;*j mnklhu Hkko /kkj.k dj fy;kSA ck ^dksÅ ui gks; gegqa dk gkfu*lksp*j tSM+ks jktk gksorks cha jks gqde ctkoarhA

tn eqlyekuka jS jkt jh Fkkiuka Hkyh Hkkar gksxh rks fgUnw jktkoka jks izfrjks/k de gq;X;kS i.kvc eqlyeku vkil esa yM+.kks l: dj fn;kSA uwoka eqlyeku vj iqjk.kka vQxkuka esa vkil esa B.kxh b.kdkj.k ckajks iwjks /;ku vki jh lÙkk tek.kS esa ykX;ks jS;ksA vksbZt dkj.k gks dS cs bLyke jS izpkj&izlkj dkuh/;ku uha ns lD;kA dwV uhfr lwa dke fy;kSA vBS jS jktkoka vj iztk uS [kqn dkuh feyk.kks l: dj~;kS b.k[kkrj cs lfgL.kqrk jh uhfr vi.kkbZA 'ksj'kkg lwfj vj eqxy gqek;wa jks tq) b.k ckr jks lcwr gS dS 'ksj'kkgvki jh uhfr vi.kkbZ ft.kesa cks lQy jS;ksA b.k jS iNS 'ksj'kkg lwfj jh ekSr vj gqek;wa jks nqckjk Hkkjr ijvf/kdkj dj.kks b.kjks lcwr gSA gqeka;w jS csVS vdcj Hkh lfgL.kqrk jh uhfr vi.kkbZ vj lQy gq;kS i.k b.kjks vks eryc dksuh dS vjktdrk tkcd [kre gksxh gqoSA lÙkk jh pky rks lkeUrh <ax jh ghA rkdrlrk/kkjh jS gkFkka esa gh b.k dkj.k iztk pk;s fgUnw gh ;k eqlyeku] nq%[kh vj ijslku jSaorhA

vBS vk ckr Hkh /;ku esa jk[k.kS tksx gS dS nsl jks iwjks fodkl eqxy dky esa bZ gq;kSA vdcjlwa yS;*j 'kkgtgk¡ rkabZ ekgkSy lkar gksA gkykadS vdcj ljh[kh /kkfeZd lfgL.kqrk nwtS fd.kh cknlk esa dksuhgh i.k tgk¡xhj vkijh U;k; fiz;rk vj 'kkgtgk¡ LFkkiR; dyk jS j{k.k jS dkj.k uke dek;kSA iSyh okGh lÙkkuS ns[krka vks c[kr lq[k&L;karh jks gksa b.k dkj.k vks dSo.kks Bhd dksuh gS dS Hkxrh dky jks vkfoHkkZo fonslhlÙkk jS dkj.k gq;kSA b.k eqtc MkW- jktukFk 'kekZ jks dSo.kks gS ^^blds fy, rks lSadM+ksa o"kksZa ls es?k[kaM ,d=gks jgs FksA ge Hkxrh ds bl pjeksRd"kZdky esa ,d ubZ ckr vkSj ns[krs gSa] tks ;g fl) dj nsrh gS fdeqlyekuksa }kjk fd, tkus okys vR;kpkjksa dh dYiuk fdruh FkksFkh vkSj lkjghu gSA bl ;qx esa vorkj dksekuus okyh nfLV esa ifjorZu gks pqdk FkkA**

1-2-3-2 lkekftd

5

lkekftd [ksrj ¼{ks=½ esa fgUnqvka esa Å¡p&uhp vj NwvkNwr jh Hkkouk iSyh ftlh bZ ghA Å¡ph tkrvj ub± NksVh tkrka esa Hkh mitkfr vj vsd&nwtS lwa uQjr dj.kS jh izofÙk ghA Å¡p uhp vj Nwvk&Nwr jhb.kh Hkkouk /kkfeZd fonzksg uS tye fn;kSA vk izofÙk vc eqlyekuka esa Hkh vk pqdh ghA fgUnqvka jks mPp oxZvgadkjh gks rks eqlyeku lkld neh gkA cS Hkh [kqn uS de dksuh le>rkA njvly lkeUrh oSoLFkk jks vksnqjxq.k bZ*t gS dS ck feu[k&feu[k esa Hksn dj pkySA b.kht dkj.k dchj tkr ikar uS yS;*j fgUnw vjeqlyeku nksuqoka uS bZ yrkM~;k gS &

ts rw ckEgu] ckEguh tk;kAvku jkg rsa] D;ksa ufga vk;kAAtsrw rqdZ] rqdZuh tk;kAHkhrj [kruk D;ksau djk;kAA

vehj lnho lwa xjhcka ij tqye djrk vk;k gS i.k vpEHkS jh ckr gS dS dchj tSM+S iz[kj dfo Hkhb.k jks fprjke dksuh [kSaP;kSA rqylhnkl t:j dS;ks gS dS tdS jktk jS jkt esa iztk nq%[kh gqoS cks lh/kks ujdesa tkoSA dchj jh ctk; xq: ukud nso rRdkyhu tqye jks fojks/k eq[kj :i lwa dj~;kS gSA ckajh ok.kh esafojks/k jk lcwr fey T;koSA dchj vj chtS larka /kkjfed <ksax vj vkMEcjka ij tknk pksV djh gSA b.klwalkfcr gqoS dS cha tekuS esa czkã.kk jks fdrks ncncks gksA

lekt esa ukjh jh nlk Bhd dksuh ghA ,d lwa T;knk C;ko jks fjokt gksA eqlyeku lÙkk/kkfj;ka esagjeka esa gtk:a yqxk;ka jk[k.kS jks fjokt gksA b.k dkj.k lkso.kh yM+fd;k¡ jks vigj.k dj gje Hkj~;k tkaorkAb.k Mj lwa fgUnq vkijh dU;koka jks C;ko ckGi.kS esa bZ dj.kks l: dj fn;kSA cka ij eqfLye gqdejkuka jh cqjhutj uha iM+ T;koS b.k dkj.k cka esa Hkh iM+nS jks fjokt l: gq;X;kSA fgUnq eqlyeku esa b.khta dkj.klkekftd nwfj;k¡ c/kh vj Nqvk Nwr ?k.kh c<+hA

1-2-3-3 lkaLÑfrd

Hkxrhdky nks laLÑfr;ka jS Vdjko jks tqx gksA fgUnw laLÑfr vkijh izkphurk vj egkurk jS naHk esa[kqn jS cpko esa ykxsM+h ghA eqlyeku fotsrk gk vj vBS jk uha gk b.k dkj.k cka jh bLyke&laLÑfr vBSjh laLÑfr uS nck;*j gkoh gks.kS gh dkslhl djS ghA b.k dky esa /kje lk/kuka jh ck<+ lh vk;xhA xqá lk/kuk jS dkj.k /kjekpkj jS ukao ij vukpkj] feF;kpkj vj O;fHkpkj esa c<+ksrjh gq;hA X;ku ppkZ jh vksV esaik[kaM gwo.k ykxX;ksA lekt esa vsd Hkkar jh vjktdrk QSyxhA dkykUrj esa ckgjh vkMEcjka ij O;aX;djht.k ykxX;kSA dje dkaM vj ckgjh fo/kku uS <ksax crk;ks x;kSA vSM+h ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa xq: xksj[kukFk eujh lq)rk vj vkpkj.k jh ifo=rk ij tksj fn;ks & ^^vo/kw eu paxk rks dBkSrh esa xaxk] ck¡/;k esYgk rks txrpsykA** dS;*j feu[k jS vkpkj.k vj eu jh ifo=rk uS pks[kh crk;hA b.kht Hkkar dchj vkn chtS larka Hkheu jh ikourk ij tksj fn;ks &

dgS dchj Ñik HkbZ] xq#Kku dgk le>kbZAân; Jh gfj HksafV;s] tks eu vurS ufga tkbZAA

ckS) /kje jS mRFkku lkFkS bZ mPp oj.k jh lkekftd oSoLFkk vj /kkfeZd ladh.kZrk jks fojks/k l: gkspqD;ks gksA fonzksg jh b.k ygj uS e/; ;qx esa dchj etcwrh nh vj m.k uS ladh.kZrk lwa eqxr djhA b.k Hkkarfolq) ekuork vj lkekftd U;k; jh Hkkouk jS vk/kkj ij vsd uqoha laLÑfr jks tye gq;ks ft.k esa lxGSvkMEcjka uS nwj gVk;*j lxGka uS lesV.kS jh ykylk ghA larka jS b.k iquhr dke esa lwQh dfo;k¡ Hkh vki jksiwjks ;ksx fn;kSA tkr] laiznk; vkn jh Hkkoukoka lwa Åij mB*j cka feu[k&feu[k jS fgoMS+ jS rkjka uS tksM+.kSjh vuwBh dkslhl djhA vka nksuqoka fey*j fgUnw&eqfLye laLÑfr vj /kkfeZd Hkkouk esa larqyu fcBk;*jleUo; yko.kS jh lQy dkslhl djhA nksuqoka jh dkslhl jS dkj.k Hkxrh jh vsd vSM+h i)fr jks tye gq;ks

6

ft.k uS fujxq.k /kkjk ukao feY;kSA m.kuS tu tu viukbZA

b.kht Hkkar osnka lwa pky*j v}Sr jh /kkjk dn vorkj okn esa cny*j ôS".ko Hkxrh* jS :i esa pkyiM+h vks iÙkks gh uah pkY;kSA jke vj fØlu foL.kq jk vkSrkj ekuht*j lxq.k Hkxrh jk mikL; nso c.k~;kArqylh ^lxqufg&vxqufg ufga dNq Hksnk* dS;*j lxq.k&fujxq.k esa leUo; jh dkslhl djhA

1-2-3-4 /kkfeZd

e/;dky esa vusd /kje izpfyr gk vj cS vkil esa vsd&nwljS jks fojks/k djrkA vk fojks/kh Hkkoukbrjh tksnnkj gh dS b.k esa ekjihV] dRy vkn gks.kks vke ckr ghA b.kdky [k.M esa Hkkjr esa eq[k :i lwaikap Hkkar jk lEiznk; gkA Hkkxor /kje uS eku.kokGk oSL.ko] flo jh mikluk dj.kkGk lSo] ije lxrh uSeka jS :i esa eku.kokGk eka jk Hkxr&lkDr] x.ksl th uS bZ lks dha eku.kokGk&xk.kiR; vj lwjt jk mikldlkSj! lkFkS bZ dqG nsork] xzke nsork] yksd nsork vkn jh iwtk jks fo/kku Hkh gks i.k b.kk jh iwtk ^yksdkFkZ*Hkko lwa djh tkaorhA foL.kq] flo] lxrh] x.ksl vj lwjt jh mikluk [kqn jh ilUn vj t:jr jS eqtc djhtkaorhA vka lxGka esa lSo lEiznk; lc lwa tknk yksdfiz; gksA oSL.ko vkjk/kuk lSo er lwa iNS l: gqbZ i.kb.kjks izHkko tYnh bZ vk[kS Hkkjr ij iM+~;kSA iNS nklZfud fpUru jS dkj.k }Srokn] HksnkHksnokn] foflLVk}Srokn]}Srk}Srokn] lq)k}Srokn vkn Hkxrh vkUnksyu jk vk/kkj c.k~;kA vS lxGk Hkh Hkkxor /kje lwa tqMS+M+k gSA

ckS) /kje gkykadS lkekftd U;k; jh ekax uS yS;*j turk lkeh vk;ks i.k vkxS pky*j vks Hkh oSfnd/kje jS izHkko lwa [kqn uS eqxr dksuh jk[k lD;kSA b.kjk Hkh êgk;ku* vj ^ghu;ku* nks Hksn c.kX;kA ^ghu;ku*vki jh nklZfud tfVyrk jS dkj.k turk lwa nwj gVrks x;ks tn dS êgk;ku* jk njoktk lc yksxka rkabZ[kqyk gkA b.k dkj.k b.kuS vi.kko.k okGk yksx de Hkf.k;k fy[;k vj fiNfM+;ksM+k rcdS lwa tknk vk;kAft.klwa gksGS&gksGS /kje jks lkpks :i rks ykjS NwVX;kS vj cha jh tkaxka ra= lk/kuk ysyhA turk uS peRdkjfn[kk;*j okgokgh ywV.kokGka /kje ij gkoh gks;X;kA cq) jh dfBu lk/kuk jh tkxka iapedkj ¼ekal] efnjk]eSFkqu] eRlj] eqnzk½ ysyhA oke ekjx jh iz/kkurk jS dkj.k ckS) /kje jks Hkh iru gksX;ksA vka fole ifjfLFkfr;kaesa ukFk iaFkh tksfx;k¡ lq)hdj.k vj lk/kuk jks ukjks cqyUn dj~;kSA lk/kuk esa ukjh uS ojftr dj nhA eu vjvkpj.k jh lq/krk dkuh /;ku ns; ukFk iaFkh tksfx;ka ;ksx ¼gB½ lk/kuk ij cy fn;kSA Kku ekjx esa ^"kV pØ*^bM+k&fiaxyk&lq"kqEuk* lwU; lek/kh] dqaMyuh vkn jks ftØ ukFk iaFk jS izHkko jS dkj.k gq;kSA

1-3 Hkxrh i)fr

Hkxrh vkUnksyu vk[kS Hkkjr jks vkUnksyu gksA vks vkUnksyu nslh Hkklkoka jS ek/;e lwa xk¡o jS yksxkard iwX;ksA b.klwa czkã.kka jS vsdkf/kdkj uS pqukSrh feyh vj HkksGS HkkGS yksxka uS crk;ks x;ks dS Hkxoku jS lkehlxGk feu[k cjkscj gSA Å¡p] uhp] tkr&ik¡r vkn jk ckM+k feu[k jk c.kk;ksM+k gSA b.k lwa tu tkxj.k gq;kSAvksbZt Hkxrh ekjx vkxS pky*j fujxq.k vj lxq.k lk[kkoka esa caVX;kSA gkykadS vks Hksn ftrjks gS vkt chrksm.k leS dksuh gksA

1-3-1 fujxq.k Hkxrh

e/;dkyhu lar ijEijk esa larka ft.k ok.kh jh juk djh m.k uS fujxq.k dkO; dS;ks tkoSA vs larek;krhr czã uS bZ vkijks lk/; ekurkA b.kka jks dSo.kks gks dS czã ek;k jS rhuwa xq.kka ¼jkt] lr vj re½ lwaijS gS b.k dkj.k cks fujxq.k gSA lar Lrqfr ;k lk/kuk esa fy[krk vj cksyrk] vks lar dkO; jS ukoa lwa txpkoksgq;kSA

lkfgR; esa b.k ijEijk jks fodkl mifulnka] lwfQ;ka oSL.koka] ;ksfx;ka vj bLyke lwa gq;kSA vks bZtdkj.k gS dS b.k ijEijk esa njl.k] lk/kuk] v/;kRe] mikluk vkn lxGks dha feyS i.k b.k jS ckotwn b.kuS fd.kh nk;jS ;k okn esa uha cka/;kS tk ldSA b.k ijEijk jks mÌsL; gks ijekRek lwa vGxh gq;sM+h cha jks ghval vkRek uS nqckjk ijekRek lwa feyk.kksA b.k dkj.k cka ;ksx lk/kuk] mikluk] J)k] izse vkn lxGka jks

7

lgkjks fy;kSA vs lar ijekRek uS fujkdkj] vtUeks] vfouklh vj geSl jSo.k okGks ekurkA b.k dkj.k m.kjks :i vkdkj fd.k Hkkar gks ldS \ cks vtj vej gS rks m.k jks tye fd.k Hkkar gks ldS \ cha uS iko.k [kkrjlxGk ckjS jk mik; csdkj gSA cks eu vj ok.kh jks fol; dksuhA cks bfUnz;krhr gSA m.kuS rks lar [kqn jhyxu] J)kHkko vj izse jS cycwrS gh ik; ldSA b.kht dkj.k larka ckgjh vkMEcjka jks fojks/k dj LokuqHkwfrij tksj fn;ksA fujxq.k Hkxrh Hkh nks lk[kkoka esa caVxh & ,d Kku ekxhZ vj nwth izse ekxhZA

1-3-1-1 Kku ekxZ

larka jS c<~;k tho.k&njl.k jk lw= 'kadjkpk;Z jS v}Srokn lwa tqMs+M+k gSA 'kadjkpk;Z jS fpUru jhfojklr uS yS;*j jkekuqtkpk;Z vkxS c<~;kA ckajk psyk Lokeh jkekuUn b.k ijEijk uS vkxS c/kkbZA jkekuUnjk Hkxr fujxq.k vj lxq.k nksuqoka uS eku.kokGk gkA fujxq.k Hkxrh jS fodkl jS ewG esa vorkjokn jh mis{kkghA nsl esa vSM+S yksxka jh rknkn ?k.kh bZ gh ft.kk ij ukFkiaFkh ;ksfx;ka jks izHkko gksA cka jS eu esa izse Hkko vjHkxrh jl jh dksbZ tkxka dksuh ghA bLyke jS ek/;e lwa Hkkjrh; fpUru ij vsdsLojokn jks izHkko Hkh iM~;ks]tdks vorkj okn ;k lxq.k ijekRek uS dkSuh ekurksA b.kk yksxka rkabZ fujxq.k czã jh mikluk bZ tknk BhdghA b.k Kku ekxZ jks izpkj&izlkj cka yksxka esa gq;kS tdka uS vkt rd /kje esa Hkkxhnkj dksuh c.kk;k x;kgkA nc;kSM+k vj vyx Fkyx yksxka esa vkRexkSjo jks Hkko txk;ksA b.k iaFk esa tkr ikar jks dksbZ Hksn dksuhgksA ^gfj dks Hkts lks gfj dks gksbZ* dS;*j feu[k feu[k uS cjkcjh jks njtks fn;kS x;kSA

Kku ekxZ esa v}Srokn uS vk/kkj c.kk*j ;ksx lk/kuk] xq: jh efgek] uke ti.kks vj vkpkj.k lqf)ij tksj fn;ks x;kSA ckgjh vkMEcj ft.kesa cjr] rhjFk] ewfrZ iwtk vkn jh vkykspuk djh xbZA fujxq.k /kkjkuS vkxS c/kko.kS esa egkjkLVª esa ukenso jks uke izeq[k gSA mÙkjknS Hkkjr esa jkekuUn jS iNS cka jk ckjg psykvj dchjnkl b.k ekxZ uS vkxS c/kko.kS esa ?k.kks vj egrkÅ ;ksxnku fn;ksA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy jS eqtcrks Kku ekxhZ jS larka esa dchj] jSnkl] ukud vkn nks&P;kj esa bZ O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr jh xSjkbZ vj uqaoksi.k gksckdh lc esa fiLV isl.k feySA

Kku ekxhZ larka jh lwph ?k.kh ykEch gSA dBSb larka [kqn jk iaFk Hkh pyk;k ft.kk jk ewy fl)kUr HkhvS bZt gkA nknwn;ky] lqanjnkl] eywdnkl] ykynkl] lsu Hkxr] ihik] /kUuk] tkaHkks th] gfjnkl fujtauh]fl[k xq: ijEijk] ckck ykynkl] lnuk vSM+k lar dfo gq;k gS ftdka jh ok.kh vkt Hkh yksd eaxG jks lanslnSoSA vs lar ^dkuu lquh* jS ctk; ^vk¡[ku ns[kh* ij tknk tksj nsaork b.k dkj.k vka jh ok.kh esa bZekunkjhvj lkQxksbZ lkQ >ydSA

1-3-1-2 izse ekxZ

e/; dky lwa iSyh bZ lkfgR; esa vsd vSM+h ijEijk jh l:vkr gqbZ ft.k uS îzse ekxhZ ¼lwQh½ lk[kk*]îzse dkO;*] îzse dFkkud dkO;*] îzsek[;kud dkO;*] ^lwQh dkO;* vkn vusd ukao fn;k x;kA vly esa vsuke b.k ckr dkuh blkjks djS dS vka dkO;k esa izse fol; uS izeq[krk fnjhth gSA Kku ekxhZ larka ft.k HkkarijekRek lwa fey.kS rkabZ Kku vj Hkxrh lk/kuk jh jkg crkbZ m.kh Hkkar ijekRek lwa fey.kS rkabZ izse jh t:jrcrkbZA b.kk jh jpukoka esa ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; fl.kxkj Hkkouka jS ctk; lqNUn izse jh Fkkiuk djhth gSAb.kh*t dkj.k vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy b.k ijEijk uS fonslh ekuyhA jkepUnz 'kqDy ^jkek;.k* esa of.kZr izse uSvknlZ ekuS] b.k dkj.k lwQh dkO; jk izse uS fonslh crk fn;kSA vBS vk ckr /;ku jk[k.kS tksx gS dS Hkkjrh;dkO; esa Hkh lqNUn izse b gSA b.kht Hkkar ^fØlu&:de.kh*] ^jk/kkfØlu*] ûG≠Urh*] ^mlk&vfu:)*vkn jh dFkkoka esa lqNUn izse jksbZ rks cj.kko gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; ok³~xe; jks v/;;u dj~;kS tkoS rks vk ckrlkeh vkoS dS izsek[;kud dkO; ijEijk Hkkjrh; ijEijk jks bZ fcxlko gSA gk¡ ! vk ckr Hkh eku.kS tksx gSdS b.k ijEijk uS leS&leS ij chth ijEijkoka Hkh izHkkfor djrh jS;h ft.klwa okajh dSbZ ckrka vi.kkbZ xbZA

vka dkO;ka jh folsrkoka jkepUnz 'kqDy b.k Hkkar crkbZ gS &

8

& Qkjlh elufo;ka jS Hkkar vka izsek[;kudka esa Hkh izse jks fp=.k vsdkfUrd] yksd lwa ckjS vjvknlkZRed gSA lkFkS bZ ukf;dk jh vis{kk uk;d jS fojg uS tknk foLrkj fn;ks x;ks gSA

& elufo;ka esa iwjh dFkk lxZ ;k v/;k;ka esa caVsM+h dksuh gqoSA iwjks dkO; vsd bZ NUn esa gqoSAdFkk jh l:vkr ijekRek jh izkFkZuk] iSxEcj jh oanuk vj L;kgs oDr jh cMkbZ lkFkS gqoSA

& vs izse dFkkoka eqlyeku dfo;ka fy[kh gSA

vkpk;Z jkepUnz & 'kqDy th jh ckrka jh dkV Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa bZ fey T;koS b.k dkj.k îzse ekxZ*Hkh Hkkjrh; ijEijk jks bZ vsd fodflr :i dS;ks tk ldSA

izse ekxZ jh ijEijk jh iSyh iksFkh ^galkoyh* jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[khth gSA b.kjk dfo ^vlkbr* gSAHkqyk nkmn ^pkUnk;u* jh jpuk lu~ 1379 esa djhA ^y[kelsu inekorh dFkk* jh jpuk lu~ 1459 esa nkeksnjdfo djhA ^lR;orh dFkk* jk jpukdkj ¼1501½ bZLoj nkl gS vj exkorh ¼1503½ jh jpuk dqrqcu djhAêk?kokuy dkedUnyk* 1527 esa x.kifr dfo vj înekor* jh jpuk lu~ 1540 esa efyd eqgEen tk;lhdjhA înekor* vSM+ks izsek[;kud gS ftdS esa izsek[;kudka jh lxGh izofr;ka feySA b.k jh vk/kh dFkkdkYifud vj vk/kh vsfrgkfld gSA vka iksF;ka jS vykok ê/kqekyrh* jh jpuk ea>u 1545 esa djhA b.kh Hkkar^:i eatjh*] îzse foykl izse yrk jh dFkk* ^fp=koyh* ûy ne;Urh* vkn izse dFkkoka Hkh vki jS tqx esa [kwcpkoh gqbZA

îzse ekxhZ* dFkkoka jks fcxlko folq) Hkkjrh; ijEijk lwa gq;kS gS i.k ck ij lwQh dkO;ka jks Hkh izHkkoiM~;ksA

1-3-2 lxq.k Hkxrh

lxq.k Hkxrh lkfgR; esa vuqjkx vj ek/kq;Z Hkko jS lkFkS&lkFkS nkL; vj nhurk jks Hkko Hkh vfHkO;Drgq;kS gSA b.k lwa fonslh leh{kdka uS vks Hkze gq;kS dS b.kjks dkj.k rRdkyhu okrkoj.k gSA cka jks fopkj gks dSjktuhfrd nklrk jS dkj.k ykpkj fgUnw turk Hkxoku jh lj.k esa vk;h gS] i.k vks lksp.kks xGr gksA lxq.kHkxrh jh ijEijk jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ jks ifj.kke uha gks;*j oSfnd dky jh Hkxrh /kkjk jks vsd :i gksAvorkjokn jh dYiuk lkFkS bZ b.k nsl esa lxq.k Hkxrh jS b.k O;kid Hkko uS tkxka feyxh vj b.k jk dSbZ:i fodflr gq;kA

lxq.k Hkxrh jS b.k osx jks vsd dkj.k fo}ku vks Hkh ekuS dS ckS) vj tSu /kje tn ukfLrd Bgjkfn;k x;k rks v}Srokn jks [kwc izpkj gq;kSA 'kadjkpk;Z b.k izpkj esa fljS gkA ^vga czãkfLe* ;k ^lo± [kfYonczã* jS vk/kkj ij lalkj uS ukloku eku.kokGk czãKkfu;ksa jS lkFkS dha <+ksaxh Hkh iSnk gksX;k tdk czãfo|klwa v.ktk.k gkA 'kadjkpk;Z rks isyh dS; pqD;k dS vuqHko esa mrkj~;ka fcuk Kku <+ksax gSA b.k Hkkar cSjkx vjek;kokn jks <+ksax djf.k;ka lwa lh/kS&lknS yksxka uS cpk.kS rkabZ lxq.k Hkxrh t:jh ghA naHkh vj <ksaxh lk/kdkalwa yksxka uS cpk.kS rkabZ foL.kq Hkxrh jks izpkj dj~;ks x;ks ft.k esa jkekuqt] fuEckdZ] e/kokpk;Z] oYyHkkpk;Zvkn fn[k.kkn jk vkpk;Z izeq[k gkA oSL.ko Hkxrh esa jke vj fØlu foL.kq jk vkSrkj ekU;k x;kA b.k Hkkarlxq.k Hkxrh jks izlkj vka nks :ika esa gq;ks & ,d jke Hkxrh vj nwth fØlu HkxrhA

1-3-2-1 jke Hkxrh

jke jks ftØ rks osnka esa Hkh vkoS i.k cks nljFk jks csVks dksuhA jke lkfgR; jh jpuk vkfn dfookYehfd lwa l: gqbZA jkek;.k jks jpuk dky bZlk jS ik¡p&N% lbdS iSyh lwa yS;*j bX;kjk lbdk iSyh ;kb.k fcpkGS gq;ks gSA b.k ckr uS lxGS fiPNeh vj Hkkjrh; fo}ku ekuSA laLÑr lwa ys;*j ikfy] izkÑr]viHkzal vj chth yksdHkklkoka esa jkedFkk jh jpuk gq;h gSA jke dFkk vk lqnwj Hkkjr lwjhuke] eysf'k;k] tkok]baMksusf'k;k vkn }hikarkabZ dSbZ :ika esa pkoh gqbZA jkek;.k jh dFkk egkHkkjr jS ^vkj.;d*] nzks.k* vj 'kkafrioZ*esa feySA vxLR; lafgrk] jk?koh; lafgrk] jkeiwoZ rkiuh; mifu"kn~] jke jgL; mifu"kn~ esa Hkh jke Hkxrh jh

9

egek vj jke dFkk feySA b.kht Hkkar ckS) vj tSu /kjeka jk jpukdkj Hkh jke dFkk dkuh vkdflZr gqvkAvk chth ckr gS dS vka jpukdkjka jke dFkk jks mi;ksx [kqn jS /kje jS izpkj&izlkj rkabZ tknk dj~;ksA

vkfndky jks jktuhfrd okrkoj.k vSM+ks gks dS jke jks pfj= izsj.kknk;d gks ldS gks i.k b.k dkyjS dfo;ka uS [kqn jks vklz;nkrkoka jh c<+kbZ lwa bZ Qqjlr dksuh feyhA Hkxr dfo;k¡ jke jks ^yksd j{kd :i*turk uS fn[kk;ksA e/; dky esa jke Hkxrh esa rqylhnkl jks dn ?k.kks Å¡pks gSA rqylhnkl lwa iSyh jke Hkxrdfo;k¡ esa fo".kqnkl jks ukao mYys[k tksx gSA Lokeh jkekuUn vj dfo vxznkl Hkh jke dFkk jk ^Hkjr feyki*vj ^vaxn iSt* esa izlax fy;k gSA rqylhnkl ^jke pfjr ekul* jS vykok xhrkoyh] jkekKk] iz'ukoyh]jkeyyk ugNw] cjoS jkek;.k] tkudkjh eaxy] jkeyyk ugNw] fou; if=dk vkn xazFkka jh jpuk djh tdkjke Hkxrh lwa lEcfU/kr gSA rqylhnkl jke pfj= uS vSM+h Å¡pkbZ nh dS vkt rd dksbZ dfo cBS rd dksuhiwx lD;ksA ukHkknkl vj ds'konkl vkn dfo;k¡ Hkh jke dkO; jh jpuk djhA ds'ko jh ^jke pfUnzdk* vkijS dykRed peRdkj jS dkj.k [kwc pkoh gq;hA b.k jS vykok lsukifr] izk.kpUn pkSgku] ek/konkl] ân; jke]ujgfjnkl ckjgV] ykynkl vj diwj pUn vkn dfo;ka Hkh jke jS pfj= uS ys;*j jpukoka djh gSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa Hkh jke dFkkoka jph xbZ gSaA lc lwa iSyh esgksth xksnkjk nwgk vj pkSikb;ka esajkek;.k jh jpuk djhA ek?kksnkl na?kokfM+;k ^jke jklkS*] lqjtunkl iwfu;k ^jke&jklkS*] vj ^jkek;.k dor*jh jpuk djhA ljo.k Hkwdj] eqgrk :?kukFk] dfo;k dj.khnku Hkh jke dkO; jh jpuk djhA

e/;dky lwa pky*j jke dkO; jh jpuk iNS Hkh gksaorh jS;hA nle xq: xksfoUn flag ^jkekorkj* ukaolwa jpuk djhA fpUrkef.k dfo ^jkek;.k* vj ^jkek'okes?k* jh jpuk djhA lwjfr feJ] ^jke pfjr* vj jfldxksfoUn jkek;.k lwpfudk* xzUFk jh jpuk djhA vks flyflyks vc rkabZ pkySA vk/kqfud dky esa Hkh jke pfjrdFkk [kwc jP;ks x;ks gSA eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr jk vS lcn jke jS pfj= ij fdrjk lVhd gS &

jke rqEgkjk pfj=] Lo;a dkO; gSAdksbZ dfo cu tk;] lgt laHkkO; gSAA

1-3-2-2 fØlu Hkxrh &

lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk jks nwljks vax fØlu Hkxrh gSA fØlu foL.kq jk lksGk dyk vorkj ekU;k x;k gStdk }kij ;qx jk egkuk;d gSA cqf) vj prjkbZ lwa lxGka uS peRdkj fn[kk;kA fØlu uke jS fjfl jks ftØ_Xosn esa Hkh vkoS i.k osnka jS fØlu vj egkHkkjr jS fØlu esa QdZ gSA laLÑr] ikfy] izkÑr] viHkzal vjnsl jh yksd Hkklkoka es fØlu yhyk jks iwjks cj.kko gq;ks gSA Hkxoku jk nks :i ekU;k x;k gS & yksd j{kdvj yksd jatdA iwruk] /ksuqdklqj] pk.kwj] eqfLVd dal vkn uS ekj.kS esa yksd j{kd vj cky yhyk] jke yhyk]xksi yhyk vkn esa fØlu jks yksd jatd :i mHkj;kS gSA eSfFky dksfdy fo|kifr lwa l: gks;*j Jh fØluHkxrh jh vk /kkjk fcuk fd.kh :dkoV jS vk/kqfud dky rd cSaorh vk;h gSA

e/;dky esa fØlu Hkxrh jk dSbZ lEiznk; lkeh vk;k ft.kk esa oYyHk] fuEckdZ] jk/kkoYyHk] gfjnklh]pSrU; ¼xkSM+h;½ vkn [kkl mYys[k dj.kS tksx gSA vkpk;Z oYyHk jS er xqtc Jh fØlu lr~] fpUr vjvkuanl:i gSA cS vfouklh loZlxrheku] loZK vj vuar gSA cS yhyk :i gSA cka jh yhykoka jks iz;kstuyksdfgr dj.kks bZ gSA b.kht Hkkar fuEckdZ lEiznk; esa fØlu lkFkS jk/kk jh mikluk jks fo/kku gSA fØlu ghczã gSA jk/kk oYyHk lEiznk; esa fØlu jh tkxk jk/kk uS izeq[krk fnjhth gSA gfjnklh lEiznk; esa Hkh fØlu^yhyk iq:"k* gSA cS gj ne yhyk esa yhu jSoSA xkSM+h; lEiznk; esa pSrU; egkizHkq fØlu uS ctsUnz dqekj dS;ksgSA m.kka esa muUr lxfr;ka gSA jk/kk Hkh b.k lxrh jks :i gSA

oYyHkkpk;Z th îq"Vh ekxZ* jh Fkkiuk djh] ft.kesa esa ^vLV Nki* jk dfo gS] b.kk esa lclwa izeq[klwjnkl gSA lwjnkl jS vykok dqaHkunkl] ijekuUnnkl] Ñ".knkl] uUnnkl] xksfoUn Lokeh] Nhr Lokeh]prqHkZqtnkl tSM+k dfo Hkh gSA lwjnkl okRlY; lezkV gSA lwjnkl iSyh fou; jk in dSaork i.k oYyHkkpk;Z

10

jS dSo.kZ ij yhyk jk in dSo.k ykxX;kA fuEckdZ lEiznk; eas fuEcdkpk;Z] HkV~V] gfjO;kl nso] ijlqnkl nsovkn fØlu Hkxr dfo gq;kA jk/kk oYyHk lEiznk; esa fgr gfjoal] nkeksnj nkl] gfjjke O;kl] prqHkqZtnkl]/kqzonkl] usgh ukxjhnkl vkn ?k.kk dfo Hkh gq;k gSA gfjnklh ;k l[kh lEiznk; esa Lokeh gfjnkl txUukFkxksLokeh] chBy foiqy] fcgkfjunkl vkn dfo gq;k gSA pSrU; ¼xkSM+h;½ lEiznk; esa Hkxoku nkl] lwjnklenueksgu] xnk /kj HkV~V] pUnz xksiky] ek?konkl ek/kqjh] Hkxor eqfnr vkn mYys[k dj.kS tksx Hkxr dfogSA b.k jS vykok ehjk¡ ckbZ] jl[kku vkn dfo gS cs fd.kh Hkh lEiznk; lwa tqM+sM+k dksuhA fØlu Hkxrh jhfrdky esa Hkh pkyrh jbZ i.k jhfr dkyhu dfo;k¡ jks eq[k mÌsL; Hkxrh uha gks;*j fl.kxkj gksA

1-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k Hkkar b.k bdkbZ esa vk tk.kdkjh nh xbZ dS Hkxrh vkUnksyu Hkkjr esa eqlyekuka jS vkxeu lwa ?k.kksiSyh l: gks pqD;ks gksA vkt jS fo}ku vkykspdka jks rks eku.kks gS dS vxj vBS fonslh ub± Hkh vkoark Hkh HkxrhvkUnksyu jks :i vks gh jSorks e/; ;qx esa tSM+h jktuSfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vj /kkfeZd okrkoj.k gkscks b.k vkUnksyu uS rst dj.kS esa ennxkj fj;ksA e/; ;qx esa Nwvk&Nwr] Å¡p&uhp] /kkfeZd <ksax jS mUewyurkabZ vSM+S lq/kkj oknh vkUnksyu jh t:jr ghA vS lar vj Hkxr dfo lekt jS fiNMs+M+S vj xjhc rcdS lwavk;k gkA vs yksx lekt jh xjch uS fiNk.kS gkA cs lh/kh lknh vj rdZ lEer yksd Hkklk esa Hkxrh jks ljy:i turk lkeh jk[;ks tBS dke egrkÅ gksA dje uS gh /kje crk;kS x;kS gSA

1-5 vH;kl jk izLu

1- Hkxrh jks mn~Hko dn gq;ks \

2- Hkxrh dky jh jktuSfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vj /kkfeZd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ le>koksA

3- +fØlu Hkxrh lEiznk;ka jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

4- jke Hkxrh lkfgR; jS fodkl ij vsd fucU/k fy[kksA

1-6 lnaHkZ xzaFkka jh ikuM+h

1- MkW- eueksgu lgxy & fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDrdkyhu dkO;A

2- MkW- ftrsUnz ukFk ikBd & HkfDr vkSj jhfr dkyhu fgUnh eqDrd dkO;A

11

bdkbZ & 2

Hkxrh dkO; % ijEijk vj ewy L=ksrbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

2-0 mÌsL;

2-1 izLrkouk

2-2 Hkxrh jh ijEijk

2-2-1 Hkxrh jh ifjHkklk


¼i½ oSfnd dky

¼ii½ mifuln~ dky

2-3 Hkxrh dkO; jk ewy L=ksr

2-3-1 fujxq.k Hkxrh

2-3-1-1 Kku ekjxh lk[kk

2-3-1-1-1 oSfnd lkfgR;

2-3-1-1-2 yksd

2-3-1-1-3 ukFk iaFk vj ckS) nlZu

2-3-1-1-4 bLyke

2-3-1-2 izse ekjxh lk[kk

2-3-1-2-1 yksd

2-3-1-2-2 izkphu ok³~xe; vj bfrgkl

2-3-1-2-3 bLyke

2-3-2 lxq.k Hkxrh

2-3-2-1 jke Hkxrh dkO; jk L=ksr

2-3-2-2 fØlu Hkxrh dkO; jk L=ksr

2-3-2-3 nklZfud fopkj

2-3 bdkbZ jks lkj

2-4 vH;kl jk izLu


2-0 mÌsL;

b.k bdkbZ jks mÌsL; gS &

1- Hkxrh dky jh ijEijk vj lzksr jks v/;;u dj.kks gSA fo}ku jks v/;;u dj.kks gSA fo}kuvkerkSj ij Hkxrhdky lor~ 1350 lwa laor~ 1700 rd ekuSA dSbZ fo}ku Hkxrh dky uS Hkxrh vkUnksyu jhlaKk nsoS vj b.k jks mn~Hko fonslh jktlÙkk jh izfrfØ;k esa gq;ks ekuSA b.k fopkj lwa ?k.kdjk fo}ku lgerdksuh D;wa dS xgu v/;;u lwa vk ckr lkeh vkbZ gS dS Hkkjr esa Hkxrh jh ijEijk ?k.kh twuh gSA MkW- jke

12

foykl 'kekZ jks dSo.kks gS dS ^^ns'k vkSj dky dh nf"V ls ,slk O;kid lkaLÑfrd vkanksyu lalkj esa nwljkugha gSA bZlk dh nwljh 'krkCnh esa gh vka/kz izns'k esa Ñ".kksikluk ds fpg~u ik;s tkrs gSaA xqIr lezkVksa ds ;qxesa fo".kq ukjk;.k&oklqnso dh mikluk us vf[ky Hkkjrh; :i ys fy;kA ik¡poh 'krkCnh ls ysdj uoha 'krkCnhrd rfeyukMq Hkxrh&vkUnksyu dk izeq[k lzksr jgkA vkykokj larksa dh dhfrZ lkjs Hkkjr esa QSy xbZA dk'ehjesa ykynso] rfeyukMw esa vkanky] caxky esa paMhnkl] xqtjkr esa ujlh esgrk] Hkkjr ds fofHkUu izns'kksa esaHkxr&dfo yxHkx Ms<+ gtkj o"kZ rd turk ds ân; dks viuh ver ok.kh ls lhaprs jgsA** b.k lwa vk ckrrks lkQ gks tkoS dS Hkxrh vkUnksyu nslt gSA b.kjS mn; lkFkS fonslh lÙkk vsd dkj.k gks ldSA

2- Hkxrh vkanksyu jh HkkoHkwfe jh tk.kdkjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa uS le>k.khA

gjsd vkUnksyu ;k fopkj/kkjk jh vsd Hkko Hkwfe gqoS ft.k lwa cks vkxS c<+SA Hkxrh vkUnksyu ?k.kksO;kid gks i.k m.k jh Hkko Hkwfe vBS jh laLÑfr ;k cS fopkj gS tdk lfn;ka lwa vBS jS yksxka jS laLdkjka esagkA oSfnd /kje jS vykok Hkxrh vkUnksyu ij ukFk iaFkh ;ksfx;ka] tSu vj ckS) /kjeka jks izHkko Hkh ns[;ks tkldSA bLyke jS lEidZ esa vk.kS lwa cgqnso okn jh tkxka ,dsLojokn uS izlkj feY;kSA /kjeka vj er&erkarjkajh pks[kh ckrka Hkxrh /kkjk esa vk*j feyrh xbZ ft.klwa cks ,d vkanksyu c.kX;ksA

3- Hkkjr esa oSL.ko Hkxrh jh lq#vkr dn lwa gqbZ \

4- Hkxrh vkUnksyu jh /kkjkoka dq.klh gS \

5- Hkxrh vkUnksyu jh fopkj/kkjk jk lzksr dq.klk gS \

2-1 izLrkouk

Hkkjr jks Hkxrh vkanksyu HkkokRed vsdrk jks izrhd gS & b.kh izLrkouk lwa b.k bdkbZ uS vkxS c<+k.khgSA MkW- jke foykl 'kekZ dSoS] ^^Hkxrh vkanksyu esa tks HkkokRed ,dkr LFkkfir gqbZ] mlesa ftruk QSyko Fkk]mruh xgjkbZ Hkh FkhA ;g ,drk lekt ds FkksM+s ls f'kf{kr tuksa rd lhfer ugha FkhA laLÑr ds }kjk rksjk"Vªh; ,drk dk;e gqbZ Fkh mlls ;g fHkUu FkhA bldh tM+sa uxjksa vkSj xk¡oksa dh vui<+ turk ds chp xgjhpyh xbZ FkhaA ;g ,drk izknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa ds ek/;e ls dk;e gks jgh FkhA Hkxrh vkUnksyu ,d vksj vf[kyHkkjrh; vkUnksyu Fkk] nwljh vksj og izns'kxr] tkrh; vkUnksyu Hkh FkkA ns'k vkSj izns'k ,d lkFk( jk"Vª vkSjtkfr nksuksa dh lkaLÑfrd /kkjk;sa ,d lkFkA Hkxrh vkUnksyu dh O;kidrk vkSj lkeF;Z dk ;gh jgL; gSA**

jkefoykl th jS b.k dFku jS vkyksd esa bZ ns[k.kks vks gS dS b.k vkUnksyu jh fopkj/kkjk jh tM+ dBSgSA Hkxrh vkUnksyu ft.k jh fujxq.k] lxq.k lk[kkoka vkxS pky*j milk[kkoka esa foHkkftr gksxh] dkabZ b.kk esaHkhrjh :i esa dksbZ vsd bZ Hkko Hkwfe gS ;k vyx \ b.k vkUnksyu jks tqM+ko tu lk/kkj.k lwa gks vks vke feu[kjh t:jr Hkh gks vj cha uS jkg fn[kko.kkGks HkhA

b.k Hkxrh vkanksyu jks vk/kkj c.kh yksd HkklkokaA Hkxrh vkUnksyu yksd Hkklkoka jS ek/;e lwa gq;ksAxqtjkrh] jktLFkkuh czt] vo/kh] caxyk vkn Hkklkoka esa Hkxrh lkfgR; jP;ks x;ks ft.klwa yksd Hkklkoka jhrkdr c<h gSA Hkxrh lkfgR; lwa ^jk"Vªh; vsdrk* etcwr gqbZA ^lUru dks dk lhdjh lksa dke* dS;*j jktlÙkk jS Bksdj ekj.kkGk Hkxr dfox.k lekt jk lkapk vkxhok.k c.;k vj lekt esa QSy;kSM+k vkMEcjk esadGht;kSM+k feu[k uS eqxrh fnjkbZ vj xjhch vj NwvkNwr jh ihM+ HkqxrrS feu[k uS lgkjks fn;kSA ^gfj dksHktS lks gfj dks gksbZ* lq.k*j cha esa Hkh dha fgEer ckijhA Hkxrh jk cht vBka jh ijEijk esa ekStwn gkA

tkr&ik¡r vj Å¡p&uhp jh Hkkoukoka lwa Åij mB*j vsd feu[ki.kS lk: Hkxr dfo tdks lanslfn;kS m.k jks eksy lukru gS vj b.kh ekVh vj ijEijk lwa tqM+;kSM+ks gSA ck ijEijk oSfnd dky lwa pkyh vkoSgS ft.kjS P;ku.kS esa HkVdsM+ks feu[k vkijh jkg lks/k ysoSA cka xqekst tksx ijEijk vkt Hkh xqIr xaxk jh Hkkartu&tu jS eu esa osxorh gSA Hkxrh dky jS dfo;k¡ cS lzksr <wa<~;k ft.kk lwa eku[kks /kU;&gq;X;ks] vkt Hkhcka lzksrka jh njdkj gSA

13

2-2 Hkxrh jh ijEijk %&

Hkkjrh; /kje lk/kuk jS bfrgkl esa Hkxrh ekjx jks LFkku ?k.kks Å¡pks vj U;kjks gSA Hkxrh jh lq#vkrrks ?k.kh iSyh lwa gks pqdh ghA i.k cha jks iwjks fcxlko e/;dky esa gq;ksA vk Hkxrh /kkjk brjh ikou gh dSb.kjS dkj.k vk[kkS fgUnw lekt jks iqujtkxj.k gw;ka fcuka uha jS lo;ksA

2-2-1 Hkxrh jh ifjHkklk %&

Hkkxor /kje jh ewG psruk lwa vsd vSM+h /kkj.kk jks tye gq;kS ft.kjh HkkoHkwfe yksdksUeq[kh ghA Hkxrhlcn jh O;qRifÙk eksfu;j fofy;El jS eqtc ^Hkt~* /kkrq lwa djh tk ldS gSA vk Hkkxor Hkxrh vk;k± jSnklZfud vj vk/;kfRed fopkjka lwa J)k&foLokl vj miokl jks fodlko gks;*j mikL; nso jS O;kid Hkkoesa cnGxhA b.k Hkxrh Hkko jks lc lwa iSyh ftØ ^'ork'os'oj mifu"kn~ ¼6@33½* esa feGSA

J)k] foLokl vj izse tSM+k xq.k Hkxrh jh vk/kkj Hkwr rkdr gSA ikSjkf.kd Hkxrh jks ewG O;fDr ijdJ)k gS vFkkZr~ b.k esa ijekRek jh dYiuk t#jh gSA ^foL.kq* vj ^Hkkxor* vkn b.k J)k jh /kwjh gkA iqjk.kkaesa ^fo".kq* jh dYiuk ije lÙkk jS :i esa djhth gSA vk dYiuka Hkh djh xbZ dS Hkxoku cSdq.B /kke esa jSoS]b.k dkj.k tho vkRekoka uS cSdq.B esa tk.kS jh vj Hkxoku jS lkfUu/; esa jSo.kS jh izsj.kk nh xbZA Hkxoku jhHkxrh uS lclwa Å¡ph crk;*j m.k lk# Hkxrh v[k.M J)k jh dkeuk djhthA

2-2-2 Hkxrh jks mn~Hko %&

lafgrk Hkkx jS jpuk dky rd Hkxrh jS gkso.k jh tk.kdkjh dksuh feySA Hkxrh jks fodkl rks oSfnddky lwa bZ l# gks pqD;ks i.k b.k jks :i vkxS pky*j fFkj gq;kSA Hkxrh jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jks v/;;u uhpsfy[;k fcUnqvka jS vk/kkj ij dj~;ks tk ldS &

2-2-2-1 oSfnd dky %&

oSfnd dky esa ftx ¼;K½ ;k deZdkaM jh iz/kkurk ghA deZdkaM uS ek/;e c.kk*j /kkfeZdvuqLBku gq;k djrkA vk;Z yksx izÑfr iwtd gkA cS izkÑfrd oLrqvka esa fd.kh nsork jh dYiukdj ysaork cs tG] gok] vkx] esg vkn us nsork ekU;kA onauk dj.kks Hkh cka jh ftUnxh jk gj[kuS njlko.kks gksA osnka esa ty] gok] es?k vxu nso lc jh vjnkl feySA vk;k± jks /;ku HkkSfrdftUnxh jS lq[kka dkuh gks b.kht dkj.k ckajks /;ku ckjyS fo/kkuka ij T;knk jSaorksA lqHk&vlqHkesa Hkh cka jks fcLokl gks ft.k jS dkj.k cS ftx vkn deZdkaM ?k.kh J)k lkFkS djrk D;wa dS m.kjSfcuka ftx jks dha eryc dksuh gksrksA b.k lwa bZ J)k ewyd Hkxrh jks tye gq;kS vj cgqnsooknjh tkxka vsd nso jh mikluk l# gqbZA Hkxr lk: vks t:jh gS dS vkijh fc[kjsM+h rkdr uSvsd tkxka HksGh dj vsd nso esa bZ vki jks /;ku yxkoSA urhtks vks gq;ks dS vc cgqnso jhdYiuka gksGS&gksGS fleV*j vsd esa gks.k ykxxh m.k ^lr~* uS bZ fo}ku bUnz] fe= o#.k] vxuvkn ukao ns fn;kA izÑfr jS nsoh dj.k jS ckn nsorkoka jks ekuohdj.k dj~;kS x;kS ft.k lwavorkj okn jh Hkkouka uS rkxr feyhA fgalkRed ¼ftx esa cfy vkn½ vj dBksj ofÙk;k¡ jh tkxkavc dksey ofÙk;k¡ iz/kku gqbZA b.kjks vlj Hkxrh lk/kuk jh fof/k;k¡ ij Hkh i³~;ksA ckS) vj tSub.k izofÙk uS vkxh c<+kbZA

dkykUrj esa czkã.k*] ^mifu"kn~*] ^vkj.;d* vkn jh jpuk gqbZA b.kh nkSjku] deZQG*] îqutZUe*vkn jh dYiuka Hkh djhthA tho uS djek jk ca/k.k lwa eqxr djok.kS jk mik; Hkh dj~;k x;kAdjetkG lwa vGxk jSo.k rkabZ ri] mikluk vkn jh O;k[;k djhthA oSfnd mikluk vc /;kuvj tksx esa cnGxh ft.k lwa J)k vj Hkxrh jk njoktk [kqyX;kA vk;Z tn Hkkjr Hkkse ij vk;krks cka jks ;{k] fdUuj] xa/kj~o] ozkR; vkn tkfr;ka lwa ifjpS gq;kSA vka nksuqoka jh N=Nk;k esaHkkjrh; laLÑfr vj Hkxrh jks fcxlko gq;ksA

14

2-2-2-2 mifu"kn~ dky %&

^Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk* esa Kku ;ksx vj deZ ;ksx lkFkS Hkxrh jks Hkh ftØ gSA tu jk fg;S esa oSfnd djedkaM vjfgalk lwa eqxrh jh bPNk rks gh i.k vk/kkj dksuh gksA xhrk jk ckg~joSa v/;k; esa Jh Ñ".k tulekt usôS;fDrd ijekRek* jh nsu dSoS] oka jks dS.kks gS &

ê¸;so eu vk/kRLo ef; cqf)a fuos'k;Afuofl";fl e¸;so vr% Å/oZ u la'k;%AA8AA*

vFkkZr~ ^gs feu[k ! rwa EguS vki jS eu esa jekys vj vki jh cqf) uS EgkjS esa fFkj djnsA fcuk fd.kh ldjS rwa EgkjS eka; lek tkoSyksA*

b.k iNS 'kka fMY; vj ukjn jS Hkxrh lw=ka esa Hkxoku jh Hkxrh jks [kwc c[kk.k gq;kSA 'kka fMY; jks dSo.kks gksdS Hkxrh lwa bZ bZLoj esa vVG vuqjkx trk;ks tk ldSA bZLoj eqtc vknj jks Hkko] vk.kan jh laosnuk] tqnkbZesa fojgkuqHkwfr] chth lxGh ckrka lwa fojfDr jks Hkko] yxksyx Hkxoku jks xq.kxku dj.kks] iwjh rjS lwa leji.k]lkaph Hkxrh jh fiNk.k gSA mifu"knka esa Hkxrh jh ifjHkklk îjkuqjDrh'ojs l% Hkxrh* vFkkZr~ ije vklfDr¼izse½ gh ewG Hkko crk;kS x;kS gSA

oSfnd Hkxrh ijEijk jS lekUrj nD[k.kh Hkkjr esa nzfoM+ laLÑfr lwa tqMs+M+h Hkxrh ijEijk pky pqdh ghA vkijEijk bZlk lwa dbZ lbZdka iSyh pkyh vkoS gS ft.k esa lj.kkxr vj leji.k jh Hkkouk Hkjiwj ghA cha uS vkxSpky*j nD[k.kh Hkkjr jS vkpk;k± mrjknS Hkkjr esa Hkh pkoh c.kkbZA okLro esa bZLoh lu~ jS lq#vkrh leS esa bZfn[k.kknh vj mrjknh ijEijkoka jks esG gks pqD;ks gks ft.k jks iwjks ys[kks vkyokjka jS Hkxrh lkfgR; esa feySAb.k esa iwtk uS Hkxrh jks lc lwa cM+ks lk/ku ekU;ks x;kS gSA

b.k Hkkar mifu"kn~ dky iNS Hkxrh jks l:i fodflr gksaorks jS;ksA bZl esa eq[k :i lwa N% xq.k & Kku] cy],sLo;Z oh;Z] lxrh vj rst eku*j flzLVh jh jpuk] iky.k vj lagkj dj.kokGks ekU;ks x;ksA b.k jS eqtc bZczãk] foL.kq] egsl jk dje [ksrj r; gq;X;kA gksGS&gksGS bZa vorkj Hkkouk lxq.k] vj fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk]yksd jks vk/kkj cuhA fujxq.k Hkxrh vorkjokn uS ugh ekuS i.k izse] vklfDr J)k vj foLokl vkn Hkxrhewyd rRo fujxq.k Hkxrh esa Hkh lek;kA Hkko jh Hkxrh nD[k.kh Hkkjr jS vkykoj larka jh nsu gSA

ikap jk= iaFk jks mÌsL; Hkxrh jS lk/kuka jks fu:i.k dj.kks jS;ks gSA lafgrkoka feUnjka jS fujek.k] oka esa vkjk/; nso jh Fkkiuk vj Hkyh Hkkar iwtk dj.kS jh fof/k fnohA

b.k Hkkar foØe jh pkSngoha lnh rd Hkxrh jS :i jks iwjh rjS fcxlko gks pqD;ks gksA MkW- eueksgu lgxyjks b.k ckor dSo.kks gS dS] ^^mÙkj Hkkjr esa osnksa] mifu"knksa] 'kkL=ksa] iqjk.kksa ds ek/;e ls ;g izofÙk fuR; lthoFkhA gka ijkftr ekufldrk dh iqdkj esa n;uh;rk vkSj laosnuk dqN t:j c<+ xbZ ekuh tk ldrh gSA blrjg Hkxrh dk nzfoM+ izns'k esa mituk vkSj jkekuUn }kjk mÙkj Hkkjr esa yk;k tkuk Hkh vkaf'kd :i ls ghlgh dgk tk ldrk gSA**

2-3 Hkxrh dkO; jk ewG lzksr %&

Hkxrh dkO; jh ijEijk jh [kkst esa vk tk.kdkjh feyh dS Hkxrh jk cht oSfnd lkfgR; esa vj iNSmifu"knka esa Hkh feySA pkSngosa lbdS esa iwx*j Hkxrh iaFk jks ft.k Hkkar foLrkj gq;ks m.k jk lzksr Hkh vBS jhekVh esa ghgk tdkA lxq.k vj fujxq.k iaFk Hkh U;kjh&U;kjh /kkjkoka esa foHkkftr gq;X;kA vs vkijh thouhlxrh dBS lwa yh \ vka ckrka jks foospu vBS dj.kks gSA uhpS fy[;k fcUnqvka jS vk/kkj ij vkika Hkxrh dkO;jk lzksr [kkst.kS jh dkslhl djkayk &

2-3-1 fujxq.k Hkxrh %&

Hkxoku jS fujxq.k fujkdkj :i uS eku.k okGk vj ckgjh :i uS udkj.k okGk Hkxr fujxq.k iaFkhdS;k x;kA b.kkjS eqtc bZl vfouklh] vtj] vtUeks vj vej gSA cks gj oDr gjSd tkxka ekStwn gSA m.kk

15

jk njl.k uha dj~;k tk ldS Qxr eSglwl dj~;ks tk ldS vj lkapks xq# bZ esG djok ldSA fujxq.k Hkxrhjk lzksr b.k Hkkar gS &

2-3-1-1 Kku ekjxh

Hkko jh tkxka Kku lwa izHkq rd iwx.k jh fujxq.k Hkxrh Kku ekxhZ dghtSA

2-3-1-1-1 oSfnd lkfgR;

oSfnd lkfgR; nqfu;ka esa lc lwa iqjk.kks gSA ijorhZ lkfgR; ;k Kku&foKku ij osnka jh fopkj/kkjk jksizHkko iM+.kks lqHkkfod gksA osnkUr esa ^,dks·gaf}rh;ksukfLr* dS;*j vsd bZ bZLoj crk;ks x;ks gSA pjkpj txresa bZl jh lÙkk gSA lxGk izHkq esa gS vj cks lxGka esa gSA ^vga czãfLe* jks Hkko lar dkO; esa ^lksvga* jS :iesa ns[;ks tk ldSA czã tn /kkj.kk djh ^,dks·ge~ cgqL;kfe* rks flzLVh jh jpuk gqbZA dchj d;kS gS &

bDdks vYyk] uwj mik;k] dqnjr ds lc cansA

,d uwj rs lc tx mits;k] dkS.k Hkys] dkS.k eansA

MkW- f=yksdh ukjk;.k nhf{kr fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk ij osnkUr jS izHkko jks ftØ djrk dSoS] ^^lUrksa dsfpUru] thou n'kZu vkSj dkO;/kkjk ij mifu"knksa dk O;kid izHkko gSA mifu"knksa esa izfrikfnr czã] tho]txr vkSj ek;k lEcU/kh fopkj/kkjk ds lkFk gh czã ds Lo#i o.kZu ls lEc) miekuksa vkSj vizLrqr ;kstukvksadks lar dfo;ksa }kjk izk;% mlh :i esa xzg.k dj fy;k x;k gSA**

2-3-1-1-2 yksd lkfgR;

dkO; jpuk jks vsd lzksr yksd Hkh gqoSA e/;dky esa fgUnw turk jh jktuhfrd vj lkekftd fLFkfrpks[kh dksuh ghA e/;dky jk fgUnw&eqlyeku vsd&nwljS uS ld jh utj lwa ns[krkA m.kk esa foftr vjfotsrk Hkko gksA fgUnqoka esa vkil jh NqvkNwr] vj tkr&ikar vkn jS dkj.k ?k.kh QwV ghA lar dfo b.k lwaizHkkfor gq;ka fcuk uha jS lD;kA cka euq[k&euq[k jh tkr vsd] vsdks igpkfu,* dS;*j feu[k&feu[k jS fcpkGSjks Qklyks ikV.kS jh dkslhl djhA vks bZt dkj.k gS dS lar dkO; esa tkr&ikar vj NwvkNwr uS yS;*j ?k.khtkx:drk nhlSA larka jks îjnq%[k dkrjrk* jks Hkko cka uS lnSo m}sfyr djrks jS;ks dS cS lekt esa lekurkjh Fkkiuk djSA MkW- uxsUnz Hkxrh lkfgR; jks foospu djrk Fkdka dSoS] ^^lUr dfo;ksa dk y{; dkO;&jpukugha Fkk] mudh jpukvksa esa tu&tu ds fgr vkSj muds mn~cks/ku dh Hkkouk lfUufgr gSA**

2-3-1-1-3 ukFk iaFk vj ckS) njl.k

lar dkO; uS ukFk iaFk vj ckS) njl.k lwa Hkh izsj.kk feyh gSA lar er esa tho] vkRek] txr czã vknjS lEca/k uS tSM+k fopkj gS cka jks lzksr ukFk i.k gSA gB ;ksx jh lk/kuk Hkh lar er esa ukFk iaFk lwa vkbZ gSAva/k foLoklka uS nwj dj.kS rkabZa ukFk iaFkh tksfx;ka [k.Mu&e.Mu jks rjhdks vi.kk;ks] cksbZt rjhdks larlkfgR; esa Hkh feySA MkW- f=yksdh ukjk;.k nhf{kr] lar er ij ukFk iaFk jks izHkko crkork dSoS] ^^lar dkO;vkSj lar n'kZu ij ukFk iaFk dk Hkh izpqj izHkko gSA ukFk iaFkh dfo;ksa ,oa fopkjdksa ds 'kwU;okn muds }kjkxq# dh izfr"Bk vkSj lf"V Øe( vkRek tho vkfn ds fo"k; esa mudh ekU;rkvksa ls lar dfo vusd'k% izHkkforjgs gSaA lar lk/kuk esa ;ksx izfØ;k dh tks iz/kkurk gS mldk ewy lzksr ukFk iaFkh lk/kuk i)fr gh gSA**

ukFk iaFk jS vykok lar er ij ckS) /kje jks izHkko Hkh ns[;ks tk ldSA lar dfo;ka oSfnd lkfgR;ijEijkoka vj vkpkj fopkj jh tSM+h ckr djh gS ck ckS) /kje lwa izHkkfor gSA b.kht Hkkar lar dfo;k¡ thogR;k jks fojks/k vj vfgalk jk leFkZu dj~;ks gS cks Hkh ckS) /kje jks izHkko dS;ks tk ldSA

2-3-1-1-4 bLyke

lar dkO; uS bLyke jh nsu jpukRedrk jh ctk; fuls/kkRed T;knk jS;hA ewjr iwtk vj vorkjoknjks fojks/k tSM+ks lar er essa ns[;ks tkoS ck bLyke jh nsu gSA fgUnqvka esa cgqnsookn gks i.k eqlyekuvsdsLojoknh gkA lar dfo;k¡ vsdsLoj okn Lohdkj dj fgUnw vj eqlyekuka jks vsd bZ ijekRek crk;ks &

16

eafnj elftn nksm vsd gS] bu eag varj ukfgaaA

jfonkl jke jgeku dk] >xM+k dksm ukfgaAA

vsdsLojokn jS luslS lwa Hkje [kk;sM+h turk uS jkgr feyhA /kje jS ckg~jyS vkMEcjka lwa NqVdkjksfnjk*j lar dfo;ka vsd ekuo /kje jh Fkkiuka jh dkslhl djh ft.k jks vks Qk;nks gq;ks dS fgUnw&eqlyekujS fcpkGS tdh nwfj;ka gh] cS de gks.kh l# gksxhA

2-3-1-2 izse ekjxh lk[kk %&

e/; dky lwa iSyh bZ vsd vSM+h dkO; ijEijk jh lq#vkr gks pqdh gh ft.k uS fo}ku izse ekjxh ¼lwQh½lk[kk] izse dkO;] izse dFkkud dkO;] lwQh dkO; vkn dSbZ ukao fn;kA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy jS eqtc b.kjk jpukdkj eqlyeku gk i.k fgUnw ?kjk.kk jh dFkkoka uS dkO; jkS vk/kkj c.kk;ksA vk /kkjk fcYdqy nslt ghft.k jks izorZu Hkkjrh; ijEijk lwa gq;ksA b.k ckcr MkW- nhf{kr jks dSo.kks gS dS ^csuQh] dhyj vkSj gVsZy izHkfr;wjksih; fo}kuksa us rks vius vuqla/kkuksa ls ;g Hkh izekf.kr fd;k gS fd Hkkjrh; izsek[;kuksa dh gh ,d 'kk[kkfldUnj ds lkFk ;wuku esa igq¡ph Fkh tks Øe'k% jkse] bVyh] teZuh] Lisu ,oa baXyS.M dh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esafodflr gksrh gqbZ leLr ;wjksi esa QSy xbZ & blh 'kk[kk ;k ijEijk dk fo'o lkfgR; esa ^jksekal dkO; dh/kkjk ¼Cycle of Romance½* dgk tkrk gSA vr% Hkys gh dqN fo}ku HkzkfUro'k bl ijEijk dks fons'kh ?kksf"krdjsa fdUrq gekjs fopkj ls ;g 'kq) Hkkjrh; ijEijk gS ftlls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds fodkl Øe dh :ijs[kk;FkkFkZ :i esa fufgr gSA**

vka izsek[;kuka jh dFkk lqNUn izse gks.kS jS dkj.k bZ vkpk;Z 'kqDy b.k uS fonslh lSyh jks izHkko crk;ksi.k okLro esa vSM+k izsek[;kud Hkkjrh; lkfgR; jh ijEijk jks bZ fgLlks gSA mRdV vj lqNUn izse] fd.khvykSfdd rkdr jh enn lwa uk;d&ukf;dk jks fey.kks vkn izofÙk;k¡ Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa iSyh lwa fo|eku ghAizsek[;kud jpukoka jS lzksr jh iM+rky vka fcUnqvka jS vk/kkj ij djh tk ldS &

2-3-1-2-1 yksd

izsek[;kudka jks eq[k lzksr yksd gSA b.k jh T;knk rj dFkkoka yksd izpfyr gSA fgUnwoka esa vS dFkkokaih<+h nj ih<+h lwa pkyh vkoS ghA b.kka jh yksdfiz;rk ns[krka Fkdka dfo;k¡ b.kk uS vki jh ys[kuh lwa lcn#ifn;kSA vka esa vykSfdd pfj=ka jks vkoa.kks yksd jh nsu gSA njvly yksd vki jh nfer bPNkoka jh iwfrZ^QSaVslh* ;k vykSfyd ik=ka jS ek/;e lwa djSA vka dFkkoka esa yksd foLokl] :f<+;k¡] ijEijkoka jks Hkh iwjh rjkafuokZg djhT;ks gSA b.k jh jpuk Hkh yksd Hkklk esa gqbZ gS ft.k lwa b.k jh yksdfiz;rk esa btkQks gq;ks gSA

2-3-1-2-2 izkphu ok³~e; vj bfrgkl %&

vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy jke vj lhrk jS fxjLr izse uS vknlZ eku*j lwQh izse dkO;ka esa njlk;sMS+ lqNUnizse uS fonslh izHkko crk;ksA vk ckr iwjh rjka lkap dksuh D;wadS izkphu Hkkjrh; xzUFkka esa Hkh lqNUn izse jks o.kZugq;ks gSA _Xosn jh ^moZ'kh&iq#jok* jh dFkk lwa ys;*j viHkza'k jS pfjr dkO;ka rd lqNUn izse fu#i.k jh vsdijEijk pkyh vkoSA {ksesUnz jS ^dFkk lfjr~ lkxj* esa lkS lwa tknk lqNUn izse jh dFkkoka gSA dkSrwgy dfo jh^yhykorh* izfl) izsek[;kud gSA lqn'kZu pfjr* esa rRdkyhu jktk jh Hkh cM+kbZ djh xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; ok³~e;esa ûy≠Urh*] ^mn;u oklonÙkk*] ^'kdqUryk&nq";Ur*] ^HkrZgfj&fiaxyk*] ^foØe&liukorh* vkn jhlqNUn izse dFkkoka ekStwn ghA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ^galkoyh* izlf) izse xkFkk gSA eqYyk nkÅn jh ^pkUnk;u*]^y[kelsu&inekorh* jk jpukdkj nkeksnj dfo] ^lR;orh* jk bZ'oj nkl] êxkorh* jk dqrqcu] êk/kokuy&dke dUnyk* jk jpukdkj x.kifr dfo gSA 'kqDy th crk;ks dS b.k jk jpukdkj eqlyeku gS vj fgUnw?kjk.kk jh dFkk oLrq yh gSA iNS tSM+h lks/k gqbZ gS m.klwa irks pkyS dS frjsiu izsek[;kud dkO; fey pqD;kgS ft.k esa NÙkhl jk jpukdkj fgUnw gSA b.k Hkkar dS;ks tk ldS dS dFkkud lSyh vkn uS yS;*j tdks Hkjegks] m.kuS nwj dj.kkS gS & D;wadS vk folq) Hkkjrh; ijEijk gSA

17

2-3-1-2-3 bLyke

izsek[;kudka ij Qkjlh lSyh jks izHkko gSA lwQh lk/kuk esa vk[kjh /;s; ôLy* ¼bZ'oj feyu½ gSAykSfdd izseh&izsfedk jS feyu jS ek/;e lwa b.k esa iwjh dFkk uS :id esa dS;h tkoSA feu[k tn ^b'd* jksfpUru dj.k ykx T;koS rn vk nlk gqoSA rhljh fLFkfr ôTn* jh gSA dSbZ lwQh dkO;ka esa ^'kjh;r*] rjhdr]gdhdr vj ekjQr ukao jk pkj lksiku gSA lwQh dfo;k¡ b.k izse lk/kuk uS Hkkjrh; dFkkoka jS ek/;e lwafpf=r dj.kS jh dkslhl djh gSA

2-3-2 lxq.k Hkxrh

fujxq.k fujkdkj bZLoj eu vj cqf) lwa ijS gSA lxq.k Hkxr ^vfoxr xfr dNq dgr u vkoS* eku*jHkxoku~ jS lxq.k #i jh iwtk mikluk] vjpuk djSA vorkj okn jS fl)kUr jS fcxlko iNS yksd esa jke vjÑ".k Hkxrh tx&pkoh gqbZA jke vj Ñ".k Hkxoku fo".kq jk vkSrkj ekU;k x;kA oS".ko Hkxrh jS fl)kUrka eqtccS leS&leS ij vki jS Hkxrka jks m)kj dj.k rkab± vkSrkj /kkj.k djSA jke vj Ñ".k Hkxrh jk izeq[k lzksr b.kHkkar gS &

2-3-2-1 jke Hkxrh dkO; jk lzksr

_xosn esa Hkh jke jks uke dSbZ cj vkoS i.k _xosn jks jke nljFk iq= dksuhA jkek;.k esa ¼okYehfd½esa jke vsd {kf=; vj vknlZ jktk gSA b.k Hkkar vkfn dfo jh vkfn jpuk bZ jke dkO;* gSA jke dkO; mrjksabZ iqjk.kks gS ftrjks laLÑr dkO; jks mn~xeA egkHkkjr esa ou ioZ esa ^jkeksik[;ku* gS ft.k jh dFkk ekdZ.Ms;_f"k dSoSA dkfynkl ^j?kqoa'ka* egkdkO; esa jke jS lkFkS bZ jke jk iwoZorhZ vj ijorhZ jktkoka jh dFkk dghgSA laLÑr jS vusd jpukdkjka jke uS vki jS dkO; jks pfjr~ uk;d c.kk;ks gSA NBS lbdS esa HkfV~V dfo jko.ko/k* esa jke jS pfj= jh egkurk crkoark Fkdka jko.k jh cM+kbZ Hkh djh gSA ukSaoh lnh esa dqekj iky ukao jSdfo ^tkudh gj.k* uke lwa jke dkO; jh jpuk djh gSA b.k esa dkfynkl jh lSyh vi.kkbZ xbZ gSA X;kjgoSalbdS jh ^jkek;.k eatjh* {ksesUnz jh Ñfr jkedFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA

egkdfo okYehfd jke jS :i esa vsd vSM+ks pfjr uk;d izLrqr dj~;ks tSM+ks izofÙk dkO;ka esa] ukVdkavj vk[;kuka esa ekuo thou uS yxksyx ifjLÑr dj.kS jks luslks nsoSA okYehfd jh dyk] yksd laxzg jhHkkouk vj vknlZokn vkn lwa ijorhZ dkO; iwjh rjka vfHkHkwr gS ckS) vj tSu lkfgR; esa gkykafd jke jS pfj=uS vViVS <ax lwa fp=.k dj.kS jh dkslhl djh th gS cs i.k lQy uha gq;kA vka Je.k /kek± esa Hkh jke uS ¼ckS)/keZ esa cksf/klÙo vj tSu esa vkBoksa cynso½ vkf[kj vksrkj eku.kks i³~;ksA viHkzal lkfgR; esa Lo;aHkw jh jpsM+hîme pfjm*] jb/kw jfpr îne iqjk.k* esa tSu ijEijkoka jks iwjh rjka fuokZg gq;ks gSA

Hkkl jS ukVd îzfrek* jh dFkk esa Hkh okYehfd jkek;.k jks vk/kkj gSA Hkkl jS ukVd ^vfHk"ksd* esalhrk&gj.k iNS jh dFkk okYehfd jkek;.k lwa gSA HkoHkwfr jks ^mÙkj jkepfjr* Hkh vsd izfl) jpuk gSAdfojkt lwfj jh ^jk?ko ikaMoh;e~* vsd peRdkj iw.kZ jpuk gSA b.k esa Lys"k jS ek/;e lwa jke vj ikaMoka jhdFkk dS;h th gSA b.kh dM+h esa fo|k ek/ko jh ^;kno&jk?koh;* nSoK lw;Z jh ^jke Ñ".k* foykse jpukoka gSAeqjkfj jfpr vu?kZ jk?ko*] jkt'ks[kj jh cky jkek;.k*] 'kfDr Hknz jh vk'p;Z pwM+kef.k* jpukoka Hkh b.kh lSyhjh gSA ^guqeUukVd* vj îzlUu jk?ko* nks mPpdksfV jh Ñfr;ka Hkh jke HkfDr dkO; lwa tqMs+M+h gSA

^;ksx of'k"B*] ^v/;kRe jkek;.k*] ^vn~Hkqr jkek;.k*] ^vkuUn jkek;.k* vkn Ñfr;ka jke Hkxrh dkO;jh izsj.kk rks nsoSA b.k jS vykok rfey jh ^dac jkek;.k*] rsyxw jh ^f}in jkek;.k*] ¼jaxukFk jfpr½ ey;kyeesa jke dfo jh ^jke pfjre~* vf;fiYyS vk'ku jh ^jkedFkkIikV~Vq*] ujgfj jh ¼dUuM+½ esa ^rksjos jkek;.k* yksdfiz; jpukoka gSA jke Hkxrh eqtc jpukoka fy[k.kS esa jktLFkkuh jk dfo Hkh fd.kh lwa de dksuhA jktLFkkuhesa esgksth xksnkjk jh ^jkek;.k*] ek/kksnkl n?kokfM+;k jh jke jklks* lwjtnkl iwfu;k jh jkejl* eqgark #?kukFkjh ^#?kjkl* Ñfr;k¡ izfl) gSA

jke Hkxrh jk vka izcU/k dkO;ka jS vykok eksdGS&eqDrd lkfgR; jh jpuk Hkh gqbZ gSA jke Hkxrh dkO;

18

jh ijEijk vtS rkabZ pkyS i.k rqylhnkl th }kjk jfpr ^jke pfjr~ ekul* vSM+h ukeh jpuk gS dS m.k lkehlc jks rst Qhdh iM+X;ksA rqylhnkl th ûkukiqjk.k fuxekxe* jks lkj ys;*j jpuk djh dS vkt jke jhtSM+h ewfrZ tuekul esa gS ck rqylhnkl jh jpsM+h gSA vsd dfo jh b.k lwa cM+h lQyrk dkabZ gks ldSA b.kHkkar jke Hkxrh dkO; jh ewyizsj.kk lzksr okYehfd jkek;.k jS;h gSA gj tqx jk dfo ys[kd] ukVddkj okYehfdjkek;.k lwa izjs.kk ys;*j vki jS ;qx jS vuq:i m.k jh dFkk esa FkksM+ks ?k.kks ifjorZu] ifjo)Zu djrk jS;k i.krqylhnkl th jh jpsM+h jke jh e;kZnkiq#"kksÙke] d#.kkorkj] Hkxr cNy jh ewjr lxGka lwa Å¡ph vj yksdfiz;gSA jke jks vks yksd j{kd :i t.k&t.k jks d.Bgkj gSA

2-3-2-2 fØl.k Hkxrh dkO; jk lzksr %&

_Xosn jS vkBoSa vj nloSa eaMy esa Jh Ñ".k jks ukao vkoSA ^dkS'khrdh czkã.k* esa Hkh vafxjl _f"kjS psyk jks ukao Jh Ñ".k gS ft.k uS nsodh jks csVks crk;ks x;ks gSA b.k lwa vks Hkje iSnk gq;ks gS osnka jks JhÑ".k vj egkHkkjr jks Jh Ñ".k dkabZ vsd bZ gS i.k vkxS pky*j vki jh lks/k jS vk/kkj ij MkW- Hk.Mkjdj vjyksdekU; fryd vks crk;ks dS vS U;kjk&U;kjk nks pfj= gSA

egkHkkjr esa of.kZr Ñ".k jks l: jks :i rks vsd lkekU; feu[k jks gS i.k vkxS vks :i ifjofrZr]ifjof/kZr gks;*j ij czã] fo".kq] ukjk;.k vkn :ika esa Fkkfir gks tkoSA egkHkkjr esa Ñ".k of".k] lkRortnqoalh; {k=h; jS :i esa fyf[ktsM+k gSA xhrk esa [kqn Jh Ñ".k dSoS Egw¡ ôf".k;k¡* esa oklqnso gw¡A egkHkkjr]xhrk vj iqjk.kka esa Ñ".k jS tSM+S :i jks fodkl gq;ks gS m.k eqtc fo}kuka vVdGka lwa dkae fy;ks gSA ikLpkR;fo}kuka jh udy djrk Hkkjrh; fo}ku Hkh dSoS dS bZlk jh lq#vkrh lfn;ka esa oklqnso /keZ nD[k.k esa iwxX;ksAcBS m.kk jS pfj= esa vkHkhjka jh izsee;h ckyxksiky yhyk feyxhA urhtks vks gq;ks dS xhrk jk Ñ".k vj vkHkhjkajk cky ^xksiky* vsd esd gq;X;kA flyk ys[kka esa Hkh Ñ".k jh cky yhykoka jk fprjkae feySA

iqjk.k xzUFkka esa Jh Ñ".k jS vk/;kfRed :i jh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA fo".kqq jS ckdh vorkjka uS valkorkjvj JhÑ".k uS iwokZorkj crk;ks x;ks gSA ^Hkxor iqjk.k* esa Jh Ñ".k jh eS*ek jks [kwc xk;u gq;ks gSA iqjk.kka esabZ Jh Ñ".k uS ;ksxsLoj] lfPpnkuUn] vP;qr] vfouklh vkn ukaoka lwa lEcksf/kr dj~;ks x;ks gSA czãoSorZ iqjk.k*esa Hkh Ñ".k jh [kwc izlalk djhth gSA b.kh iqjk.k lkfgR; esa Jh Ñ".k uS nsokf/knso] HkDrka jk vkjk/; vj HkxroNy crk;k x;k gSA cS vsd lkFkS bZ yksd jatd vj yksd jk j{kd gSA Ñ".k jk nks :i ekU;k x;k gSA &^,s'o;Ze; Jh Ñ".k* vj êk/kq;Ze; Jh Ñ".k*A ^,s'o;Ze;* :i lwa yksd j{k.k djS rks êk/kq;Ze;* :i lwa yksdjks jatuA cky yhyk lwa ys;*j fdlksjkoLFkk rd jh yhykoka ek/kq;Ze; :i jS vUrxZr gqoSA

egkHkkjr esa Jh Ñ".k jS ikfjokfjd :i jks o.kZu dksuhA b.k uS iqjk.kka jS jpsrkoka vki jh dYiuk lwaiwjks dj~;ks gSA iqjk.kka esa bZ Ñ".k jh #de.kh] lR;Hkkek iVjkf.k;k¡ lkFkS lksGk gtkj jkf.k;k¡ crkbZ xbZ gSA jk/kk uS vBS brjksa egÙo dksuh feY;ks ftrjksa e/;dky esaA eq[; iqjk.k Hkkxor esa rks jk/kk jks ftØ bZ dksuhA vU;iqjk.kka esa jkf/kdk jks [kwc o.kZu gS vj ck ukf;dk jks LFkku ys ysoSA

laLÑr dkO;ka esa Jh Ñ".k yhyk jks o.kZu lc lwa iSyh v'o?kks"k jS ^czã pfjr* esa feySA b.k iNS dfogky jh jpsM+h xkgk lrlbZ* esa Ñ".k jks cks bZ t :i fpf=r dj~;ks x;ks gS tSM+ks e/; ;qx jh dfork esa mHkjSAHkV~V ukjk;.k jS ukVd ôs.kh lagkj* esa fl.kxkj jks fprjke dj~;ks x;ks gSA

^/oU;k yksd* esa Jh Ñ".k ckcr vsd vj gsepUnz jh izkÑr O;kdj.k esa nks 'yksd feySA ^}kJ;* dkO;esa ^xksi xhrka* jks mYys[k gSA ukV~; niZ.k] vyadkj dkSLrqHk] daniZ eatjh] Ñ".k d.kkZer] Jh Ñ".k yhykervkn laLÑr xzaUFkka esa Ñ".k thou jk vyx&vyx izlax gSA t;nso jfpr ^xhr xksfoUn* rks Ñ".k jh dsfyØhM+koka jks o.kZu dj.kokGks pkok xhrka jks dkO; gSA ckjgoSa lbdS iNS rks Ñ".k dkO; jh [kwc jpuk gqbZ ft.kesa cksinso jh gfj yhyk*] osnkUrnsf'kd jh ;knokH;qn;* izfl) jpukoka gSA gfjpfjr~ dkO;*] xksiyhyk*] dalfu/ku egkdkO;*] ^czt fcgkjh xksiky pfjr*] êqjkfj fot; ukVd*] ^gfj foykl dkO;* vkn jpukoka tSM+hrsjgoS vj iUnzgoSa lbdS fcpkGS fy[kh xbZ] cM+h izfl) jpukoka gSA vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka esa Jh Ñ".k

19

dkO; jh l#vkr eSfFky dksfdy fo|kifr lwa ekuh tkoS ftdka Jh Ñ".k jh yhykoka jks cM+ks ljl o.kZu dj~;ksgSA b.k Hkkar ikSjkf.kd xzUFkka lwa ys;*j e/;dky rd tSM+ks Jh Ñ".k dkO; jP;ks x;ks m.k esa dfo;ka uS Jh Ñ".kjks yksd jatd :i T;knk Hkk;ks gSA

2-3-2-3 nklZfud fopkj

jke vj Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; jk oSpkfjd lzksr vorkj okn lwa rks tqM+sM+k gS bZ lkFkS bZ rqylh tSM+S fo}kuka^lxqufg] vxqufg ufga dNq Hksnk* dS;*j m.kka uS v}Sr vj }Srokn lwa Hkh tksM+ fn;kA Hkkjr esa jke vj Ñ".knks vSM+k pfj= gS tdk tqxka&tqxka lwa jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd vj lkekftd psruk uS >d>ksjrk jS;k gSA vka nkspfj=ka fcuk Hkkjrh; laLØfr jh dYiuka dj.kks bZ fujFkZd ykxSA

2-3 bdkbZ jks lkj

Hkxrh vkUnksyu vf[ky Hkkjrh; gksA oSfnd deZ dkaM jh J)k lkFkS gksGS&gksGS izse jS latksx lwa Hkxrhjks l:i fu[kjrks x;ksA vkxS pky*j Hkxrh jh fujxq.k vj lxq.k nks /kkjkoka c.kxhA fujxq.k esa fujkdkj bZLojjh vkjk/kuk djhth vj lxq.k esa ôS".ko* Hkxrh uS cy feY;ksA jke vj Ñ".k jk yksd j{kd vj yksd jatd:i mHkj~;kA Hkxrh vkUnksyu jS ek/;e lwa fgUnw&eqfLye vsdrk etcwr gqbZA turk esa QSysM+S va/k foLoklvj dqjhfr;k¡ ij pksV dj lar dfo;k¡ nq%[kh turk uS veu jkg fn[kkbZA dSbZ fiPNe jS fopkjdka jks dS.kksgS Hkkjr esa Hkxrh vkUnksyu fonslh lÙkk jS dkj.k gq;ks( i.k v/;;u lwa vk ckr lkeh vkbZ gS dS Hkxrh jhl#vkr bZlk iwoZ lbdS lwa gks pqdh ghA fonslh lÙkk vxj uha vkaorh rks Hkh Hkxrh vkUnksyu jks fcxlko dhavSM+S :i jS vksGS&nksGS bZ gksaorks] tSM+ks gq;ks gSA

2-4 vH;kl jk izLu

1- Hkxrh jh ijEijk dn lwa l# gqbZ \ le>k*j fy[kksA

2- Kku ekjxh Hkxrh dkO; jk lzksr dkabZ gS \

3- izse ekjxh dkO; ijEijk dkabZ ckjS jh gS ;k b.k jh tM+ka Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa gS \

4- jke Hkxrh dkO; vj Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; jS lzksrka ckcr lfoLrkj fy[kksA


1- la- MkW- uxsUnz & fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA

2- MkW- cgknqj flag & fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA

3- MkW- eueksgu lgxy & fgUnh lkfgR; dk Hkxrh dkyhu dkO;A

4- MkW- ftrsUnz ukFk ikBd & Hkxrh vkSj jhfr dkyhu eqDrd dkO;A

5- MkW- enu lSuh & jktLFkkuh dkO; esa jke dFkkA

6- MkW- /khjsUnz oekZ & fgUnh lkfgR; ¼Hkkx 2½A

7- MkW- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh & fgUnh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vkSj fodklA

8- lEik- MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor & jkedFkkA

20

bdkbZ & 3

Hkxrhdky vFkok e/;dky¼fo-la- 1450 lwa 1850 rd½ % tqx jks njlko

bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

3-0 mÌsL;

3-1 izLrkouk

3-2 Hkxrh jkS mn; vj foxlkokS

3-2-1 jktuhfrd ifjos'k

3-2-2 lkekftd ifjos'k

3-2-3 vkfFkZd ifjos'k

3-2-4 lkaLdfrd ifjos'k

3-2-5 lkfgfR;d ifjos'k

3-3 bdkbZ jks lkj

3-4 vH;kl jk izLu


3-0 mísL;

• Hkxrhdky jks mn; vj fodkl jks v/;;u dj.kks A

• e/;dky vFkok HkfDrdky dk mn; jk [kkrj jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd vjlkfgfR;d ifjos'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa us le>k.kh A

3-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; fo-la- 1450 law 1850 rkb± jkS Hkxrh dky nks :ika eka; ekuhT;kS gSA b.k dkyjh lkfgR;&fljt.kk iwjS Hkkjr eak; pkoh jS;h gSA b.k leSuS Lo.kZ dky dS;ks tk; ldSA vBS lwa ek: xqtZjjkS l:Ik xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh ek;a cnGrkS lkS y[kkoSA jktLFkku jh jkt Hkklk jktLFkkuh gksorh x;hAi.k vBS e/;dky jh jktuhfrd vj lkekftd mFkG iqFkG jkS utkjks lkeha vkoSA

vkajHk dky eka; fprkSM+ jk xqfgyksr vj f-llksfn;k] ukxkSj vj vtesj jS eqxy 'kkldka jkS ?k.kkS izHkkojktLFkku jS bfr;kl ekFkS vlj dj~;kSA b.k leS eka; jktiwr oalka jks mRFkku gks;kS ft.k ek;a ekjokM+ jkjkBkSM fljSukao jS;kA e/;dky eka; eqxy lkezkt; jh Fkji.kk] vdcj jS lkezkT; jh jktuhfrd /kkjfeduhfr;ka] QS:a] fczfV’k jkt vj ns’kh fj;klrka jh HksGi jktLFkku jS bfr;kl ekFkS ?k.kks vlj njlkoSA 14 ohalnh eka; jkBkSM+ka jkS mn; gkso.kks l: gksoSA b.k rfj;ka 1394 eka; pawMk ekjokM ekFkS dkfct gkSosA i.k m.kkajkmRrjkf/kdkjh v;ksX; fuljSA jko tks/kk 1458 eka; chdkusj jh Fkji.kk djSA vdcj jS 'kkludky eka;dNokgka jkS izHkko c/kSA pgqok.k oa’k jh vsd [kkai gkMksa dk jkonsok 1343 eka; cw¡nh jkT; jh Fkki.kk djSA 1631eka; 'kkgtgka ek/kksflag uS dksVk jkS vyk;nks jktk eku ysoSA dksVk cwanh lw vyk;nkS gks; tkosA fljksgh ekFkSpgqok.kka jh nsoM+k 'kk[kk jkS dCtkS gks; tkoSA

Hkjriqj jh fj;klr 1713 eka; lkeha vkoS] tBS tkVk¡ jks b/kdkjks jSosA tSlyeSj eka; HkkVh jkt djSA1350 jS yxSVxS Mwaxjflag Mawxjiqj jkt jh Fkji.kk djS b.k jS ikNs egkjkoG mn;flag jk liwrka iFohjkt vj

21

txeky us Mwaxjiqj vj ckalokMk jkS b/kdkjks feySA

ckcj vj egkjk.kk lkaxk jS fcpkyS [kkuok eka; Hk;adj tq} gksosA tBS jk.kk lkaxk [ksr jS; tkaoSeksdGh fj;klrka] esokM us NksM+j] vdcj jS eqxy lkezkT; eka; feG tkoSA 18 oh lnh eka; eqxyka jS 'kklujkS iru gkSos vj ejkBkajh lxrh jkS mn; gksoSA 1818 rkb± fljksgh us NksMj ns’kh fj;klrka vaxzsth lrk usLohdkj dj ysosA 1819 lw 1947 rkb± vaxsth jkt jSosA i.k 1857 jh xnj lwa Hkkjr lqrajrk vanksy.k jhl:vkr gks; tkoSA

m.kht dky eka; ohjrk vj Hkxrh jk cht cksbt.kk l: gksoSA ln~ O;ogkj] lnk pj.k] uhfr]uSfrdrk vj cqf)erk iwj.k jpukoka jks jp jpko vkjaHk gq; tkoSA csfy fØlu :de.kh jh vj jkft;k jk nwgkftlMh lkaxksikx dkO; jpukoka] Hkk"kk jks cSokj ?k.ks eku lkeha futj vkoSA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk eka; ekjokMh eSeqGdk;r lwa lkfgr jphT;kSA <aw<kM+h esokM+h] esokrh] 'ks[kkokVh vj gkM+kSrh eka; Hkxrh ijEijk vj ohjjlkRed dkO;ka jh jpukoka gks;hA fMxG 'kSyh jks /k.kks egrkm l:i jS;ksA b.kh dky eka; ehjka] bZljnklckjB jh jpukoka feySA pkj.k dfo;ka jh jpuk ijEijk eka; jkt Hkxrh ohj iwtk jkS ?k.kks c[kk.kk gks;ksA lxq.kHkxrh /kkjk vj fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjkoka eka; in~; lkfgr jh fljt.kk gks;hA b.k tqx eka; lar nknw n;kygks;kSA ukFk leqnk; jh eksdGh jpukoka gks;hA e/;dky eka; in lkfgr eka; pkj.k dky] vk[;ku dkO;] larlkfgr] tSu dkO;] ySfdd izse dkO; vj nwth ukukfo/k jpukoka jphthA

b.khdky eka; /kkjfed lkfgr~A b.kh dky esa xn~; lkfgr vj fljt.kkRed xn~; fy[khT;k i.kjktLFkku jh Hkxrh ijEijk lxq.k vj fuxqZ.k l:Ik eka; eqdGk;r lw lkfgr fljt.k gks;ksA b.kHkkar Hkxrhjh lxrh lwa tu ekul eka; lnkpj.k] ln~fo’okl vj ln~vkLFkk lkekftd ifjosl eka; uqokS tho.k tho.kSjks lksp njlkoSA cnGko jkS tfj;kS b.kh jpukoka lk: vkxs c/krkS jS;ksA Hkxrh lkfgr jks mn; vj foxlkoksfuckZ/k xfr lw pkyrkS js;ksA lkekftd lksp uS uqoha nhB feGhA lr jkS ifr;kjkS c/krks jS;ksA nq[k jh ?kMh eka;/khtks vj larks[k lkarh jkS okrkoj.k c.k~;kSA tq)ka js nq[k njn mRihfM+r turk eka; Hkxrh jh ygj yxksyxlq[k larks[k vj lkUrh fnjkorh jS;hA jktLFkku jh turk jks foLokl vkfMx vjkoy jh rfj;ka fFkj F;koklfnjkorkS jS;ksA

3-2 Hkxrhdky jkS mn; vj foxlkokS

jktLFkkuh lfgr eka; e/;dky Hkxrh lwa ljkcksj jS;ksA b.k dky jk nks; Hksn ekuhtSA vsd rks iwjce/;dky ¼fo-la- 1450 lw fo-la- bZ l 1850 rkb±½A jktLFkkuh lfgr jk bfr;kldkj fo}kuka b dky fu/kkZj.kdj;kS&vk ckr lkaizrsd tk.khtsA i.k fd.kh&dky jh /k.k[kjh tk.kdkjh lk[k m.k dky jh fLFkfr;kaifjfLFkfr;ka ekFkS /;ku fnjkbtSA veqd dky jh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkjfFkd] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd vjlkfgfR;d] ifjos’k fd.k Hkkar jS;ks vj cnyko fd.k Hkkar vk;kS vks lqoky lkeha vkoSA

3-2-1 jktuhfrd ifjos’k%&

jktuhfr jh nhB lwa ns[;ks tkoS rks iwjcdky jS leS eqgEenfcu rqxyd jkS jkt pkyrkS gks ch jS ikNsyksnhoa’k jkS NSdMykS lqYrku bczkfge yksnh gkS] ftdS eqxyka jks eqdkcyks dj~;kS] i.k vlQy jS;ksA eqxyka jSleS ikuhir jks tq) ?k.kks egrkm jS;kSA m.kka jh fot; gqbZA b.kHkkar NksVk eksVk tq) pyrk jS;kA

jktLFkkuh lfgr jks e/;dky ;k Hkxrh dky lxGka law crkSA jktuhfrd ?kVuk&fo-la- 1584 eka;[kkuok tq) jkS bfr;kl eka; pjfpr jS;hA m.k leS vk[ks Hkkjr jk izeq[k 'kkldksa vj lsukuk;dka feG*jesokM+jk rRdkyhu egkjk.kk laxzke fla?k th uS vkijks usrk eku*j eqxy geykojh ckcj jh lsuk lwa bfr;klijfl/k tq/k dj~;kSA foLokl?kkr jS ik.k egkjk.kk laxzke fla?k gkj x;k vj nsoyksd fl/kkjX;kA

b.k [kkuok tq/k lk: MkW- j?kqohj fla?k iwoZ vk/kqfud jktLFkku] iksFkh js] i"B la[;k 16 ekFkS fy[kkSgS] d egkjk.kk laxzke fla?k jktk lkaxk jh gkj ikNs fgUnw turk jkS lksp cnGX;ksA ijkftr gqo.k jks ?k.kkS

22

lnekS turk ekFkS jS;ksA b.kh dkj.k fgUnw turk fujk’kk] Hk; vj vkRe Xykfu uS nwj dj.k lk: Hkxrh lkfgrdkuh eqMxhA vkijS /kje ekFkS izgkj ns[krk Fkdka ;k /kje ifjorZu uha dj.kS lka: dk’kh ek; djkSr yso.kykX;kA Hkxrka vj lark jkS /;ku b.k ladV osGk esa VkG.k lk# Hkxrh lkfgr jpht.kkS l: gq;kSA ûjk.kke~mRree~ bfr ujksree~*A ckr us lkFkZd dj.k lk: uj eka; ukjk;.k jkS l:Ik gksosA NsoV ijekRek bZ txrjh fjNiky djSA m.kka jks vorkj bZ Hkxuk jh izfr iky.kk djsaA v/kje vU;ko vj]vukpkj us feVko.k lk#Hkxoku jkS vorkj gksoSA flLVh jkS dY;k.k djhtSA

fgUnw turk eka; vkLFkk] foLokl vj vklk jks lapj.k dj.k lk: Hkxrh jh jpukoka jphthA m.klÙkk oSoLFkk lw vyk;nk vj fujokGk gqo.k] lk: dksm uIk gksm] ges dk gkfu ;k laru dks lhdjh lkSa dgkdke& ftL;k Hkko xksLokeh rqylhnkl th jP;kA jktuhfr lwa fujokGk jS;kA*

Hkxrh tqx eka; rhu /kkjkokaA cSorh tk jS;h gh cS gh 'kSo] 'kkDr vj oS".koA

Hkxrh jkS fut/kke bZlj jkS jSoklA oUnkou dsUnz :Ik eka; tk.khT;kSA

3-2-2 lkekftd ifjos’k%&

Lkkekftd ifjos’k lekt eka; cnyko jh iwu ckt.k ykxhA lekt eka; o.kZ oSoLFkk dje jS eqtcpkyrh] vwap uhp] jkS HkSnHkko l: gq;X;kSA yksxka eka; vksNki.k ladh.kZrk fFkj F;kol jSo.k ykxhA dqjhfr;kac/k.k ykxhA 'kks"kd vj 'kksf"kr ojx lkeha nh[krkA iqjk.kh :f<;ka] deZdkaM] lekt uS tdMrkS jS;k] vBhuScky C;kao] v.kesy C;kao] nk;tks izFkk] lrh izFkk tSM+h dqjhfr;ka jkS ilkj.k gqorkS fuxS vk;kS jxr ifoÙkjrk]vj oa’k ijEijk egrkÅ gksorh jS;hA b.k Hkkar jk laLdkj vj ijEijkok tM+~;ka tekorh jS;hA ukjh jh n’kkfopkj tksx gq;XkhA

3-2-3 vkfFkZd ifjos'k %&

lekt eka; dqjhfr;ka c/k.k ykxhA eksVSrksj ekFkS lekt nks; Hkkxk eka; cVX;kSA vsdS dkuh vwapkS ojx]ftdkS lEiUu gqorks] vj nwtS dkuh fuEu oxZ ¼fupyk oxZ½] Hkw[kejh] csjkstxkjh] isV Hkj.k lk: dke dktjh [kkst eka; HkVdrks jS;ksA ?k.kh eSur vj vksNh dekbZ lwa fupykS ojx xjhc lwa xjhc c.ku ykX;kSA eksVks[kko.kkS vj eksVks iSj.kks bZ cka jks bZ tho.k cSokj jS;ksA

lekt eka; cSikjh ojx jkS ncncks jS;ksA ckf.k;ka cjx jk yksx jkTkkvksa] tehankjksa vj Bkdjka rkb±djtks fnjkorkA lwn C;kt [kkork ihork] vj 'kks"k.k jkS /ka/kks pkyw jk[krka fc.ktkjk jk"Vªh; vj varjk"Vªh;]fo.kt djrkA m.kka jk ckGn nwj nwj rkbZ cSikj djrk jSorkA

fupyh] tkfr;ka ukbZ] /kksch] dqHkkj] rsyh] eksph] lqFkkj] dkjhxj vkfn vki vki js Hkkx eqtc /ka/kkSdjuk vj isV ikyrkA dSbZ yksx [ksr [kfy;ku ekFkS tho.k fcrkorkA m.kk eka; larks[k fcjrh jSorhA vwapuhp] eka; lekt jkS foHkktu] lko futj vkorkSA

3-2-4 lakLÑfrd ifjos’k %&

lekt jkS egrkÅ vk/kkj m.kkajh laLÑfr ekFkS fujHkj djSA lekt jh lEiUurk vj /ku&nkSyr BkBckB jkS rn bZ ifjpS feyrkSA /kje vj lekt jkS esy tksy jkS vlj laLÑfr ekFkS vol tak.khtSA yksxka jkscSokj] vkpj.k] vkLFkk] foLokl vj fpUr.kk m.kh lekt eka; nh[kS tBS laLÑfr] jkS l:i fcxlkokS fyjkorknjlkbZ tSA

jktLFkku jh lH;rk vj laLÑfr jh fiNk.k U;kjh fudsoyh ykxSA cM+k cM+k x<+ka jkS fujek.k] eksVheksVh goSfy;ka] feUnj] LFkkiR; dykoka] fp= dykoka vj ewfrZ dykoka jkS foxlkokS vki jh futw lk[k c.kkoSAjktLFkku jkS fcxlkokS dBksj ifjJe] lkph yxu vj ladYi lhG] feujoka jS ik.k bZ gks;ksA jktLFkku jkfeu[k ekuoh] ifjokj] vj lekt lnSo lnkpj.k lwa lksfHkr jS;ks gSA

e/;dky eka; tBS cnyko jh iwu ckt.kh l: gq;h cBS lekt vj laLÑfr ekFkS eksdGks izHkko lkeha

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futj vkoSA /kje ekFkS gkso.k okGS vkØe.k lw feu[k lekt jh vkLFkkok eka; yM[kMkgV vko.kh lqHkkfodgksoSA jkt ifjokj eka; foHkktu gkso.kks l: gq;kSA bdkb;ka VwVrh x;hA jgu lgu] vkpkj fopkj] eka;cnGko vko.kks l: gks;kSA LFkkiR; dykoka vj yfyr dykoka ekFkS cnyko jks vlj fonslh vj eqfLye‘'kSyh jkS iM+ukS lkeha nh[kS] /kkjfed ifjos’k] lSdMwa cjlka lw Hkkjr lkaLdfrd] xfrfof/k;k¡] jkS eq[k LFkyjS;ksA iqjk.kh lH;rk jh fiNk.k lkeha vko.k ykxhaA vk[ks Hkkjr eka; b.k law iSyk nzfoM+ vj vk;Z lH;rk vjlaLdfr jkS izHkko ?k.kS eku nh[krkSA m.kh lSaLdkjk jkSa vlj yxksyx gksorkS i.k lekt eka; vko.k okGScnyko jkS dkj.k /kkjfed dqBkjk?kkr vj Hkkjrh; laLdfr] ekFkS fc.k jkS vlj gkSorks jS;ksA

izks ch ,e fnokdj jktLFkku jk bfrgkl i- la 394 eka; fy[kS&jktLFkku /keZ vj lH;rk jS ekeySeka; vk;Z rks dkb± fla/kq fuokfl;ka lwa izkphu ykxSA

jktLFkku lnho lqra=rk lk: la?k"kZ djrkS jS;kS gS] vj /kje jh fjNiky dj.k eka; ikNuha njlk;hA‘'kSo] oS".ko] vj 'kkDr /kje] jks izpyu] vBS cjlka lw pkyrkS jS;ks gSA /kje lk/kuka jh ck< lh vk;ksMh ghAe/;dky eka; /kje jks ilkjks lkaoBks gkSA i.k ik[kaM dkj.k vukpkj] O;fHkpkj vj feF;kpkj] c/krkS x;kSA/kkjfed lq/kkjoknh vkanksyu Hkh pkyrk jS;kSA

b.kh fcpkyS Hkxrhdky ¼e/;dky½ eka; Hkxrh jh nks /kjkoka pkyw gq;xhA fujxq.k vj lxq.k Hkxrh lwaftds jh fiNk.k c.khA lekt eka; nksuwa /kjek jkS egrkÅ izHkko iM+;kSA eqxyka jS b/kdkjS law eqfLye /kje jkSQSyko gq;kSA /kje jS uke ekFkS vR;kpkj c/krkS x;kSA turk eka; vfoLokl jh Hkkouk c/krh x;hA dBsbZ /kje ifjorZu gqo.k ykxkS i.k /kje lq/kkj vkanksyG lk# larka jkS /k.k eksyks ;ksxnku jS;kSA turk jS eu eka;‘kkafr vj foLokl Fkjiko.k lk# lEiznk;ka eka; /kje lq/kkj vj uaqoh fopkj /kjkoka iuirh jS;hA bZ’k Hkxrh]:f<oknh ijaijk uS rksMrh x;h] ewjrh rksM+.k okyk jS dkj.k bZ’oj jS fujkdkj] fujxq.k] mikluk lk: c/ksikSgqo.k ykX;kSA egku lark jh vkxwap lksp turk eka; fFkj F;kol Hkko mitkorh jS;hA

3-2-5 lkfgfR;d ifjos’k%&

Hkxrh jh lxyh lnho dk;e jS;hA vusdwa izgkj gksork Fkdka bZ’k Hkxrh dBsbZ nfc;ksMh dksuh jS;hAbZ’oj jS ukuk fo/k l:ika ekFkS ukuk fo/k lkfgrk fljt.k l: gq;xhA Hkxrh lkfgr eka; mnkjrk d:.k HkkofcpkyS vX;ku nwj dj.k lkj.k lk: fljt.kk eka; uqoh nhB lkeha vk;hA /kkjfed Hkkouk lk: nfD[k.k jSvyokj larka Hkxrka jks egukÅ ;ksxnku djhT;kSA lkfgr jphT;kSA /kkjfed lkfgr jkS izpkj izlkj egrkÅek.k jk[;ksA Hkxrh lkfgr jS mn; vj foxlkoS js ik.k bZ lkfgr jpht.k eka; nq[k jh ?kM+h esa /khjt /kkj.kdj.k jh lxrh feyh olq/kSo dqVqEcde~ jh Hkko/kkjk jkS mn; gkS o.kks vj lekt ekap e;kZnk vj uhfr jkslusl feG;kSA feu[k ekuoh jh 'kkjhfjd lw{e izfd;k jS lkxS lkxS vf[ky czgekaM jS jgl us lcn :Ik nso.kjh f[kerk fnjko.k okyh Hkk"kk jkS tye e/;dky eka; gks;kSA uqokS fpUr.k] uqoksekjx lkfgr~ fljt.k lkxSturk eka; uqokS luslks iwxrks jS;ksA b.kdky eka; Hkxrh lkfgr] bZ’oj jk ukukfo/k l:ika jkS c[kk.k djrkFkdka /k.k eksyks fpUr.k] fopkj foe’kZ jh f[kerk dS c/kkorks jS;kSA nfD[k.k jS egkrekvkSa jh nkjlfud fopkj/kkjkoka lwa tqM+ko Hkxrh jh lxrh us c/kko.k lk: eqdGk;r esa jS;ksA

jktLFkkuh lkfgr jS e/;dky jS iwokZ)Z eka; ftdh Hkxrh dkO; /kkjk jkS iz.k;u gks;ks m.k lk: vkpk;ZjkepUnz 'kqDy ^^fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl** eka; fy[kS foftr ,oa innfyr fgUnw tkfr fdl eq[k ls rjkusxkrh gSA og fulacy gks ml loZ 'kfDreku dh pj.k 'kj.k esa igq¡phA** b.k ckr uS iq[rk dj.k lk: m.ktqx jS lkfgrdkjka tqx jh ekax iwj.k dj.k jkS dke dj;kSA

Hkxrh vanksy.k jh l:vkr eu jh 'kkfUr fgoMS+ eka; vkLFkk] lj/kk vj foLokl uS fFkj F;kol jk[k.klk# lark egkrekok nkjlfud fopkj /kkjkoka jk tk.khdkj yksxka jS ik.k bZ flejFkrk Fkjirh jS;hA ekSVs rkSjiS dS;ks tk; ldsa ds mÙkj Hkkjr eka; Hkxrh vanksy.k jS vkyokj Hkxrka jh ?k.keksyh nS.k jS;hA fn[k.kkn eka;NBh lnh l# gq;kS Hkxrh vanknsy.k mÙkjh Hkkjr eka; yxSVxS 14oha lnh eka; iwX;kSA b.k folky vanksy.k

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lw jktLFkku jh turk bZ ?k.kh izHkkfor gksxhA Hkxrh jS ekjx lwa ijeslj jh izkfIr lh/kh ljy vj pkoh Bkohc.k ldSA jktLFkku jkS Hkxrh lkfgr veksyd cktsA Hkkjrh; Hkxrh vanksy.k lwa jktLFkku bZ ?k.k[kjkS izHkkforgq;kSA Hkkjrh; /kkjfed vanksy.k ekFks lkao nhB jk[khtS] tBS iqjk.k] mifu”kn~ fjpkoka vj ckajS lw=ka ekFkS /;ku fnjkbtsA

Hkkjrh; nk;jS eka; vkLFkk foLokl Hkxrh tqxjh izo‘fr;ka dSbZ dkj.kk lw O;kI;ksMh jS;hA fiNe jsfo}kuka vj Hkkjr jS fo}kuka b.k lk: eksdGh jk; njlk;h gSA fiNejk fo}ku cscj] dhFk vj fxz;lZu Hkxrhlk: bZlkbZ /kje jh ns.k crkoSA dSbZ fØL.k uS ØkbLV jkS vk/kkj ekuSA

i.k Hkkjr jk fo}kuka eka; Ñ".k Lokeh vk;axj fryd vkn Hkxrh jks L=kSr Hkkjrh; ekurk jS;k gSAvkpk;Z 'kqDy vj Mk gtkjh izlkn f}osnh jh ekurk gS dS eqlyekuh jS vR;kpkj jS dkj.k d:.k vj lxrhdkS ekjx yksxka jkS /;ku gVko.k lk: Hkxrh bZ ekU;kS gSA ijkt; jS dkj.k fujk’kk vko.k jh fLFkfr HkjemitkoSA tqxjh ifjfLFkfr;ka bZ Hkxrh vanksyu jh l:vkr tk.khtSA oSfnd lfgr eka; fjxosnh fjpkoka jksvkpj.k] cSokj] dje jS izfr lj/kk jkS vk/kkj ekuhtSA fc;kabZ vk;ks± jS tho.k eka; dje i)fr vj X;ku]fpUr.k] euu vkn jh Hkkoukoka txr~ lwa tqM+;ksMh jS;h gSa jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] vj xhrk esa Hkxrh jS rRokajknjl.k gksosA ^^loZ /kekZu~ ifjR;T; ekesda 'kj.k ozt%** jh cqfu;kn Hkxrh lk: /kkj.kkoka njlkoSA mifu”knkaeka; czge jh fopkj.kk jh fiNk.k gksoSA fujxq.k mikluk yksxka jh okLrS le> lwa vyk;nh jS;hA mikluk jkSlh/ks lknks] ljy ekajx lks/k.ks jh eaNk lk/kj.k yksxk eka; jS;haA tSu] ckS) /kje vj] iqjkf.kd v/;;u fo".kqjS vusd vorkjka jh ckrka] lw= xzaFkka] lwa Hkxrh jkS foxlkokS gks;ksA

'kSoer] 'kkDr er vj oS".koer vkn eka; izserRo law lxyk izHkkfor gqvkA 'kadjkpk;Z] e/okpk;Z vjoYyHkkpk;Z vkn jk er erkUrj ?k.kk O;kikA b.k Hkkar Hkxrh vanksy.k jkS foxlkokS gksorks jS;ksA vsds’oj oknhfujxq.k fujkdkj miluk ekFkS tksj fn;kSA yhyk iq:"k jk vorkj lwa lxq.k Hkxrh lk[kk jks c/ksikS gq;kSA b.krF;ka lw lkaizrsd y[kkoS ds tq)k vj ckgjh vkØe.kka] /kjejh vnyk cnGh lwa mQR;ksMh turk Hkxrh ekjxuS vi.kk;kS eujh lkUrh vj vkLFkk foLokl ladV eka; /khjt jk[k.k jh f[kerk dS dkj.k Hkxrh ekjx jksmn; vj foxlkoks gks;ksA b.k ifjfLFkfr;ka jkS vlj jktLFkku jh turk ekFkS ?k.keksyks ifM+;kSA

Hkxrh tqx jS mn~;lk: MkW- eq’khjke 'kekZ jS lcnka esa ^;ou 'kklu dh nqnkZUr ihMkvksa ls eekZgu vk;Ztkfr dks iape ;qx dh bl HkfDr us Hkxor~ yhykvksa dk eatwy ysi yxkdj viwoZ vk’oklu fn;kA ;g ;qxvk;Z tkfr dh dÙkZO; 'kfDr ds fy, Hkh Lej.k jgsxkA blh ;qx esa jke&’;ke HkfDr ds es?kksa us cjl djjlorh lkfgR; ljLorh dks vikj jl /kkjkvksa ls vIykfor dj fn;kA dkO;] fp=] laxhr vkfn ukuk yfyrdyk,a HkfDr ls mRlkg ,oa LQwfrZ ikdj vius vkst ds lkFk ped mBhA vk;Z tkfr dk ân; v/khurk tU;fo"kkn dks Hkwydj vkuUn eXu gks x;kA** ¼HkfDr dk mn;] i-la- 269½

e/;dky ¼Hkxrhdky½ esa Hkxrh vkanksyu jkS egrkÅ ;ksxnku fn[k.kkn jS vkyokj lark jkS egrkÅ;ksxnku mRrj izns’k vj jktLFkku rkb± tu vkanksyu jS :Ik esa QGrkS Qwyrks jS;kSA b.kh ckcr MkW jke lkxjf=ikBh vkijh iksFkh HkfDr jl ehekalk HkfDr jlke'r fla/kq fiz"B la[;k 29 eka; fy[kS] ^mifu"kn~dky ls pyhvkrh gqbZ& nk’kZfud fopkj/kkjk us nf{k.k ds e/;dkyhu egkRekvksa ds gkFk esa iM+dj uohu eksM+ dks Lohdkjdj fy;k FkkA Qyr% 'kkDr] 'kSo vkSj oS".ko] fopkj /kkjk,a tuekul iVy ij vafdr gksdj uohu vkanksyudk l‘tu dj jgh FkhA v}Srokn ds izfrjks/k esa fof’k"Vk }Sr] }Sr] }Srk}Sr] 'kq)k}Sr bR;kfn vFkdfopkj/kkjk,a viuk LFkku cuk pqdh FkhA bl uohu esa fuokZ.kksUeq[k ckS} /keZ dk 'kk[kk iz’kk[kkvks esa foHkktu]tu lk/kkj.k esa izpfyr lk/kuk ewyd vusd erokn vkSj varr% eqlyekuksa dk izos’k de dkj.k ugha gqvkFkkA bu leLr fopkj /kkjkvksa dk jkT;ksa esa izHkkfor djuk vfuok;Z gks x;k FkkA**

Hkxrh jh lxrh lwa tu lk/kkj.k jS eu eka; lkfUr] lqj{kk] vj vka.kn jkS vuqHko gksorks jS;ks]Hkxrhdky jS mn; vj foxlkoS lk: bfr;kldkj eksrhyky th vkn jh Hkkoukoka yxSVxS cjkscj jS;h gSA

25

'kks/kiwj.k rF; b.kh ckr jks lejFk.k djs gS dS vUrlihM] cso.kk] vkØe.k dkjksa jh vkØed fLFkfr] /kjeifjorZu ?kVukoka] ladV e; tho.k lwa mcj.k okLrS tu ekul jkS /;ku Hkxrh jh lxrh dkuh ykfx;kSAjktLFkku Hkxrh jS vanksy.k eka; Hkkjrh; Hkxrh okrkoj.k lwa dnsbZ vyk;nkS dksuh jS;ksA jkt jh lRrk oSoLFkklkxS jktLFkku jS tuekul esa gkSys& gkSys lkekftd cnGko vkorks jS;kSA tq>k: jktLFkku lnho lqra=rklk: la?k”kZe; jS;ks gSA /kje /kjf.k;ka yksx /kje xazFkka jkS Hk.kukS Hk.kko.kS vj lark egarka jS fopkj /kkjoka lwalnho izsj.kk fyjkork jS;ksA e/;dky lka; lkfgr fljt.k eqdGk;r lwa gks;hA jktLFkkuh lkfgr eka; eksdGksjp jpko gks;ksA jktLFkkuh lkfgr jkS Lo.kZ tqx e/;dky bZ ekuhtSA jktLFkkuh jktLFkku jh jktHkk"kk c.krhx;hA lxrh vj Hkxrh jks rky esy jS;ksA Hkxr dfo;ka lxq.k Hkxrh lk: jke&fØL.k uS vkijk vkjk/;nsoekurk jS;k m.kka jS xq.kxku lwa eksdGks lfgr jP;ksA vBhus fujxq.k ijEijk jk Hkxr fujxq.k iaFk lk: ys[k.khpyk;hA b.k fo/k ^^czge** l:Ik lxq.k vj fujxq.k FkjihT;kA larka fo}kuka] egUrk jS ik.k Hkxrh lkfgr jStfj;S ln oSokj] lnkpj.k] lhG la;e] vkre rks'k c/krks jS;ksA txka&txka feanj eBka jh Fkji.kk gks;hAHktu] okf.k;k] gjtl vknjS tfj;s yksxka ek; lq}rk vj lkarh fFkj F;kol jS;hA ln~fopkj lnqinsl v/;kRevj n’kZu lwa lkj fulkjrk Fkdka tuekul eka; Hkxrh jh xaxk tequk vj ljLorh izokfgr djhA Hkxrh] uhfr]fl.kxkj vj X;ku xfjek lesr lkfgr jkS jpko /k.keksyks gks;kSA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk lkfgrk lk: ehjkackbZ jhHkxrh jh lxrh yksd pko fyjk;ksMh jS;hA

b.kHkkar Hkxrh lkfgr jkS mn; vj foxlkoks gksorks jS;ks] ftds lk: jktLFkku jkS bfrgkl lk[k HkjSAMkW ghjkyky ekgs’ojh] eksrhyky esukfj;k] Mk- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor] ch-,y- ekyh ^v’kkUr* MkW fdj.k ukgVkvj lhrkjkeykyl Hkwifr jke lkdfj;k] vj vxjpUn ukgVk jkS b.k fo/k eksdGks ;ksxnku ekuhT;kSA

b.kh e/;dky ¼Hkxrhdky½ eka; bZljnkl ^^bZljk lks ijesljk**] ikapksa ihj] dj.kh th] rstkth vkngks;kA osfyfdlu :De.kh jh] gfjjl vkn xzaFk jphT;kA vkoM+ ekrk ^^vkaoM rwBh HkkfV;ka** ekrkth jks Nandfo nqjlk vk<+k ¼Nan pkydusl ekukjks½ jP;ksA bZljnkl th eksdGk vorkjka jk ukao fx.kk;ka Hkxrkjka nq[kesV.k vj eks{k ¼eks[k½ fnjko.k lk[k fou; djrk fy[kS&

ekgjk Øe esfVok ekgo Øe g¡w dfFkl rqgkjk dslo

uke rqgkjm gw /k.kukeh lakl lkal laHkkfjl LokehA

bZ’ojnkl th Hkxr vj peRdkjh egkiq:"k gkA b.kka jh Hkxrh Hkko lwa jP;ksM+h jpukoka eka;a gfjjl*/k.kh ijfl/k gks;hA b.k jS lkxS x:M+ iqjk.k] xq.k Hkkxor gal vj xq.k vkxe xq.k oSjkV vj xq.kjkl dhyk]vkn xzazFk bZ /k.kk egrkÅ jphT;kA

ehjkckbZ jh fØL.k Hkxrh jks izek.k tx tkfgj gks;kSA m.kk jh izsek&Hkxrh jh lk/kuk lkjFkd jS;h vjlkekftd Økafr efgyk&tkxj.k lk# ehjka jkS ukao vtsrkb± vejdhjr Fkjihtrks jS;ks gSA

jktLFkkuh eka; lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk eka; jkevj fØL.k jh ewjr iwtk lk: eksdyk feUnjk jh Fkji.kkgks;ksMh gSA dBsbZ dBsbZ dosljka dh jpukoka eka; lxq.k&fujxq.k Hkko bZ lkeha vkoSA lxq.k Hkxrh jk lk/kddfo ewjr iwtk eka; vLFkk vj foLokl jk[krkA oS”.ko Hkxrh lk# cYyHkkpk;Z] fcðyukFk] e/kkpk;Z] lxq.kHkxrh lk: jh vjk/kukuS vkxS c/kkbZ vj v/;kRe vj n’kZu jk mins’k fn;k fnjk;kA eksdGk /kkjfedlEiznk;ka jS ik.k Hkxrh jh lxrh c/krh x;hA esokr [ksÙkj eka; pUnz l[kh jk HktuvtSrkbZ xkbZtsA C;kolkfn;ka eka; bZ m.k Hktuka jkS egrkÅ vLFkku c.;ksMks jSosA jktLFkku lekt eka; uqoks yksd tkxj.k] ukjhlk# lj/kk vj izse Hkko] lnkpj.k] lnk’k;rk] vj ukjh jks nsoh l:ik Hkko fFkjFkjik;ksMks feySA czge jh lÙkkjh O;kidÙkk v}Sr] }Sr] }Srk}Sr] fo’kq)k}Sr vkn eka; lkoG FkjihtSA blh dkj.kS jktLFkku jS tuekul eka;lkUrh lqfLFkjrk vj tho.k lk: vkLFkk vj foLokl c/krkS jS;kS gSA e/;dky ¼HkfDrdky½ lkekftd ifjos’keka; Lo.kZdky] cktsA Hkxrh jkS foLrkj lxq.k fuxq.k vanksyuka lk: gksorks jS;ks gSA lnkpj.k lhy] lkUrh]vkLFkk vj foLokl lkxS tu ekul jkS dq.BkxzLr eu /khtks /kkjS vj tho.k jh xkM+h uS xqMkdkork jSoSA Hkxrh

26

vanksyu bZ lekt eka; feu[k&feu[k jks Hksn] vawp uhp vj Nwr&vNwr jh fo[kerkoka vj folaxfr;ka usesVs&feVkosA jktLFkkuh Hkxr dfo;ka eka; Ñ".knkl vxznkl] i‘Fohjkt jkBkSM] vYywth] vksikth]bZljnklckjB] ckith prjflag th vknjkS ukao mYys[k tksx ykxSA

3-3 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k ckr jkS iq[rk izek.k e/;dky jS iwjcyk e/;dky vj mRrj e/;dky jh jktuhfrd lkekftdvkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd vj lkfgR;d okrkoj.k Hkxrh lkfgr jS mn; vj foxlkoS uS njlkoSA Hkxrh;qxeka; nks;/kkjkoka cSorh jS;h gSA ft.k eka; vsd bZ’oj jS l:Ik uS fujxq.k&fujkdkj vj ?kV&?kV oklh ekuSA czge jhlRrk czgekaM eka; ilj~;ksMh crkos] tn dS nwth fopkj/kkjk lxq.k lkdkj Hkxrh eka; bZ’oj jks yhyk/kkjhiq:"k] eka; FkjiSaaA uj esa ukjk;.k jk mÙke xq.kka uS ijksV.k jh f[kerk trkoSA b.k Hkkar jke fØL.k uSvkjk/; nso ekurk Fkdka Hkxrh Hkko jkS c[kk.k djsA ekuq"kk vorkj ?k.kkS nqjyHk gksoSA feu[k tye ys ;jmRre xq.kka law vkijh dhjr~ Fkjik; ldSA ^^dhfrZ ;L; l% thofr** dks ekjx vejRo gkso.k jkS vk/kkj ekuSA/kkjfed lq/kkjoknh vkanksy.k jS tfj;s Hkxrhjh fuxqZ.k /kkjk jkS ilkjks djSA vkijh laLÑfr vj /kje dhfjNiky lk: jktLFkku jks tuekul lnho lkoG lksp lk: vkxS c/krks jS;ks gS vj ifjosl vj ifjfLFkfr;kajS eqtc m.kka <kGrk jS;k gSA

b.k Hkkar e/;dky eka; iwjc e/;dky Hkxrhdky vj mRrj e/;dky Ükaxkfjd dky jS ukao lw tk.khtSA Hkxrh eka; fizFkhjkt jkBkSM jh ^csfy* jphthA f[kfM+;k tXxk vj bZljnkl jh jpukoka eka; ohjrk vj/kkjfed mikluk jks egrkÅ ekjx nh[kSA b.khdky eka; dslksnkl xkM.k] Jh /kj O;kl rstksth pkj.k] dkUgksth ckjB] t;flag] vYywth dfo;k] pawMks th n/kokfM+;k lak;ka th >wyk dY;k.knkl jko] egs’knkl jko]trht;pan] ckjgB ujflag nkl] esgksth ckadhnkl] nqjlk vk<k vkn dosljka jkS uko ?k.kseku mYys[k tksxjS;ksA osn iqjk.k mifu"kn] Jhen~Hkkxor vkn lw eksdGk lanHkk± jS lkxs Hkxrh jh jpukok eksdGs rknkn eka;jphthA

b.k c[kr Hkxrh /kkjk eka; lxq.k Hkxrh vj fujxq.k Hkxrh lkfgr jkS jp jpko lkaxks&ikax gks;ksAe/;dky jh turk jkS ekul ?k.k[kjk bfr;kfld mFkyiqFky] jS ik.kk lark egark js fopkjk lkaxS vkLFkk]foLokl vj bZ’kHkxrh eka; vkijks eu yxk;ksMkS jk[;ksA lkekftd cnyko jS lkxs lekt eka; Hkxrh jhlxrh lwa lnkpkj vkre la;e] lekt eka; Hkxrh jh lxrh lw lnkpkj vkre la;e] /khtks] vj lkap jkS csokj]uSe /kje jh ejtknk uS dk;e jk[krk lq[k lkUrh iwj.k tho.k thork jS;kA Hkxrh jh csfy iljrh ikaxjrh]Qyrh] Qwyrh jS;hA

3-4 vH;kl jk izLu

1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk e/;dky jk izeq[k lxq.k Hkxrk jh tk.kdkjh jpukok lw¡ djkoks

2- HkfDr lkfgR; ij e/;dky jks dkbZ vlj jg~;ks izek.k nsj le>kokSA

3- ehjkckbZ] bZljnkl ujgfjnkl tsM+k Hkxrk jh lkj :i esa tk.kdkjh djkokSA

4- jktLFkku jk lark jks e/;dky esa ;ksxnku jks c[kku djkSA


1- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

2- MkW- uxsUnz & fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl

3- MkW- eueksgu lgxy & fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDr dkyhu dkO;

4- MkW- ftrsUnz ukFk ikBd & HkfDr vkSj jhfrdkyhu fgUnh eqDrd dkO;

27

bdkbZ & 4

e/;dkyhu lxq.k Hkxrh jk oS".ko lEiznk;bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

4-0 mísL;

4-1 izLrkouk

4-2 ôYyHk lEiznk;*

4-2-1 oYyHkkpk;Z jks tho.k ifjpS

4-2-2 oYyHkkpk;Z jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

4-2-3 oYyHkkpk;Z jh flL; ijEijk

4-2-4 fØlu Hkxrh jks l:i

4-3 ^fuEckdZ lEiznk;*

4-3-1 fuEckdZ jks tho.k ifjpS

4-3-2 fuEckdZ jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

4-3-3 fuEckdZ jh flL; ijEijk

4-3-4 fuEckdZ jh fØlu jk/kk Hkxrh jks l:i

4-3-5 jktLFkku jh lysekokn ihB vj îj'kqjkekpk;Z*

4-4 ^xkSM+h; lEiznk;*

4-4-1 pSrU; egkizHkq jks tho.k ifjpS

4-4-2 pSrU; jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

4-4-3 pSrU; jh flL; ijEijk

4-4-4 pSrU; jh fØLlu Hkxrh jks l:i

4-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

4-6 lcnkoyh

4-7 vH;kl jk izLu

4-8 lanHkZ xzUFkka jh ikuM+h

4-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks ewG mísL; e/;dkyhu lxq.k Hkxrh jk ôS".ko lEiznk;* eas ukeh oYyHk] fuEckdZ vjxkSM+h; lEiznk; jh foLrr tka.kdkjh fnjko.kks gSA 16 oha vj 17oha lnh jk vS lEiznk; jk/kk vj fØLluHkxrh uS uwaoks l:i iznku dj~;ks gksA vS lEiznk; mÙkjh&iwohZ Hkkjr esa vkijks [kklkS uke dj~;ks gSA vSlEiznk; eFkqjk] oUnkou vj caxky eas ?k.kk pkok jS;k gSA b.kkjh Hkxrh Hkkouk êk/kq;Z* vj ^lk[; Hkko* jh gh]b.kk Jh fØLlu jh lxq.k :i esa mikluk djh gSA

b.k bdkbZ jks mísL; vk rhuka lEiznk;ka jh tk.kdkjh vj Hkxrh Hkkouk uS mtksxj dj.kks gSA

28

4-1 izLrkouk

e/;;qxhu Hkkjr jh lxq.k Hkxrh jk oS".ko Hkxrh lwa ifjiwj.k oYyHk lEiznk;] fuEckdZ lEiznk; vjpSrU; jkS xkSM+h; lEiznk; oS".ko lEiznk;ka esa ?k.kk pkaok jS;k gSA vk rhu jk ewG mísL; jk/kk vj fØLlu jhHkxrh Hkkouk uS uwaoS :i esa izLrqr dj.kkS jS;ks gSA b.kkjkS izHkko jktLFkku esa Hkh ns[k.k feGS gSA b.kkesa JhfØLlu jh Hkkar&Hkkar jh yhykoka jks vadu dj~;ks x;kS gS] dBSbZ cky yhyk] jkl yhyk] xksih yhyk vkn jkc.kko ljkg.k tksx gSA oS".ko /kje esa b.kkjks ?k.kkS egRo gSA

4-2 oYyHk lEiznk;

17oha lnh esa jktLFkku esa oYyHk lEiznk; jks vkxeu Ogh;k] m.k lwa iSyka vkS lEiznk; czt esa ?k.kkSpkokS gks] b.kesa jk/kk&fØLlu jh Hkxrh Hkkouk jks uwaoks l:i feGS gSA b.kesa dhjru] lqfej.k] nkL;] l[kk vjek/kq;Zrk jk cj.kko feGS gSA jktLFkku esa ukFk}kjk b.kjks [kkl /kke jS;ks gSA oYyHk lEiznk; esa oS".ko Hkxrhjks lkso.kks :i ns[k.k uS feGSA b.kesa Jh fØLlu jh yhykoka jks fp=kadu ns[k.k tksx gSA oYyHkkpk;Z b.k iaFkjks izpkj vj izlkj dj~;ks gSA oYyHkkpk;Z Jh ukFk th jS lq#i&iwtu esa vLV izgj Hkkouk] fl.kxkj&ltkoVvj dhjru vkn jks lqUnj vk;kstu dj~;ks gSA b.k lEiznk; esa ^vUudwV* vj ^NIiu Hkksx* tSM+k mPNch jksizpyu Hkh gksA

4-2-1 oYyHkkpk;Z jks tho.k ifjpS

b.k lEiznk; jk izorZd oYyHkkpk;Z ekU;k tkoS gSA vka jkS tGe fo-la- 1535 ¼1478 bZ-½ esa pEikj.;uked xkao eas gq;ksaA vS rSyax cke.k gka] b.kkjkS ikyu&iksl.k dk'kh esa Ogh;ksaA b.kkjS tGe ckcr fo}kuka esaerHksn gSA MkW- /khjsUnz oekZ jS eqtc b.kkjkS tGe fcgkj jS pEikj.k ftys esa vj b.kkjkS lq#okrh tho.k dk'khesa fcR;ks gksA b.kkjS firk jks uke y{e.k Hkê vj ekrk jks uke byEekxk: gksA b.kkjkS ifjokj ?k.kksflefj/k gksA b.kkjh fl{kk&nh{kk Hkh pks[kh gqbZ ghA vka jk lq:okrh xq# y{e.k Hkê vj ek?kosUnziqjh gk] vSNksVh mez eas gh osn] iqjk.k] njl.k vkn fol;ka jk iafMr vj X;krk c.kX;k gkA 1558 la- esa b.kkjkS C;k*o gq;ksgksA b.kkjS nks; Vkcj Ogh;k] ft.kkesa foB~ByukFk ?k.kk pkaok gk] eksVks csVks xksihukFk gksA oYyHkkpk;Z jh fejR;q1642 la- esa dk'kh esa Ogha ghA rnS xkslkbZ foB~ByukFk b.kkjkS in Hkkj laHkkY;kS gks] oYyHkkpk;Z uS 'kq)k}Srokn*jks izfriknu dj~;ks gksA

4-2-2 oYyHkkpk;Z jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

oYyHkkpk;Z jh jpukoka& ckcr ia- iqjksfgr vkpk;Z b.kkjS 71 xzaFk fx.kk;k gSA jkepUnz 'kqDy eqtcb.kkjS xzUFkka jk uke b.k rjS gS& îwoZ ehekalk Hkk";*] ^mrj ehekalk Hkk";*] ^lqcksf/kuh Vhdk*] ^fl)kUr jgL;*vkn [kkl gSA foB~ByukFk vkijS xzUFk ^^fo}reaMye~** eas vkijS firpj.k esa xksih ifr jfr ekjx jks izorZdvkpk;Z Hkh d;ks gSA Jhen~Hkkxor jh ^lqcksf/kuh* uke jh Vhdk jS ^jkl&iapk/;k;h* izdj.k esa oYyHkkpk;Z thxksfi;ka jks folsl mYys[k Hkh dj~;ks gSA

oYyHkkpk;Z BkSM+&BkSM+ ?kwe*j Jh fØLlu Hkxrh jks izpkj dj~;ks gks m.kk b.kkuS czt eas vkijh xkíh jhFkkiuk djh ghA JhukFk jks feUnj Hkh b.kk c.kok;ks gksA fo-la- 1550 esa xksdqy jS xksfoUn ?kkV ekFkS iqf"VekxhZlk[kk jh Fkkiuk djh gh] îqf"V* jks eryc Hkxoku~ jh Hkxrh djuS m.kkjh fdjik izkIr dj.kks gSA îqf"V* jkslEcU/k Hkxoku~ jS vuqxzg lwa gSA b.kkjh jpukoka esa Jh fØLlu Hkxrh jk U;kajk&U;kajk l:i jk c.kko feGS gSA

4-2-3 oYyHkkpk;Z jh flL; ijEijk

oYyHkkpk;Z jks er fØLlu Hkxrh dkO; esa ?k.kks pkoks gq;ksA b.kk fØLlu jh ek/kq;Z Hkxrh jks izpkjdj~;ks gSA vs 'kq)k}Sroknh gkA b.kkjS eqtc czã] tho vj tM+ txr~ eas dksbZ Qjd uha gSA b.kk fØLlu Hkxrhjh Fkki.kk îqf"VekxZ* lwa djh ghA oYyHkkpk;Z jS psyka esa foB~ByukFk] dqEHkunkl] lwjnkl] ijekuannkl vjfØLlunkl [kkl gSA

29

foB~ByukFk ^^fo}ke.Myue~** uke jh dfr fy[kh gSA foB~ByukFk vj oYyHkkpk;Z jk P;kj P;kjflL;ka lwa ^v"VNki* jh Fkkiuk djh] ft.keas oYyHkkpk;Z jk dqEHkunkl] lwjnkl] ijekuannkl fØLlunkl vjfoB~ByukFk jk P;kj flL; xksfoUnLokeh] uannkl] NhrLokeh vj prqHkqZtnkl gkaA vS vkBw¡ dfo fØLlu HkxrhijEijk esa ^^v"VNki** uke lwa ?k.kka pkaok gSA

4-2-4 fØLlu Hkxrh jks l:i

oYyHkkpk;Z jS 'kq)k}Sr eqtc czã gh b.k txr~ eas lclw Å¡pks gksA thokRek vj tM+ txr~ rkfRod:i lwa czá gh gSA ^'kq)k}Sr* njl.k jh lk/kuk gh îqf"VekxZ* gSA ek/kq;Z Hkko jh mikluk gh îqf"VekxZ* jksvk/kkj gSA b.k esa Jh fØLlu jh yhykoka jks cj.kko feGS gSA oYyHkkpk;Z xksfidkoka jh Hkxrh uS vkijkS vknlZekuS gSA xksfidkoka Hkh lkrfod izse jh izrhd gSA b.k [kkrj iqf"VekxhZ Hkxrh xksfidkoka uS xq# eku*j m.kkjSvkpj.k jks vuqdj.k dj.khA oYyHkkpk;Z Jh fØLlu uS ijczã ekU;ks gSA Jh fØLlu lr~] fpr] vkuUn jks:i gS vj cS lxGh tkxka O;kIr gS&

^îj czã rq d`".kksfg lfPpnkuUnda ogr~Atxrq f=fo/k izksDr czã fo".kq f'kokLrr%Ansork :ior izksDrk czã.khRFkZ gfjeZrAA**

oYyHkkpk;Z jS eqtc Jh fØLlu jks :i fujxq.k gS] i.k fujxq.k OgSrka Fkdka Hkh oS lxq.k gSA Hkxrka[kkrj cS lxq.k :i /kkj.k*j lalkj esa yhykoka djS gSA b.k lEiznk; esa okRlY; vj lk[; Hkkoka jh iz/kkurkjS dkj.k nwtk lEiznk;ka jS vLV iksj lsok fo/kku lwa U;kjh gSA oYyHk lEiznk; eas lsok jks Øe eaxyk] fl.kxkj]Xoky] jktHkksx] mRFkkiu] Hkksx] fla>~;k&vkjrh vkn [kkl gSA oYyHkkpk;Z jks Hkkxor~ rÙoka ekFkS vk/kkfjr gSAb.kk lk/kuk iznku iqf"VekxZ jh [kkst djh gh] izse Hkxrh esa oYyHkkpk;Z Hkxoku~ jh efgek jS ^X;ku* vj m.kkjS^/;ku* jks lekosl dj fn;ksA lRlax] pfjr&Jo.k] euu vkn vj cky xksiky jh lsok esa folsl :fp fn[kk;hghA oYyHkkpk;Z jS eqtc lfPpnkuan nsg/kkjh fØLlu gh iwj.k ijczã gSA v.kikj lxfr;ka lwa cS lxGka jhvkRek esa je.k djS gS] b.k [kkrj oS vkRekjke Hkh gSA îq#"kksÙke* :i esa oS ^vxf.krkuan* vj îjekuan* jks :igSA vS vkijS Hkxrka [kkrj dSbZ yhykoka djS gSA vS txr~ uS lkap vj lalkj uS >wBkS ekU;ks gSA yhyk iq#lvkijh yhyk jS [kkrj b.k txr jks fljt.k djSA vuqxzg* Hkh m.kkjh yhyk jks :i gh gSA lxGk uS iwjh fuLBkjS lkFkS fØLlu jks Hktu dj.kks pkfgtS&

^^loZnk loZHkkosu Hktuh;ks cztkf/ki%A

LoL;k;eso /keksZa gh ukU;% D;kfi dnkpuAA**

Hkxr jS [kkrj ruqtk] fortk vj ekulh lsok jks fo/kku gSA oYyHkkpk;Z jS eqtc izse jh rhu voLFkkokagS&Lusg] vklfDr vj O;lu ?k.kkS egRo fn;ks gSA Jh fØLlu jS ekuo tGe ys.k lEcU/k esa lwjnklth dSoSgS&

^^;kdh dksf[k vkSrjsa os lqr] djS izku ifjgklA**

fØLlu jh ckG yhykoka esa ek[k.k pksjh] dkfy;k ukx ne.k] iwruk jks o/k vkn ?k.k[kjk fprjkens[k.k uS feGSS gSA dkfy;k&neu dj.k okGk fØLlu jh lqUnjrk jk cj.kko esa eqjyh ¼ckalqjh½ xkuuS lq.k*jxksfi;ka ekFkS dkabZ izHkko iMS+] ft.kesa ;X; iRuh yhyk] ^xkso)Zu /kkj.k* vkn dFkkoka jk fp=.k b.k lEiznk;jh Hkxrh Hkkouk esa ns[k.k uS feGS gSA lwjnkl crk;ks gS dS eksfg.kh eqjyh jks xku lq.krka gh b.k txr~ esa Å¡/kh xfr OgS tkoS gSA tdka xk; jk cNM+k nw/k ih jS;k gka] cS nw/k NksM+ nsoS gS] xk;ka pkjks pj.kks NksM+ fn;ks gS]tequk Hkh Å¡/kh /kkj cSg.k ykxh vj gok :d x;h gS&

^êqjyh xfr foijhfr djkbZA

frgaw Hkqou Hkfj ukn lekU;kS] jk/kk jeu ctkbZAA**

30

lwjnkl jh Hkkar ijekuannkl Hkh fy[;ks gS dS L;ke jks QqVjkiks euekso.kks gS T;aw&T;wa fØLlu cM+kOgS jS;k gS R;wa&R;wa m.kkjkS vuqjkx xksfi;ka esa c<+ jS;ks gSA fØLlu jS :i vj xq.kka ekFkS oS ?k.kh ea= eqX/k OgSjS;h gSA vsd xksih fi.k?kV ekFkS fØLlu jS :i uS ns[k*j ea= eqX/k dS; jS;h gS&

^^lkaojkS cnu nsf[k yqHkkuhApys tkr fQfj fpr;kS eksru] rc rs lax yxkuhAd;y uSu mijsuks Qsj~;ks] ijekuanfg tkuhAA**

oYyHkkpk;Z uS ckG&xksiky fØLlu jh iwtk vi.kkbZ vj vkijS psyka esa m.kjkS izlkj Hkh dj~;ksA ykjSlwa foB~ByukFk ^^;qxy fdlksj mikluk** jks fo/kku Hkh pyk;ks gks vj uo/kk Hkxrh jk lxGk rRo fØLlu uSyS;*j Fkkfir dj~;k gkA

b.k rjS ^'kq)k)Sr fl)kUr* fØLlu uS yhyk uk;d jS :i esa vej dj fn;ksA lkfgR; esa b.kht :ijks cksyckyks jS;ks gSA uk;d fØLlu esa ckG&fØLlu jh izfrLBk Ogh vj vkehjka jks ckG nsork vBS :icnyko jS lkFkS ckG&fØLlu jS :i esa mikL; c.;ks gksA v"VNki jk dfo;ka vj lwj uS folsl :i lwa ckG:i jks ykfyR; ^'kkLor :i* lwa Fkji fn;ksA /khjs&/khjs fØLlu jks nkjlfud :i xk;c OgS*j ^yhyk/kj* :igh [kkl jS;ksA oYyHkkpk;Z gh yhyk uk;d jS :i esa fØLlu jh lkaph izfrLBk djh ghA

lkj & oYyHk lEiznk; jh fØLlu Hkxrh jks ewY;kadu djka rks b.kesa fØLlu jk pfjr esa êkuoh;vUroZfr;ka* jh m)kr vfHkO;atuk ns[k.k uS feGS gSA fØLlu vkijh lfØ;rk] lpsLVrk] tru] la?klZ] egku~nkf;Ro] mísL; vj egku~ lkaLdfrd fujek.k esa egrkÅ xkSjoiwj.k Hkksedk fuHkk;h gSA

4-3 fuEckdZ lEiznk;

ôS".ko* /kje jk ewG izorZdka esa P;kj vkpk;Z Ogh;ka gS] ft.kkeas Jh galukjk;.k ¼lud½] Jh fyNeh]:nz vj czã vS P;kj lEiznk; ?k.kk pkaok Ogh;k] dkykUrj esa Jh fuEckdZ] Jh jkekuqt] Jh fo".kq Lokeh] Jhek/okpk;Z jk P;kj ukeh lEiznk; pkok Ogh;kA fuEckdZ lEiznk; jk iSyk izorZd gal Hkxoku ekU;k tkoS gSA

b.k lEiznk; esa ^xksiky ea=* jks ?k.kkS egRo gSA b.kesa 18 v{kj vj ikap in gSA fuEckdZ lEiznk; esab.kh ea= jks minsl xq# fn;k djrk gk] lud okfn;ka lwa ukjn uS vkS ea= feY;ks] m.kkuS fuEckdZ minsl fn;ksgksA fuEckdZ lEiznk; jS eqtc czã uS izkIr dj.kkS gh tho jks mísL; gSA b.kjks mik; lj.kkxfr gSA miklukesa Hkxor~ izse jks lk/ku gSA Hkxoku~ jh iwtk jS :i esa mikluk b.k lEiznk; esa t:jh dje gSA [kqn fuEckdZth dSoS gS&

^^mikluh;a furjka tuS% lnk izá.k;smKkurrksmuq o`rsA**

fuEckdZ lEiznk; mikluk iz/kku gSA b.k lEiznk; esa gjSd oS".ko xq# lsok] Hkxoku~ jks ti] Hkkxor~iwtk] Hkkxor :i fpUru jks gh tlxku djSA b.kkjh mikluk esa oSfndh iwtk] rkaf=d iwtk] vuqjkxkRed iwtk]fuR; fogkj ?k.kk egRo jk[kS vj b.kkjh ckjyh mikluk iz.kkyh esa eqnzk] daB fryd vj Lefr fpUg jks c.kkoHkh feGS gSA b.k iaFk jks izpkj eFkqjk] oUnkou vj jktLFkku jS lysekckn esa Hkh ns[;ks tk ldS gSA

fuEckdZ lEiznk; gfj O;kl nso ikap lq[k ekU;k gS& lsok] lqjr] mRlkg] lgt vj fl)kUrA fuEckdZlEiznk; esa mikluk i)fr rkaf=d vj ^'kkL=h;* nksuwa rjS jh jS;h gSA fuEckdZ uS jaxnsoh jks vorkj eku*jm.kkuS okRlY; jl jks njld d;ks x;ks gSA

b.k rjS b.k lEiznk; esa Jh fØLlu gh mikL;] Hktuh;] lsO; vj iwT; gSA fØLlu jS lkFkS ghjk/kk uS Hkh bZLV nsoh jS :i esa vaxhdkj dj~;ks x;ks gSA b.kkjS vuq;k;h fyykV ekFkS xksih panu jh nks; ykEchjs[kkoka uS /kkj.k djS] ft.kkjS chp esa vsd fØLlu fcUnq jk[kS gSA b.k lEiznk; uS ^^lud lEiznk;** vj ^ agallEiznk;** Hkh dS;ks tkoS gSA lud vj luanu vkn fjf[k b.k lEiznk; jk vkn vkpk;Z jS;k gSA

4-3-1 fuEckdZ jks tho.k ifjpS

31

fuEckdZ rsyax cke.k gkA MkW- Hk.Mkjdj jS eqtc b.kkjkS tGe lu 1162 ekU;ks tkoS gSA b.kkjkS tGeosYyksjh ftys jS fuEc uke jS xkao jS v#.k fj[kh jh /kje iRuh t;Urh jS mnj lwa dkafr ekg lqfn i[k iwueuS Ogh;ks gks] vS ckGi.kS lwa gh fØLlu jk Hkxr gk] fnD[k.kkan esa Hk.kkbZ djuS oSjkX; /kkj.k djrk gq;k Hkkjrjh tkrjk djrk vkf[kj esa oUnkou esa Hkxrh lk/kuk djh ghA nkjlfud lkfgR; esa b.kkjS fuEckdkZpk;Z]fuEckfnR;] fuEc Hkk"dj] fu;ekuankpk;Z vkn uke Hkh feGS gSA

4-3-2 fuEckdZ jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

fuEckdZ dSbZ xzUFkka jh jpuk djh gS] ft.kkesa m.kkjk fl)kUrka jh tk.kdkjh feGS gSA lkFkS gh b.kkjhfØLlu Hkxrh jks :i Hkh feGS gSA b.kkjh jpukoka jk uke b.kxr gS&

^ôsnkUr ifjtkr lkSjHk] osnkUr&dke/ksuq] ea= jgL; "kksM+'kh] lnkpkj izdk'k] izifr fpUrkef.k]n'k'yksdhA** b.kesa njl.k xzUFkka jh ijEijk ?k.kh O;ofLFkr :i lwa feGS gS] i.k jl&jhfr jks izorZu oBS HkksriNS Ogh;ks gSA ^n'k'yksdh* xzUFk fuf'pr :i lwa ckn jks xzUFk dS;ks tk ldS gSSA ôsnkUr&ifjtkr*] ^lkSjHk* vj^n'k'yksdh* xzUFkka esa b.kkjS lEiznk; jk fl)kUr ns[k.k uS feGS gSA

4-3-3 fuEckdZ jh flL; ijEijk

fuEckdZ jk psyka jh ijEijk uS vkxS c<+ko.k esa Jh fuoklkpk;Z] vkSnqEcjkpk;Z] xkSj[kkpk;Z] fo'okpk;Z]iq#"kksRekpk;Z] nsokpk;Z] gfjO;kl nso [kkl gSA fuEckdZ erkoyfEc;ka esa Jh Hkê] gfjO;kl nso] :i jfld nsovj rRo ostk nso Hkh fØLlu dkO; uS vk/;kfRedrk esa MqckS fn;ks gS] i.k dkO;Ro b.kkjh iksF;ka esa ckSr defeGS gSA

4-3-4 fuEckdZ jh fØLlu jk/kk Hkxrh jks l:i

fuEckdZ lEiznk; esa jk/kk&fØLlu jS ifr&iRuh lEcU/kka uS Lohdkj dj~;kS x;ks gSA b.kesa jk/kk jS fojguS ?k.kkS egRo fn;ks x;ks gSA fuEckdZ tho vj czã jS lEcU/k uS yS;*j ^}Srk}Sr fl)kUr* jks izfriknu dj~;ksgSA b.kkjS er lwa ijekFkZ vsd Hkh gS vj ijczã :i esa vusd gSA b.kk lxq.k] loZO;kih] lkdkj&czã jh dYiukizLrqr djh gSA cS izkdr nkslka lwa iwj.k mUeqä vj dY;k.k&xq.kka jks vej dksl gSA ijekRek gh ijczã]ukjk;.k] iq#"kksÙke] iwj.k iq#l vj Hkxoku~ fØLlu vkn laKkok ¼uke½ lwa tk.khtS gSA vS Hkxrka [kkrj Hkxoku~jS inkjfoUnka jh mikluk jS vykok dksbZ nwtks lk/ku gh uha ekuSA fØLlu gh iwj.k czã gS] ft.kjh oanuk czãk]fo".kq vj egsl djS gSA m.kkjh v.kikj lfDr;ka gSA Hkxrh lwa gh fØLlu izkIr OgS ldS gSA ft.kkesa ^'kkar*]lk[;] nkL;] okRlY; vj mTToy :ika jks fo/kku gSA losZLoj fØLlu gS vj jk/kk m.kkjh vkg~ykfnuh lxrhgSA m.kkjkS #i fØLlu jS vuqdwy gh gSA foL.kq vj fyNeh jh dYiuk gh b.k ijEijk esa fØLlu vj jk/kkjh dYiuk jS :i esa ns[k.k uS feGS gSA ^}Srk}Sr fl)kUr* iwj.k izse ekFkS vk/kkfjr vuqjkxkfRedrk ijk&Hkxrhjks larjks :i gSA b.k lEiznk; esa ^jl :i* fØLlu jks gh gSA oklqnso] lad"kZ.k] iz|qEu vj vfu#) m.kkjkght LoLFk nwtk :i gSA fØLlu jh vLV;keh ekulh lsok uS vBS ?k.kh ekurk feGh gSA pSrU; vj xkSM+h;lEiznk;ka esa Hkh fØLlu lxGh txka O;kIr losZLoj gSA cS lxGh ekurkoka jk izk.k oYyHk gSA jk/kk iwj.k lxrhvj fØLlu jh vkf[kjh lk/kuk jks iwj.k rRo gSA

fuEckdZ jk xksih&fØLlu vj jk/koYyHk jk fØLlu jk vorkjh :ika jks xq.kxku djS gS vj fØLlujks jlkRed :i vBS ?k.k[kjkS vfHkO;Dr Ogh;ks gSA fuEckdZ jS er esa tho vj txr~ jks czã lwa lEcU/k }SrHkh gS vj v}Sr Hkh gSA ^n'k'yksdh* jS Hkk"; esa gfjO;kl nso b.k ckcr dSoS Hkh gS&

^^,deso czã foKku:ia oLrqr% lokZdkje~Atho czã.kksj Hksnsmfi oSy{k.; O;ogkjksMorkjkfj.kksfjoAfuR;kLrsu u Dokfi okD;O;kdksiks HkfDr flf)'pA

u p lk/kw;Ze~AA**

32

fuEckdZpk;Z jS uke lwa la?k izpfyr ^jk/kk"Vd* esa i<+.k okGk uS vks QG crk;ks gS dS b.kuS i<+*jfØLlu /kke oUnkou esa] ;qXe lsokuqdwyrk] l[kh ewjr /kkj*j fuR; ¼jkst½ fuokl djS gS&

^^lqfr"BfUr oÙnkous d`".k/kkfEu l[khewrZ;ks ;qXelsokuqdwyrk%A**

fØLlu jh lxrh vfpaR; vj v.kikj gSA cS ^,sLo;Z* vj êk/kq;Z* nksuwa jk vkJ; gSA jek] fyNeh vjHkw lxrh m.kkjS ,sLo;Z :i jh vf/kLBk=h gS vj xksih&jk/kk m.kkjS izse vj ek/kq;Z jh vf/kLBk=h gSA

tho ek= Hkxoku~ esa O;k; gS vj loZnk Hkxoku~ jS v/khu gSA bZl izsjd gS vj tho izs;Zeku gSA thovuUr gSA czã valh gS vj tho val gSA b.k [kkrj oS lnSo Hkxoku~ jS v/khu gS&

^^losZ'ojL; gjsja'kksT;erks gjs v/khu feR;FkZ%A**

Jh gfjO;kl nso ijczã Hkxoku~ fØLlu jS nks :ika jS eqtc] Hkxoku~ jS yksdkfn izkfIr jh Hkqxrh Hkhnks rjS lwa gksoS gS&^,s'o;kZuan* vj ^lsokuan iz/kku*A

izse Hkxrh b.k lEiznk; esa ikap Hkkoka lwa iwj.k dS;h x;h gS&'kkar] nkL;] l[;] okRlY; vj mTToyA

lkj & fuEckdZ lEiznk; jh fØLlu Hkxrh Hkkouk esa izsekHkxrh] uo/kk Hkxrh] ek/kq;Z jk xq.k ?k.kk jS;kgSA b.k Hkxrh Hkkouk esa fØLlu jks jlkRed :i ?k.kkS lkeh vk;ks gSA b.k lEiznk; esa jk/kk&fØLlu jSifr&iRuh lEca/kka uS Hkh Lohdkj djS gSA

4-3-5 jktLFkku jh lysekckn ihB vj ij'kqjkekpk;Z

vk ihB ij'kqjke th Fkjih ghA vk ihB fuEckdZ lEiznk; jh [kklh pkaoh ihB gSA vk fd'kux<+ lwa12 ehy nwjh lysekckn esa gSA 16oha lnh esa gfjO;kl nso gq;k gk ft.kkjk psyk ij'kqjke nso gk] b.kk ghjktLFkku esa lysekckn ihB c.kkbZ gh] lysekckn uS ij'kqjkeiqjh Hkh dS;ks tkoS gSA ij'kqjke nso jks tGet;iqj jS usM+S [k.Msyk xk¡o esa gq;ks gks] vS tkr jk vkfn xkSM+ cke.k gk] b.kkjkS tho.kdky fo-la- 1603&1677jS yxSVxS j;ks gSA vS dchj lwa ?k.kka izHkkfor j;k gk] vS X;kuh vj izHkkolkyh lar egkRek gk vS gfjO;klnso jk psyk jS;k gk vj czt lwa fuEckdZ lEiznk; jh xknh uS fd'kux<+ jS uSM+S lysekckn esa Y;k;k gkA vBSg hjk/kk&fØLlu jh Hkxrh dj.k ekFkS tksj fn;ks vj fuEckdZ lEiznk; jks izpkj dj~;ksA ukHkknkl Hkäeky* xzUFkesa b.kkjS izpkj vj minsl lwa tkaxG iznsl jk yksxka esa fØLlu Hkxrh jks ?k.k[kjkS izpkj dj~;ks gksA

Hkxrh jpukoka&MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k jS eqtc b.kkjk 22 xzaFk vj 750 QqVdj in feGS gSA b.kkjSxzUFkka jk uke b.kxr gS ^lk[kh dk tksM+k] Nan dk tksM+k] loS;k nl vorkj dk j?kqukFk pfj=] Jh d".k pfj=]izgykn pfj=] flaxkj lqnkek pfj=] nzkSinh dk tksM+k] NIi; xt&xzkg;k] vej cks/k yhyk] uke fof/k yhyk]'kkSp fu"ks/k yhyk] ukFk yhyk] fut :i yhyk] Jh gfj yhyk] Jh fuokZ.k yhyk] #de.kh yhyk] frfFk yhyk]u{k= yhyk foizHkerh] Jhckouh yhyk] okj yhyk vknA

^foizerh* esa ij'kqjke nso jh okf.k;ka feGS gS vj îj'kqjke lkxj* esa Åij njlk;ksM+kS xzUFk b.kht esafeGS gSA vS lxq.k mikld gk i.k b.kkjh jpukoka esa lxq.k vj fujxq.k jks leUo; ns[k.k uS feGS gSA

T;ka &

^^vo/kw myV~;ks esj p<+;ks eu esjk lwfu tksfr /kqfu ykxhAv.kHkS lcn ctkoS fo.kdj lksbZ lqjrk vuqjkxhAAmfM+ vkleku v"kkM+k ns"kS] lksbZ ofn; cM+HkkxhA?kj ckgj mj dNw ukagh] lksbZ fujHkS oSjkxhAA**

b.kka jh Hkklk yksd Hkklk jh czt fefJr jktLFkkuh gSA b.kkajh Hkklk uS l/kqDdM+h Hkh dS;ks tk ldSgSA b.kkauS xq# jS izfr ?k.kkS gSr njlk;ks gSA b.kkjh lkf[k;ka jk mnkgj.k ns[khtS&

33

^^ln~xq# ekj~;kS cku efj] ?kj ou dNq u lqgk;Aru eu foDy lqa ihfM+rs] îjlk* dfg;s dk;Aykxh izhfr vikj lksa] vc eu vur u tk;Aijlk cksys vku ls] rks fQfj ';ke fjlk;A**

flL; ijEijk& ij'kqjke nso jk psyka esa gfjoa'knso] ukjk;.knso] oUnkounso] xksfoUnnso] xksfoUn'kj.knso]losZ'oj'kj.knso] fuEckdZ'kj.knso] cztjkt'kj.knsoh] xksih'oj'kj.k nso] ?ku';ke'kj.k nso] ckyd".k'kj.k nso]jk/kklosZ'oj'kj.k nso [kkl gSA vka yksxka leS&leS ekFkS b.k leiznk; jks tkxka&tkxka izpkj&izlkj dj~;ks gSAlysekckn jS vykok b.k lEiznk; jh nwth NksVh&NksVh ihBka esa fd'kux<+] yw.kkok] iGlkuk] Jhek/kksiqj] /kksanjSuoky] uhedkFkkuk] mn;iqjokVh] fpM+kok] chdkusj] ihikM+] tSrkj.k] uhekt] ykEck] tks/kiqj] Qyksnh] C;koj]t;iqj] 'kkgiqjk] HkhyokM+k] izrkix<+] Mwaxjiqj vkn [kkl LFkku gSA

b.k rjS vk ihB jktLFkku esa pkoh ihB ekuhtSA tdh fØLlu&Hkxrh jks izpkj djSA lysekckn ihBjk mPp Hkou] fo'kkG feUnj] Hktu LFkG] lHkk Hkou] vtS Hkh ?k.kk pkok gSA

4-4 xkSM+h; lEiznk;

16 oha lnh esa pSrU; egkizHkq b.k lEiznk; jh l#okr djh ghA jk/kk vj fØLlu jh vkjk/kuk uS b.kkvkijS lEiznk; esa egrkÅ LFkku fn;ks gSA Hkxrh vki ifo=rk jks egrkÅ lk/ku crk;ks gSA pSrU; ekuodY;k.k uS xkSM+h; lEiznk; jks pje mísL; ekU;ks gSA b.kka tkfrokn jks fojks/k dj~;ks gSA b.kka oS".ko /kjelq/kkj lEcU/kh dk;Z dykika lwa lQyrk jh pje lhek rkabZ iwxk;ks gksA pSrU; uS fØLlu jks vorkj eku*jm.kkjh iwtk jks vk;kstu dj.kkS pSrU; lEiznk; okGk vkijkS drZO; le>S gSA uke dhjru uS pSrU; vkijhlk/kuk txr~ esa ?k.kkS Å¡pkS LFkku fn;ks gSA b.kjkS mísL; ^'kkar*] nkL;] lk[;] okRlY; vj ek/kq;Z vk ikap Hkkxlwa mikluk djuS fØLlu lwa rknkRe; dj.k jks minsl fn;ks tkoS gSA b.k lEiznk; jh vLViksj lsok iz.kkyhesa jk/kk jS ijdh;k gks.k jS dkj.k Hkkoqdrk vj jkspdrk feGS gSA vLV dkyh; yhyk esa ^fu'kkUr*] iwokZá]e/;ká] vijká] iznks"k] jkf=] vyl funzk yhyk jk c.kko Hkh feGS gSA

pSrU; lEiznk; lsok iz.kkyh esa yhykoka jh fujkGh NVk ns[k.k uS feGS gSA jk/kk fØLlu jS vuqjkxe;fey.k esa fe=ka] folsl*j lf[k;ka jh pk: yhykoka vkijkS jkspd egRo jk[kS gSA xkSM+h; lEiznk; esa Hkxrh jSHkkar&Hkkar jk i[kka jks lS)kfUrd vj nkjlfud nhB lwa tSM+ks c.kko Ogh;ks gS] cSM+kS nwth BkSM+ uha feGSA pSrU;jS vuq;k;h Hkxrka jh e.Myh] Hkxrh Hkko jks njl.k] lkL=ka vj iqjk.kka lkaetL; lwa viwoZ fu:i.k dj~;kS gSvj b.k rjS xkSM+h; lEiznk; jh uhao jk[kh gSA

4-4-1 pSrU; egkizHkq jks tho.k ifjpS

pSrU; egkizHkq jks tGe 1485 bZ- esa caxky jS uo}hi esa gq;ks gksA m.k leS caxky esa fo".kq Hkxrh jksde izpkj gks] ?k.k[kjk yksx m.k c[kr eka dkGh vj eulk nsoh jk mikld gk] ^'kkä lEiznk;* jks ?k.kkS tksjgks] ckbZl cjl jh mez esa pSrU; jh fo}rk jh [;kfr uo}hi jS ckjs caxky esa QSyxh gh] vsd ckj tnS oS vkijSfirk jks fi.Mnku djCkk x;k oBS m.kkuS vsd bZLojhiqjh uke jk ije oS".koh fey~;k] ft.kk pSrU; jks fØLluHkxrh esa izosl djk;ks gks] m.k c[kr pSrU; xgLFkh gk] dqN leS iNS m.kk vkijh ekrk vj iRuh uS NksM+*jlU;kl ys fy;ks vj jkesLoj vj oUnkou ekFkS rhjFk tkrjk dj.k ykxkA cS fØLlu jks uke ladhjrudjrk&djrk izse esa eLr OgS*j ukP;k djrk gk vj m.kkjh vk¡[;k lwa izse :ih vkalw >j.k ykxrk] b.kkjh izsekHkxrh vj Hkxrh jS izopuka uS lq.k*j b.kkjk dSbZ vuq;k;h c.;ka gkA

4-4-2 pSrU; jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

pSrU; egkizHkq xzUFk Hkh jP;ka gS] ft.kkesa okjS fl)kUr okjh Hkxrh Hkkouk vkn jh tk.kdkjh feGS gSAb.kkajh jpukoka jk uke b.k Hkkar gS&^pSrU; pfjrker*] ^pSrU; Hkkxor~*] ^pSrU; eaxy*] ^HkfDr&jRukdj*A

34

4-4-3 pSrU; jh flL; ijEijk ¼vuq;k;h½

pSrU; egkizHkq jh flL; ijEijk esa dSbZ vuq;k;h c.;ka] tdka vki&vkijS [ksrj esa pSrU; jh ijEijkuS vkxs c<+k;hA Jh fuR;kuan vj v}Sr vkpk;Z vS nksuwa fo}ku&Hkxr Jh pSrU; egkizHkq jk psyk gkA egkizHkqb.kk nksuwa egkRek uS caxky esa oS".ko /kje izpkj [kkrj HksT;k gk vj b.kkjk 6 psyk oUnkou esa /kje izpkj jS[kkrj jS;k djrk] QSj pSrU; jk rhu flL; Jh :i xqlkabZ] lukru ¼xqlkabZ½ vj tho xqlkabZ Hkh [kkl jS;kgSA vS rhuwa vLVNki dfo;ka jS ledkyhu gk] vka rhuwa Hkxrka jh izlalk ukHkknkl vkijS xzUFk Hkxreky** esaHkh djh gSA

tho xqlkbZ ¼xksLokeh½ oUnkou esa Jh jk/kk nkeksnj jS feUnj jh Fkki.kk djh vj Jh xksiky Hkê HkhJh jk/kkje.k th jks feUnj c.kok;ks gksA vS nksuwa feUnj vtS rkabZ ?k.kk pkok gSA Jh :i xqlkbZ Hkxrh ^'kkL=*ekFkS rhu egrkÅ xzUFk laLdr eas fy[;k gS& ^HkfDr jlker flU/kq*] ^mTtoy uhyef.k* vj y?kq HkkxorkerA

Jh:i xqlkbZ jk eksVk HkkbZ vj ledkyhu Hkxr Jh lukru xqlkbZ uS Jhen~Hkkxor n'keLda/k jhVhdk vj ogn Hkkxorker* uke jk nks; xzUFk Hkh fy[;ka] Jh :i xqlkbZ jk Hkrhtk Jh tho xqlkbZ] :i xqlkbZjS nksuwa xzUFkka jh laLdr Vhdk] ^n'keHkkxor~ jh Vhdk] "kV~ lanHkZ* vj xksiky pEiw xzUFk fy[;kA vka lxGkxzUFkka eas pSrU; lEiznk;h Hkxrh jks :i foosd feGS gS vj b.kkesa HkxrhlkL= jh ?k.kh lqUnj O;k[;k gSA pSrU;lEiznk;h mä xzUFkka jks folsl izpkj lu~ 1600 bZ- ¼1657 fo-la-½ jS yxSVxS] Jh xksiky Hkê xqlkbZ jk psyk]Jh fuok'kkpk;Z dj;kS] ft.kk Jh tho xqlkbZ th lwa Hkxrh lkL= jks v/;;u dj~;ks gksA m.kh leS pSrU;lEiznk; uS vsd laxfBr :i ns;*j m.kkjk nkjlf.kd fl)kUrka jks Hkh O;k[;k djhA

17oha lnh jS fcpkGS caxky&mM+hlk lwa dSbZ mRlkgh ;qod&Hkxr pSrU; lEiznk; jks folsl X;kudj.k [kkrj czt esa vk;k gk] m.kkesa Jh fuokl] ';kekuan vj ujksrenkl [kkl gSA b.kk xkSM+h; fo}kuka jhlsok esa jS;*j xkSM+h; Hkxrh rRoka jh fl{kk vj fo}rkiwj.k xzUFkka jks v/;;u dj.kks l: dj~;ks vj dSbZ xzUFkkajh izfrfyfi;ka dj*j xkSM+h; Hkxrh rRo vj lkfgR; jS izpkj esa ;ksxnku fn;ksA tho xqlkbZ jS vknsl eqtcb.kka xzUFkka jh dSbZ izfrfyfi;ka lkFkS yS;*j caxky&mM+hlk esa /kje izpkj jks egrkÅ dke dj~;ks gks] b.k rhukaHkxr&fo}kuka jS ifjokjka vj psyk fey*j caxky] mM+hlk] vklke vkn vxwa.kh ¼iwohZ½ iznslka esa b.k lEiznk;jks ?k.kkS izpkj dfj;ks gksA

4-4-4 pSrU; jh fØLlu Hkxrh jks l:i

xkSM+h; oS".ko lEiznk; esa fØLlu jks LFkku ije mikL; jS :i esa feGS gSA vS fo".kq vj czã jk vorkjuha OgS*j [kqn Hkxoku~ gS&

^^Lo;a Hkxoku~ d`".k] d`".k] ijeRoA

iwoZKkuh iw.kkZuan ije egRoAA**

pSrU; fØLlu uS cSdq.M jk vuUr vorkjka jks vuUr czãk.M jks vk/kkj ekuS gSA vS gh cztsUnz vjcztuanu gSA fØLlu loZlxrheku vj lfPpnkuan gSA fØLlu X;ku&;ksx] Hkxrh ;ksx vj dje ;ksx lwa clesa OgS tkoS gSA

pSrU; nso ijekRek uS Hkh fØLlu jks val ekuS gSA vS xq.kkorkj czãk] fo".kq vj egs'k rhuwa gSA lk{kkr~jle; Hkxoku~ jh lxGh yhykoka esa ujyhyk ?k.kh pkoh gSA vS P;k:a tqxk esa ^'kqDy*] jä] fØLlu vj ihGksoL= /kkj.k dj vorkj ysoS gSA xkSM+h; lEiznk; fØLlu jS fjlsLoj :i jks fodlko dj~;ks] ft.kjkS fØLluHkxrh dkO; ekFkS ?k.kkS izHkko ifM+;ks gSA

xkSM+h; lEiznk; esa Hkxoku~ jks l#i lfPpnkuan ekU;ks tkoSA laf?kuh] lafor~ vj Nafnuh b.k lwalEcfU/kr rhu rjS jh lxfr;ka gSA b.kk rhuwa rjS jh lxfr;ka esa àfnuh jk/kk :i gSA Jh jk/kk l#i lwa JhfØLlu izse jh iz.k;&fodfr vFkkZr~ ?kuhHkwr voLFkk :i gSA Jh jk/kk vkfn lxrh gSA fØLlu gh

35

^loZ'kfDreku~* gSA b.k lEiznk; esa xksfi;ka jS #i uS le>.k [kkrj jk/kk uS dsUnzxr dj~;kS x;ks gSA xksfi;kab.k lEiznk; esa Jh fØLlu jh #i Hkwr ^'kfä* ¼lxrh½ jks val gSA Hkxoku~ jh vorkj yhykoka jks Hkkar Hkkarjk iqjk.kk lwa ladyu*j m.kk esa rkfRod vk/kkj ns.k jks tru Jh :i xksLokeh ¼xqlkbZ½ dj~;ks gSA pSrU;lEiznk;h jk/kk fØLlu jh ;qxy Hkxrh jks] uke vj yhyk&dhjru jks Hkh pSrU; egkizHkq jS tho.k dky esa ghHkyh Hkkar izpkj OgS x;ks gks vj Jh fØLlu pSrU; jS ekSf[kd minsl lq.k*j m.kkjS dSbZ vuq;k;h Hkh c.;k gkArkfRod fl)kUr jh nhB lwa pSrU; lEiznk; ^vfpUr; HksnkHksnoknh lEiznk;* Hkh dgykoS gSA b.k lEiznk; jSeqtc ije rRo vsd gS] ckS rRo lfPpnkuan iq#l vuUr ¼v.kikj½ ^'kfä* ¼lxrh½ lwa lEié vj vukfn gSAT;wa :i jlkfn xq.kka jks vkJ; vsd inkFkZ nqX/k] U;kjh&U;kjh bfUnz;ka lwa U;kajS&U;kajS :i esa fn[kk;h nsoS gS]m.kht Hkkar vsd gh ijerRo] mikluk Hksn lwa U;kajS&U;kajS rjhds lwa vuqHkwr gksoS gS&

^^rrr~ Jh HkxoR;so Lo:ia Hkw fj fo/krsAmiklukuqlkjs.k Hkkfr rrnqikldsAA**

rRoosrk vsd vf}rh; rRo uS gh czã ijekRek vj Hkxoku~ dS;*j njlkoS&

^ônkfUr rrOofonLrRoa ;TKkue};e~A**

ijeRo jh v.kikj lxrh vfpUR; gSA b.k [kkrj cS vsdrRo] U;kajSRo] vaflRo /kkj.k dj.k esaldle jS;k gSA

ijekRek] ;ksx jks mísL; gSA Hkxoku~ jks Hkxrh lwa lk{kkRdkj gksoS gSA Jh :i xqlkbZ ^y?kq Hkkxorker*xzUFk esa dS;ks gS& ^^Jh d".k esa vuUr xq.k gS] os vla[; vizkdr xq.k'kkyh vkSj vifjfer 'kfä ls fof'k"VgSa vkSj iw.kkZuan/ku mudk foxzg gS] tks czã fuxqZ.k] fufoZ'ks"k vewrZ dgk x;k gS] og lw;Z rqY; Jh d".k dsizdk'k rqY; gSA

b.k lEiznk; esa Hkxoku~ jk rhu vorkj crk;k x;k gS& îq#"kkorkj] xq.kkorkj vj yhykorkjA*

ijczã Jh fØLlu jks vkfnorkj iq#l gS] tdksa oklqnso Hkh gSA fØLlu jh rhu rjS jh rkdrgS&vUrjaxk] cfgjaxk vj rVLFkA

vUrjaxk esa lq#i ^lxrh* gS] cfgjaxk esa êk;k 'kfDr* gS vj rVLFk esa ^tho 'kfDr* gSA Hkxoku~ jhlq#i lxrh izdkl rqY; gS vj ek;k Nk;k rqY; gSA ijczã Jh fØLlu vkijS rhu lq:ika lxfr;ka esa izdklrqY; gS vj ek;k Nk;k rqY; gSA ijczã Jh fØLlu vkijS rhu lq:ika esa rhuwa /kkek esa geslk jSoS gSA iwj.k:i esa }kfjdk] iwj.ksrj :i esa eFkqjk] iwj.krd :i esa xksdqy ¼oUnkou½A

Hkxoku~ Jh fØLlu jh Hkkoe;h xksyksd yhyk P;kj Hkkoka lwa lEcU/k jk[kS gS&nkL;] l[;] okRlY;vj ek/kq;Z] vk P;k:a Hkkoka lwa fØLlu pSrU; lEiznk; esa izsek Hkxrh gksoSA vka Hkkoka esa lclwa T;knk mRdlZek/kq;Z Hkko jks gS] D;wdS b.k izse jS eka; dSbZ nwtk izse Hkkoka jks Hkh lekosl OgS tkoS gSA

pSrU; lEiznk; esa lRlax] uke vj yhyk dhjru] czt&oUnkou okl] fØLlu ewjr jh lsok iwtk vknHkxrh jS lk/kuk ekFkS cG fn;ks x;ks gSA

pSrU; jh izlalk] Hkxr ukHkknkl vkijS ^HkxrekG* xzUFk esa vka lcnk esa djh gS&

^^xkSM+ ns'k ik[k.M esfV fd;ks Hktu ijk;uAd#.kk flU/kq d`rK Hk;s vxfur xfr nk;uAn'k/kk jl vkØkfUr egr tu pju miklsAuke ysr fugiki nqfjr frfga uj ds uklsAA**

lkj& b.k rjS lfn;ka lwa ^'kSo] 'kkä vj rkaf=d* fopkj/kkjkoka lwa tdM+h caxky jh Hkkse ekFkS pSrU;vsd uwaoks vj lkfRod tho.k lwa ifjiwj.k jk/kk&fØLlu jh jkxkuqdk Hkxrh jks izpkj dj~;ks gksA b.k lEiznk;jS bfrgkl lwa ekywe gksoS gS dS m.kkjk nkjlfud fl)kUrk jks ^v"VNki* jS dkO; ekFkS Hkh pSrU; lEiznk;h

36

nkjlfud fl)kUrk jks izHkko gh uha iM+~;ks cfYd pSrU; yhyk&dhjru jS lkFkS uke ladhjru jks folsl izpkjHkh dj~;ks vj m.kk Hkh dhjru jS lkFkS xku vj ok| jks iz;ksx Hkh dj~;ks gksA b.kkjS Hkxrh Hkko esa ek/kq;Z jksxq.k Hkh feGS gSA

4-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k fol; jks lkj vkS gS dS 16&17 jh lnh jk vS oS".ko lEiznk; ft.k Hkkar fØLlu jk/kk jh HkxrhHkkouk uS mtksxj djh gS] ck ljkg.ktksx gSA b.kk fØLlu jh yhykoka jks xq.kxku ?k.kkS izHkkoh :i lwa izLrqrdj~;ks gSA Jh fØLlu jh lsok nkL; vj lk[; Hkko lwa izdV djh gSA Jh fØLlu uS vS ijczã ekU;ks gSA b.kkHkxoku~ jh efgek jS X;ku vj m.kkjS /;ku esa lekosl dj~;ks gSA lRlax] pfjr&Jo.k] euu] fpUru vkn uSHkh b.kk Jh fØLlu jh lsok esa folsl :i lwa vfiZr dj~;ks gSA ^'kkar*] fl.kxkj vj okRlY; jl lwa ifjiwj.kvkajh ek/kq;Z Hkko jh Hkxrh feGS gSA b.kk vkijS /kje izpkj jks dke Hkh dj~;ks gSA vkxS pky*j b.kkjh flL;ijEijk Hkh c[kwch fuHkkbZ gSA bdkbZ jks lkj gS vka rhuwa lEiznk;ka jh Hkxrh Hkkouk uS mtkxj dj.kksA

4-6 lcnkoyh

vka rhuwa oS".ko lEiznk;ka jh dkO; jpukoka esa czt] [kM+h] fgUnh] laLdr] iatkch] nslh] jktLFkkuh]vjch&Qkjlh Hkklkoka jh lcnkoyh jks iz;ksx ns[k.k uS feGS gSA ft.kjk mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

czt Hkklk jk lcn & dNq] MkjS] lkadjh] NkM+r] Mksyu] idjA

nslh lcn & [kfjd] pViVh] Bdqjkbu] BxkSjh] xksgu] Mgfd] >kjhA

iatkch Hkklk jk lcn & vlh] yf[k] eRFkS] gFFkks] pYyk] ukys] lkauwA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lcn & yqxkbZ] gkadksA

vjch&Qkjlh jk lcn & vtc] xtc] tqyeh] vkQr] uktqd] vycsyh] vkleku] egcwc] ijnk]xqynLrkA

laL—r Hkklk jk lcn & mikluh;a] HkxoR;soaA

4-7 vH;kl jk izLu

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jk iM+wrj 500 lcnka esa fnjkokS&

¼1½ oYyHk lEiznk; jks ifjpS nsorka Fkdka oYyHkkpk;Z jS b.k lEiznk; esa fØLlu Hkxrh Hkkouk uSmtkxj djkokSA

¼2½ fuEckdZ lEiznk; ekFkS fVIi.kh fy[kksA

¼3½ xkSM+h; lEiznk; esa pSrU; egkizHkq jS ;ksxnku uS crkokSA

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jks iM+wrj 150 lcnka esa fnjkokS&

¼1½ oYyHkkpk;Z jh flL; ijEijk ekFkS fVIi.kh fy[kksA

¼2½ fuEckdZ jks tho.k ifjpS nsorka Fkdka m.kkjh jpkukoka jh lkekU; tk.kdkjh fnjkokSA

¼3½ fuEckdZ lEiznk; esa lysekckn ihB vj ij'kqjkenso jks ;ksxnku uS njlkoksA

¼4½ xkSM+h; lEiznk; ekFkS ys[k fy[kksA

4-8 lanHkZ xazFkka jh ikuM+h

¼1½ MkW- ,e- tkWtZ&Hkfä vkUnksyu vkSj lkfgR;A

¼2½ MkW- lqeu 'kekZ&e/;dkyhu Hkfä vkUnksyu dk lkekftd foospuA

37

¼3½ MkW- ukjk;.k nr 'kekZ&fuEckdZ lEiznk; vkSj mlds d".k Hkä fgUnh dfo ¼Hkkx&1½A

¼4½ MkW- ehjk JhokLro&e/;;qxhu fgUnh d".k HkfDr /kkjk vkSj pSrU; lEiznk;A

¼5½ MkW- 'kj.k fcgkjh xksLokeh&d".k HkfDr esa l[kh HkkoA

¼6½ MkW- m"kk xks;y&pSrU; lEiznk; dk czt Hkk"kk dkO;A

¼7½ MkW- jkepj.kyky 'kekZ&fgUnh lkfgR; esa v"VNkih vkSj jk/kkoYyHkh; dkO;A

¼8½ ds- HkkLdju uk;j&fgUnh vkSj ey;kye esa d".k HkfDr dkO;A

¼9½ MkW- d".knr ikyhoky&e/;;qxhu fgUnh egkdkO;ksa esa uk;dA

¼10½ MkW- nhun;ky xqIr&v"VNki vkSj oYyHk lEiznk; ¼Hkkx&1½A

38

bdkbZ & 5

Lkxq.k vj fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjkbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

5-0 mísL;

5-1 izLrkouk

5-2 lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk

5-2-1 vxznkl

5-2-2 bZljnkl

5-2-3 ehjk¡ckbZ

5-2-4 xojh ckbZ

5-2-5 vYywth

5-2-6 ek/kksnkl n/kxfM+;k

5-2-7 fizFohjkt jkBkSM+

5-2-8 lka;k th >wyk %&

5-3 fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk

5-3-1 nknwth

5-3-2 jTtc th

5-3-3 lqUnj nkl

5-3-4 tu xksiky %&

5-3-5 xjhcnkl

5-3-6 txuukFk

5-3-7 larnkl

5-3-8 Hkh[ktu %&

5-4 bdkbZ jks lkj5-5 vH;kl jk izLu


5-0 mís';

Hkxfr jh nks /kkjkok¡ ,d lxq.k vj nwth fujxq.kA bu bdkbZ jk mÌsL; uhps eqtc gS &

1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh lxq.k Hkxfr /kkjk jh tk.kdkjk djko.kkS vj izfl) lxq.k Hkxrka jh foxreku.kkSA

2- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fujxq.k Hkxfr /kkjk Hkh /k.kh lcy gS] b.k bdkbZ e fuxqZ.k Hkxfr /kkjk jhlkaxksikax tkudkjh djko.khA

3- jktLFkkuh Hkxfr lkfgR; jh folslrkoka jks xq.k xk.k djko.kkSA

39

5-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkku lkfgR; jS e/;dky uS ^Lo.kZtqx* jh laX;k fnjkbZ tkoS rks vfrL;ksfDr dksuh gksoSA HkxrhHkkouk jk lxq.k fujxq.k :Ik czã jh O;kid lÙkk uS eku.k lk# tu ekul lko psr nh[kSA b.k lk# Hkxrdfo vki vki jS vkjk/; nSo jh mikluk lk# ?k.keksyks lkfgR; jP;kSA

5-2 lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk

lxq.k Hkxrh esa dosljka jke vj fØL.k jh mikluk fo".kq :Ik esa djhA vka dosljka fo".kq ;k czge uSfujkdkj uha eku*j lkdkj vj lxq.k ekU;kSA lxq.kksikluk eka; czã jk nks; :Ik tk.khtS lxq.k vj fuxqZ.kAlxq.k l:Ik ljy vj lqxe gksoSA b.k ckcr Hkxr dfo rqylhnkl xksLokeh fy[;kS&

lxq.k :i lqyHk vfr] fuxq.k tkr ugha dks;Alqxe vxe ukuk pfjr] lqfu eqfu eu Hkze gks;AA

lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk eka; bZLoj jS vorkj jh dYiuk djhthA Hkxrka jh fjNiky lk# Hkxoku ljhj/kkj.k djS vj m.kkjk nq[k njn feVkoSA lxq.k HkxÙkka eka; Hkxoku jh yhyk esa vkLFkk vj foLokl FkjihT;kSAHkxoku jh yhyk ek/kqjh pkj izdkj jh gksoSA ^,s’o;Z ek/kqjh*] ^ØhM+k ek/kqjh*] ôs.kq ek/kqjh* vj ^foxzg ek/kqjh*Ajke Hkxrka ^,s’o;Z ek/kqjh* uS vi.kk;j Hkxoku jh foxzg ek/kqjh ;k :Ikek/kqjh jks c[kk.k dj;kSA tn dS fØL.kHkxrka os.k ek/kqjh vj eqjyh/kj vj xksiyhyk jS l:Ik eka; ØhM+k ek/kqjh uS ijksVhA

b.k rfj;k lxq.k Hkxrh eka; jkekJ;h vj Ñ".kkJ;h /kkjkoka eka; mikluk l: gq;hA

lxq.koknh osn] ^'kkL=*] iqjk.kka jS opuka ekFkS foLokl djrk jS;kA yhyk vorkjka jS xq.kxku djrkFkadk lxq.k Hkxrh Hkko lwa tu ekul eka; vuqjkx djrk jS;kA lxq.k Hkxrh eka; jktLFkku jh Hkxrh&lxrhijEijk ekFkS eksdGk Hkko njlkork dosljka jpokoka djhA dSbZ doslj jke Hkxrh jh jpukoka ekFkS ?k.kks tksjnjlk;kS rks dSbZ dosljka fØL.k Hkxrh ekFkS dkO; jpuk djhA jktLFkku eka; Hkxr dfo;ka eka; bZljnklckjgB vj ehjk¡ckbZ jkS ukao mYys[k tksx gSA Hkxrh vj lxrh lkxS lkxS pkyrh jS;hA e/;dky jk doslj/kjrh vj /kje lwa tqM+;ksM+h jpukoka djrk jS;kA pkj.k dosljka esa /kkjfed Hkkoukoka vawpS njtS jh jS;hAfizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ jh ôsfyfØL.k :de.khjh* dkO; Hkxrh vj fl.kxkj jh ?k.keksyh jpukA Hkxrh jpukoka eka;^f’ko&ikjorh*] lrh lkfo=h] jke Ñ".k ikaMoka vkn uS fo"k; c.kkork Fkdka eksdGks dkO; jphT;kSA pawMks thn/kokfM+;k ^xq.k ekjokM+h*] ^jkeyhyk vj xq.k pkj.k osfy* ljh[kh jpukoka jphA

15 oh lnh eka; Jh/kj O;kl ^lIr lnh jk Nan* fyf[k;k vj f[kfM+;k ekrk thjk Nan jP;kA 16 ohalnh eka; t;flag ^^gfj jklkS** fyf[k~;kS ft.k eka; Hkxrh jh vawph Hkko /kkjk izokfgr gks;hA

jktLFkkuh Hkxrh lkfgR; eka; i;gkjh ¼nw/k ihus okys½ yxS&VxS ¼la- 1559&84½ eka; gks;kA dfooSL.ko Hkxr gkA b.kk jh lcnkoyh cztHkklk iz/kku gh i.k e/;dky eka; fMaxG vj fiaxG nksuaw bZ dfo;kajS dkO; jh lkSHkk c<kbZA Ñ".k Hkxrh jh efgek b.kkjh jpukoka eka; feGS ft;ka%&

vkor yky xkso}Zu /kkjhA

vkyl uSu ljl jl jafxu] fiz;k izsl uwru vkgkjhAA

b.kk jh dkO; jpukoka *tqxy lSu pfj=*] cq/k xhrk vj izserRo fu:i.kk vkn feySA

5-2-1 vxznkl%&

dfo vxznkl jh ^jpuk eky* fo- la 1632 jS yxSVxS feGSA m.kk jh jpukoka eka; *Jhjke eatjhinkoyh*] fgrksins’k Hkk"kk*] ^mikluk ckouh*] ^dqaMfG;k*] ^jgL; =;* vkn gSA

vxznkl th Hkxoku JhjkepUnz jk mikldA cka fy[;ks &

40

j?kqoj ykxr gS eksfg I;kjksA

vo/kiqjh lj;w rV fogjS n’kjFk izk.k fi;kjksA

b.kk jh Hkk"kk czt ghA b.kh rfj;k ukHkknkl] ehjk¡ckbZ] bZljnkl ckgB] vYyw th] dfo tYg]fizFohjkt jkBkSM+] lka;ka th >wyk] nqjlkth] ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k vkn Hkxr dfo Hkh b.kh leS gq;kA

5-2-2 bZljnkl %&

vs jksgfM+;k 'kk[kk jk pkj.k dfo gkA b.kk jks tye tks/kiqj fj;klr jS Hkknzsl ukao jS xkao eka; fo-la- 1595 eka; gq;ksA dSbZ yksx m.kka jks tye fo- laor 1515 crkoSA b.k lk: dFk.kh gS&

iujklkS iujksrjs] tuE;ka bZljnklApkj.k oj.k pdkj esa] m.k fnu gqokS mtklA

b.k ckcr vks bZ nwgks pkoks gS&

iujklkS fiPPkk.koS] tuE;ka bZljnklApkj.k oj.k pdkj esa] m.k fnu gqokS mtklA

bZljnkl th ^gfjjl* jP;kS&

ykxw¡ gw¡ igyh yqGS] ihrkEcj xq: ik;AHksn egkjl Hkkxor] izkew¡ tk; ilk;A

bZljnkl th Hkxr vj peRdkjh egkekuo gkA ^bZljk lks ijesljk* dS;j yksx m.kka uS iwtrkA

bZljnkl th jh jpukok gS&^^gfjjl] NksVk gfjjl] cky yhyk] xq.kHkkxor gal] x:M iqjk.k] xq.kvkxe] fuUnkLrqfr nsfo;k.k] oSjkV] jkl dSykl] lHkk ioZ vj gkayk >kayk jk dqaMfG;kA**

bZljnkl th jh Hkxrh jpukoka eka; Hkkxor] mifu"kn~ vkn laLÑr xazFk ek; jfp;ksM+k fl)kUrka jkscj.kko Hkh feGSA T;wa &

fryk¡ rsy iksgi Qqysy] mT>yr lk;jAvxfu dkB tksoUu ?kÍA HkxoÍ lq dk;jA[kxuhj /khj varj [kjk] en daqtj oiqfte e;.kA

eu cls rse rw eksgjs lks eu cfl;ks egeg.kA&

5-2-3 ehjk¡ckbZ %&

lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk eka; Hkxr dfo;=h ehjk¡ ckbZ jks ukao jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; vknj lwa fy;ks tkoSAehjk¡ckbZ esM+rS jk jkBkSM+ jkonwnk jh pkSFkh larku jRuflag jh csVh gkA

b.kk jkS tye fo-la- 1555 jS yxSVxS cktksyh uked xkao esa gq;kSA ehjk¡ jh ekrkJh jks nsgkUr gks;kstn cs cksr NksVh mej eka; gkA jkonwnk b.kk uS ikG ikslj cM+k dfj;kA esokM+ jk egkjk.kk laxzke flag ¼izFkefo-la- 1565&84½ jS ikVoh daqoj Hkkstjkt jS lkxS ehjk¡ckbZ jks C;kao gq;kSA C;kao jS nks;&rhu cjlka jS cknHkkstjkt jkS fu/ku gks;X;kSA ehjk¡ jk firk jRuflag [kkuok tq) esa [ksr jS;kA ehjk¡ jkS eu lalkj lwa mpVX;kSvj cs iwtk vj ikB Hktu dhjru eka; vkijkS nq[kh tho.k fcrko.k ykxkA b.k law ehjk¡ jks nsoj jk.kkfoØekthr ¼fo-la- 1588&93½ ukjkt gksaorkS Fkdks m.kk uS fol nS;j ekj.k jh ;kstuk c.kk;ha] i.k lxGkiz;kl vlQy jS;kA Hkxr dof;=h ehjk¡ ^xhr xksfoUn jh Vhdk] ujlh th jkS ekgsjks*] *lR;Hkkek th lwa:l.kk* vkn dkO; jpukoka jh tk.kdkjh feGS] i.k vka xzaFkka jh Hkklk vj dfork feyrh tqyrh uha ykxSAfd.kh jh laLÑr Hkklk gS rks fd.khjh cztHkklk vj xqtjkrh feGSA tn dS ehj¡kckbZ jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gS tdhczt vj xqtjkrh jh lcnkoyh fy;ksMh feGSA m.kkjh jpukokW jh Hkklk ljy] lqHkkfod] vj ljy inkoyhfy;ksM+h lh/kh lknh gSA ehjk¡ckbZ jh Hkxrh izsek Hkxrh ghA m.k eka; vk/;kfRed vlj vj Hkxr fgjnS jks

41

xaHkhj Hkko ekStwn gSA ehjk¡ckbZA ehjk¡ jk ink eka; Hkxrh jl jh iz/kkurk gS] naifr Hkko gSA Hkxoku fØL.k jhHkxrh eka; yhu ehjkackbZ jks njn njn ns[k.ktksx gS &

njl fcu nw[k.k ykxk uS.kAtn lwas vki fcNqM+;k izHkq ekSjs] dcgq¡u ik;kS pSuAlcn lq.kr Egkjh Nfr;k¡ dkaiS] ehB Fkkjk cSuAfojg dFkk dklaw dgaw ltuh] cg xbZ djcr vsuAdy u ijr iy iy gfj ex tksor] HkbZ Neklh jS.kAehjk¡ jk izHkq dcjs feyksxk] nq[k esV.k lq[k ns.kAb.kh Hkkar *ehjk¡ inkoyh* eka; law fy;ksM+k in m.kka jh HkklkuS njlkoSA

Qkx.k ds fnu pkjjs gksyh [ksy euk jsAfcu djrky i[kkot cktS] v.kgn jh >.kdkj jsAfcu lqj jkx NRrhlwa xkoS] jkse jkse vaxlkj jsAlhy larksl jh dslj ?kksyh] izse ihr fipdkj jsAmMr xqyky yky Hk;ks vacj] cjlr jax vikj jsA?kV ds iV lc [kksy fn;s gS] yksd ykt lc Mky jsAgksyh [ksy iho?kj vk;s] lksb I;kjh jh I;kj jsAehjk¡ ds izHkqfxj/kj ukxj] pj.k daoy cfygkj jsA

ehjk¡ckbZ egkjk.kk foØekfnR; jS vR;kpkjka lwa fpŸkksM NksM*j pkyh vj vkijS cMs firk jko ohjensonwnkor jS lkxS esM+rk iwxhA rhjFk tkrjk lk# iq"daj jkS ekjx fy;ksA ehjk¡ ckbZ jS esM+rk esa ifjokj eka; gq;kt q)ka jS dkj.k pk:a esj jk nq[kka lwa nq[kh gksorh Fkdh Hkxoku fØ".k jS fut/kke oUnkou iwxhA oUnkou ehjk¡uS ?k.kks lqgko.kks ykX;kS] cBS jh cztHkwfe ?k.kh iforj ykxhA dof;=h m.k Hkkse jks xq.kxku djrh dSoS&

vkyh EgkuS ykxs oUnkou uhdksA

?kj ?kj rqylh Bkdqj iwtk njl.k xksfoUn thjksA êhjk¡ckbZ jks eu oaUnkou eka; dsbZ fnu ykX;ks jS;ksi.k m.k tkxka eksdGk lEiznk;ka jks vksNki.k ns[krk Fkdka m.kka jks eu mpkV gks;X;ks vj fo- laor1596&1597 jS fcpkGS jkoj.kNksM jS /kke }kjdkiqjh tk iwxhA }kfjdk eka; ehjk¡ jkS vafre le; chR;kS vjm. k tkxk a}kjdk/khl jh ewjr eka; yhu gks;xhA ehjk¡ckbZ ckbZ jk in vkt bZ vka[kS Hkkjr eka; jkx&jkfxuh lkxS xkbZtSAehjk¡ckbZ lkaph Hkxr dof;=h gk vj m.kjS ika.k bZ ukjh lekt eka; m.kk bŸkks eku lueku gSA ehjk¡ckbZ jStho.k ekFkS MWk- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh] M+kW eksrhyky esukfj;k] MkW 'kEHkq flag *euksgj*] MkW dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor?k.keksyks lks/k[kkst jks dke dj~;kSA

MkW dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor] ehjk¡ok.kh] eka; ehjkckbZ jS tho.k pfjr vj Hkxrh jh folslrkoka lk:fy[kS&**ewfrZ iwtk] lRlax] vorkjokn esa vkLFkk] ,d fu"Bk ,oa vuU; HkfDrHkko] dfBu lk/kuk] 'kj.kkxroRlyrk] Lrqfr] oSjkX;] JhÑ".k dh fofHkUu yhykvksa dk xq.kxku lans’k izs"k.k] xq: efgek] jkeÑ".k vHksnkHkko]ehjkadh HkfDr lk/kuk ds izeq[k vk/kkj gaSA**

ehjk¡ckbZ jS inka eka; uo/kk Hkxrh jkS l:Ik lkQ futj vkoS]A uo/kk Hkxrh jS ukS lkSikuka jkS ifjpsehjk¡ jS inka eka; njlkbT;ks gSA Jo.k% Jo.k] lq.kr Jhen Hkkxour jluk jVr gjhA

dhrZu % ekbZ jh EgSrks xksfoUn jk xq.k xkL;kaA

Lej.k % jluk rwa L;ke fcuk er cksyA

Ikkn lsou% eu js! ijl gfj jk pj.kA

42

vpZu % Nkik fryd euksgj ckukA

nkL;Hkko% EgkuS pkdj jk[kks th] L;ke EgkuS pkdj jk[kksthA

l[;Hkko % ehjk¡ jS izHkq dc jh feykSxs] iwjc tue jks dksyA

oanu% ehjk¡ jk izHkq fxj/kj ukxj lq.kT;ks Egkjh ihM+A

vkRe fuosnu% ih;k eksgh vkjr rksjhA

b.k Hkkar ehjk¡ckbZ [kqn jh Hkxrh lwa jktLFkku eka; Hkxr fljkse.kh dghT;kA

Hkxrh dky jh lxq.k /kkjk eka; jke vj fØL.k Hkxr ?k.kk gks;k gSA b.kdky eka; jke vj fØL.k jhmikluk pkyrh jS;hA fØL.k Hkxrh jk dosljka eka; pkj.k dfoa;k jkS vuwBkS ;ksxnku jS;ksA Hkxr dof;f=;k¡eka; ehjk¡ckbZ vj xojh ckbZ jh jpukoka ?k.kh egrkÅ gSA

5-2-4 xojh ckbZ ¼1758&1808½%&

b.kk jks tye Mwaxjiqj eka; ukxj czkge.k jS ?kjka gks;ksA NksVh vk;q eka; C;ko vj ifr jkS lqjxoklgkso.ks law xojhckbZ jkS tho.k Hkxon Hkxrh eka; chR;ksA egkjko f’koflag b.kka uS feanj c.kk;j fn;kSA xojhckbZ Hkxrhjks QqVdj jpukok jphA xojhckbZ] X;ku Hkxrh vj oSjkx jh efgek xkork jS;kA b.kk jh jpukokaeka; jktLFkkuh] xqtjkrh vj czt Hkklkoka jh lcnkoyh ijksVhth gSA

jpuk jh ckuxh ns[khtS %&

gksyh [ksyr enu xksikyAeksj eqdqV dj dkNuh Nkts] papy uS.k folkyAlc lf[k;u esa eksgu lksgr] T;aw rkju fcp pkan mtkyApksck pUnu vkSj dqedqek] mMr vchj xqykyArky enax >ka> MQ ckts] xkou clar /kekyAxojh ds izHkq uVoj ukxj] fuj[kh HkbZ fugkyAA

xojhckbZ jk in yxSVxS 610

fy[khT;ksM+k gSA fØL.k Hkxr dof;=h jkS eku&lUeku vk[kS jktLFkku eka; lksfHkr gSA

b.k rfj;k lxq.k Hkxrka eka;

Hkxrka jh efgek U;kjh vj fudsoyh gSA

5-2-5 vYyw th %&

b.kka jks tye fo- la- 1620 jS yxSVxS gks;ksA jko ekynso jh fot; law lacaf/kr

b.kkjh Hkxrh jpuk jkS uewuks ns[k.ktksx gS&

xksiukj fpr gj.k] izse yPN.k leIi.kAdqat fcgkjh ØLu] jkl fozankou jPp.kAxksoj/ku Å)j.k] xzkg ekj.k xt rkj.kAtjkfla/k fllikG fHkM+S] Hkwo Hkkj mrkj.kAteyksd njLl.k ij gj.k HkkS] Hkat.k tkae.k ej.kAvkS ea= HkykS fulfnu *vyw* flej ukFk vlj.k lj.kAdfo vyw nwgs djek.kn ikr bZlj fon~;k pkS iwjA dfors vyw nwgs djek.kan]Nans esgks >wy.ks ekykS] lwj ins xhrs gjlwjAAvYyw th jh dfork jh dkO; Hkklk fMaxG gSA b.kka jh dfork lj]

43

Hkxrh iwj.k vj X;ku nso.kokGh gSA vYyw th fy[ks&

Lkksgh ck.k lqcak.k] HktS gfjukae fujUrjALkkgh ika.k lqik.k] HkjS fc.k NanS ÅnjALkksgh ykt lqykt] f=;k ij esGi rTtSAlksgh lwj lkear] fHkM+S HkkjFk ug HkTtsAfny /kje lksgh ikGS n;k] U;ko lksgh i[ku djSAgj pj.k fpr ykxkS *vyw*] lksgh liwr dqG m)jSAdfooj vYyw jpukoka Hkxrh Hkkoukoka jks c[kk.k ljl vj ljy <ax lwaA

5-2-6 ek/kksnkl n/kxfM+;k %&

ek/kkSnkl th pkj.k *n/kokfM+;k lk[kk* jk pwaMkth jk liwr gkA b.kk jkS tye fo- la- 1610 lwa 1615jS fcpkGS gks;ksA d;ks tkoS gS ds m.kkjks xkao cGwanka ¼tks/kiqj½ gks] i.k izkekf.kd tye LFkku jks irks dksuhykX;ksA dbZ eqlyeku b.kk jh xka;k uS pksjh dj ysX;kA vs m.kk jks ihNks dj~;ks vj tq) eka; ekj~;k x;kAyxSVxS fo-la-1690 esa vk ?kfVr ?kVuk crkbZtkoSA ek/kkSnkl th ukeh dfo vj gfj Hkxr gkA ^jkejklkS* vjnle Lda/k gLrfyf[kr izfr;ka feGSA b.k eka; lksGg lkS lwa T;knk Nan gSA vks fMaxy dkO; gSA dfoek/kksnkl Hkxoku jke jk mikld gkA

Hkjr ;k lc j?kqukFk cMkbZAcf/k dfi ckfy lxzho fuoktS] dS da/kk BdqjkbZee cy gh vyi lk[kfexz] fudV lfyr u dqnkbZAjkeizrki L;a/k lkS tkstu mYya?kr iyd u ykbZAckSg ty gh ikFkj rG cwMr] fry izek.k d.k jkbZAfyf[k Jh jke uke fxj Mkjr] nf/k flj tkr fojkbZA

5-2-7 fizFohjkt jkBkSM+ %&

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk jh fØL.k Hkxrh mikluk jk Hkxr dfo fizFohjkt jkBkSM+txpkok gSA vS Hkxr dfo chdkusj ujsl jko dY;k.key jk csVk vj jko tSrlh jk iksrk gkA b.kk jks tyelaor~ fo- la- 1606 eka; gq;ksA [;kruke egkjktk jk;flag th jk cMk HkkbZ gkA fizFohjkt jkBkSM+ ryokj vjdye nksuwa jk /k.kh gkA cs ohj iq:l vj fØL.k Hkxr gkA fizFohjkt th nks; C;ko dj~;k gkA iSyM+h tksMk;rjkS ^ûkao ykyka ns gkS tSlyeSj jk jkoG gjjkt jh csVh ghA m.kk jks nsgkUr gq;ka jS iNS m.kk jh Hkk.k paiknslwa vki nwtks C;ko jPkk;kSA fizFohjkt jkBkSM+ jks nsgkUr fo- la- 1657 eka; gq;ksA

iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jktLFkkuh Hkklka jk vawps njtS jk dfo gkA m.kk jh jpukoka esa osfy fdlu :de.khjh] *nle Hkkxor jk nwgk] xaxk ygjh] clnsjkomr] vj nljFkjkomr* vkn egrkÅ gSA *osfyfØlu :de.khjh* lxGka lwa mŸke jpuk gS ft.kjk nkss; laLdj.k /kkI;k vsd *caxky jh jk;y ,f’k;kfVd lkslk;Vh* dkuhlwa vj nwth *fgUnqLrkuh ,dsMeh iz;kx lwa* iSyM+s laLdj.k jk lEiknd MkW- ,y- ih- VSlhVksjh gk vj jklEiknd lw;Z’kadj ikjhd vj Bkdqj jkeflag nwstS laLdj.k jk lEiknd gkA *osfy* jks jpukdky fo- la- 1637fn;ksM+ks gSA b.k ckcr ,d nwokS izfl) gS&

ojfl vpGxq.k vax llh laofr rfo;ks tldfj L=h HkjrkjA

dfj Jo.k fnu jkfr daBdfj ikeS L=hQy Hkxfr vikjA

osfy fMaxG lfgr jS izfl} Nan ^^csfy;ksxhr eka; rhu lkS ikap i|ka jkS vsd[kaM dkO; gS]

ft.k eka; fdL.k :fde.kh jh C;kao dFkk jkS ck[kk.k gks;ks gSA dFkk jkS izlax dfo eqtcJhen~Hkkxokr jks nloksa Lad/k gS&

44

ofYy rlq cht Hkkxor ok;kS] efg Fkk.kkS fizFkqnkl eq[kAewG rky tM vjFk e.Msgs] lqfFkj djf.k pf< Nk¡g lq[kA*osfy fØlu :de.kh jk dkO; Hkxrh vj fl.kxkj law Hkj~;kS iwjks gSAb.k eka; oS.k lxkbZ vyadkj] mies;&mieku vj Hkklk lSyhjks iz;ksx yk[kh.kkS y[kkoS] dfo [kqn jh ys[kuh lwa okrkoj.k uS ltho c.kk;kS gSAlax l[kh lhG dqG osl lek.kh] isf[k dGh ifne.kh ifjAjktfr jktd¡qvfj jk; vkax.k] mfM;.k ohjt vEc gfjA

:def.k jkS C;ko djuk Fkdk dfo fy[kS&

jkek vorkj uke rkbZ #fd ef.k] ekuljksofj es:fxfjAckydfr dfj gal pkS ckGd] dudosfy fcgq¡ iku fdfjAA

*osfy* eka; izÑfr jkS c[kko vekyks gSA N fjrqoka jkS ys[kks vj jkr] ijHkkr] xjeh fcj[kk] clarvkn jkSlkaxksikax cj.ku gq;kS gSA

*nle~ Hkkxor jk nwgk* iskFkh eka; 184 nwgk olqnsojkomr eka; 165 nwgk] xaxk ygjh Ekka; 80 nwgkjpS;kSM+k feGSA fØL.k :de.khjh osfy esa Hkxrh jk 80 nwgkA

*osfy* eka; fl.kxkj Hkxrh vj ohj jl ekStwn gS] i.k b.k jks vk/;kfRed i[k gh ?k.kkS mtGkS gSAtho.k jk ca/kuk lwa eqxr gkso.k jks ekjx gh Hkxrh gksos&b.k lk# Hkxrh jks xku Hkxr djSA

fo}kuka jks eur gS dS csfy osn iqjk.k gSA * csfy* osy gSA be dfo fy[kS%&

:def.k xq.k y[k.k :Ik xq.kjpo.k] osfy rakl dq.k djS c[kk.kAikapeks osn Hkkf[k;ks ihFkG] iqf.k;ksa mx.khl eks iqjak.kAdsoy Hkxr vFkkg dykor rStq fdlu =h xq.k rfo;ksAfpgq¡ ikpeks osn pkGfn;ks uo nw.ke xfr uhxfe;ksA

b.k Hkkar fizFohjkt jkBkSM ukeh Hkxr dfo gkA m.kkjh Hkxrh cstksM+ gSA m.kkjh iksFkh *csfy* vnHkqndkO; gSA vk jpuk jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk vyadkjka vj Nanka jk ek.kd&eksfr;ka lwa lTth&laojh gSA

5-2-8 lka;k th >wyk%&

Hkxr dfo lka;kath >wyk jkS tye fo- la- 1633 eka; *>wyk [kkai* 'kk[kk jk pkj.k vj bZMj fj;klrjS yhyNk xkao jkoklh Lokehnkl jS ?kjka gks;ksA vS Lokehnkl jk gkA b.kk jks nsgkolku fo- la- 1703 eka;gks;ksA bZMj ujsl jko dY;k.key b.kkajk vkJ;nkrk gk ft.kk lka;kth uS yk[kilko vj dqckck ukao jkS xkaofnjk;kSA

lk;ka th >wyk fdl.k Hkxoku vwaps njtS jk Hkxr gkA m.kk jh nks; iksF;ka *ukxne.k* vj *:fDe.khgj.k tSM+h ?k.keksyh jpukcka gSA v fMaxy dkO;Hkklk esa jPpks;ksM+h jpukoka gSA dBSbZ dBSbZ xqtjkrh Hkklk jklcn bZ feySA

lka;k th >wyk jh *ukxne.k* Hkklk lSyh vj dkO; dyk jh nhB law fx.kko.k tksx iksFkh gSA*ukxne.k* eka; *dkfy;k enZu* jkS dFkk izlax jP;ksM+ks gSA b.k eka; 129 Nan gS ft.kkesa 124 Hkqtax iz;kl] pkjnwgk vj vsd NIi; feGSA *ukxne.k* eka; ;lksnk e¸;k jks okRlY;] xksfidkoka jks izse vj dkfy;k tq) jkSfp=e; c[kko gq;ks gSA jpuk jk mnkgj.k ns[khtS&

tnwukFk dkGh lehckFk tksMs+ ?k.kh Hkksepkyh pM+h ckr ?kksMsmHkk xk; xksiky >wjar vkjS gkgkdkj gDdkj lalkj lkjsAlq.kSckr vk/kkr ekrk lusgh tlksnk <Gh díGh [kaHk tsghlackgs l[khykj gkyh l;k.kh jgkVh fopkys Fkdh uanjk.kh

45

rcs uanjh ukfj vkghj VkSGs [kM+S vkiM+s gsdk [kyksGsAtqoS tksf"krk tqFFk HksGh tlwnk ciS;ks gqbZ dkuOgkS es?kcqUnfcg¡q ykspuS uhj /kkjk cgarh duS;ks duS;ks tlksnk dgarhAdfyank r.kS vkbZ yksVar dkaBs x;ks tkf.k fpUrke.kh jax xkaBsb.kh Hkkar :fde.kh gj.k eka; Hkxrh jh lxrh jkS ifjpSfeyS BSB Hkk"kk eka; Hkxrh jh feBkl jfG;ko.kh Hkk"kk jkSl:Ik c[kk.kSA

lk;kath >wyk jk jP;ksM+k Nan mYys[k tksx&

izxV~;k fØlu oklqnso tknoirk] Jh gqbZ :de.k jkoHkhedlqrkAfoey firk ekr dqG Nkr t.kkfo;ks ykb Hkjrkj vorkj :[ke.k fy;ksA>Gk>G jktgal jktd¡qojh Hkyh ,g NS :[ke.kh :i tqx ÅiyhAEkkr fir iwr ijokj cSBk erkS lksft;kokn fookn dkj.k lqukSAHkkf[k;kS Hkhe eq[k tks; ponS Hkouka dq¡oj oj&ew>&,d lw>S fØL.klka;k th >wyk] ukxne.k eka; xksoa’k czkge.k vj ukfj;ksa&jhlqj{kk jk[k.k lk# fgjnSxr Hkkouka lw vksrizskr gks;j xazFk jP;ksAb.k rfj;ka lxq.k Hkxrh 'kk[kk jk fØL.k Hkxr dfo lka;ka th >wykAjkS ukao ?k.kSeku mtklSA

5-3 fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk&

fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk jk doslj] fujxq.k vj fujkdkj czã jh mikluk dj.k okGk gkA 'kadjkpk;Z jkSv}Sr okn ;k *,ds’oj okn* uS eku.kokyk Hkxr dfo Hkh ewjr iwtk ;k nsoG vj feUnjk eka; vkLFkk vjfoLokl dksuh jk[krkA czã jh lRrk lxGk txr esa ekuhtSA lxyka fuxZq.k dfo fd.kh u fd.kh lEiznk; lawtqM+~;ksM+k gkA vS dje dkaM jkS fojks/k djrkA ika[kM jks fo[k.M u djrk] va/kfoLokl] dqjhfr;ka vj /kje jhtM+rk ekFkS rh[kk O;aX; djrkA fujkdkj czg~e jk mikld vs lar izseuke lcn lnxq: vkn jh efgek jkSxq.kxku djrk jS;kA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; okLrS vka lark jks ;ksxnku veksyks gSA dkO; jpuk lk# Hkh b.kk jkS/;ku ?k.kks dksuh gksorksA dfo iSyk Hkxr~ vj ikNS minsld jS;kA fujxq.k lEiznk; jk doslj /kje fl)kUrkjS izpkjîzlkj lk# yxksyx ykX;ksM+k fj;kA m.kk jk psyk Hkh izpkj izlkj eka; ykxrk Fkdk lekt eka; uqbZØkafr vj yksd tkxj.k jkS izHkkoh lusl fn;ksA lkap cksy.kks] lq) vkpj.k vj C;ksgkj jk[k.k lk: tu ekuluS izsj.kk nhohA b.kk jh fopkj/kkjk vj dchjnkl jh fopkj/kkjk eka; ?k.kkS vkarjkS dksuh gksA

5-3-1 nknwth %&

lar nknw jkS tye fo- la- 1601 eka; gks;ksA m.kka jS ckjS eka; fo}kuka eka; erHksn gSA dSbZ b.kk uSczkge.k] dbZ eksph] vj dSbZ /kqfu;k crkosA tye LFkG jks dBsbZ dksvh Bhd Bkd irks dksuh ykX;ksA dsbZ crkoSdS vsgenkckn jS yksnh uked czkge.k uS lkcjerh unheka; cSorh lanwd eka; nknw feG;kA b.kh rjS xq: jkSuke Hkh vX;krA nknwth tu xksiky *nknw tye yhyk ijph* eka; fy[;ks gS dS vsd fnu Hkxoku [kqn izxVgq;uS b.kk uS njl.k vj minsl fn;ksA nknwth oSjkxh lar jS :Ik eka; lk/kq lark uS lRlax eka; fnf[k;kA

nknw th oSjkxh lar jS :Ik esa lk/kq lsok vj lRlax eka; vktUe ykX;k jS;kA vgenkckn law nknw thmx.khl cjl jh vkSLFkk eka; jktLFkku vk;kA b.kk lhdj] vkesj] dY;k.kiqj] ujS.kk vkn LFkyka ekFkS /kjejks izpkj dfj;kSA nknw th C;ko dj~;ks vj vkijS vsd csVks vj nks csfV;k gks;kA nknw jkS xksyksdokl fo- la-1660 eka; ujS.kk esa gks;ksA m.kk jk cMk csaVk xjhcnkl th m.kk jh xíh ekFkS fojkT;kA nknw jh ok.kh izfl}gSA b.k ek;a izse xq: Hkxrh] laRlx] ek;k] tho] czgG] vkn rRo vj X;ku lac/kh foLk;ka ekFkS futw fopkjjk[khT;k gSA nknwok.kh jh Hkk lk lh/kh lknh ljy gS vj tho] txr vj czãX;ku lw Hkjh iwjh gSA nknw th

46

fy[kS gS&

?kho nw/k eas jfe jg;ka] O;kid lc gh BkSjAnknw cdrk cgqr gS efFk dk<s rs vkSjAAnknw nh;k gS HkykA fn;k djks lc dks;A?kj eas /kjk u ikbZ;s tks dj fn;k u gks;k&dfg dfg esjh thHk jfg] lqf.k lqf.k rsjs dkuAlrx: cijk D;k djS] psyk ew< vtkuAAnknw ns[k n;ky dkS] ldy jgk HkjiwjAjkse jkse esa jfe jg~;ks] rw ftfu tkus nwjAftfg ?kj fuank lk/kqdh lks ?kj x;s lewyAfrudh uhao u ikbZ;s uk¡o u gk¡o u /kwyA

nknw th ljy fpÙk fcjrh okGk lar dfo gkA cs fujxq.k] fujkdkj czã jh mikluk eka; lnho yhujgSA m.kka jk in veksyd gS A

HkkbZ js ,slk iaFk gekjkA}S i[k jfgr iaFk xg iwjk vkoj.k ,d Å/kkjkAokn fookn dkgw lwa ukgh eSa g¡w tx Fksa U;kjkAlen‘f'V HkkbZ lgt esa vkifg vki fopkjkAeSa iS esjh ;g efr ukgh] fujoSjh fujfodkjAdke dYiuk dns u dhtS] iwj.k czã fi;kjkA

nknw th jS iaFk eka; pkj rjS jk lk/kq gk [kkdh] fojä] FkkaHkk/kkjh vj ukxkA c[kukth&b.kka jkS tyetSij jkT; jS ujk.kk xkao eka; fo- la- 1600 lwa 1610 jS fopkGS gks;ksA b.kk jh tkr lk: fo}kuka vsd erdksuhA dksbZ b.kkuS fgUnw vj dksbZ eqlyeku crkoSA c[kukth jh fejrw jS ckcr bZ izef.kd tk.kdkjh dksuhAvanktS lwa crk;kS tkoS dS vS fo- la- 1680 ;k 1687 law iSyka czge yhu gks;kA

c[kukth jh ok.kh Nixh gSA m.k eka; in feGS 167 in xk;k tko.k tksx gSA ft.kesa

vS xk;u fon~;k eka; izoh.k gkAb.kkjh Hkklk lknh ljy vj vke turk jh Hkk"kk gSACk[kuk gfj tG cjfl;k tyFkG HkjS vusddje dBkSjka ek.klk¡] jkse u Hkhxks ,dAIkk.kh eas iFkj jg~;kS mifj ca/;k flokyAc[kuk <k¡P;k uhdGh ekWfg vxu dh >kGAIk; ik.kh HksGk fioS] ugha Kku dks valARkft ik.kh i; uS ihoS c[kuk lk/kw galA

5-3-2 jTtc th%&

fujxq.k lk[kk eka; jTtc th ukeh lar dfo gq;kA m.kk jkS tye tSij jkT; jS lkaxkusj esa fo-la-1624 jS yxSVxS gks;ksA vk; tkr lqa iBku gk vj iwjkS ukao jTtc vyh [kk¡ gkSA 20 cjl jh mej eka; vkiC;ko lk: lkaxkusj lwa vkesj x;k gkA m.k tkxak nknwn;ky th lwa fey.kks gks;ksA vS C;ko jkS fopkj NksMjm.kkjk psyk gks;X;kA vki nknw th jS lkxS lRlax eka; jSaorkA b.kkjh nknw th lk: ?k.kh lj/kk ghA nknwthjh fejrw ikaNS m.kka bZ nsg R;kx nhA b.kka jkS nsgkolku fo- la- 1746 eka; lkxkausj esa gks;kSA jTtc th ?k.kkaif<;k fyf[k;k dksuh gk i.k lwa b.kka *ok.kh* vj *lo±xh* ukao jk nks; eksVk xazFk jP;k ft.kk jh Hkklk ihaxygS tdh fMaxG jks lcnkoGh fyjk;ksMh gSA

47

lk[kh&nknw nfj;k jkety ldy lar tu ehuAlq[k lkxj esa lc lq[kh tu jTtc yksyhuAlr xq: pqEcd :Ik gS] flL; lqbZ lalkjAvpy pySa mudS feyS ;kesa QSj u QkjA

5-3-3 lqUnjnkl %&

lqUnjnkl nknw n;ky jk flL; gkA m.kk jkS tye lu 1595 eas eka; gks;kSA N% cjl jh vk;q eka;nknw th jk psyk c.;kA vS cky czãpkjh gkA cs fl.kxkj jl jh dforkoka uS tS*j leku ekurkA dSlo jh*jfldfiz;k* uS cS vkNh uha lea>rkA

jfld fiz;k jleatjh vkSj flaxkjfg tkfuA

prqjkbZ dfj cgqfof/k] fo"kS cukbZ vkfuA

lqUnjnkl ?kwerk fQjrk jSorkA cs lxGs mÙkjHkkjr] e/;iznsl] ekyok vj xqtjkr rkb± fQjrk&f?kjrkjS;kA dnSbZ Qrsgiqj] dnsbZ eksjka] dnsbZ dqjvku vj vkesj vkork&tkorkA vkf[kjh fnuka eka; esa lkxkusj jS;ktBS 1689 eka; lqjxokl gks;kSA b.kka jh Hkklk ij fixG jks izHkko gSA

5-3-4 tuxksiky %&

vS Qrsgiqj lhdjh jk jSo.kokGk oL; gkA lhdjh eka; nknw n;ky th law xq# earj fy;kSA b.kkajkSjpukdky fo- la- 1650 jS yxSVxS gSA b.kka jk izeq[k xzaFk gS&*nknw tue yhyk ijph] /kzqo pfj=] izgykn pfj=]Hkjr pfj=] eksgfoosd] pkSchl xq#cka dh yhyk] lqd laokn] vuUr yhyk] ckjg t[kM+h dk;k&izk.k laokn]HkasV ds loS;s] dfor] lk[kh in vknA

rkslks eSa Lokeh g~oS vk;s] }kjs lsox fru lq[k ik;sA

v: tc chrs le;s nksbZ <q<kgkj dh fourh gksbZA

Lokfe x, lcfu lq[k ik;s] jers uxz ujk.ks vk;sA

Ok"kukS gksjh xkor nS[;ks] xq: nknw viukS dfj iS”;ksA

txthou nknw th jk iz/kku psyk gkA b.kk jkS jpukdky fo- la- 1650 jS yxSVxS gSA txthou thlar vj *'kkL=* X;krk gkA *ok.kh* b.kka jkS izeq[k xazFk gSaA vs iSyak *oS".ko* gk vj ikNS nknw iaFkh gq;kA b.kkjhHkklk lh/kh lknh vj ljl gSA mnkgj.k ns[kktS&

[khj uhj fujus djS ij mixkjh larA

dfg tx thou lkf[k /kj ikj czãe dks vSuA

;g lac laifr tk;sxh foifÙk iMs+xh vk;A

tx thou lksbZ Hkyh tS dksb [kjpS [kk;A

b.kh rfj;k fujxq.k iaFk eka; nknw n;ky jk flL;ka esa nkeksnjnkl] Hkh[ktu] larnkl] [ksenkl]jk?konkl] okaftnth] eaxGjk; gq;k tdk X;ku] njlu vj ok.kh jS ik.k fujxq.k fujkdkj czãe jk xq.kxkuxk;k vj lekt eka; cnGko lk: dke dfj;kSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; fujxq.k fujkdkj Hkxoku jhifjdYiuk lk: xq#in jkS egrkÅ :Ik] vkMEcjka vj feF;kpkj jkS fojks/k] lhy] larksl] n;k] R;kx] oSjkX;jkS ikyu dj.kkS] dke] Øks/k] yksHk] eksg vj vfHkeku jkS R;kx dj.kkS vkn izeq[k jk[khT;k gSA b.k ckcreksdGk iaFk lEiznk;ka jh Fkki.kk gq;hA lartu jktLFkkuh lekt eka; ilj;ksM+s va/kdkj uS feVko.k lk# X;kujh tksr txk;h vj vkpj.k lqnh ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;kSA

Ukkao fujatu uhj gS lc lqdqr cujk;Atu jTto QwyS QyS lqfeju lfyy lgk;AA

48

Hkyh dgr ekur cqjh] ;gS izd‘fr gS uhpAjTto dksBh xkjdh T;aw /kksoS T;aw dhpAjTto dksYgw dky dS lc ru dfryh lekfuAlks mcjS dfg dkSu fof/k tks vk;k fofp /kkfuAjTtcy th jh ok.kkh jk in Hkxrh vj izse lw vksr izksr gSA

5-3-5 xjhcnkl %&

vS nknwn;ky jk csVk gk vj xn~nh jk mRRjkf/kdkjh gq;kA b.kka jkS tye fo-la- 1632 eka; gks;kSAxjhcnkl laxhr fo|k jk izsehvj vkNk iafMr gkA b.kka lk[kh] in] vuHkS izcks/k vj v/;kRe cks/k vkn xzaFkjP;kA b.kk jkS in gSa&

ukn O;an ys mj?kS /kjSAlgt tksx gB fuxzg ukagh iou Qsfj ?kV ekagS HkjSAf=dqVh /;ku laf/k ufg pwds HkkSaj xqQk D;wa HkwySA}S lj laf/k vuwi vjk/kS lq[k lkxj esa >wySAbaxyk I;awxyk lq”keu ukjh frjos.kh lax ykoSAukSls uoklh Qsfj viwBk nloS }kj lekoSAvj/ks mj/ks rkyh y[kspUn] lwjle dhUgkAv”Vdey ny ekgs fcxls T;ksfr l:ih phUgkjkse jkse /kqfu mBh lgt esa ij/kS izk.k lqihoSAxjhc nkl xq#eqf[k cw>hA tks tk.kS lks thoSA

5-3-6 txuukFk %&

vki tkfrlwa dk;LFk gkA fo- la- 1640 jS yxSVxS vkesj esa tye gq;kSA vki nknw th jk psyk gkA vkiizfrHkkoku vj tksxk dfo gkA *ok.kh* vj *xq.kxtukek* b.kkajk xzaFk gSA b.kh Hkkar *xhrk lkj* vj *;ksx of’k"Blkj* bZ b.kk jh jP;ksM+h jpukoka gS&

ef.k;k lgt bDdhl yS “kVlrk ekyk iksbAtxUukFk eu lqjfr lkS jkr fnol Hkft lksbZAAeu dh esjh dyiuk uo fu’py txUukFkAlqfeju lks Lokal jgS papy eu rg¡gkFkAA

5-3-7 larnkl &

larnkl nknw n;ky jk flL; gkA b.kka jS tye leS jh izkekf.kd tk.kdkjh uha feGS i.k b.kka thorlekf/k fo- la- 1696 eka; yhoh ghA nknw jS 52 iz/kku psyka eka; b.kk jkS ukao fx.kko.kk tksx gSA b.kk *ok.kh*jph ft.kjh Nan la[;k ckjg gtkj feGSA vS Nan ^^ckjk gtkjh** jS :i esa tx pkok gSA

*ok.kh* jh ckuxh jS.k Nekgh gks jgh] vk;k uk¡gh ihoAlar lusgh dkj.ks ryQS esjk thoAAfcjg.kh fcNM+h iho lkS <wa<r fQjS mnklAlarnkl bd iho fcu fugpy ukagh cklAA

5-3-8 Hkh[ktu%&

larnkl th jk psyk Hkh[ktu Qrsgiqj fuoklh czkge.k gkA

b.kk jks jpukdky fo- la- 1683 gSA ^Hkh[k ckouh* vkijh pkoh jpuk gSA b.k eka; 53 NIi; gSA vkiuhfr fol;d veksyd jpukoka jphA

49

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fujxq.k vj fujkdkj Hkxrh /kkjk lark jh ok.kh vk[kS Hkkjr esa QSyhA nsl jkukeh lark eka; jkekaun] ukenso] Kku nso] ,dukFk rqdkjke] xq: ukud] xq: jkenkl vkn lkph lekt lsokdj lPps X;ku jks minsl vj bZlj mikluk yksd Hkklkoka esa djhA

fujxq.k /kkjk eka; ^^tkfru iwNkS lk/kq dh iwN yhft, Kku** jh lkFkZdrk fl} gksoSA m.kka jknkjlfud fopkj czg~e jh O;kid lRrk jkS c[kk.k djS vj njlkoS dS ijeslj ijczge] Loa; Hkw] fujkdkj] ijeizdkl :Ik] ek;k lwa ijs] fØ;k jfgr fFkj vj lnk vsd jl gSA fujkdkj gkso.kSlwa m.kka jS nsg dksuh nh[kSAbZl lxrheku vj lxGh nhB lwa flejFk gSA tho okLro esa bZlj ¼czge½ jkS bZ :Ik gksoS i.k ek;k jS vkoj.klwa <D;kSM+S gkso.k jS dkj.k cks ewG uS uha fiNk.k ldSA ek;k jkS iM+nkS gVrka bZ vkrek ijekRek jks fey.k gks;tkoSA

nknw fyf[k;kS %&

ikdk eu Mksys ugha] fugpy jgs lekbZAdkpk eu nl fnflfQjS] papG pg¡q fnfltkbZAA

fujxq.k Hkxrh jk Hkxr ijekRek uS ?kV ?kV eka; fojktrk crkoS A lar dje vj lr~ oapuk jS lkxSlkxS dje [ksrj eka; dke dkt djrkS jSoS m.k jkS eks[k ¼eks{k½ vi.kS vki gks; tkoSA

5-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

fujxq.k vj lxq.k nksuaw bZ ijczã ijekRek jkS l:Ik gkSoSA Hkxrh jkS ekjx lk/kdka lk# U;kjkS fujokGkS uha gSA

jktLFkku jh /kjrh larka jS ukao law vkSG[khtSA Hkxrh lfgR; jh cjt.k lwa lnkpj.k] ln oSokj vjfgjnS jh lq)rk jkS X;ku ekuoh lekt eka; ?k.kkS QSY;kSA /ku vj ek;k nksuaw bZ Hkxrh lkeh fujFkZd ykxSAlark lk: ln~xq: bZ ljcl gSA

5-5 vH;kl jk izLu

1- *lxq.k Hkxrh* fd.kuS dSoS \ mnkgj.kak lwa le>koksA

2- fujxq.k Hkxrh jka lk/kuk jks fo/kku le>koksA

3- uhpS fy[;k ij fVIi.k fy[kks&

¼d½ vYywth dfo;k

¼[k½ ek/kksnkl n/kckfM+;k

¼x½ iFohjkt jkBkSM+

¼?k½ lka;kth >wyk

4- nknw iaFk dkbZa gS & lo>koksA


1- MkW- eueksgu lgxy & fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDrdkyA

2- MkW- enu lSuh & jktLFkkuh dkO; esa jkedFkkA

3- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

4- MkW- ftrsUnzukFk ikBd & HkfDr vkSj jhfrdkyhu eqDrd dkO;A

50

bdkbZ & 6

Hkxrh /kkjkoka % izeq[k jpukdkj vj jpukokabdkbZ jks eaMk.k

6-0 mÌsL;

6-1 izLrkouk

6-2 mi;ksfxrk

6-3 vkoL;drk

6-4 fujxq.k /kkjk ¼d½ Kku ekjxh ¼[k½ izse ekjxh

6-4-1 ¼d½ Kku ekxZ ¼jpukdkj vj jpukoka½

¼i½ tkaHkksth ¼ii½ gfjnkl ¼iii½ tlukFk ¼iv½ ykynkl ¼v½ c[kukth ¼vi½ nknw n;ky¼vii½ jTtc ¼viii½ xjhcnkl ¼ix½ nfj;ko th ¼x½ txUukFknkl ¼xi½ lqUnjnkl ¼xii½ n;kckbZ¼xiii½ pj.knkl ¼xiv½ jkepj.k ¼xv½ lgtks ckbZ ¼xvi½ n;ky nkl

6-4-2 ¼[k½ izse ekjxh

¼i½ galkoyh ¼ii½ y[ke lsu i|korh

6-5 lxq.k /kkjk % ¼v½ jke Hkxrh /kkjk ¼c½ fØlu Hkxrh /kkjk

6-5-1 ¼v½ jke Hkxrh /kkjk

¼i½ esgksth xksnkjk ¼ii½ ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k ¼iii½ lqjtunkl iwfu;ka ¼iv½ ljo.k Hkwdj¼v½ eqagrk #?kukFk ¼vi½ ujgfjnkl ckjgB ¼vii½ dfo;k dj.khnku ¼viii½ tSu jke dkO;

6-5-2 ¼c½ fØlu Hkxrh /kkjk

¼i½ ehjk¡ ckbZ ¼ii½ fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+

6-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

6-7 vH;kl lk: izLu


6-0 mÌsL;

dSbZ lbZdk ckn vkt Hkh Hkxrh lkfgR; ?k.kks izsj.kknk;h vj mi;ksxh gSA nq%[kh vj HkVdsM+S feu[kuS jkg fn[kko.k jh m.kesa vikj f[kerk gSA vSM+S v.keksy lkfgR; jk jpukdkj dq.k gk \ m.kkjh ftUnxh jhFkksM+h lh >yd vj ckatdh jpukoka jph] m.kjh esa tk.kdkjh djko.kks b.k bdkbZ jks mn~nsL; gSA dkO; jpukvj jpukdkj esa vke rkSj ij fcEc&izfrfcEc vj Hkko gqoSA gkykafd jpukdkj futq jkx&}Sl lwa Åij mB*jjpuk djS i.k m.k jS thou jh >yd jpsM+S vk[kjka esa yka/k bZ tkoSA fiPNe esa rks vkykspuka jks vks uqoksa rjhdksvi.kkbT;kS gS dS jpuk jS ek/;e lwa jpukdkj rd iwx.kksA vks Bhd Hkh gS D;wa dS jpukdkj jks lclwa cM+ks lcwrrks m.k jh jpuk bZ gqoSA

6-1 izLrkouk

vki.kS nsl esa Hkxrh vkUnksyu jh tM+ka ?k.kh xSajh gSA bZlk lwa nks lbdka iSyh fn[k.kknS Hkkjr esa JhfØlu jh mikluka jS vSuk.k&lSuk.k feySA b.k fnlk esa tn [kkst gqbZ rks csjks i³~;ks dS bZa ckr esa Hkh vkafldlPpkbZ gS dS Hkxrh jks tye nD[k.kh Hkkjr esa gq;kS vj cBS lwa jkekuUn jS lkFkS mÙkjh Hkkjr esa m.k jks

51

izpkj&izlkj gq;kSA vki.kks e#/kj iznsl fc;ka rks tq)ka vj ryokjka jh >.kdkj jks iznsl gS i.k vks tk.k*j vkiuS vpqEHkks gqoSyks dS Hkxrh ekGk jk v.kfx.k ewa*xk eksrh b.k iznsl esa gq;k gSA gkykafd vBS Kku ekxhZ larT;knk gq;k gS i.k l#vkrh lwQh lSyh ¼jkepUnz 'kqDy jS eqtc½ jks xazFk ^galkoyh* jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa bZjphT;ksA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa jke jh ftUnxh vj dFkk lwa tqMS+M+k xzaFk ¼jkek;.k vkn½ Hkh vBS fy[;k x;kAJh fØlu esa vVwV vkLFkk jk[k.kokGh Hkxr fljksef.k ehjk¡ckbZ b.kh iznsl esa tye fy;ksA b.k bdkbZ esajktLFkku vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS izeq[k jpukdkjka vj m.kkajh jpukoka lwa vki :c: gqokSyk vj cka ckcr tk.kldksykA

6-2 mi;ksfxrk

Hkxrh vkUnksyu fd.kh vsd iznsl jh lhao rd lhfer ;k ca/ksM+ks dksuh gksA vks vkUnksyu nslh HkklkokajS ek/;e lwa txpkoks gqokS vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkUnksyu gSA m.k c[kr nsl esa uk rks vkt ftL;k lapkj jklk/ku gk vj uk gh brjksa tcjnLr êhfM;k* gks b.k jS ckotwn b.k dky jS larka ;k Hkxrka jh ok.kh esa xtcjh vsd #irk gSA tdk yksx dSoS dS jkLVªh; vsdrk jks izlkj vaxzstka jS vk;ka iNS gq;kSA cka yksxka uS HkxrhvkUnksyu jh jpukoka jh iwjh tk.kdkjh dj.kh pk;tSA vka jpukoka jks lkewfgd lqj vsd lfj[kks gSA vkt rkabZvki fgUnh lkfgR; esa Hkxrh dky ckcr Hk.krk jS;k i.k jktLFkku vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk jpukdkjka Hkh Hkklk]Hkko] fopkj vkn i[kka uS ns[krka fd.kh nwth Hkklk jS jpukdkjka lwa vs ykjS dksuhA vBS dSbZ vSM+k egku largq;k gS tdka vkijk iaFk Hkh pyk;k tdk iaFk vkt Hkh pkySA cka jh ok.kh vkt Hkh t.k&t.k esa psruk txkoSAtqxka&tqxka lwa HkVdsM+S feu[kka uS larka jh ok.kh jkg fn[kkaork jbZ gS vj vkxS Hkh fn[kkaork jSoSykA

6-3 vkoL;drk

vki.kks nsl Hkkjr vyx&vyx Hkklkoka vj /kjeka jks nsl gSA gjSd Hkklk cksy.k okGka jh vki jh vsdvyx fiNk.k gSA b.k vusdrk esa bZ cS vsdrk jk lw= Hkh gS tdk b.k nsl uS tksM+S vj v[k.M c.kkoSA HkxrhvkUnksyu vk[kS Hkkjr jks vkUnksyu gks tdks vsd yEcS vjlS rkab± vle lwa xqtjkr vj dkLehj lwa dU;kdqekjh rd t.k&t.k uS Hkxrh jS jl lwa ljkcksj djrks jS;ksA vks vyx&vyx Hkklkoka jks vkUnksyu gksarkaFkdka Hkh b.k esa fopkjka vj Hkkoka jh deky jh vsdrk gSA ukenso] rqdkjke vkn egkjkLVª jk lar gk i.k mrjknSHkkjr esa Hkh okajks cks gh vknj gSA ehjk¡ckbZ] lwjnkl] rqGlh vyx&vyx Hkklkoka jk dfo gS i.k vk[kS nsljk yksx vka jks eku djsA vks vi.kk;r jks Hkko jkLVªh;rk uS etcwr djS bZ djS] /kje vj etgc jh ladGkbZlwa feu[k uS Å¡pks mBk;^j HkkokRed vsdrk esa Hkh fijksoSA tn bZ rks jghe] jl[kku lkfj[kS eqlyeku dfo;kaij dksbZ dfo lkS&lkS fgUnw U;kSNkoj dj.k jh ckr fy[kSA b.kht dkj.k jktLFkkuh Hkxrh vkUnksyu dfo;k¡vj m.kka jh jpukoka ckcr tk.kdkjh t:jh gSA

6-4 fujxq.k /kkjk

ijekRek jh vkjk/kuk jk nks :i gS & Kku vj Hkxrh! Kku tn vuqHkwfr c.k tkoS tn bZ lkFkZd OgSAvuqHkwfr fcuk Kku dksjS lcnka jks tkG jS tkoSA 'kadjkpk;Z jks dS.kks gS dS Kku tn rd vuqHko esa uha cnGS]m.k jks dha lkj dksuhA fujxq.k Hkxrh jk nks :i gS & ¼d½ Kku ekxZ ¼[k½ izse ekxZ

6-4-1 ¼d½ Kku ekjxh %

Kku ekxhZ lar dfo ijekRek jS fujkdkj :i jh vkjk/kuk ij tksj nsoSA xq# jS crk;kS ekjx esa ûke*jks flej.k dj lk/kd vkxS ca/kSA Kku ekxZ jh lar ijEijk jk izeq[k lar vj m.kk jks dkO; b.k Hkkar gS &

6-4-1-1 tkEHkksth %& taHksLoj ;k taHkukFk jks tye foØe laor~ 1508 esa HkknoS cnh vkB~e ¼fØlutUek"Veh½ uS ukxkSj jS xk¡o ihiklj jS iaokj jktiwr jS ?kj esa gq;kSA tkEHkksth vki jS ek¡&cki jh bdykSrhlarku gkA vS ckGi.kS esa lksprk gh jSaork] cksyrk dha dksuhA b.k dkj.k yksx b.kka uS xwaxk le>rk i.klksp&le>*j tn vs le>koark rks yksx vpEHkks dj~;k djrkA

52

ek¡&cki jS ej~;ka iNS tkaHkksth vki jh lkjh tk;nkn nku djnhA ckGi.kS esa xk;ka pjkoarh osGk vSlk/kuk dj~;k djrkA cs uks[kk jS vsd xk¡o lejkFkG duS riL;k dj.k ykxX;kA cs iwjh ftUnxh czãpkjhjS;kA tkaHkksth yksxka uS pks[kh lh[k nsaorkA thoka uS uha lrko.kk vj nj[krka uS uha dkV.kk vs Hkh m.kkjSvkpj.k fu;eka esa gkA b.k Hkkar tkaHkks th m.krhl fu;e c.kk;k vka fu;eka uS eku.k] okGk chl$uksbZ vFkkZr~fc'uksbZ dghT;kA

tkaHkksth jh ok.kh ^taHk ok.kh* jS ukao lwa pkoh gqbZ] ft.k esa ij;koj.k laj{k.k vj lekt lq/kkj jh ckrkalkFkS feu[k uS ulS lwa nwj jSo.k jh lh[k nh xbZA tkaHkksth ij;koj.k cpko.k rkab± cka feu[k jh Ygkl uS ckG.kSjh tkxka nQ.kko.k jh lh[k nhoh vj ewjr iwtk uha dj fujxq.k czã uS eku.kS ij tksj fn;ksA tkaHkks th tBSriL;k djrk cks lejkFk /kksjks vkt cka jS vuq;kf;;ka jks rhjFk /kke gSA feaxlj cnh ue laor 1591 esatkEHkksth lek/kh ysyhA ok jh lek/kh ij vkt Hkh esGks HkjhtSA eqdke xkao fc'uksbZ larka jks eksVks /kke gSA

6-4-1-2 gfjnkl %& jktLFkku jk lar lEiznk;ka esa fujatuh lEiznk; ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA b.k jk izorZdgfjnkl th gkA b.kk jS tye vj dky jS lEcU/k esa fo}ku vsd er dksuh i.k dha izek.kka jS vk/kkj ij dS;kstkoS dS MhMok.kS jS usM+S vsd NksVS lS xkWo dkiM+ksn esa vka jks tye gq;ksA b.kk jks tye fo- laor 1512 ekU;kStkoSA tye lwa vS {k=h; gk] ukao gks gjh flag vj dke gks ywV ekj dj.kksA vsdj vS fd.kh lar jS lEidZesa vk;k vj b.kk jh ftUnxh esa cnGko vkX;kSA fo- laor 1556 esa b.kk uS vkS Kku gq;kSA b.kjS iNS vkifujatuh iaFk jh Fkkiuk djh tdks fujxq.k&fujkdkj ijekRek uS ekuSA ewy :i lwa vks iaFk dchj iaFk jS usMS+nh[kSA MhMok.kS duS xk<+k ukao jh tkxka b.k iFk jh izeq[k ihB gSA fo- laor 1595 esa gfjnkl th czãyhugqvkA êa= jkt izdk'k* fujatuh iaFk jks /kje xzUFk gSA

xazFk jpuk %& gfjnkl th jS xzaFkka jh lwph b.k Hkkar gS &

¼i½ HkDr fojnkoyh ¼ii½ HkjFkjh laokn ¼iii½ uke ekyk xazFk ¼iv½ C;kogyks ¼v½ in ¼vi½ lk[kh ¼vii½ ukefu#i.k ¼viii½ tksx xzaFk ¼ix½ VksMjey tksx xzaFk vknA

gfjnkl th jh ok.kh jks vsd mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

Hkw[ks nq[k ladV lgS] lgS foMk.kk HkkjAgfjnkl ekSuh cGn] dklwa djS iqdkjAA?kj vkbZ fujHkS HkbZ] Mko ifM+;k lwa gks;Agfjnkl rk lkj dwa] iklk yxS u dks;AAyksgk ty lwa /kksb,] rc yx dkaVh [kk;Agfjnkl ikjl feY;ka] ewa?ks eksy fcdk;AA

6-4-1-3 tlukFk %& tlukFkh lEiznk; jk izorZd tlukFk th tkaHkksth jk ledkyhu gkA b.kk jkstye fo- laor 1539 esa dkrh lqnh bX;kjl uS chdkusj duS drfj;k lj xk¡o esa gq;ksA gehj th tkV vjm.kka jh tksM+k;r vkiuS csVS jh Hkkar ikG~;kA nl cjlka jh mez esa vka jks C;ko dj fn;ks i.k vs ?kj NksM oSjkxhc.kX;kA yksx dSoS b.kka uS xksj[kukFk nh{kk nhA vS peRdkjh lar gkA fnYyh jks lqyrku fldUnj yksnh Hkhb.kk lwa izHkkfor gksA 24 cjlka jh Åej esa vki drfj;klj xk¡o esa thaor lek/kh ys yhA

6-4-1-4 ykynkl %& ykynkl] nknwth jk ledkyhu gkA b.kk jks tye lko.k cnh iapeh uS laor1597 esa esokr jS NksVS ls xk¡o /kksGh nwc esa gq;ksA vs tkr jk eso ¼eqlyeku½ gkA ykynkl ydfM+;k¡ csp*jxqtkjks djrkA ckyi.kS lwa bZ Hkxoku jk izseh gk vj de cksyrkA frtkjk ¼vyoj½ jS vsd eqyeku Qdhj xnufpLrh lwa cka nh{kk yhA nh{kk fy;ka iNS vyoj duS xk¡o ck?kksyh esa vsd igkM+ jh Vsdjh ij >waiM+h c.kk*jjSo.k ykxX;kA iNS vS uxyk vkX;k tBS pkGhl cjlka rd jS;kA vSa fxjgLr gk vj 108 cjlka jh ykEchÅej ys;*j laor 1705 esa czãyhu gq;kA

ykynkl laiznk; esa feu[k jS ln vkpj.k ij T;knk tksj fn;ks tkoSA Å¡p] uhp] tkr ikar vkn

53

HksnHkko jk vs fojks/kh gkA vkijh ok.kh esa ik[k.M jks [k.Mu dj~;ks x;ks vj lkekftd cqjkb;k¡ uS nwj dj.kSdh dkslhl djhthA ^ykynkl dh ok.kh* vj ^ykynkl dh psrkouh* b.kk jh izeq[k jpukoka gSA

6-4-1-5 c[kuk th %& tSiqj jS ujk.kk xkao esa fo- laor 1600 vj 1610 jS fcpkGS c[kuk th jks tyegq;ksA vs fgUnw gk ;k eqlyeku vks Hkh fo}kuka esa fookn jks foy; gS vkSj rks vksj b.kka jh ekSr jks Hkh dksbZ izek.kdksuh fo- laor 1680&87 jS fcpkGS vs czãyhu gqvkA c[kuk th laxhr jk xSgjk tk.kdkj gkA b.kk jk 167nwgk vj in feySA Hkklk jh nhB lwa b.kk jh ok.kh ljy vj lgt gSA ckuxh ns[khtS &

c[kuk gfjtu cjf[k;k] tyFky HkjS vusdAdje dBksjka ek.klka] jkse u Hkhxk vsdAAik.kh esa iRFkj jáks] Åij ca/;k flokGAc[kuk <kP;ka uhdGh] eka gh vxu dh >kGAAvi.kh ek;k ikj dh] iyd vsd esa gksbZAvxu ngS rldj HkqlS] ns[kr foulS dksbZAAi; ik.kh HksGk fioS] ufga Kku dks valArt ik.kh i; uS fioS] c[kuk lk/kq galAA

6-4-1-6 nknwn;ky %& nknw jks tye laor 1601 esa vgenkckn xqtjkr esa gq;kSA vka jh tkr uS ys;*jfookn gS dksbZ rks ckã.k crkoS vj dksbZ fiatkjkA lkr cjl jh Åej esa b.kk jks C;ko dj fn;ks x;ksA bX;kjkcjlka jh Åej esa czãkuUn ukao jS egkRek b.kka uS nh{kk nhA vgenkckn lwa pky*j vs ukxkSj jS ¼ijcrlj duS½djMkyk xk¡o vkX;kA vBS N% cjlka rd riL;k djh QSj lkaHkj vk;X;kA vs fxjLr ftUnxh fcrkoark vjfiatkjS jks dke Hkh djrkA b.kka jS xjhcnkl] feLdhunkl nks csVk] lksHkk dqaojh vj :i dqaojh nks csfV;ka ghAlkaHkj esa bZ b.kk nknw iaFk jh Fkkiuk djh vj fo- laor 1660 esa czãyhu gq;kA

xzaFk jpuk %& nknw jh ok.kh cM+ks xzaFk gSA ^nknw ok.kh* ukao jS b.k laxzS esa 37 vax gS vj lkf[k;ka jhla[;k 2652 vj inka jh la[;k 445 gS tdk 27 jkx&jkxfu;ka esa xk;k tkoSA nknw ok.kh jk uewuk &

in &

HkkbZ js] ,slk iaFk gekjkA}Si[k jfgr ia[k xfg iwjk] voj.k vsd vk/kkjkAokn fookn dkgw lks ukagha] ekagha txr Fks U;kjkAle n`fLV lqHkk; lgt esa] vki gh vki fcpkjkAAdke dYiuka dns u dhtS] iwj.k czã fi;kjkAbfg iaFk igqafp ikj xfg nknw] lks rr lgt laHkkjkAlk[kh %&

vkik feVS gfj HktS] ru eu rtS fodkjAfucSZjh lc tho lkSa] nknw ;g er lkjAA?kho nw/k esa jfe ják] O;kid lcfg BkSjAnknw cdrk cgqr gSa] efFk dk<+S rSa vkSjAA

6-4-1-7 jTtc %& jTtc jks tye lkaxkusj ¼tSiqj½ jS vsd Å¡pS iBku ?kjkuS esa fo- laor 1624 esagq;ksA vs nknw jk izeq[k psyk gkA chan jS Hks[k esa nknw jk njl.k dj.k rkabZ x;k vj cBS bZ jS;X;kA jTtc uSx# lwa ?k.kks yxko gksA nknw jS lqjxokl iNS jTtc vkijh vk¡[;k can djyh vj fejR;q rd dksuh [kksyhAb.kk jks lqjxokl fo- laor 1746 esa lkaxkusj esa gq;ksA b.kk jh Hkklk ljy vj vketu jS le> esa vko.kokGhgSA

xzaFk jpuk %& jTtc jk ôk.kh* vj ^lo±xh xzaFk* nks xzaFk izdkl esa vk;k gSA b.kk esa 5352 lk[kh vj

54

209 in gSaA ^lo±xh* xzaFk esa ledkyhu larka jh ok.kh jks ladyu gSA mnkgj.k &

lk[kh &

nknw nfj;k jke tG] ldy lar tu ehuAlq[k lkxj esa lc lq[kh] tu jTtc ykS yhuAAuko fujatu uhj gS] lc lqÑr cujk;Atu jTtc QwyS QyS] lqefju lfyy lgk;AA

6-4-1-8 xjhcnkl %& xjhcnkl lar nknw n;ky jk cM+k csVk gkA b.kk jks tye fo- laor 1632 esaujk.kk xako esa gq;ksA 28 cjlka jh Åej esa vki nknw iaFk jh xknh ij fojkT;kA vki ukeh xk;d gkA vkifujxq.k fujkdkj uS ekurkA fo- laor 1693 esa vki czãyhu gq;kA

xzaFk jpuk %& ^vuHkS&izcks/k*] lk[kh] pkScksyk vj in vs pkj b.kk jh izeq[k jpukoka gS tdh^xjhcnkl dh ok.kh* esa ladfyr djhth gSA b.kk jh dfork jks fol; x# eSgek] uke flej.k] ek;k vj eulwa cpko vj ln vkpj.k gSA vsd mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

ukn O;an ys mj?kS /kjSAlgt tksx gB fuxzg ukagh] iou Qsj ?kV ekagS HkjSAf=dqVh /;ku laf/k ufga pqdS] HkkSaj xqQk D;wa HkwySA}S lj laf/k vuwi vjk/kS] lq[k lkxj esa >wySAfMaxyk fiaxyk lq[ke.k ukjh] frjos.kh lax Y;koSAukSls uoklh Qsfj viwBk] nlosa }kj lekoSAvj/kS Mj/kS rkyh y[kS] pUn lwj le dhUgkAvLV dey ny eafg foxls] T;ksfr l#fi phUgkAjkse jke /kqfu mfB lgt esa ijpS izk.k lqiksoSAxjhcnkl xqjeq[k OgS cw>h tks tk.kS lks thoSA

6-4-1-9 nfj;ko th %& nfj;k th jks tye tSrkj.k esa fo- laor 1633 esa gq;kSA nfj;ko th fgUnh]laLÑr] Qkjlh vj jktLFkkuh Hkklkoka jk tk.kdkj gkA fo- laor 1769 esa vki lar izsenkl th lwa nh{kk yhohvj iNS] tSrkj.k vk;X;kA vBS bZ x# xknh jh Fkkiuka djhA ôk.kh* ukao lwa xzaFk jpuk djhA b.kka jS inka]lkf[k;ka jh la[;k ?k.kh crkoS i.k vc de gh feySA jke Lusgh iaFk jk vs lar dfo gSA b.kk jh lkf[k;ka jkmnkgj.k %&

lk/k iqj[k nsf[k dgS] lquh dgS u dks;Adkuka lquh lks >wB lc] ns[kh lkaph gks;AAlh[kr Kkuh Kku xe] djS czã dh ckrAnfj;k ckgj pkanuk] Hkhrj dkGh jkrAAnfj;k cxwyk ÅtGk] mTty gh OgS galA;s ljol eksrh pqxS] oakds eq[k esa ealAAdapu dapu gh lnk] dkap dkap lks dkapAnfj;k >wB lks >wB gS] lkap lkap lks lkapAA

6-4-1-10 txUukFk nkl %& txUukFk nkl jks tye laor 1640 vkesj esa gq;kSA vki lar nknwn;kyjk psyk gkA vki lnSo x# jS lkFkS jSaorkA b.kk jk nks; xazFk ôk.kh* vj ^xq.k xatukeka* gSA uqoha lksa/k eqtcb.kk jS ^xhrklkj* vj ^;ksx oflLB lkj* nks vkSj xzaFkka jh tk.kdkjh feyh gSA b.kk jh dfork jks vsdmnkgj.k&

55

ef.k;ka lgt bDdhl yS] [kVlr ekGk iksbZAtxUukFk eu lqjfr lksa] jkr fnol Hkft lksbZAAeu dh esjs dyiuk] ru fuLpy txUukFkAlqfeju lksa Lokalk jgS] papy eu uga gkFkAA

6-4-1-11 lqUnjnkl %& lqUnjnkl jks tye nkSlk lgj esa fo- laor~ 1653 esa gq;ksA vki jk firkijekuUn vj ekrk lrh oSL; tkrh jk gkA N% cjlka jh Åej esa vki x# nknwn;ky jh lj.k esa vkX;kAbX;kjk cjl jh Åej esa lkfgR; vj nlZu jkS v/;;u dj.k rkabZ vkiuS dklh HksT;k x;kA fo|k i<+*j vkiikNk Qrsgiqj ls[kkokVh vk;X;kA vBS [kwc lk/kuk djhA Qrsgiqj jS yksxka esa lqUnjnkl th [kkrj xSjh lj/kk ghA vki vknr lwa ?kqeDdM+ gkA vki caxky] vle] xqtjkr] mÙkjk[k.M jh [kwc tkrjkoka djh vj vk/;kfRed vuqHko HksGk dj~;kA

lqUnjnkl th osnkUr lkL= vj czã Kku jk fiaMr gk i.k lkFkS bZ lka[; vj Hkxrh uS Hkh ekurkAlar lkfgR; esa lqUnjnkl jS lkfgR; jks ?k.kks eku gSA fcuka x# jks Kku cS Hkwy&HkqyS;k jh Hkkar ekurk &

rks HkDru Hkkosa nwfj crkosa rhjFk tkosa fQj vkosaAth ÑÙke xkosa iwtk ykosa] :B fn[kkosa cgdkosaAv# ekyk ukosa fryd cukosa] D;k ikosa xq# fcu xsykAnknw dk psyk Hkje iNsyk] lqUnj U;k; OgS "ksykAA

lqUnjnkl th jS eqtc lkfgR; esa fl.kxkj jh ctk; lkar jl ukeh gqoSA dykRed :i lwa pk;Sfl.kxkj uS mÙke dS; ldks i.k yksd fgr jh nhB esa cks uhpks ekuhtSA b.kht dkj.k dfo ^ds'ko* jh *jfldfiz;k* uS m.kka feu[k jS eu esa okluk iSnk dj.kokdh dkO; iksFkh crkbZ gSA oka jh dkO; jpuk jks mn~nsL; yksdeaxG jh Hkkouk gSA

xzaFk jpuk %& lqUnjnkl th jk NksVk&cM+k dksbZ 42 xzaFk crk;k tkoS tdk vc ^^lqUnj xzUFkkoyh**jS uko lwa lEikfnr dj~;k tk pqD;k gSA oka jS izeq[k xzaFkka jk ukao gS & Kku leqnz] lok±x;ksx] iapsfUnz; pfj=]xq# efgek v"Ve] xq#"kVinh] Hkze fo/oalk"Vd] jketh v"Vd] uke v"Vd] xq# lEiznk;] lgtkuUn xazFk]vfMYyk Nan xazFk vknA

6-4-1-12 n;kckbZ %& lar n;kckbZ jks tye fo- laor 1750 vj 1775 jS fcpkGS gq;kSA vki larpj.knkl jh psyh gkA esokr [ksrj jS Msgjk xk¡o uS bZ vki lk/kuka LFkyh c.kkbZA vki jk jP;k nks xazFk vcrd lkeh vk;k gSA vki jS xzaFk ^n;k cks/k jks jpukdkG* fo- laor 1818 gSA chtS xzaFk ^fou; ekfydk* jhjpuk dn gqbZ b.k jks csjks dksuh pkyS &

laor BkjklS leS] iqfu Bkjk x;s chfrApSr lqnh frfFk lkroha] Hk;ks xzaFk lqHk jhfrAA

vki jS xzaFkka esa fujxq.k larka jh Hkkar uke efgek] xq# efgek] lwj jks vax] lqfeju jks vax vkn jhppkZ gSA vki jh dfork esa nhurk lkFkS cSjkx Hkkouk vj fL=;k lk: ÅapS vknlZ jh ckrka gSA mnkgj.k &

fujiPNh ds iPN rqe] fujk/kkj ds /kkjAesjs rqe gh ukFk bd] fujk/kkj vk/kkjAAufga late ufga lk/kuk] ufga rhjFk ozrnkuAekr Hkjksls jgr gS] T;ksa ckyd uknkuAA

6-4-1-13 pj.k nkl %& pj.knklh iaFk jh Fkkiuka dj.k okGk lar pj.knkl jks tye fo- laor 1760jS yxSVxS firk eqjyh/kj vj ekrk daqth nsoh jS ?kjka gq;kSA mx.khl cjl jh Åej esa vki uS xq# th lwa KkufeY;ksA xq# th lkFkS ckjk cjl jS;*j /;ku yxk.kks lh[;ksA iNS [kqn minsl ns.k ykxX;k vj pj.knklh iaFk

56

jh Fkkiuka djhA vkijk 52 psyk gkA n;kckbZ vj lgtks ckbZ b.kk jh [kkl psfy;ka ghA fo- laor 1838 jSyxSVxS pj.knkl th ijyksd fl/kkjX;kA

xazFk jpuk %& pj.knkl jS jP;ksM+S xzUFkka jh la[;k 14 crkbZ tkoSA cS b.k Hkkar gS & vLVkax ;ksx]vejyksd [kaM /kke] gfj izdkl Vhdk HkfDr inkjFk] HkfDr lkxj] ukldsr] lUnsg lkxj] lcn] jkeekyk Kkulojksn;] nkuyhyk] dq#{ks= yhyk] czãKku lkxj] eu fojÙku xqVdkA vki jh lkf[k;k jk mnkgj.k &

lrxqj esjk lqjeka] djS lcn dh pksVAekjS xksGk izse dk] <gS Hkje dk dksVAAd³qok dpu u cksfy,] ru lksa dLV u ns;Aviuk lk lc tkfu,] cusa rks nq%[k gfj ys;AA

6-4-1-14 j kep j . k %& lkgiqjk esa jke LusghiaFk jh Fkkiuka djf.k;ka lar jkepj.k jks tye tSij duSlks<k xk¡o esa ek?k lqnh ponl laor 1776 esa gq;kSA fo- laor 1808 esa xq# fdjik jke lwa lcn lq.k *jke lusgh*c.k~;kA fo- laor 1826 esa vki HkhyokM+k x;k rks jktk j.kflag [kwc lqvkxr dj~;ksA cBS vki lkgiqjk esa xn~nhjh Fkkiuka djkbZA vki jh ôk.kh* NihgS ft.k esa 8000 jS yxSVxS Nan gS &

mnkgj.k lk# &

{kq/kk fiiklk mnj lax] lhr mL.k ru lkFkAlks fdlds lkjs ugha] ;s drkZ ds gkFkAA;s drkZ ds gkFk vkSj erO;kf/k yxkoSAdSd Lokn flaxkj vtc gSjku djkoSAjke pj.k Hkt jke dwa] ikapksa izcy ukFkA{kq/kk fiiklk mnj lax] lhr mL.k ru lkFkAA

6-4-1-15 lgtksckbZ %& vkijks tye esokr jS Mgjk xk¡o esa fo- laor 1800 jks yxS VxS gq;ksA vkilar pj.knkl lwa uke fy;ksA vki vkijS inka esa xq#HkfDr fn[kkbZ gSA xq# uS lc lwa fljS ekurk Fkdka m.kkjks in Hkxoku lwa Hkh Å¡pks crk;ks gSA oka jh lkf[k;ka jk mnkgj.k b.k Hkkar gS &

izse fnokus ts Hk;s] eu Hk;ks pdukpwjANds jgS ?kwer jgS] lgtks ns[k gtwjAAlkgu dks rks Hk; ?kuk] lgtks fuHkZ; jadAdaqtj ds ix csfM+;ka] phaVh] fQjS fuladAvfHkekuh ukgj cM+ks] Hkjer fQjr mtkjAlgtks uUgh ckdjh] I;kj djS lalkjAA

6-4-1-16 n;kynkl %& vki *jkelusgh iaFk* jk jkenkl jk csVk gkA firk jS ijyksd fl/kkj~;ka iNSxknh ij fojkT;kA vki jks tye fo- laor 1816 esa gq;ksA vki Å¡pS pfj=okGk egkRek gkA b.kk jS psySiwj.knkl ^tUeyhyk* ukao jS xazFk esa vki jS xq.kka jks c[kk.k dj~;ks gSA vki jk jpsM+k QqVdj Nan vj ^d:.kklkxj* xazFk pkok gSA b.kk jh dfork jk vsd ckuxh ns[khtS &

jkeb;k lj.k dh izfrikyAvcyx dfj lksbZ lc dhtS vius ?kj dh pkyAtks lwjt ijdklS ukgha jkr u dat folkyAlfl ufga vfe nzoS tks ek;orks fuitS dse jlkyAfojg dqeksfnuh thou lksbZ lc ykyksa flj ykyAXoky cky ds lejFk Lokeh jkenkl fdjikyAA

57

b.k Hkkar e/;dky esa jktLFkku esa v.kfx.k lar gq;k gSA cka jh xknh vkt Hkh pkySA m.kk jh tyeHkkse ;k tBS xknh gS cBS lky lokbZ esGk HkjSA vka larka jh ok.kh vkt Hkh t.k&t.k uS lh[k vj izsj.kk nsoSA

6-4-2 izse ekjxh %&

e/;dky esa fiPNe vj mrjknS Hkkjr esa lwQh vkUnksyu jk dSbZ dsUnz gk ft.kk esa ykgkSj] eqYrku]gkalh] fnYyh] ikuhir vkn txpkok gSA b.kk esa jktLFkku jk vtesj vj ukxkSj ?k.kk egrkÅ gkA vtesjesa fpfLr;k lEiznk; T;knk yksdfiz; gksA b.kk lwQh larka ft.k lkfgR; jh jpuk djh cha uS vkpk;Z jkepUnz'kqDy eluoh lSyh jh jpukoka crk;*j oka jh dSbZ folslrkoka crkbZ gSA iNS tSM+h [kkstchu gqbZ m.k lwa iÙkkspkyS dS vk ijEijk folq) Hkkjrh; ghA b.k ij lwfQ;ka jS fopkjka jks izHkko rks iNS ifM+X;ksA b.k lSyh jh nksizfl) jpukoka feyh gS ft.k jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gSA vS jpukoka gS & ¼i½ galokyh ¼ii½ y[ku lsu iùkorh

6-4-2-1 galkoyh %& b.k esa vsd nwth lwa dSbZ dFkkoka xqaFkhtsM+h gSA ikV.k jh jktdqekjh ?k.kh :iorhgh i.k ykjyS tye jS fd.kh laLdkj jS dkj.k ck jkst ikap feu[kka uS ekj.kS jks ozr ys jk[;ks gksA b.k jks uk;djktdqekj liuS esa jktdqekjh uS ns[kS vj eksfgr gks tkoSA iNS tksxh jks Hks[k /kkj.k dj vkijS ea=h uS lkFkS ys;*jm.kuS <wa<.k fudG iMS+A vkf[kj jktdqekj cha uS <wa< ysosA cks jktdqekjh lwa fey*j m.k uS ykjyks tye fn[kkoSAjktdqekjh ykjyS tye esa eknk ia[ks# ghA m.k vaMk fn;kA taxG esa vkx ykxh rks m.kjks lkFkh ika[kh cha uSNksM*j mMX;ksA ck v.Mka lkFkS bZ cGxhA b.k dkj.k ck vki jS uwaoS tye esa feu[kka jh fonzksgh gksxhA ykjyStye jh ?kVukoka ns[k.kS lwa m.k uS b.k euksxzaFkh lwa eqxrh feyxhA fol;oLrq vj lSyh jh nhB lwa b.k dFkk esalxGh izofÙk;k¡ feyS tdh Hkkjrh; izsek[;kudka esa crkbZ xbZ gSA b.k jh jpuk dfooj vlkbr dfo lu~ 1370esa djhA b.k lwa iSyh dksbZ izsek[;kud dksuh feySA b.k jh Hkklk jks vsd uewuks &

nsfo vo/kk# eq> fourhAisfy Hkfo gwa iaf[k.kh grhAAbM+k esgyk lsou dhMAno cGrm rsf.k ckus vkfoMAAeq> Hkjrkj lkgl ufo dhMAvifr esgyhuh mfM+ x;qAA

6-4-2-2 y[kulsu iùkorh %& b.kjh jpuk nkeks ;k nkeksnj dfo lu 1459 esa djhA dfo [kqn b.kuS ohj dFkk crkbZ gSA b.k esa jktk y[kulsu ¼y{e.k lsu½ vj jktdqekjh in~ekorh jh izse dFkk gSA y[kulsu uS jktdqekjh uS ns[krka bZ izse gks T;koSA b.k jS cj.kko esa lSlwa iSyh eaxykpj.k] x.ksl th jh oanuk] vkreifjpS] jpuk dky vj jpuk jk mn~nsL; crk;k x;k gSA uk;d tksxh c.k*j ukf;dk jS cki lwa >xM+ks djS vknizofÙk;kW jks fuHkko gq;ks gSA Nan ;kstuk esa pkSikbZ jS vykok nwgk vj lksjBka vkn jks iz;ksx Hkh dj~;ks x;ks gSAb.k esa bfroÙkkRedrk T;knk vj HkkokRedrk de gSA

b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa izse ekxhZ jpukoka vki jS lq#vkrh nkSj esa fy[kh xbZA lwQh er jS izHkkolwa xtyka vkn jks fljt.k Hkh gq;kS i.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lwQh izHkko de bZ vk;ksA

6-5 lxq.k /kkjk %&

*ikap jk=] lkRor* vj *ukjk;.kh* vkn /kjek vj cka jh lk[kkoka esa foL.kq iwtk jks oSofLFkr :i feySAvBS lwa bZ oSL.ko HkfDr jks fodkl ekU;ks tk ldSA fuEckdkpk;Z] fo".kqLokeh] e/;kpk;Z vj oYyHkkpk;Z vknvkpk;k± b.k uS vkxS c<+kbZA jke vj fØlu jh foL.kq jS vkSrkj jS :i esa ekurk vj iwtk jks fo/kku Hkh crk;ksAjke jks pfj= bfroÙkkRed :i esa of.kZr djhT;ks i.k fØlu jS pfj= uS eqDrd :i esa vfHkO;Dr dj~;ks x;ksAjke jks *yksd j{kd* vj fØlu jks *yksd jatd* :i bZ yksxka jS eu uS tknk Hkk;ksA b.k nks /kkjkoka ¼v½ jkeHkxrh /kkjk ¼c½ fØlu Hkxrh /kkjk esa tdk izeq[k jpukoka vj dfo gq;k gS] cka jh tk.kdkjh b.k Hkkar gS &

58

6-5-1 jke Hkxrh /kkjk %& e/;dky esa jke jS pfj= uS ys;*j jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa izcU/k vj eqDrddkO; jS :i esa dfo;k¡ jpukoka djh] cS b.k Hkkar gS &

6-5-1-1 esgksth xksnkjk %& esgksth xksnkjk jks tye chdkusj jh Jh Mwaxjx<+ rSlhy jS Hkkstkl xk¡oesa fo- laor 1540 esa gq;ksA vkijS firkjks ukao ls[kksth xksnkjk gksA esgksth tkaHkksth uS ekurkA esgksth fo- laor~1601 rd ekStwn gkA 35 cjl jh Åej esa vki laor~ 1575 esa ^jkek;.k* fy[khA vki jks jpsM+ks xzaFk vsd^jkek;.k* bZ gSA

xzaFk %& esgksth jh jkek;.k esa 261 nwgk vj pkSikb;ka jpsM+h gSA b.k esa dkaM ;k v/;k; dksuhAlh/kh&likV dFkk pkyrh tkoSA dfo b.k dFkk esa dha cnGko Hkh dj~;k gS ft;ka dSds;h chekj nljFk jh lsokdjS b.kjS cnGS cha uS ojnku ekax.kS jh NwV feySA jke cuokl jS c[kr Hkjr Hkh vtks/;k esa gqoSA jke cka uSdkslSA ekjhp jh tkxka Hkkst ukao jS ik= jh dYiuk] lhrk gj.k lwa iSyh jko.k lqxu fopkj djSA var esa jko.kjks o/k fyNe.k djS vkn vkSj Hkh dSbZ cnGko dfo dj~;kA b.k Ñfr jks egkÙke trkoark MkW- enu lSuh dSoS]^îzLrqr jkek;.k foØe laor dh lksygoha 'krkCnh dh ,d lkaxksikax] Js"B ,oa lQy vk[;kud dkO; ÑfrgSA oLrq] :i Hkk"kk] jkspdrk] dkO;Redrk rFkk rRdkyhu e#ns'kh; lekt fp=.k dh nf"V ls jktLFkkuhHkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; esa ;g Ñfr ,d egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k ds :i esa leknr dh tkuh pkfg,A**

6-5-1-2 ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %& ek/kkSnkl th vsd Å¡pk Hkxr] dfo vj ryokj jk /k.kh gkA vkijks tye fo- la- 1610&15 jS fcpkGS tks/kiqj jkt esa esM+rk duS cGwank xk¡o esa gq;ksA vki jS firk jks ukao pwaMkth gksA vki dslksnkl xkM.k vj iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jk ledkyhu vj tks/kiqj jS egkjkt lwjflag th jS njckjesa dfo gkA fo- la- 1664 jS usM+S b.kka ^jke jklkS* jh jpuk djyhA laor 1690 jS vklS&iklS dbZ eqlyekukab.kka jh xk;ka ?ksj*j ys tk.kh pk;h rks vki ryokj ys;*j m.kk lwa fHkM+X;k vj ohjxrh ikbZA

xazFk jpuk %& esgkth xksnkjk jh jkek;.k iNS jke jS pfj= uS ys;*j jP;ks tko.k okGksa ^jkejklkS*jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks iSyks egkdkO; dS;ks tk ldSA b.k dkO; jks iz/kku jl lkar gS i.k chtk jl Hkh ekSdS eqtcvkoSA b.kk jh ^jke jklkS* jS vykok ^Hkklk nle~ Lda/k* vj ^xt eks[k* nks jpukoka vkSj gSA vk rhuqoka esa ^jkejklkS* bZ tx pkoks xzaFk gS ft.k esa 1087 jS yxSVxS NUn gSA esgksth jh Hkkar ek/kkSnkl th Hkh jkejklkS esa FkksM+kcnGko dj~;k gSA b.k jh dkO; Hkklk fMaxy gS tdh Hkkoka jS izokg esa ennxkj gSA e/;dky esa jfptsM+ks vksxzaFk jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ?k.kh egrkÅ dkO; iksFkh gSA

6-5-1-3 lqjtunkl iwfu;k¡ %& lqjtunkl iwfu;ka jks tye xk¡o Hkha;klj esa fo- laor 1740 jSyxSVxS tkV ¼fl)½ ifjokj esa gq;kSA vkiuS ckyi.kS esa bZ cSjkx gq;X;ks vj vki ohYgksth ¼fcLuksbZ lEiznk;jk lk/kq½ jk psyk c.k*j nh{kk ys yhA fo- loar 1673 esa ej.kS lwa iSyh ohYgks th vkiuS ^jkeM+kokl* jk egUrc.kk fn;kA vki vsd ^fl)gLr* dfo gkA vki dbZ iksF;k jph fo- laor 1748 esa tkHkksGko xk¡o esa vki jkslqjxokl gq;ksA

xzaFk jpuk %& vkijh jpsM+h Ñfr ^jkejklkS* jk chtk ukao Hkh gS & ^jkek;.k dk dor*] jkek;.k* vj^dfor jke jklkS*A ^jke jklkS* vki jh ?k.kh egrkÅ jpuk gS ft.kjh lq#vkr lwji.k[kka jk ukd&dku dV.klkFkS gqoSA lkf[k;k¡] xhr] gjtl vj fMaxy xhr] lk[kh&vax psru] nlkorkj jk nwgk] vLoes?k ftx dk nwgk]dFkk fparke.kh] dfoÙk ckouh] Kku egkre] Kku fryd] dFkk xt eks[k] HkksxG iqjk.k vkn vki jh ukehjpukoka gSaA vki jh jpukoka ckcr MkW- ghjkyky ekgsLojh jks dSo.kks gS] ^^dfo lqjtu th ohr jkxhlk/kq Fks] fdUrq ekuo lekt ls mnklhu ugha FksA mu dh dkO; lk/kuk ekuo thou ds vH;qRFkku dk egku~iz;kl gSA**

6-5-1-4 ljo.k Hkwdj %& ljo.k Hkwdj Mwaxjx<+ ¼chdkusj½ rglhy jS xk¡o /khjnslj esa vsd tkV[kkunku esa tyE;kA xk¡o esa vkt Hkh dfo jh lek/kh gSA vki uS tlukFkh lEiznk; esa ^gqdkfj;S* jks ekufey;kSM+ks gksA vki jh iksFkh ^lhr iqjk.k* jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa jkeHkfDr jh vsd egrkÅ dM+h gSA ^lhr iqjk.k*

59

tlukFkh lEiznk; esa vkt Hkh yksdxkFkk jh Hkkar xkbZ tkoSA vk dFkk iSyh lwa pkyh vkoSA ljo.k Hkwdj b.kuS uqoksa :i fn;ksA b.k jh dkorka vj eqgkojk vkt Hkh yksd esa pkySA b.k jh dFkkoLrq ij esgkth xksnkjk jhjkek;.k jks iwjks vlj gSA ^lhrkiqjk.k* jS vykok ^gjdhjr* ukao lwa vsd vkSj jpuk Hkh gSA dfo jk ?k.kk bZ^lcn* iwujklj jk eagr floukFk th fl) jS laxzS esa gSA

6-5-1-5 eqagrk #?kukFk %& eqgark #?kukFk jks tye fo- laor 1725 esa ekjokM+ jS tks/kk.k esa gq;ksAvS tkr jk eksgr oSL; gkA b.kk jk cki nwnk vj eka jks ukao in~feuh gksA vki fo- laor 1795 esa ^#?kjkl*ukao jS xzaFk jh jpuk djhA b.k xzaFk jh dFkk jks vk/kkj okYehfd jkek;.k bZ gSA b.k jh Hkklk lSyh lkso.kh vjljl gSA rRle lcnka jS lkFkS fonslh lcnka jks iz;ksx Hkh dj~;ks x;ks gSA ^#?kjkl* jh dFkk oLrq ns[krk vks[kaM dkO; bZ fl) gqoSA

esgksth xksnkjk lwa l# gks;*j eqagrk #?kukFk vki&vki jh jke dFkk jks vk/kkj pk;s okYehfd jkek;.klwa fy;ks gS i.k lkFkS bZ chtS xazFkka esa izpfyr jke dFkk jks txpkok val Hkh ys.kS lwa uha pwD;kA b.k jS lkFkSbZ ykSfdd izHkkoka lwa Hkh jkedFkka vNwrh uha jS;hA

6-5-1-6 ujgfjnkl ckjgB %& ujgfjnkl ckjgB jks tye laor 1648 vj lqjxokl laor 1733esa gq;kSA vki yD[kkth ckjgB jk csVk gkA tks/kiqj jk egkjktk xtflag vki jk vklz;nkrk gkA vki lqrarj:i lwa rks jke dFkk dksuh fy[kh i.k vki jh Ñfr vorkj pfjr* esa jkekorkj* jS ukao lwa jke jks ywaBks fp=.kgSA b.k xzaFk jh jpuk iqLdj esa 1733 esa gqbZA jkekorkj jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh vj lSyh fiaxy gSA b.k jhHkklk&lSyh esa egkdkO;ksfpr xfjek gSA b.k esa izcU/k jh futj lwa dBS bZ deh dksuh y[kkoSA eaxykpj.k lwayS;*j Qykxe rd dfo iw.kZ :i lwa dFkk uS fuHkkbZ gSA

6-5-1-7 dfo;k dj.khnku %& ^lwjt izdkl* jS jpukdkj dfo;k dj.khnku jks tye esokM+ jSlwyokM+k ukao jS xkWo esa gq;kSA vki jS firk jks ukao fot;jke gksA dfojktk ';keynkl vj djuy VkWM Hkhvki jh ?k.kh cM+kbZ djh gSA vki laxzke flag ¼f}rh;½ lwa lEekfur gks;*j egkjktk vHkSflag ¼tks/kiqj½ jS njckjesa i/kkj~;kA vki jks ^lwjt izdkl* xazFk vly esa calkoyh gS ft.k esa lwjtoal ¼lw;Zoa'k½ jks bfrgkl lesV.kSjh dkslhl djhth gSA b.kh esa jke dFkk jks cj.kko gSA jke jS tye lwa yS;^j izeq[k izlaxka jh jpuk] jke] jko.ktq) vkn jks [kkl fp=.k gSA jktLFkkuh HkkLkk esa jke Hkxrh /kkjk esa ^lwjt izdkl* jh vyx gh BkSM+ gSA

jke dFkk jh vk ijEijk Hkxrh dky iNS jhfrdky esa Hkh pkyrh jS;hA oalkofy;ka] yk{kf.kd xazFkkavkn esa Hkh dfo;k¡ vki&vki jS <ax lwa jke dFkk jks cj.kko dj~;kSA

6-5-1-8 tSu jke dkO; %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa jkedO;ka esa tSu jke dkO;ka jh fx.krh de gksuhAgkykadS tSu dfo;ka vki jS /kje jS izpkj rkabZ jke dFkk vi.kkbZA cka jke dFkk uS vki jS /kje eqtc dSbZ tkxkaeksM+ ns.kS jh Hkh dkslhl djh gSA fo- laor 1604 esa fou;leqnz îù pfjr* jh jpuk djhA ^lhrk pmibZ* jhjpuk fo- laor~ 1611 esa le;/ot djhA b.k esa lkr lxZ gSA ^jke lhrk jkl* jh jpuk fo- laor 1649 esadfo uxf"kZ djhA j?kqukFk fouksn* tSu dfo fljhlkj jh jpsM+h Ñfr gSA Hkklk jh nhB lwa ns[kka rks tSu dfo;k¡jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS izpkj&izlkj esa ?k.kks egrkÅ ;ksxnku fn;ks gSA b.kka jh jke jh ftUnxh ckcr jfpr Ñfr;kWpk;s vki jS /kje izpkj&izlkj rkabZ gh i.k b.k lwa Hkklk jS fcxlko esa ?k.kh lgk;rk feyh gSA

6-5-2 fØlu Hkxrh /kkjk %&

lkfgR; jS bfrgkl esa lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk jks nwljks vax fØlu jh Hkxrh ijEijk gSA fØlu HkxokufoL.kq jk lksGk dykoka jk iwj.k vorkj ekU;k x;k gSA fØlu vlyh vjFkk esa yksd uk;d gkA cka vki jhftUnxh jS gjSd i{k uS ldkjkRed :i lwa fy;kSA *xhrk* esa fØlu&jks dFku îfj=k.kk; lk/kquke~] fouk'kk;p nq"Ñrke~* vkt Hkh Hkxrka uS vkLoklu nsoSA fØlu jks yksx jatd :i yksd esa T;knk fiz; gks b.k dkj.kHkxrx.k cka jh cky yhyk] jklyhyk] xksi ckykoka lkFkS ØhM+k jks T;knk cj.kko gq;kS gSA yksd j{kd rks fØlugS bZ! iwruk] /ksuqdklqj] dal tSM+S nqLV tu uS ekj.k okGk vj Hkxr oRly brjk dS nqjtks/ku jk jktlh

60

Hkkstu R;kx fcnqj jS ?kjka lwdh jksVh [kkbZA tqf/kLBj jS jktlw; ftx esa ix /kks.kS jks ftEeks vj egkHkkjr jStq) esa vtqZu jS jFk jks lapky.k dj.kS jks ftEeks fy;kSA b.k jS ckotwn yksxka uS m.kk jks yksd jatd :i bZialn vk;ksA e/;dky jh jktLFkkuh dye rsxka jh >.kdkj lq.k.kS jh vj tq)k jS eSnku esa ohjka jh gqadkjlq.k.kS jh vknh gksxh gh L;kr~ b.kht dkj.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fØlu Hkxrh /kkjk jk dfo de gSA i.k tBSehjka ckbZ îzsenhokuh* gS cBS vsd lwa bZ vk lxGh deh iwjh gks T;koSA

6-5-2-1 ehjk¡ckbZ %& ehjk¡ckbZ b.k rjS jh Hkxr dof;=h gS tdh fd.kh lEiznk; lwa tqM+sM+h dksuhAfØlu jS izse jh nhokuha ehjk¡ vSM+h ØkfUrdkjh efgyk gh tdh lxGh otZukoka rksM+*j fØlu izse esa yhugksxhA ehjk¡ jks tye fo-la- 1555 esa jko nwnk jS csVS jru flag jS ?kjk.kSjk esM+rk duS xkWo cktksyh esa gq;kSAehjk¡ jh eka m.kkjS ckGi.kS esa bZ lqjx fl/kkjxhA nknks lk fØlu jk Hkxr jkA b.k dkj.k ehjk¡ uS fØlu Hkxrhjk laLdkj Vkcj i.kS esa bZ feyX;kA ehjk¡ jks C;ko egkjk.kk laxzke flag jS ikVoh jktdaoj Hkkstjkt lkFkS gq;kSAehjk¡ jks oSokfgd thou lkr cjl jS;ksA C;ko jS FkksM+k cjlka iwNS gh Hkkstjkt jks lqjxokl gw;X;kSA ifr jhekSr iNS ehjk¡ dkUg jh Hkxrh esa jexhA b.kka jS nsoj b.k ij jksd yxk.kh pk;h rks ehjk¡ [kqy*j dS fn;ks&

Egkjks rks fxj/kj xksiky nwljks u dksbZAft.kkjs flj eksj eqxV Egkjks ifr lksbZAA

ehjk¡ uS lk/kqoka jh laxr esa tk.kS lwa jksd.kS rkabZ v.kfx.k dLV fn;k x;kA tgj jks I;kyks fn;ks x;ksAlkai fiVkjk] dkaVka jh lstvkn ckrka feGS i.k ehjk¡ fØlu Hkxrh lwa ikNh dksuh gVhA foØeh laor 1604 esaehjk¡ lqjx fl/kkjX;kA b.kk jh dSbZ jpukoka crkbZ tkoS ft;ka&xhr xksfoUn Vhdk] ujlh th dk ek;jk]lR;Hkkeka uwa :l.k] #De.kh eaxGvkn] i.k vS izekf.kr dksuhA izekf.kr flQZ ehjk¡ jk in gS tdk vkt vk[kSfoLo esa lj/kk lkFkS xk;k tkoSA

6-5-2-2 fizFkhjkt jkBkSM %& fizfFkjkt jkBkSM+ jks tye fexalj cnh ,de fo- laor 1606 esa gq;kSAvki jk firk jko dY;k.key th gkA vki chdkusj ujsl jk;flag th jk NksVk HkkbZ gk vj *ihFkG* ukao lwadfork jpuk djrkA vki vdcj jS uojruka esa gkA fizfFkjkt dkO;] laxhr] dyk] laLdfr Hkklk vkn jk xSjkfo}kuk gkA vki dye jS lkFkS ryokj jk Hkh ?k.kh gkA b.kht dkj.k vdcj vki uS dbZ egrkÅ tq)ka jhftEesnkjh lwaihA vki iDdk oSL.ko Hkxr gkA fo- laor 1657 esa vkijks lqxjokl eFkqjk esa gq;kSA

ôsfy* fØlu #def.k jh* jpuk fo- laor 1637 esa gq;hA ôsfy* esa fØlu vj :de.kh gj.k jh dFkkgSA vks Hkxrh jS lkFkS&lkFkS ÅWpS ntSZ jks ohjrk vj fl.kxkj jks xzaFk Hkh gSA b.k jh jpuk fMaxy jS osfy;ks Nanesa gq;h gSA b.kjh dkO; Hkklk fMaxy gS ft.k ij dfo jks iwjks vf/kdkj gSA

6-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa Hkxrh jpukoka jh deh dksuhA e/; dky esa jktLFkku esa dSbZ lar erFkkfir gqvk m.kk jk eB vkt Hkh gSA cka jh jpukoka vkt Hkh ?kj&?kj esa xkbtSA vS lar pk;s ohrjkxh gk ;k?kjfxjLrh i.k b.kka jks lekt lkFkS iwjks tqM+ko gksA b.k v/;;u lwa vks Hkh csjks ykxS dS b.kk larka i<+;S&fy[;Sojx vj lgjka jh ctk; xk¡oka jS HkksGS&HkkGS v.ki<+ yksxka uS vki jk minsl fn;kA cka esa vkLFkk txk;*j va/k foLokl vj dqjhfr;k¡ lwa cpk;k vj m.kkajh ftUnxh uS ljy vj lgt c.kkbZA

izse jh izkjfEHkd jpukoka Hkh jktLFkkuh esa jphth vFkkZr~ b.k ijEijk jh l#vkr bZ jktLFkkuh Hkklklwa gqbZA b.kht Hkkar jktLFkkuh esa jke dFkkoka Hkh ?k.kh fy[khth i.k rqylh jS ^jke pfjr ekul* jS dkj.k cSbrjha yksdfiz; uha gks ldhA QSj Hkh yksd esa jktLFkkuh jkek;.k jks ikB gq;k djrks ;k xhrka jS ek/;e lwa xkbZtkaorhA vk Hkh gj[k jh ckr gS dS b.k iznsl esa ehjka tSM+h fØlu Hkxr dof;=h gqbZ ok ukjh lqrarjrk jhvkt Hkh felky gSA b.kht dM+h esa vkika fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ jh ^csfy* uS fd.k Hkkar Hkwy ldka D;wadS ck vn~Hkqrvj dkGt;h jpuk gSA

61

6-7 vH;kl jk izLu

1- jktLFkkuh esa fujxq.k Hkxrh jS larka jks ifjpS nsarka Fkdka cka jh [kkl&[kkl jpukoka jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

2- jktLFkkuh esa jke Hkxrh jS fodkl ij fuca/k fy[kksA

3- *fØlu Hkxr dfo;k¡ esa ehjk¡ ckbZ jh tkxka lclwa Å¡ph gSa*A b.k dFku uS mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA

4- lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk ij vsd fuca/k fy[kksA

6-8 lanHkZ xzaFkk jh ikuM+h

1- la- MkW- uxsUnz & fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA



4- fizfFkjkt jkBkSM+ & *osfy fØlu #de.kh jh*A


6- MkW- ghjkyky ekg'sojh & fc'uksbZ lEiznk; vkSj lkfgR;A

7- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR;A


62

bdkbZ & 7

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh /kkfeZd vj nklZfud iwBHkkSe ¼i`"BHkwfe½bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

7-0 mÌsL;

7-1 izLrkouk

7-2 mi;ksfxrk

7-3 egÙo

7-4 /kkfeZd okrkoj.k

7-4-1 fgUnw /kje

7-4-2 'kSo er

7-4-3 'kkDr er

7-4-4 ckS) /keZ

7-4-5 tSu /keZ

7-4-6 fl) vj ukFk lEiznk;

7-4-7 bLyke /keZ

7-4-8 yksd nsoh&nsork

7-5 nklZfud Hkkse

7-5-1 v}Sr okn

7-5-2 vorkj okn

7-5-3 ckS) vj ukFk iaFk jks lwU;okn vj gBokn

7-5-4 vsdsLoj okn

7-5-5 vfgalkokn

7-5-6 fof/k&fuls/k

7-5-7 ekuorkokn

7-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

7-7 vH;kl jk izLu


7-0 mn~nsL;

fd.kh Hkh nsl] dky] tkfr ;k Hkklk jS lkfgR; uS xSjkbZ lwa le>.k rkabZ m.k jk bfrgkl tk.k.kkst:jh gqoSA dksbZ Hkh lkfgR; vki jks vsd oSpkfjd /kjkry jk[kSA m.k bZ oSpkfjd ;k nklZfud /kjkry ijvk[kS lkfgR; jh uhao /kjhtS ft.k ij m.k Hkklk ;k nsl jS lkfgR; jks egy fp.k~;ks tkoSA b.kht Hkkarjpukdkj ft.k Hkklk esa jpuk djS] m.k Hkklk jS cksy.k okGka jh /kkfeZd ekurkoka dkab± gS \ vk ckr Hkh lkfgR;vj jpukdkj nksuqoka uS izHkkfor djS] D;wa dS jpukdkj tn fujis[k Hkko lwa jpuk djSyks rks m.k esa yksxka jhlksp vj [kqn jks utfj;ks] nksU;wa mHkj*j vkoSykA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy jS eqtc ekuka rks lu~ 1318 lwa ys;*j

63

lu~ 1643 rd lok rhu lkS cjlka jS yxSVxS Hkxrhdky j;ksA b.k yEcS vjlS esa Hkkjr ij fonslh lÙkk dkfctghA eqxyka jks mRFkku b.kh*t dky esa gq;ksA b.k dky esa mPpdksVh jh Hkxrh jpukoka jph xbZA lkFkS bZ vksmFkG&iqFkG jks dky Hkh gksA m.k c[kr nsl esa fgUnw /keZ jS lkFkS&lkFkS ckS)] tSu] lSo] lkDr] bLyke vkndbZ /kje pkyS gkA lxGka jh lksp Hkh vyx&vyx ghA b.k lc jS ckotwn jpukdkjka jh vkilh lksp vjln~Hkkouk ?k.kh xS*jh ghA m.kka lxGka vkil esa rkyesy fcBk;*j jpuk dje dj~;ksA vk leUo; jh Hkkoukdhadj vkbZ] b.k lxGh ckrka jks csjks vki uS Hkxrh dkO; jh /kkfeZd vj nklZfud iwBHkkse Hk.k~;ka bZ csjksykxlhA

Åij lwa ns[k.k esa Kku ekxhZ] izse ekxhZ] jke HkfDr] Ñ".k HkfDr lxGh U;kjh&U;kjh nhlSA b.k jks vksÅijh vyxko [kjcwtS jh Hkkr gS ukjaxh jh Hkkar dksuhA [kjcwtks Åij lwa pk;s vGxks nhlS i.k Hkhrj vsdgqoS vj ukjaxh Åij lwa vsd nhlS i.k eka; lwa vyx&vyx Qkad gqoSA foxr esa tk;ka ikBd jS vS lxGh ckrkaHkyh&Hkkar le> esa vkoSxh] b± bdkbZ jks vksbZt mn~nsL; gSA

7-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfrgkl esa HkfDrdky ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA b.k c[kr fgUnqvka jh lkekftd vjvkfFkZd fLFkfr ?k.kh [kjkc ghA rqylhnkl th jh dforkoyh* jS vsd in esa fdrjha nhu ghu gkyr jks cj.kkogS ns[khtS &

^[ksrh u fdlku dks fHk[kkjh dks u Hkh[k cfy]cfud dks cfut] u pkdj dks pkdjhAthfodk foghu yksx lh|eku lksp cldgSa vsd vsdu lksa dgk¡ tkbZ dk djhA*

b.kh*t in esa rqylhnkl vkxS ^xjhch* uS bZ jko.k crk;*j jke lwa m.k jks o/k dj.kS jh vjnkl djSAvSM+S dfBu c[kr esa vka Hkxr dfo;k¡ rhu lks cjlka lwa tknk turk jh uko uS [ks;*j ikj yxkbZA ru vjeu lwa VwVsM+h turk uS fnyklks ca/kk;*j m.k esa vkRelEeku jh Hkkouk iSnk djhA fgUnqvk¡ esa tn tkr&ikarvj Nwvk&Nwr brjha gh dS vsd tkr uS nwljh tkr law ?k.kh uQjr gh ! Åij lwa fonslh lÙkk dBS&dBS bZtcjnLrh /keZ cnGk;*j dks<+ esa [kkt jks dke djS ghA vSMS+ esa vka Hkxr dfo;ka jS dkO; turk uS fdrjksalgkjks fn;ks] ns[k.kS jh ckr gSA lSo&lkDr&oSL.ko lxGS /kek± uS eku.k okGk vsd&nwtS lwa yM+rk vj uQjrdjrkA rarj&earj vj tknw&Vw.kka lwa <ksaxh lk/kq HkksGh&HkkGh turk uS Bx~;k djrkA turk tkoS rks dBStkoSA

bL;k c[kr esa Hkxrka ;k lark jks vk.kks] turk uS va/k foLoklka lwa eqxrh fnjko.kh] cka esa ftunxhckcr foLokl iSnk dj.kks ?k.kks vks[kkS dke gks i.k m.kka dj~;ksA fgUnw] eqlyeku] czkã.k] lwnz jS ukao ij tSM+ksHksn Hkko dj~;ks tkaorks cha uS rdZ lwa le>k;*j HkksGS&HkkGS yksxka uS jkLrks fn[kk;ksA cS dSM+k /kkfeZd vjnklZfud fopkj gk ft.kk uS lq.k*j turk jS fgM+nS esa Kku jks pku.kks gq;X;ks] cks lxGks dha b.k bdkbZ esa vkiHk.kksykA lkFkS bZ Hk.kksyk dS vS lxGk fopkj tSM+k Hkxr dfo;kWa] turk lkeh jk[;k cS fd.kh uS fd.kh :iesa Hkkjrh; lekt esa ekStwn gkA ^HkfDr vkUnksyu* jh foxr le>.kS lwa vki lkeh b.k vkUnksyu jk lxGkvk;ke [kqy tkoSykA

7-2 mi;ksfxrk

vkt tn nsl esa lkEiznkf;d vj vyxkooknh rkxrka vkstwa lfØ; gS vj cS tu&tu uS/keZ jS ukao ij] tkr jS ukao ij Bx.kS esa ykX;kSM+h gS rks ^HkfDr lkfgR;* jh mi;ksfxrk ?k.kh futj vkoSA b.klkfgR; jh iLB Hkwfe esa tSM+k fopkj gS cS dns iqjk.kk uha gks ldSA tkr&ikar vj /keZ uS ys;*j iSyh Hkh jkM+gksaorh] vkt Hkh gksoSA Hkxr dfo;ka ^bZLoj vYykg* vsd crk;*j vj m.k uS ?kV&?kV oklh dS;*j

64

feu[k&feu[k vsd gS*jS fopkj jh Fkkiuk djhA m.k jh vkt Hkh t:jr gSA nqfu;ka esa vkt /ku deko.k vjvsd&nwtS lwa vkxS fudy.kS jh gksM+ epsM+h gSA vSMS+ c[kr esa gkj~;S&FkD;S vj ftuxk.kh jh nkSM+ esa HkktrS feu[kuS dha jkgr ns ldS rks rks ok gS larka jh ok.khA HkfDr dkO;* jh iLB Hkwfe esa tSM+k /kkfeZd vj nklZfud fopkjgS m.kka uS tk.k&le>*j feu[k dha lq[k jh lkal yslhA

7-3 egÙo

b.k ckr uS ys;*j Hkh gS dS HkweaMyhdj.k jS tqx esa [krjk ?k.kk c/kX;k gSA v.kqce] gkbMªkstu ce vjekjd felkbyka tSM+k ?kkrd gfFk;kj nqfu;ka uS [kre dj ldSA m.k c[kr tSM+k la?klZ gk cS vkt jh Hkkar[krjukd dksuh gk i.k vkt nks nslka jh NksVh lh >M+i ;k nks lÙkk/kkfj;ka jks vgadkj nqfu;ka ij dkabZ ladVY;k [k³~;ks djS] d;ks dksuh tk ldSA larka jh ok.kkh esa vi.kk;r] HkkbZpkjS vj lq[k&lkfUr jk luslk HkjsM+kgSA cka esa vkt Hkh brjk rkxr gS dS HkVdsM+S feu[k uS jkg fn[kkoSA cS fopkj ft.k ij HkDr dky* jks lkfgR;jP;ks x;ks gS] vkt ?k.kk egrkÅ gSA

7-4 /kkfeZd okrkoj.k

/kje lkL=ka esa ^/keZ% bfr /kkfj;fr* dS;*j /keZ jh ifjHkklk nhjhth gSA b.k jks iwjh rjka [kqyklks djrkvkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh* jks dSo.kks gS dS /keZ ijekRek vj feu[k jS fcpkGS lEcU/kka jh Fkkiuka dj.kS rkab± vsdek/;e gSA tkr] dq.kcks] nsldky vj ifjfLFkfr;k¡ lwa fujis[k gks;*j uSfrd ftEesnkjh jks iky.k dj.kks /keZgSA /kekZpj.k ;k uSfrdrk lektijd gS rks /keZ lk/kuk feu[k ijdA nwtS lcnka esa dS;ks tk ldS dS /keZ vsdlkekftd drZO; gS i.k lk/kuk lkFkS tks³~;ka iNS cks vkre eqxrh jks lk/ku Hkh gSA b.k ifjHkklk jS vkyksdesa vyx&vyx /kek± jh leh{kk djrka Fkdka HkfDr dky jh /kkfeZd iLBHkwfe uS le>.kS jh dkslhl vBS djkaykA

vk ckr Hkh /;ku esa jk[k.k tksx gS dS jktuhfrd ifjosl Hkh /kkfeZd ifjosl uS izHkkfor djSAHkfDrdky jh l#vkr eqgEen fcu dkfle jS jkt esa gqoSA cks U;k;&fiz; vj fo}ku lkld gks i.k cks vkijh lud jh otg lwa tknk elgwj gq;ksA m.k jk mÙkjkf/kdkjh uk rks cha jh Hkkar dqlG izlkld gk vj ukgh U;k;fiz; ft.klwa m.kka uS gjk*j] fnYyh ij yksnh oal dkfct gq;X;ksA yksnh oal uS gjk*j eqxy lÙkk jhuhao iM+h tdh yEcS leS rd pkyhA

fgUnw turk vki jh ijkftr ekufldrk lkFkS Hkhrj bZ Hkhrj nq[kh gh D;wa dS cka uS uk rks [kkl lÙkkesa Hkkxhnkjh feyrh vj uk gh cka jh vkfFkZd gkyr Bhd ghA vSMS+ gkykrka esa fgUnqvka lkFkS vU;k; Hkh gq;kSAb.k nkSjku tSM+k er vj /keZ Hkkjr esa pkyS gk cka esa lSo] lkDr] oSL.ko] tSu] ckS) vj bLyke gkA gkykafdtgk¡xhj jS jkt esa ikjlh /keZ jks izosl Hkh gks pqD;ks gks iNS blkbZ felujh Hkh vkX;k i.k b.kka jks izHkko ^HkfDrvkUnksyu* ij uha i³~;ksA izeq[k /kek± vj erka jks HkfDr vkUnksyu ij dkabZ izHkko iM~;ks m.k jh ppkZ uhpSfy[ksM+S fcUnqvka jS vk/kkj ij b.k Hkkar gS &

7-4-1 fgUnw /keZ %

oSfnd /keZ esa deZdkaM jh iz/kkurk ghA vk;Z yksx tSM+k ftX; ¼;K½ djrk cka esa fgalk ?k.kh gksoarhAb.k jS QyLo:i ckS) vj tSu /kek± jks mn; gq;ks rks fgalk jS tkcd jksd ykxxhA ckS) /keZ jkt /keZ gq;X;kstdks bZlk lwa ik¡p lkS cjlka lwa iSyh lwa ys;*j xqIr dky rd pkyrks jS;ksA fgUnw /keZ jks vc QSj mRFkku gq;ksApksFkS&ik¡poSa ¼bZLoh½ lbZdS esa 'kadjkpk;Z vj dqekfjy HkV~V tSMS+ fo}kuka jS dkj.k ckS)/keZ nsl lwa ckjSfudGX;ksA tSu /keZ xk¡oka vj dLcka esa vki jks lQj tkjh jk[;kSA

g"kZo/kZu iNS dksbZ rkxroj fgUnw lezkV uha gks.kS jS dkj.k dsUnzh; fgUnw lÙkk fNUu&fHkUu gksxhA nslNksVh&NksVh fj;klrka vj jtokM+ka esa caVX;ksA vS yksx NksVh&NksVh ckrka uS ys;*j vkil esa yM+rkA b.khtdkj.k vBS tdks Hkh ckjS lwa geykoj vk;ks m.k uS ?k.kh eqLdy dksuh gqbZA HkfDrdky jh tn l#vkr gqbZeqxy lkezkT; jks lwjt vkHkS uS vkijh tksr lwa riko.kks l# dj fn;ks gksA m.k c[kr fgUnqvka jh vkfFkZd vj

65

/kkfeZd nlk pks[kh dksuh ghA eqlGekuka esa fotsrk jks ?ke.M vj fgUnqvka esa gkj jh dq.Bk ghA /keZ jS ukao ijvkMEcj vj fn[kkoks gksA ewfrZ iwtk] deZdkaM ?k.kks gksA rarj&earj lwa va/kfoLoklh yksxka uS /keZ jS ukao ijywV.kks jSX;ks gks i.k vkpj.k jh lq)rk ij tksj dksuh gksA fgUnqvka esa vkil esa tkr&ikar vj Nwvk Nwr jkstksj brjks tcjnLr gks dS lkFkS [kk.kks&ih.kks rks nwj uhph tkrjk yksxka jh fN;ka Hkh vxj ^lo.kZ* ij iM+T;kaorh rks m.k uS Ugko.kks iM+rksA b.k dkj.k uhph dS;h tko.kokGh tkr jk yksxka vki jh bPNk lwa Hkh /keZ cnG;ksA tknkrj b.kka bLyke dcwy dj~;ks D;wa dS bLyke esa NwvkNwr dksuh ghA /keZ cnGok.k rkab± yksxkaij ncko Hkh fn;ks x;ksA xSj eqlGekuka uS ^tft;ks* dj ns.kks iM+rksA

ukjh jh nlk ?k.kh [kjkc ghA iM+nk jks fjokt gksA ifr ej~;ka iNS lrh gks.kS esa yqxkbZ tkr jh bTtrle>h tkaorhA nkl&nkfl;ka jk[k.kS jks Hkh fjokt gksA vkneh uS vsd lwa T;knk C;ko dj.kS esa dksbZ jksd&Vksddksuh ghA iqujtye vj deZokn jks fl)kUr Hkh fgUnw /keZ esa gksA

fgUnw /keZ esa lxq.k vj fuxqZ.k nksU;wa /kkj.kkoka izpfyr ghA fuxqZ.k fujkdkj bZl tn /kjrh ij /keZ jhgk.k ¼;nk ;nkfg /keZL;-----½ gksaorh ns[kS] iki c/krk ns[kS] rks vki jS Hkxrka jh j{kk rkabZ vorkj /kkj.k djSAb.kht dkj.k rqylh vkxS pky*j & ^lxqufg] vxqufg ufg dqN Hksnk* dS;*j nksuqoka esa leUo; dj~;ksA

ckS) /keZ gkykafd vukReoknh /keZ gks i.k vc rakbZ cq) uS fgUnw /keZ esa fo".kq jS uksoSa vkSrkj jS :i esaekurk fey pqdh ghA oS".ko /keZ jh Hkkar cq) jh Hkh [kwc ewfrZ;k¡ c.khA fgUnqvka esa cgqnso okn jks izko/kku gksArsrhl djksM+ nsoh&nsork gkA gjsd jh iwtk jks U;kjks fo/kku Hkh gksA bLyke jS lEidZ esa vk.kS lwa vsdsLojoknuS rkxr feyhA lk/kq&larka jks lEeku] lqjx&ujd] fiaMnku] ljk/k vkn fgUnw /keZ jh [kqnjh [kkfl;r gSA b.kjh /kqjh ij bZ fgUnw jh ftuxkuh pDdj dkVrh jSoSA

7-4-2 lSo ¼'kSo½ er

e/;dkyhu /keZ lk/kuk esa iSyh pkyh vkaorh /keZ lk/kukoka fd.kh u fd.kh :i esa t:j feySAdBS&dBS rks vki jS ewG :ia esa vj vBSbZ FkksM+S cnyko lkFkSA bZlk jS rhu & P;kj lkS cjlka iSyh tSu vjckS) /keZ Hkkjr esa b.k Hkkar QSY;k dS vS jkt/keZ Hkh c.kX;kA vfgalk /keZ jS iky.k lwa ckgjh lqj{kk vjizlklfud <kapks nksU;wa bZ pjejkX;kA jktkoka uS ckS)] tSu /keZ jS ctk; lSo er tknk jkl vk;ksA

lSo /keZ Hkxoku flo jh iwtk] vpZuk] vkjk/kuk lwa tqMs+M+ks gSA flo lc lwa iqjk.kk vkfn nso vjnsokf/knso gSA cka jh ekurk vk;Z vj vuk;Z nksuqoka esa ghA iwoZ e/;dkyhu flykys[kka esa b.k ckr jk izek.k HkhfeYkSA lSo lEiznk; lwa dha chtk lEiznk; Hkh fudG~;k ft.kesa iklqikr] dkikfyd vkn izeq[k gSaA jktLFkkuesa vS er vkt Hkh pkySA xk¡oka esa b.k jk fulk.k dBS u dBS t:j fey T;koSA iklqikr /keZ uS eku.k okGkfeu[k jS lq) vkpj.k] lkfRod jgu&lgu vkn ij tksj nsoS i.k dkikfyd er esa vkgkj&fogkj vkn jh dksbZejtkn dksuhA ekal] efnjk] eSFkqu] eRlj vkn uS cS vki jh lk/kuk jk fgLlks ekuSA eUrj&rUrj jks iz;ksxvke gksA cs /keZ lk/kuk jS iM+ns ykjS ikikpj.k c/kkoSA iwoZ e/; dky esa lSo er jh vS nkSU;wa lk[kkoka iwjS Hkkjresa QSysM+h ghA lSo er uS jktkJ; Hkh feY;kS gks ft.k lwa vke turk Hkh b.kjS izHkko esa vk;ka fcuka uha jS ldhAflo uS vkfn tksxh crk;ks x;ksA ^;ksx lk/kuk* jks b.k c[kr brjksa cksyckyks gks dS Hkxrh vj Kku lkFkS Hkh;ksx lcn tqM+X;ksA dkykUrj esa ckS) /keZ ij Hkh b.k jks vlj i³~;ka fcuk dksuh jS lD;ksA dkikfyd erjh dqN lk/kuk jk nksl ckS) /keZ esa Hkh vk;kA dkikfyd jS vykok ohj lSo] fyaxk;r] dLehjh lSo vkn HkhlSo er jh lk[kkoka ghA

7-4-3 lkDr ¼'kkDr½ er

lxrh iwtk jks Hkko jktLFkku esa l: lwa jS;ks gSA flo Hkxrh jS cjkcj bZ lxrh iwtk vj miklukcjkcj gksaorh jS;h gSA lxrh Hkh izkxSfrgkfld dky lwa iwthtrh jS;h gSA ekrnsoh jh iwtk b.k iznsl jh iqjk.khijEijk gSA nqxkZ] pkeq.Mk] pkafMdk] flag okfguh] efglklqj efnZuh jS :i esa iwftr vk nsoh lxrh jh izrhdgSA jktLFkku ohjka vj tks/kkoka jh /kjrh jS;h gSA tq) jh ijEijk jS dkj.k ekrnsoh jh iwtk ?kj&?kj esa gksarh

66

jS;h gSA ck.k ekrk] dj.kh ekrk] djkSyh ekrk] ukx.ksph th] vfEcdk] n/kherh vkn nsfo;k¡ vkt Hkh dqy nsohjS :i esa ekuh tkoSA lxrh lk/kuk b.k iznsl esa /keZ lk/kuk jks vGxks uha gkso.k okGks fgLlks gSA lkDr erHkh nD[k.k ekxhZ vj oke ekxhZ lk[kkoka esa caVX;ksA lkDr er lkFkS Hkh lSo er jh Hkkar deZdkaM tqM+X;ksA ujcyh] ilq cyh nh tk.k.k ykxhA /keZ lk/kuk esa ckgjh vkpj.k izeq[k gksX;ksA vkre fpUru] lj/kk] lkfRodrjhdS lwa th.kks xkS.k gksX;kA vsd tkxka dchjnkl ôSL.ko dh dqfV;k Hkyh] lkDr dh cM+xk¡o* dS;*j lkDrer jh HkRlZuk Hkh djh gsA b.k lc jS ckotwn b.k er uS eku.k okGk vkt Hkh gSA

7-4-4 ckS) /keZ

oSfnd /keZ esa tn ftX; vj deZdkaM ?k.kk c/k x;k vj /keZ jS ukao ij csdlwj ilqvka jh cfy nhtkaorh rks ?k.kdjk yksx nq%[kh gksX;kA Qkyrw jh b.k fgald ofÙk lwa f?ku vkaorh vj uQjr Hkh ghA b.kh*tdkj.k tn vfgalk ijeks/keZ%* jks fl)kUr ys;*j ckS) /keZ jks izknqHkkZo gq;ks rks yksxka fny [kksy^j b.kjks lqvkxrdj~;ksA cq) jk minsl laLÑr esa uha gks;*j vke Hkklk ¼ikfy½ esa gkA osnka jS deZdkaM jh tkxka minslka esaftuxkuh uS lStrk lwa th.kS ij tksj gksA ckS) /keZ flQZ Hkkjr esa bZ uha Hkkjr lwa ckjS yadk] phu] tkiku]eysfl;k vj ,fl;k jS chtS nslka esa QSY;ksA

jktLFkku esa Hkh ckS) /keZ jh ygj vkbZ A vBS dSbZ tkxka ^ckS) fogkj* c.k~;kA cSjkV jS [k.Mjka esa dhavSM+k izek.k Hkh feY;k gSA ykylksV] pkdlw vkn LFkkuka ij ckS) fogkj gks.kS jk iDdk lcwr ekStwn gsA>kykokM+ jh xqQkoka esa ckS) /keZ jk izrhd ns[;k tk ldSA iqLdj gkykafd oSL.ko /keZ jks dsUnz gks i.k vBSHkh dha ckS) /keZ jk izrhd feY;k gSA jktLFkku j S nD[k.kh vj iwjch fgLlS es a b Z ckS)/keZ jks dha izHkko jS;ks ckdh tkxka uha D;wadS ckdh tkxka oSL.ko vj lSo /keZ jh T;knk ekurk ghA tknkrkjjktk tq) izseh gk b.k dkj.k lkDrer uS ekurkA gjsd jkt?kjk.kS jh vki jh dqynsoh ghA

dkykUrj esa czkã.k /keZ jks iqu#RFkku gq;ksA 'kadjkpk;Z vj dqekfjy HkV~V ljh[kS fo}kuka jS dkj.kckS) /keZ fiNM+X;ksA cha esa foÑfr;k¡ vkxhA ckS) fogkjka esa ikikpkj gks.k ykxX;ks vj ckS) /keZ egk;ku]ghu;ku flj[kS lEiznk;ka esa caVX;ksA

7-4-5 tSu /keZ

ckS) /keZ jh ctk; jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ T;knk yksd fiz; gq;ksA ckS) vj tSu /keZ nksU;wa ledkyhugkA nksU;wa /kek± jks rÙo fpUru] vkpkj lafgrk vsd ljhdh ghaA nksU;wa /keZ bZ vkre lqf) vj ljhj uS dLVns;*j eu uS dkcw dj.kS jh izfØ;k ij tksj nsoSA b.k jS ckotwn jktLFkku esa ftrjksa egÙo tSu /keZ uS feY;ksmrjksa ckS) /keZ uS dksuh feY;ksA tSu /keZ vifjxzg] vfgalk] vLrs; lkap jks lansl nsoS vj tho ek= uS izsejks luslks nsark Fkdka ljhj jS ri ¼dk;k&dGsl½ ij tksj nsoSA osnka jS deZdkaM vj ftx vkn jks fojks/k dj~Svj feu[k jS vkpj.k jh lE;drk vj lE;d Kku vkn uS vi.kko.k jks dSoSA

jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ jks QSy.kS jks vsd dkj.k vks Hkh gS dS tSu lk/kq dnSbZ Hkh jktkoka ;k jktnjckjkajks lgkjks dksuh rD;ksA cS lh/kk vke feu[k rd iwX;k vj vki jks luslks fn;ksA oSL; lekt b.k /keZ lwa [kklizHkkfor gq;ksA cka tSu lkodka uS vki jk xq# c.kk;kA tSu feUnjka jks fuekZ.k djok;ksA tSu l# lwa bZ intkrjk djrk jS;k gSA vki jS prqekZl esa cS yksxka uS uSfrdrk] vfgalk vkn jh lh[k nsaorkA jktLFkku jS gjsdbykdS esa tSu efUnj ;k mikljk fey tkoSykA e/; dky esa jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ fl[kj ij gksA jktLFkkutSu /keZ uS v.kfx.k lk/kq] vkpk;Z vj fo}ku fn;kA jktLFkku jS lkaLÑfrd mRFkku esa tSu /keZ jks egrkÅ;ksxnku gSA

vkxS pky*j tSu /keZ esa Hkh foÑfr;k¡ vk;xhA LosrkEcj vj fnxEcj lk[kkoka esa tSu /keZ jks foHkktugksX;ksA b.k esa ik[k.M vj deZdkaM vkX;kA tSu dfo;k¡ ft.k lkfgR; jh jpuk djh m.k jS ewG esa rks Hkkjrh;laLÑfr jS;h i.k tSu dfo;k¡ vki jh lkfgfR;d Ñfr;k¡ esa vki jS /keZ jks luslks bZ fn;ksA b.kht dkj.kjkepUnz 'kqDy fgUnh lkfgR; jS bfrgkl esa T;knkrj tSu lkfgR; uS /kkfeZd dS;ks gSA

67

7-4-6 fl) vj ukFk lEiznk;

jktLFkku jS e/;dkyhu lekt ij fl) vj ukFk lEiznk;ka jks Hkh izHkko gksA ckS) /keZ jh ôtz;ku*lk[kk lwa fl) vj ukFk lEiznk; iSnk gq;kA vy[k fujatu flo jh mikluk djSA vkfnukFk vj xksj[k ukFkflo jk vkSrkj dS;k tkoSA ukFk lEiznk; e/;dky esa jktLFkku esa [kwc QwY;kSA guqekux<+ jh uksgj rglhyesa vkt Hkh xksj[k iaFk jks cM+ks dsUnz gSA ra=&ea=] tknw&Vw.kk lSo er jk vax gk cs gh] fl) vj ukFk lEiznk;esa Hkh gkA fl) ukjh lalxZ uS cqjks dksuh ekurk tn dS ukFk ukjh uS ujd jks ^nqvkj* dSaorkA eNUnjukFkfl)ka jk Hkh xq# gkA ukjh jS lEidZ esa vk.kS lwa lk/kuk lwa fxjX;k rks xksj[kukFk cka uS mckj;kA xksj[kukFkeNUnjukFk jk psyk gkA tn dSor pkyh&^tkx eNUnj xksj[k vk;k*A

ukFk iaFkh tksxh gB tksx jk lk/kd gkA gB tksx jh ckrka vs tksxh cM+h vViVh Hkklk esa dS;h gSAvS ckrka Åij lwa rks csrqdh vj vLyhy ykxS i.k b.kka esa gB tksx jks xSjks Kku gSA fo}kuka b.kka jh Hkklk uS^lka/; HkkLkk* dS;h gSA ukFk iaFkkjk dbZ tksxh vj xksj[k ukFk lekt lq/kkjd Hkh gkA turk ij b.k jks vkNksizHkko gksA ^HkfDr vkUnksyu* jS fuxZq.k lEiznk; ij ukFk iaFk jks izHkko lkQ ns[;ks tk ldS gSA b.k esa[k.Mu&eaMu] lq/kkj okn vj gB tksx jh tdh izofÙk;k¡ gS] cka jks fcxlko ukFk iaFk lwa gq;ks gSA vkxS pky*jukFk vj fl) nksU;wa iaFkka esa <+ksax fn[kkoks vj HkksGS&HkkGS yksxka uS Bx*j [kk.kS jh izofÙk T;wa&T;wa c/krh xbZvka lEiznk;ka jks iru gksaorks x;ksA

jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u ûkS ukFk vj pkSjklh fl)ka* jk ukao fx.kk;k gSA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy b.kka jSlkfgR; uS lEiznkf;d crk;*j lkfgR; lwa ckjS dj fn;ks vj dS;ks] ^mudh jpukvksa ¼ukFkksa fl)ksa & tSuksa½ dkthou dh LokHkkfod ljf.k;ksa] vuqHkwfr;ksa ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA ;g lkEiznkf;d f'k{kk ek= gS vr% 'kq)lkfgR; dh dksfV esa ugha vk ldrhA** i.k lxGks lkfgR; vSM+ks dksuhA b.kk esa vSM+ks lkfgR; Hkh ?k.kks bZ gStdks HkfDr vkUnksyu uS izHkkfor dj~;ks gSA

7-4-7 bLyke /keZ %

Hkkjr esa bLyke jks vko.kks vsd geykoj vj fotsrk jS :i esa gq;ksA e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa bLyke vsdizeq[k /keZ gks tdks jktkoka] uokcka ;kuh eqfLye lkldka jh N=Nk;k esa mÙkjknS vj fn[k.kknS Hkkjr esa [kwcQG~;ks&QwY;ksA bLyke vsdsLojokn vj cjkcjh jks leFkZd gSA fgUnw /keZ esa O;kidr] Nwvk&Nwr vjÅ¡p&uhp jS Hkko jks Qk;nks Hkh b.k uS feY;ks D;aw dS tqxka lwa feu[kka jks b.k dkuh >qdko gks.kks lqHkkfod gksAlkFkS bZ /keZ cnGok.k rkab± eqfLye lkldka fgUnw turk ij tqye Hkh [kwc <k;kA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS izcU/kegkdkO; ^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* esa eqlyeku lkldka jS tqyeka jks o.kZu cM+ks ekfeZd gSA

jktLFkku esa bLyke jks vko.kks ck*joha lnh esa gq;ksA b.k jks izeq[k dsUnz vtesj gksA lwQh lareqbuqn~nh fpLrh vBS fojktrkA cka vkijS uSfrd vkpj.k vj peRdkjh O;fDrRo lwa turk esa pks[kh iSB c.kkbZAc k alh/kS vj lgt rjhdS lwa tn bLyke jS HkkbZpkjS] cjkcjh] ln~Hkkouk jks luslks fn;ks rks vke turk m.klwa lwaizHkkfor gq;ka fcuk dksuh jS ldhA fgUnqvka jS cgqnsookn vj ik[kaMka lwa Hkzfer gks;sM+h turk uS tn vsdsLojoknjks lh/kks ekjx fn[;ks rks turk m.k uS vi.kk fy;ksA jktLFkku esa tkykSj] ukxkSj] ekaMyx<+] fpÙkkSM+] Vksad]vtesj vkn bLyke jk [kkl dsUnz gSA jktLFkku esa bLyke jks ft;ka&ft;ka QSyko gwrks x;ks] tkxka&tkxkaefLtnka c.k.k ykxxhA bLyke jS fo}kuka jks eku&lEeku c/;ksA tq) jS c[kr uS NksM+ fgUnq&eqlGekuvkil esa izse vj HkkbZpkjS lkFkS&jSo.k ykxX;kA /kkfeZd lfgL.kqrk jktLFkku jh U;kjh [kkfl;r ghA

bLyke esa dha lwQh lar vSM+k Hkh gq;k gS tdk fgUnw /kje vj bLyke esa rkyesy ¼leUo;½ fcBk.kSjh Hkh dkslhl djhA b.kka esa eqbuqn~nhu fpLrh ?k.kk egrkÅ gkA e/;dky esa bLyke jks izHkko chtS /kek± ijHkh i³~;ksA fgUnw /keZ jS izHkko lwa chtS /kek± esa tSM+h tkr&ikr vj Å¡p&uhp jh Hkkouk iuiS gh cha uS lq/kkj.kjh dkslhl djhthA b.kht Hkkar ewfrZ iwtk vj dSbZ nwtk ik[k.M Hkh nwj dj.kS jh dkslhl djh xbZA

68


HkfDrdky jh /kkfeZd iLBHkwfe jks v/;;u djrh cxr yksd nsoh&nsorka ckcr Hkh tk.k ys.kks t:jhgSA yksd nsoh&nsork yksxka jh vkLFkk jk dsUnz gqoSA cS ohj] R;kxh] tq>k: vj vkijS opuka ij ej feV.k okGkiqj[k gkA tdk yksd jS HkyS rkab± dns Hkh ikNk dksuh gV~;k vj ekSadks iM+rka bZ vki jS izk.kka jh ckth yxknhA gj xk¡o] [ksM+S vj <k.kh esa vkt Hkh vsd&nks yksd nsoh&nsork jh nsoGh ;k Fkku fey.kks b.k jhyksdfiz;rk jks lcwr gSA yksxka jh vVwV vkLFkk] J)k vj fclkl bZ b.k jh vk/kkj Hkwfe gSA vki jh bPNkokajh iwfrZ rkab± yksx b.kka jh eukSfr;k¡ ekuS vj iwjh gq;ka iNS b.kka jh dM+kgh djS] ikj.kk djS ;k tkrjk djSA

yksd nsoh&nsork [ksrh ckM+h dj.k okGS djlka] esgur&etwjh dj.kkGka etwjka vj ohjrk lwa tho.kokGk yksxka esa T;knk ekU;k x;k vj yksdfiz; Hkh gqvkA fiNM+sMS+] nfyr vj fuEu oxZ jS yksxka uS feUnj vknesa izosl jh eukgh ghA vkfHktkR; /kek± jS vkpk;k± Hkh b.kka dkuh [kkl /;ku dksuh fn;ks b.k dkj.k vS yksdnsoh&nsorkoka jh vjk/kuk esa ykxX;kA vBS e/;dky esa vusd egkiq#l gq;k gS tdka uS fgUnw vj eqlGekunksU;wa vsd Hkko lwa ekuSA cS nsork Hkh gS vj ihj HkhA efYyukFk] nsoukjk;.k] gM+Hkwth] xksxkth] rstkth] ikcwth]jkensoth] dslfj;kth esgkth vkn b.kh Js.kh esa vkoSA b.k Hkko jks vsd nwgks vkt Hkh yksd esa elgwj gS &

ikcw gM+Hkw jke ns] ekxafG;k esgkAikapwa ihj i/kkjT;ks] xksxkns tsgkA

b.k jS vykok ?kj esa fd.kh fiz;&tu jh ekSr iNS fiÙkj jS :i esa ekurk vj iwtk e/;dky lwa yS*jvkt rkab± ijEijkxr :i esa pkY;k vkoSA lkFkS bZ cM+] ihaiG] [kstM+h] rqGNh vkn jh iwtk jks vke fjokt gksAb.kka uS nso :a[k dS;*j [kkl ekSdka ij b.kk jh iwtk djhtrhA b.kka jh ekurk ekuh tkaorhA

b.k Hkkar jktLFkku jks e/;dkyhu /kkfeZd thou cgqvk;keh gks ft.k esa dqy nsork] yksd nsork]oSL.ko] lSo] ukFk HkfDr vkn lwa ys;*j chtS /kek± jks vlj gksA

7-5 nklZfud Hkkse

HkfDr dky jh /kkfeZd iLBHkwfe esa vki ns[k pqD;k gks dS e/;dky esa Hkkjr esa fgUnw] lSo] lkDr] tSuckS)] xk.kiR;] bLyke vkn vusd /keZ vj /kkfeZd iaFk gkA b.kk lxGS /kek± jk vki&vki jk fopkj gk i.klkFkS bZ dSbZ vSM+h ckrka Hkh gh tdh lc esa vsd ljh[kh ghA

dksbZ Hkh /keZ ;k vkUnksyu tn bZ ykEcks pky ldS tn m.k jks vk/kkj fd.kh Bksl fopkj ;k nlZuij gqoSA HkfDr vkUnksyu tdks pkj lbdka rd tu&tu uS HkfDr jh xaxk esa Luku djokarks jS;ks b.k jks vk/kkj m.kjh fopkj/kkjkoka e/;dkyhu /kek± jh /kM+d.k c.khA HkfDr vkUnksyu jh fuxqZ.k vj lxq.k nksU;wa /kkjkokaHkh Åij lwa pk;s vGxh fn[kS i.k cka esa lekurkoka Hkh Hkksr gSA b.k ckcr MkW- rkjdukFk ckyh jks dSo.kks gS]^^Kku ekxZ vkSj HkfDr ekxZ lk/kuk ds nks :i gSa tks fojks/kh u gksdj ijLij lEc) gSaA Kku dh vuqHkwfr ghHkfDr gSA Kku ekxZ ij pyus okys vkpk;ksZa us Hkh vuqHkwfr i{k ij cy fn;k gSA fcuk vuwHkwfr dk Kku ek=okD; Kku gS ftlls dqN Hkh fl) ugha gksrkA** tdk fopkj vkxS pky*j HkfDr jk vk/kkj c.k~;k cka jks lkjesa ifjpS b.k Hkkar gS&

7-5-1 v}Srokn

HkfDr vkUnksyu ij 'kadjkpk;Z jS v}Srokn jks izHkko ijr[k :i lwa ns[;ks tk ldSA lar dkO; jhfoorZ Hkkouk] izfrfcac Hkkouk] iz.k; Hkkouk vkn ij 'kadjkpk;Z jS fopkjka jks iwjks&iwjks izHkko gSA 'kadjkpk;Z jS^,dksczã f}rh;ks ukfLr* jks Hkko iwjS lardkO; esa ekStwn gSA larer jS eqtc tho lq) czã rÙo gSA nks jks Hkkoek;k jS dkj.k utj vkoSA lar dkO; esa vkRek jh v[k.Mrk] vsd jlrk] v}Sr:irk] vo.kZuh;rk vkn jksizfriknu 'kadjkpk;Z jS fopkjka eqtc gq;ks gSA

lwQh dkO; jks izse rRo ;k jgL;okn jh Hkkouk Hkh ewy :i lwa fuxqZ.k czã lwa tqMs+M+h gSA 'kadjkpk;Z

69

jS czãokn jks fuxqZ.k HkfDr ij izHkko jks ftØ djrk MkW- rkjdukFk ckyh dSoS] ^^jgL;okn esa czã vkSj vkRekdh Hkkouk fdlh Hkh uj vkSj ukjh ds :i esa dh tk ldrh gSA dchj us jgL;kuqHkwfr dks ,d lkekU; nqyfguds ek/;e ls O;Dr fd;k gS & ^nqyfgu xkogq eaxykpkj* vkSj tk;lh vkfn jgL;oknh dfo;ksa us fof'k"Vuk;d&ukf;dk ds izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls viuh izse i)fr dk izdk'ku fd;k gSA fuxqZ.k HkfDr esa fuxqZ.k ghHkfDr dk izR;{k vkyEcu cu dj vkrk gS] exj jgL;okn esa fuxqZ.k czã dks fiz; ;k fiz;k ds :i esa O;Drfd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;gk¡ ewy mn~ns'; gksrk gS & mu xkspj vkSj LFkwy izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls gh muls ÅijmBdj fuxqZ.k czã ls feyu ds vkuUn dk HkksxA**

b.kht Hkkar ^,dksvga cgqL;kfe* jh Hkkouk ^vsd uwj rsa lc tx mits;k* vj czã jS flok nwtks dhadksuh jh Hkkouk ^tG esa dqaHk] dqaHk esa tG gS] ckgj Hkhrj ikuh* esa ns[kh tk ldSA dS;ks tk ldS dS HkfDrvkUnksyu jh iLBHkwfe esa 'kadjkpk;Z jk v}Sr nlZ.k jks iwjks izHkko HkfDr dkO; ij gSA

7-5-2 vorkjokn

Jh en~Hkkxor xhrk esa Hkxoku JhÑ".k ^;nk ;nkfg /keZL;XykfuHkZofr Hkkjr%* dS;*j vorkj okn jhiqLVh djSA iqjk.kka esa foL.kq jS eRL;] dPNi] ojkg] uflag] okeu] ijlqjke vkn vorkjka jks cj.kko gSA b.kkesajke vj Ñ".kkorkj izeq[k gSA HkfDrdky esa vorkjokn jh b.k Hkkouk uS vkSj rkxr feGhA rqylhnkl lxq.kvj fuxqZ.k uS ¼lxqufg&vxqufg ufga dNq Hksnk½ vsd bZ crkoS vj mnkgj.k ns;*j dSoS &

vxq.k v:i vy[k vt tksbZHkxr izse cl lxq.k lks gksbZtks xq.k jfgr lxq.k lksb dSls \ty fge miy fcyx ufga tSlsA

lwjnkl th eqtc fuxqZ.k jh HkfDr eqfLdy gSA b.kht dkj.k cS ^^vfoxr xfr dqN dgr u vkoSA**dS;*j lxq.k yhyk jS inka jks xk;u djSA m.kka eqtc rks lxq.k HkfDr R;kx*j vkSj fd.kh jh HkfDr] ^îje xaxdks NkafM+ fi;klks] nqeZfr dwi [kukoSA** okGh ckr ekuSA b.k Hkkar iqjk.kka esa of.kZr vorkjokn Hkh HkfDrdkyjh iLBHkwfe esa gSA

7-5-3 ckS) vj ukFk iaFk jks lwU;okn vj gBokn %&

ukFk iaFk ij ckS) /keZ vj lSo er nksuqoka jks izHkko gks] vk ckr iSyh dS;h tk pqdh gSA fuxqZ.k iaFkesa lwU;okn] lS*t lek/kh vj gB tksx jks tSM+ks ftØ feyS cks lxGks ukFk iaFk jks gSA ukFk iaFk esa lwU;lek/kh] xq# eS*ek] bfUnz; neu] izk.k lk/kuk] cSjkx] eu lk/kuk] dqaMyuh tkxj.k vkn tSM+k rRo gS cS T;wajk R;wa Kku ekxhZ ¼fuxqZ.k½ larka esa feySA xksj[kukFk jks pyk;sM+ks ^"kV~pØ ;ksx ekxZ* dchj vj ijorhZ larka esans[;ks tk ldSA xksj[kukFk dS;ks dS /khjtoku cksbZt gS ftdS jks fpÙk fodkj jk lk/ku gks.kS ij Hkh foÑr uhagqoSA cka eqtc vewrZ esa bZ ewrZ clS &

ukS y[k ikrj vkxS ukpS] ihNS lgt v[kkM+kA,slks eu yS tksxh [ksyS] rc varj clS HkaMkjkAAvatu ekgha fujatu HksaV~;k] fry eq[k HksaV;k rsyaAewjfr ekgha vewjr ijL;k] Hk;k fujUrj [ksyaAA

vka mnkgj.kka uS ns[k*j dS;ks tk ldS dS lar dkO; ij ukFk iaFk jS flQZ Hkko i{k jks izHkko bZ dksuhi³~;ks cYdS NUn vj lcnkoyh rd jks vlj ns[;ks tk ldSA

7-5-4 vsdsLojokn %&

bLyke lwa iSyh fgUnqvka esa cgqnso okn gksA bLyke esa ^vsdsLojokn* jh ekurk ghA xhrk esa JhÑ".kHkh dS;ks gS Hkxr Egkajh tSM+S Hkkoa lwa iwtk vpZuk djS Egw¡ m.k :i esa njl.k nsÅ¡A vks vSM+ks fcUnq gS tBS vk;*j

70

cgqnso okn [kre gq; tkoSA fgUnqvka esa rsrhl djksM+ nsoh&nsork gkA b.k dkj.k vkil esa [kwc [khaprk.k HkhgSA vsdsLojokn jS izHkko lwa vkxS pky*j rqylhnkl tSM+S HkDr dfo;k¡ uS leUo; jh izsj.kk feyhA bZLoj vsdgS Ñ".k] jke] vYykg vkn m.k jk vyx&vyx ukao gSA

7-5-5 vfgalkokn

oSfnddky esa ftx vj vuqLBkuka jS ukao ij ?k.kh ilq cyh nh tkaorhA ckS) vj tSu /keZ jS mn~HkoiNS fgalk ?k.kh de gksxhA b.k jks izHkko vkxS pky*j HkfDr vkUnksyu ij Hkh i³~;ksA lar ;k HkDr vfgalk jkiqtkjh gk ôlq/kSo dqVqacde~* jh Hkkouk uS ekU;k djrkA dchj vSMS+ larka rks eqlyekuka esa dqckZuh vj fgUnqvkaesa cfy jks [kwc fojks/k dj~;ks gSA dchj fy[;ks gS&

¼1½ fnu esa jkstk j[kr gS jkr gur gS xk;

;k

¼2½ cdjh ikrh [kkr gS] rkdh dk<+h [kkyA

tks uj cdjh [kkr gSa] frudks dkSu gokyAA

7-5-6 fof/k&fuls/k %

lar dkO; esa [k.Mu&e.Mu vj fof/k&fuls/k Hkh [kwc feySA larka jks eku.kks gks dS vkpj.k jh lqf)fcuk uke ti.kS jks dkabZ egÙo gSA dchj dSoS &

iaMr okn onUrs >wBkAjke dg~;ka ts gfj feyS] [kkaM dg~;ka eq[k ehBkA

ewjrh iwtk ij O;aX; djrk dchj dSoS &

ikgu iwts gfj feys] iwtwa tk; igkjArkrs ;k pkdh Hkyh] ihl [kk; lalkjAA

b.k Hkkar cka izpfyr ekurkoka tdh va/k foLoklka lwa tqM+sM+h gh vj feu[k jh psruk ckauS rdZ jhdlkSVh ij dl*j uha LohdkjS] m.kjks larka [kwc fojks/k dj~;ksA b.k jk cht fl) ukFk vj tSu lkfgR; esa feySAlar dfo;ka vkMEcjka ij pksV djh gS ck pk.kpDd dksuh gh] b.k lwa iSyh ukFk iaFkh lk/kqvka esa Hkh vks gh dkedj~;ks gksA

7-5-7 ekuorkokn

HkfDr lkfgR; ekuorkoknh lkfgR; gSA vks feu[k uS va/k foLoklka lwa dk<*j vsd ijelÙkk lwa tks³~ckspkoSA tkr] /keZ] lEiznk; lwa Å¡pks mBk;*j feu[ki.kS jS lkekU; /kjkry ij feu[k uS [k³~;ks djSA vkfFkZd{ks= esa ^lkab± bruk nhft,] tkesa dqVqe lek;A* dS;*j lekurk Y;ko.kS jh dkslhl djhA vS lxGk rÙo ckavBka jh ijEijk lwa xzg.k dj~;k gSA

b.kht Hkkar HkfDr dky jh iLBHkwfe esa vusd fopkj/kkjkoka gS ft.k jks leUo; HkDr dfo;ka vkijS dkO; esa dj~;ks gSA

7-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k Hkkar vki tk.k pqD;k gks dS HkfDrdky jh iLBHkwfe esa oS".ko] lSo] ckS)] lkDr] tSu] bLyke vkn/keZ vj lEiznk; gkA HkDr dfo;ka vka lc lwa ^Nkt* jh Hkkar lkj&lkj xzg.k dj ekuork jS dY;k.k jks ekxZfn[kk;ksA Hkxoku flo jh Hkkar HkDr dfo;k¡ [kqn gykgy ih;*j tu&tu uS vfezr iku djok;ksA HkfDr dkylwa iSyh vka erka uS eku.kokGk vkil esa vsd&nwtS lwa oSj&Hkko vj Å¡p&uhp jk[krk i.k HkDr dfo;ka^mGVk&lh/kk uhitS T;ksa [ksru esa cht* dS;*j jke jS ukao jh eSgek crkbZ vj gj feu[k rkabZa HkfDr ekxZ lqyHkdjk;ksA

71

HkfDr vkUnksyu jks vk/kkj ewyr% Hkkjrh; njl.k gS ft.k jks iz;ksx Hkxr ;k lar dfo;ka vSM+S lgt<ax lwa dj~;ks gS dS cha jh le> vke feu[k rd iwxhA ^gfj dks Hkts lks gfj dks gksbZ* dS;*j b.k HkfDr/kkjk feu[k&feu[k uS tksM+.kS jks dke dj~;ksA vkt izpkj&izlkj jk brjk lk/kuka jS ckotwn feu[ki.kS ij[krjks eaMjkaorks nhlSA vS [krjk tq) jk Hkh gks ldS vj vsd&nwljS ij vki jks gd tek.kS jk HkhA ykxS vcvsd vkSj HkfDr vkUnksyu jh t:jr gSA

7-7 vH;kl jk izLu

1- e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa dq.k&dq.klk /keZ izpfyr gk \ lkj:i esa fy[kksA

2- HkfDrdky jh iLBHkwfe esa bLyke vj ckS) /keZ jks dkabZ ;ksxnku gS \

3- HkfDrdky jh /kkfeZd iLBHkwfe ij vsd ys[k fy[kksA

4- HkfDrdky jh nklZfud iLBHkwfe ij vsd ys[k fy[kksA


1- MkW- eueksgu lgxy & fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDr dkyhu dkO;A

2- MkW- ftrsUnz ukFk ikBd & HkfDr vkSj jhfr dkyhu eqDrd dkO;A




72

bdkbZ & 8

iwohZ jktLFkku jk izeq[k lar&lEiznk;bdkbZ jks eaMk.k &

8-0 mísL;

8-1 izLRkkouk

8-2 nknw iaFk

8-3 jke Lusgh lEiznk;

8-4 fc'uksbZ lEiznk;

8-5 ukFk lEiznk;

8-6 tlukFkh lEiznk;

8-7 fujatuh lEiznk;

8-8 fuEckdZ lEiznk;

8-9 ykynklh lEiznk;

8-10 oj.knklh lEiznk;

8-11 xwnM+ iaFk

8-12 vyf[k;k lEiznk;

8-13 vkbZ iaFk

8-14 bdkbZ jks lkj

8-15 vH;kl jk izLu


8-0 mÌsL;&

b.k bdkbZ ys[ku jks mísL; gS&

1- e/;dky jh lar&lkfgR; ijEijk jh tk.kdkjh djko.khA

2- jktLFkku jS lar leiznk;ka jh fiNk.k jh foxr ekaMyh

3- fujxq.k&fujkdkj Hkxrh jkS lekt ekFkS gkso.kokGS izHkko uS njlko.kksA

4- *nknw iaFk* vj jke *Lusgh iaFk* ckcr tk.kdkjh ikBd yx iqxko.khA

5- *ukFk lEiznk;* jk vkfnukFk vj nwtk larka jh eaMGh lwa ifjpS djko.kkSA

6- *fo'uksbZ lEiznk;* jk izoÙkZd tkaHkSth jS vknl vj fl)kUrka jS egrkÅ l:i jkS X;ku djko.kkSA

7- *fuEckdZ lEiznk;* jh izeq[k ihB vj dfo;ka jkS ifjpS djko.kkSA

8- ^lar* lcn jh O;k[;k vj egÙo cryko.kkSA

9- *pj.knklh lEiznk;* vj *vkbZth iaFk* jS fopkjak lwa vksG[kk.k djko.khA

10- jktLFkkuh lar lEiznk;ka jkS jktLFkkuh lekt ekFkS fopkjka] uSfrd vkpj.kka vj Hkxrh jh lxrhjkS izHkko njlko.kkSA

73

11- lEiznk;ka eka; vk/kqfud lar *cukukFk*] *uoyukFk* vj *foosdukFk* jh dkO;&izfrHkk jkS ifjpSdjko.kkSA

8-1 izLrkouk %

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS e/;dky lar ijEijk lk: ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk eka; larlEiznk;ka jkS mn; gks;ksA vka larka tu lk/kkj.k okLrS lr jkS ekjx njlk;kSA v/;kRe jh lxGh folslrkokajkS [kqyklkS dj~;kS vj eksddks lkfgR; jP;kS jktLFkku jklar iaFkka ¼lEiznk;ka jh foxr uhpS eqtc gS&

lar&lEiznk; @ iaFk izoÙkZd fBjk.kkS vj nk;jkS

1- ukFk xksj[kukFk lxGkS jktLFkku

2- jfld ¼jkekor oSjkxh½ vxznkl jSoklk vj tSij

3- fc'uksbZ tkaHkksth ihiklj] eqdke] laejkFky] tkaxGw iznsl

4- tlukFkh tlukFk drfj;klj

5- fujatuh gfjnkl MhMok.kks] ukxkSj] tks/kiqj

6- nknwiaFk nknwn;ky ujSuk] tSij] 'kS[kkokVh

7- ykynklh ykynkl uxyk] jlx.k] vyoj] Hkjriqj

8- pj.knklh pj.knkl ngjk] vyoj] tSij

9- jkeLusgh jkepj.k 'kkgiqj] HkhyokM+k] mn;iqj

10- jkeLusgh nfj;koth jS.k] ukxkSj] tks/kiqj

11- jkeLusgh gfjjke flagFkG] chdkusj

12- jkeLusgh jkenkl [ksM+kik] ukxkSj] tks/kiqj

13- vyf[k;k ykyfxfj chdkusj

14- xwnM+iaFk larnkl nkark] HkhyokM+k

15- vkbZiaFk ththnsoh ¼vkbZth½ fcykM+k] ikyh] tks/kiqj

8-2 nknw iaFk %

nknwiaFk pykof.k;k lar nknwn;ky gkA ^nknw thou pfj=* ¼gLr fyf[kr xazFk da 31519 jkt- fo|kizfr"Bku] tks/kiqj½ vkpk;Z f{kfreksgu lsu ¼nknw miØef.kdk½ vj vkpk;Z ih- Mh- cMFoky eqtc nknw n;kyjkS tye xqtjkr jS vgenkckn uxj eka; fo-la- 1601 ¼QkYxqu 'kqDyk v"Veh xq:okj½ ekU;kS tkoSA nknw lk:eqlyeku ;k /kqfu;k ;k czkã.k ekU;k tkoSA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh ¼lR;kFkZ izdk'k] ,dkn'k leqYykl½ eka;nknw uS ^rsyh crkoS] i.k nknw egkfo|ky; jtr t;afr xzaFk eqtc vS yksnhjke uked ukxj czkã.k jk jkikG;ksM+k csVk gkA MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k vj MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh b.kka uS /kqfu;k ekuS i.k cS tkr&ikrjS ca/k.k lwa ?k.kk Åapk egkekuoh gkA lar [kkrj

dghT;kS gS ^^tkfr u iwNkS lk/kq dh] iwN yhft, KkuA**

nknw th jks C;kao lkr cjl jh mej esa gks;kS i.k cakjS eu eka; bZl Hkxrh esa jE;ksA X;kjg cjl jhvk;q eka; ,d xq: cq<~<u ;kfu czákuan th feG~;kA m.kkajk cS psyk c.kX;k vj fopkj eaFk.k&fpUru&euueka; m.kkajkS eu ykxX;kSA

nknwth vgenkckn NksM+*j jktLFkku eka; vk;X;kA cS vkcw iwX;k] QSj dj Mkyk x;kA cBS N% cjldBkSj ri&lk/kuk djhA iNS nknwth lkaHkj vk;kA cBS jk yksx m.kkajh fopkj&/kkjk lwa ?k.kk izHkkfor gks;kA

74

vBS ?k.k[kjk yksx m.kka jk psyk c.;kA

laor~ 1632 eka; cs vkesj iwX;k vj cBS lwa lh/kk ujS.kk iwx*j vkljks clk;ksA jktLFkku jh Hkkse m.kkajh dje vj lk/kuk jh Hkkse c.kxhA vBSbZ vkijkS vk[kks tho.k chR;kSA vkijkS fu/ku fo- loar~ 1660 ¼T;s"BÑ".k i{k jh v"Veh½ jS fnu gks;kS vj m.kka jkS vafre laLdkj ^HkSjk.kk* jh igkM+h ekFkS gks;ks] tdks vkt rkbZifoÙkj vj iwtk ;ksx LFkG cktSA

b.kk jh ^^nknwok.kh** iksFkh txpkoh gSA ft.k eka; in] lkf[k;ka lkxS X;ku] nlZ.k] jh lh[k feGSAnknwth jk njl.k laca/kh fopkj % lar nknw dSoS & ijeslj ij czã] Lo;a Hkw] fujkdkj] ije T;ksfr :i ek;klwa ijS lqfLFkj lnk vsd jl gSA tho okLro esa czã jkS bZ vsd :i gS] i.k feu[k ek;k jS vkoj.k lwa êwG*uS uh fiNk.k ikoSA

bZl fujkdkj gS] m.kka jS gkFk] ikao] ekFkkS vj ewaMkS dksuh] i.k lxrheku vj lej Fkoku gSA ek;k jkSiM+nkS gVrs bZ vkrek&ijekrek jkS feG.k gks; tkoSA eu lnSo fFkj dksuh jSoS cks vpiGks gkoSA eu uS vsdtkxka jk[k.kks gh eu uS idko.kks gSA

dkpk eu nsg fnflfQjS] papG pgw¡ fnfl tkbZAtc fny feyk n;ky lks] rc vUrj dqN ukfgAT;kSa ikrk izkf.k dks feyk] T;ks gfjtu gfj ekafgAA

nknw ekuS gS dS txr~ jkS fljt.kgkj bZLoj bZ gS] ik¡p rRoka lwa flLVh jkS c.kh gS ft.k eka; dS txr~jk fljt.k gkj bZLoj jh mikluk vj lr~ dje lwa bZ ekuoh tho.k esa eks[ka ¼eks{k½ fey.kkS laHko gksoSA lkpkSxq: gh vX;ku :ih va/kkjksa feVkoS] bZLoj jk njl.k djkoS vj vki jS lcnka lwa psyka uS Hkolkxj lwa ikjmrkjSA

nknw lrxq: vSlk dhft;s] jke jl ekrkAikj mrkjS iyd esa] njlu dk nkrkAA

vga ¼EgS½ jkS R;kx vj ukl gkso.k lwa ijekrek jk njl.k gksoSA lk/kq laxfr lwa X;ku vj Hkxrh jS mn;gksoSA

tgka jke rg¡ eSa ugh] eS rg¡ ukgh jkenknw egy ckjhd gS] n~oS dks ukgh BkeAA

nknw iaFk eka; P;kj rjS jk lk/kq gksoS & ¼1½ [kkdh ¼2½ fojDr ¼3½ FkkaHkk /kkjh ¼4½ ukxkA

lxGk lk/kqvka eka; ûjS.kk* jS egar jkS cM+ks :rcks ekuhtSA ûjS.kk* eka; QkYxqu lqfn pkSFk lwa }knlhrkbZ esGkS ykxS] tBS lxGk nknwiaFkh vkoSA ^nknwok.kh* iksFkh eka; nknwth jk minsl vj lh[k Hkjiwj fn;kSM+hgSA nknw n;ky jk inka vj lkf[ka;k jkS ?k.kks egÙo gSA

lar nknw jk psyk eksdGk gks;k gS tdk ?k.kh jpukoka fy[kh gS ft.kk eka; ^Hkxrh* iz/kku jS;h gSAc[kuk th% ¼1553&1623½ nknw iaFk jh ûjSuk* ihB lwa tqM+;ksM+k Hkxr gkA b.kka lcn ok.kh jS tfj;S X;ku jhlh[k yksxka rkbZ iwxok;hA m.kka jh lkf[k;ka vj inka jh Hkklk ljy] lgt vj lqcks/k gSA ns[khtS&

*c[kuk* gfj ty cjfl;k] ty Fky HkjS vusdAdje dBksjka ek.klka] jkse u Hkhxh ,dAAi; ik.kh HkSGk ihoS] ugha X;ku dks valArft ik.kh i; uS ihoS] *c[kuk* lk/kq galAlar jTtc & lar jTtc lkaxusj jk iBku eqlyeku gkA

cBS cs O;kao lk: vkesj* iwX;kA m.kka nknw n;ky jh lkf[k;ka* lq.kh vj O;kao jkS fopkj NksM+*j nknwthjk psyk c.kX;kA nknwth jS fuokZ.k iNS cs vk[;ka can dj yh vj fejrw yx [kksyh gh dksuhA jTtc th jks

75

LoxZokl lu~ 1689 esa gks;kSA b.kka jh jpukoka ôk.kh* vj lo±xh ?k.kh pkoh gS cka eka; nlZ.k] X;ku vj dfoRojkS ifjpS feGSA

MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] jTtc jS ckjS esa fy[kS gS ^^budh dfoRo 'kfDr] Kku xfjek vkSj xq# HkfDrdk vPNk ifjp; feyrk gSA b.kka jh Hkk"kk fiaxy vj dfork ân;xzkgh gSA**

lqUnjnkl ¼tue lu~ 1595 vj fu/ku lu~ 1689½ b.kka jkS tye nkSlk ¼tSij½ eka; gks;ksA Qrgiqjeka; xq: HkkbZ iz;kxnkl lkxS fj;kA jpukoka eka; X;ku vj nlZ.k Hkj~;kS ifM+;kS gSA cS vwapS njtS jk lar vjdfo gkA cS cky czãpkjh gkA b.kkjh jpukoka ^Kku leqnz] lok±x ;ksx iapsfUnz;k pfj=] lq[k lekf/k] LoIuizcks/k] osn fopkj* vkn izeq[k jS;h gSA b.kka uS ds'konkl jh ^jfld fiz;k* vkNh dksuh ykxhA* cs fy[;kS gS&

*jfldfiz;k*] jl eatjh vkSj flaxkjfg tkfuA

prqjkbZ dfj cgqfof/k] fo"kS cukbZ vkfuAA

xjhcnkl & xjhcnkl nknw jk csVk vj mÙkjkf/kdkjh gkA b.kka jh jpukoka eka; lk[kh] in] v.kHkSizcks/k] v/;kRe cks/k vkn izfl) gSA lkfgR; jh nhB lwa b.kka jh jpukoka vwapS njtS jh gSA

tuxksiky & tuxksiky Qrgiqj lhdjh jk oSL; gk] vj nknwth lwa nh{kk yhohA b.kka jh jpukokaeka; *nknw tUe yhyk] ijph] /kzqo pfj=] izgykn pfj=] Hkjr pfj=] eksg foosd] lkf[k;ka] in* vkn izeq[k gSAlar dfo;ka jh jpukoka lwa nknw iaFk jkS ?k.kks foLrkj gks;ksA

nknw iaFk jS dfo;k eka; txUukFknkl] txthou] nkeksnjth] Hkh[ktu] larnkl] [ksenkl] jk?konkl]okftnth] vj eaxyjke vkn [kkl gSA b.k leS lar&lkfgR; Hk.Mkj eka; c<ksÙkjh gqbZ vj X;ku vj HkxrhjkS izHkko turk jS ekFkS ?k.kks ifM+;ksA

8-3 jke Lusgh lEiznk; %

^jke* jh Hkxrh vj Hkxrh lk: leij.k Hkko bZ jke Lusgh] lEiznk; jkS egrkÅ vk/kkjA ekU;kS tkoSgS ds jkekuUnth 1299&1410 jS fopkGS b.k lEiznk; uS l: dj~;kS] ft.k eka; X;ku] lr dje vj leji.kHkxrh Hkko jkS ewG l:i jk[khT;kSA jkekuan th jS psyk ek;a ^vuUrkuan vj lq[kkuUn ukeh gq;kA vka nksuqokajh eaMGh eksdGk psyk uS jkekuUn th jS jke&Lusgh lEiznk; esa nh{kk fnjkork jS;kA jktLFkku eka; pkjihBkjh Fkji.kk lk: vkpk;Z gks;k ft.kk esa vuUrkuan th jh eaMGh eka; Ñ".k i;kgkjh] dhYgnkl ¼xyrk½]vxznkl ¼jSokl½] ukjk;.knkl] izse&Hkwjk] jkenkl] ukjk;.knkl ¼NksVs½] larnkl ¼nkarM+k] esokM+] izsenklÑikjke½ fnokdj] iwj.keyoth] nkeksnjnkl] eksgunkl] ek/kksnkl] lqUnjnkl] pj.knkl ¼dksMenslj½] t;eynkl¼jksM+½] gfjjkenkl ¼flagFkGihB½ jke&Lusgh lEiznk; uS vs lar vkxS c<kork jS;kA

b.k lEiznk; jk izeq[k x<+&'kkgiqjk] [ksM+kik vj jS.k crkoSA b.kka jk vuq;k;h fujxq.k ijeslj jkeuS bZ ekuSA jke&Lusgh lk/kq ^jke}kjs* eka; bZ jSoSA vS lk/kq yaxksVh jS flok; ljhj ekFkS dkbZ diM+kS uha vks<+SAvs Hkh[k ekax*j Hkkstu djrk jSosA flaFkG jkS jke&Lusgh lEiznk; gfjjkenkl eka; lwa ful;ksM+k ekU;kS tkoSAvS flaFky ¼chdkusj½ eka; tyE;k vj fo- la-1743 eka; jkekuUnh lk/kq tSlynkl th lwa ¼nqypklj½ chdkusjeka; nh{kk fyohA

jS.k ¼esM+rk½ jk jkeLusgh ^nfj;kokth* uS vkijk vkfn xq# ekuSA nfj;kokth jk njl.k dj.k lk:m.kka jh Hkxr pSr lqnh iwf.kZek uS HkSGk gksoSA nfj;koth jh jP;ksM+h ôk.kh* ukao jh iksFkh eka; nl gtkj invj nwgk feGSA

^[ksM+kik jk jke Lusgh* lEiznk; jkenkl th lwa laca/k jk[kSA m.kka fo- la- 1752 eka; flaFky lk[kk jSgfjjkenkl th lwa nh{kk yhoh vj fo- la- 1763 eka; [ksM+kik lk[kk jh Fkji.kk djhA jkenkl th jh ôk.kh*ljy jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka; jphT;ksM+h gSA b.k eka; 1700 lk[kh ¼nwgk½] 72 gjtl vj 24 dforkoka gSaA iNS

76

m.kka jk iq= n;kyqnkl xn~nh jk ekfyd c.;kA

jkeLusgh lEiznk; jS fl)kUrka eka; lxGka lwa iSyk xq#&oanuk vj xq#&Hkxrh ekFkS tksj fn;kS gS vjjkeuke lqej.k bZ lclwa cÙkkS y[kkoSA ewfrZiwtk ckgjh vkMEcj] rhjFk&Luku ekyk] Nkik vj fryd lk:dchj jh rjS fojks/k djSA lar nfj;ko th dSoS &

daBh ekyk dkBdh] fryd xkj dk gks;A

tu nfj;k fut uke fcu] ikj u igqaps dks;AA

Lokeh jkejp.k th jh ekU;rk gh dS jke bZ lxGh tkxka je.k dj.k okGk gSA m.kka jkS l:i fujxq.kfujkdkj gksoSA cka laRlx ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fnjk;kSA cS fy[kS &

jkepj.k vkuUn vfr] fuHkZ; vkBw tkeA

lks lq[k gS lRlax esa] lks ugha nwljh BkeAA

flagFkG lk[kk jk izorZd gfjjke nkl th xq#in jkS egrkÅ Hkko njlk;kSA bZLoj jS iNS xq# jh iwtkbZ dj.kh pkfgtSA

gfjnkl th dSoS ^jk* vj ê* uS tk.;k fcuk osn&iqjk.ka jks X;ku FkksFkks vj [kks[kykS cktSA

^^,d jjS eeS fcu tk.;ka] FkksFkka osn iqjk.khA** tho jkS feG.k *f'ko* law gks; tkoS tn tye&ej.k jkSpØ NwV tkoSA

jke Lusgh lar vj m.kkajh dkO; jpuk U;kjh nh[kSA b.k&jke Lusgh lEiznk; eka; eksdGk lar gks;kgS] ft.kkesa jkepj.kth] gfjjke] ukjk;.knkl] ij'kqjke] gfjnsonkl] iwj.knkl] vtqZunkl] lsoxjke vjckydjke vkn [kkl gSA

jkepj.kth jS psyka jh la[;k ?k.kh gSA m.kka jks ok.kh xazFk lxGka law egrkÅ dghtS&

^^jkefg jke v[kafMr /;kor] jke fcuk lc ykxr [kkjksA

jkefg jke fy;ka eq[k cksyr] jke Kku v: jke fopkjksAA

jkefg jke djS minsl fg] jke fg tksx: ftX; ilkjksA

jke pj.k bls dksbZ lk/kq gS] lks gh fljkse.kh izk.k gekjksAA**

jkenkl & ¼tUe fo- laor~ 17983½ & jkenkl th jkS tye~ tks/kiqj eka; gks;kSA cs ckyi.kS lwa bZlalkj lwa oSjkxh gk vj ln~xq: jh lks/k lk: ykxX;kA m.kka jk ckjg xq: gks;kA QSa: bZ lkfUr dksuh feyhAlar gfjjkenkl th jh ok.kh lq.krka ik.k bZ vki m.kk jS duS iwX;k vj cka uS xq: c.kk;kaA m.kka ^[ksM+kik* ihBjh Fkji.kk dhA oka jk xzaFk gS *xq:efgek*] HkDr eky] psrkouh] teQkjxrh vknA

n;kyjke & lar n;kynkl th lar jkenkl th jk csVk gkA cS [ksM+kik ihB jk mÙkjkf/kdkjh gks;kAlar vj dfo gkso.k jS lkFkS gh vkijh Hkxrh vj dkO;&f[kerk vn~Hkqr ghA vki ^d:.kklkxj* xzaFk jP;ks &ft.kjks uewuks ns[khtS &

jkeb;k lj.ka dh izfrikyA

vc yfx djh lksbZ vc dhtS vius /kj dh pky*

tks lwjt ijdklS ugha jkr u dwat folky]

lfl ugha veh nzoS tks ek/ko rks fuitS dks jlky]

fojg dqeksfnuh thou lksbZ] lc ykyksa flj ykyA

|kycky dS flejFk Lokeh jkenkl fdjikyA

77

lar nfj;kokth ¼tUe fo- laor~ 1733½ vki tks/kiqj jS tSrkj.k xkao eka; tyE;kA b.kk jh tkfr ckcrer&erkUrj gSA dsbZ vka uS eqlyeku vj dsbZ /kqfu;k ekuSA b.kka jke Lusgh lEiznk; jh ^jS.k* ihB jh Fkji.kkdjhA vkijh ok.kh eka; 10]000 in vj lkf[k;ka feGS & vki fy[kS &

xq# vk, /ku xjt dfj] lcn fd;k ijdklA

cht iM+k Fkk Hkwfe esa] HkbZ Qwy&Qy vklAA

b.k rjS jkeLusgh lEiznk;ka jk nfj;koth ¼jS.kihB½ jkepj.kth ¼'kkgiqjk ihB½ jkenklth [ksM+kik ihB]gfjjkenklth ¼flagFkG ihB½ jk izoÙkZd gks;k gSA jkeLusgh lEiznk; jk lar rueu vj opu lwa eku[kS jhlsok lk: geSl R;kj jSos vj fujxq.k&fujkdkj jke jks Lej.k djrk jSosA

8-4 fc'uksbZ lEiznk; ¼1451&1536 bZ-½ %

fc'uksbZ lEiznk; jktLFkku eka; ?k.kks egrkÅ lEiznk; gSA b.k lEiznk; eka; tkr&ikar] vawp&uhp]Nwr&vNwr vj /kje jS er&Hksnka uS Hkqyk;*j /kje uS feu[ki.kS ¼ekuork½ jS utnhd yk;*j [kM~;ks dfj;kS gSAfc'uksbZ lEiznk; jk larka feu[k tekjS uS /kje jh lgh vksG[kk.k djk;h vkSj lekt jkS uSfrd Lrj vwapkSmBko.k jkS dke dfj;kSA

fc'uksbZ lEiznk; jk izoÙkZd tkaHkksth jkS tye ukxkSj jS ihiklj xkao eka; fo-l- 1508 ¼bZ- 1451½ jhHkknok cnh vLVeh lkseokj jS fnu gks;kSA vki iaokj jktiwr gkA ekrk jkS ukao gkalknsoh HkkVh vj firk jkSukao yksgV th gkSA tkaHkksth ekrk&firk jh vdyk larku gkA vki ckyi.k lwa bZ fpUr.k] euu lhG /kkjh vjde cksy.kokGk gkA 16 cjl jh vk;q eka; vki jh xq: lwa HksaV gks;hA yksd ekU;rk gS dS tkaHkks th xq#xksj[kukFk th lwa lh[k yhohA vS cky czãpkjh gkA eka&cki jh fejrw ikNS ?kj NksM~;ks vj laHkjkFkG vk;*jjS;X;kA

foØe laor~ 1542] dkfrZd cnh vLVeh jS fnu vki fo'uksbZ lEiznk; jh Fkji.kk djhA iSyh ihB jhFkji.kk djrk Fkadk vki lRlax jS minslk lwa lxGh turk uS fujxq.k Hkxrh jh eghek crkbZ fo-la- 1591]uoeh jS fnu vki LoxkZjksg.k dfj;kSA rkyok xkao jS uthd lekf/kLFk gq;kA b.k /kkjfed LFkG uS bZ êqdke*dSoSA fc'uksbZ lEiznk; lk: vks ikou&rhFkZ ekuh tSA

tkaHkksth jk Hkxrh njl.k vj lh[k lk: ^m.krhl ckrka* ?k.kk egrkÅ gSA

^mUuhl /keZ dh vkadM+h] ân; /kfj;ks tks;A

tEHks'oj Ñik djs] cgqfj tue u gks;AA*

tkaHkksth jh jk 29 fu;e uhpS eqtc gS &

1- jkstkuk Luku dj.kksA

2- 30 fnu rd lwrd eku.kksA

3- 5 fnu _rqe;h ukjh uS ?kj dk dke lwa nwj jk[k.khA

4- lhy jh ikyu dj.khA

5- lUrksl uS viuko.kksA

6- ckjS eu esa vj ckjS ifor=rk jk[k.khA

7- rhu le; vkjrh vj gfjxq.k xko.kksA

8- lkaHkq jk vkjrh dj.khA

9- fuLBk vj izse Hkko lwa gou dj.kksA

10- ik.kh b±/ku vj nw/k No.k*j dke esa ySo.kksA

78

11- ok.kh jks la;e jk[k.kksA

12- {kek] n;k /kkj.k dj.kksA

13- pksjh ugha dj.khA

14- fuank ugh dj.khA

15- >wB ugha cksy.kksA

16- okn&fookn ugha dj.kksA

17- vekoL;k jk ozr jk[k.kksA

18- fo".kq jks Hktu dj.kksA

19- thoka ij n;k jk[k.kh ¼u fgalk dj.kh vj u fd.kh uS dj.k nSo.khA

20- gjk isM+ uS ugha dkV.kks A

21- dke] Øks/k] eksg NksM.kksA

22- jlksbZ gkFk lwsa c.kko.khA

23- ijksidkjh i'kqoka jh j{kk dj.khA

24- cSy uS dLlh ugha dj.kksA

25- vey ugha [kko.kksA

26- rEckdw jks R;kx dkj.kksA

27- Hkkax ugha iho.khA

28- nk: esa dj.kksA

29- uhy jks R;kx dj.kksA

tkaHkksth uS m.krhl fu;eka lwas ekuo uS vknlZ o.kko.k jh dkslhl djksA

b.k Hkkar fc'uksbZ lEiznk; eka; eksdGk lar gks;k ft.kk tkaHkksth jh ^^lcnok.kh** *tEHkok.kh* vj*tEHkxhrk* vkn jphthA

foYgkSyh th b.k lEiznk; lk: lkfgR; jP;kS ft.keka; lkr dFkkoka ¼/k<kca/k] vkSrkj iu] xqxfG;sdh] iqGksth jh] nks.kiqjjh] tSlyesj jh vj >ksjnku jh½ gh vj tkaHkks th jkS tho.k pfjr vk[kjka <G~;ksA dFkkKku pkjh] lp v[kjh foxrkoyh fclu Nrhlh vj gjtl] lkf[k;ka vj NIi; jh fljt.kk gqbZA tkaHkksthlEiznk; eka; nwtk dfo lar Hkh gq;k ;wa & rstksth pkj.k] lelnhu] f'konkl] vfHk;knhu dkUgksth ckjB]dslksnkl xksnkjk] lqUnjnkl iwfu;k] gjth cfu;ky] ijekuan] gjpan nqf[k;k vknA b.k jS lkxS nhulqUnjnkl nqjxknkl] jkew [kksM+] xksdy jketh vj xksfoUnjke vkn lkfey gSA

8-5 ukFk lEiznk; %

¼11oha lnh½ Hkxoku f'ko us vkfnukFk ekurk Fkdka ukFk lEiznk; jh Fkki.kk gks;hA xkSj[kukFk th b.klEiznk; jk izeq[k izoZÙkd gkA iSyka lk/kuk i)fr c.kh vj ikNS lEiznk; jkS l:i /kkj.k gq;ksA b.k iaFk eka;gB ;ksx vj dk;k fl) ekFkS tksj fn;kS x;kSA

xkSj[kukFk lwa l: gq;h ijEijk ckjg Hkkxka eka; cVxh & cka jkS ukao uhps eqtc gS&

¼1½ lR;ukFkh ¼2½ jkeukFkh ¼3½ ikdy ukFkh ¼4½ ikoiaFkh ¼5½ /keZukFkh ¼6½ ekuukFk ¼7½ dihykuh ¼8½xaxkukFkh ¼9½ ukVsLojh ¼10½ vkbZ iaFkh ¼11½ oSjkX;iaFkh ¼12½ jkoyiaFkh

79

ukFkiaFkjh vs lk[koka vyx vyx ykxS i.k ewGHkkouk ,dlh gSA bfrgkl vj lkfgR; eka; ukFkijEijk jkS egrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;ks gSA

xksj[kukFk] pViVukFk] ty/kajukFk vkn&lar ukFk iaFk jk tksx vj fl) iqjl gkA ukFk lEiznk;eka; iFohukFk ukeh dfo gks;k gSA ukFk dosljka jk iSyak de xzaFk feG~;k i.k vckj yxSVxS 25 xzaFk vksj lkehvk;k gS tdka esa & lk/; ijh[;k] fujatu fuokZ.k] HkfDr oSdq.M] izk.k iPphlh] lh[k lEcks/k vkRe ijph] KkuiPphlh vj Hkje fo/kwal vknA vs xzaFk ukFk lk/kuk vj njlk.k jh tk.kdkjh djkoSA

19oha lnh jk ukFkiaFk jk dfo;ksa eka; cukukFk] uoyukFk] mÙkeukFk vj foosdukFk jkS ukao /k.kSekumYys[k.k tksx ykxSA jktLFkku jh /kjk lark&Hkxrka jh /kjk gSA bfrgkl vj lkfgR;jh nhB lwa b.k lEiznk;ajkS ?k.kkS egRo gSA

8-6 tlukFkh lEiznk; %

lar&tlukFk drfj;klj xkao ¼chdkusj½ eka; 1500 bZ- jS yxSVxS tlukFkh lEiznk; jh Fkkji.kkdjhA b.k lEiznk; eka; 35 fl)kUr gksoSA tlukFk th jksthuk gou&;X; dj.k jh ckr dSork vjvorkjokn eka; HkjkslkS jk[krkA ;ksx vj oS".ko fopkj/kkjk ekFkS vkLFkk jk[krk Fkdka m.kka jh folslrkoka ghdS tlukFkh uaxs ikao vkx ekFkS fujr djrk jSoSA ^vkx ekFkS ukp.kS jh lk/kuk lwa vks iaFk tx pkoks gq;ksA

tlukFk th jk in gh talukFkh ok.kh jS :i esa pkok gq;kA

tlukFk th jh ok.kh eka; 50 ^lcn* feGSA tlukFk th tkaHkks th jS ledkyhu gkA b.kka jkS tyefo-la- 1539 ¼dkfrZd 'kqDyk ,dkn'kh½ uS drfj;klj eka; gks;kSA vki gehj th tkV vj m.kka jh tksM+k;r:ikns jk ikG;kSM+k csVk gkA ekU;kS tkoS dS tlukFkth ekjx eka; iM~;k feG~;kA 12 cjl jh voLFkk eka;b.kka xq: xksj[kukFk law nh{kk yhoh ghA b.k ckcr nwgkS gS &

laor iujS lkS bD;kuoS] vklksth lqnik;*

oka fnu xksj[kukFk lwa] tloar tksx iBk;**

;ksx lk/kuk eka; yhu gks;ksM+k fo-la- 1563 ¼vkf'ouh 'kqDyk lIreh½ jS fnu 24 cjl jh voLFkk eka;vki lekf/kLFk gks;kA drfj;klj tlukfFk;ksa jkS ikou rhjFk LFkG gSA b.kka jkS minsl gkS dS xq: jh lsokvj fujxq.k fujkdj jh mikluk vj dje euqt [kkrj t:jh gSA

[kjfM+;k xkao jk djenkl b.kh ijEijk jk dfo gq;k ftdk *gfjdFkk* jphA dfo nsoks th bZ b.khijEijk jk dfo gkA m.kkajh jpukoka xq.kekyk] nslwaBkS] ukjk;.k yhyk] /kjeiqjk.kk] lwjtyhyk vj vksykacksvknizeq[k cktSA

18oha lnh eka; dfo ykyukFk th tlukFkh lEiznk; jk izfl) dfo gks;k gSA b.kka jh jpukoka eka;tho le>ksÙkjh] ôj.k fo|k gjjl] gjyhyk] fudyax iqjk.k vj lwjt lzksr lkxS QqVdj in feGSA X;ku]dje vj Hkxrh jh f=os.kh m.kka izokfgr djhA b.kh Hkkar dfo pks[kukFkth] gkjksth] lksHkksth lksuh] djeksthHkkaHkw] iapksth vj ukFkks th tlukFkh lEiznk; lk: jpukoka fy[krk Fkdk m.kka jS x:oka jS pfj= ekFkS ys[k.khpyk;hA

8-7 fujatuh lEiznk; %

b.k lEiznk; jk izoÙkZd gfjnkl th gk m.kkajk psyk Hkxoku uS fujatu fujkdkj ekuSA gfjnklthlka[kyk jktiwr gkA fujatu iFk uS eku.kokGk ewjrhiwtk eka; foLokl dksuh jk[kSA MhMok.kk ¼ukxkSj½ jSuthd ^^xk<+k** ukao jS xkao eka; fujatuh lk/kq Qkxq.k lqnh vsde lwa ckjgl rkbZ HksGk gksoSA cBS esGkS HkjhtSAtkrjh njl.k lk: iwxSA

gfjnklth 1499 eka; vkijkS ljhj NksM+ fn;kSA b.kka jkS Ô;kgyk* lk[kh] uke fu:i.k xzaFk] pkyhl

80

inh] pkSnginh vj m.kkajk vuq;kf;;ka jh jpukoka eka; jktLFkkuh vj czt jks vlj feGS txthounkl]/;kunkl] ukxjhnkl] lsoknkl] euksgjnkl] Hkxokunkl] fujatuh vkn dfo ukeh gks;k gS ftdka b.k lEiznk;lk: eksdGk lkfgR; fljt.k djhA

8-8 fuEckdZ lEiznk; %

ij'kqjke nsokpk;Z b.k lEiznk; jk gkA m.kka jh Hkxrh lxq.k lEiznk; lk: tk.khtSA ij'kqjke nsothlhdj ftys jS Bhdfj; xka; jS xqtZj xkSM+ czkã.k dqG eka; tyE;k gkA b.kka jk in ^ôk.kh** dghtSA b.kkajS dkO; eka; 2225 lkf[k;ka] 15 pfj=] 13 yhyk dfork vj yxSVxS 600 in feGSA lxGh dkO; fljt.kkHkxor~ izse lwa Hkj~;ksM+h gSA fuEckdZ lEiznk; jk yksdpkok dfo ^rRoosrk* ¼fVdenkl½ 16oha lnh eka; gks;kAb.kka jh xÌh tSrkj.k ¼ikyh½ eka; gSA m.kkajh *rRoosrkok.kh*] jkS ladyu ?k.kkSA b.kjh Hkklk czt fefJrjktLFkkuh gSA ij'kqjke nsokpk;Z jS leS ckcr er&erkUrj gSA dsbZ m.kka jkS leS 1393 lwa 1450 jS e/; ekuSrks dbZ 1543 lwa 1623 jS fcpkGS ekuSA b.kka jS inka eka; fujxq.k vj lxq.k Hkxrh jk in feGSA

8-9 ykynklh lEiznk; %

lar ykynkl nknw n;ky jS ledkyhu lar gkA b.kka jkS izHkko esokr eka; jS;ksA b.kkjkS tye vyojjS uthd /kksyhnwc xkao eka; fo- la- 1597] lko.k cnh iapeh uS gks;kSA b.kka jS firk jkS ukao pkaney vj ekrkjkS ukao ^lenk* gkSA tkfr lwa vS êso* gkA ckyi.kS lwa vki js eka; vk/;kfRed lxrh c<+rk jS;h vj vkijheqykdkr eqlyeku Qdhj xnufp'rh lwa gks;hA vki fxjLFk /kje fuHkkork Fkdka riL;k djrk jSorkA vkijhlk/kuk lwa yksxksa uS ty.k gkso.k ykxhA bZa [kkrj vki LFkku cnGrk jS;kA ykynkl ûkxyk* jS;k vj 108cjl jh mej esa la- 1705 eka; LoxkZjksg.k dfj;kSA vkijh fopkj /kkjk eka; bZLoj vtj&vej v[kaM vjfujkdkj gSA tho vj cã vsd bZ gS vj ek;k jS dkj.k vka eka; ykxSA vki lRlax ekFkS /k.kkS tksj fnjk;kSA

ykynkl jh ok.kh eka; jke lqej.k ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ksM+ks gSA jke fujxq.k vj fujkdkj gS gfjnklb.k lEiznk; jk izeq[k dfo gSA m.kka jh jpukoka eka; foosdxhr] lkj laxzg] /;ku tksx laon gfjnkl&izsenkllaokn* izeq[k gSA

lsjiqjk jk Mwaxjth lkn ykynklth egkjkt jh ifjp;koGh jh jpuk djhA b.k lEiznk; jS dfo;kaeka; Hkh[k.knkl] lkse.knkl] vygn] Bkdqjnkl] izHkqnkl] egkuan] ukFkw lk/kq] tudaoj c{k] okan lkn] eaxyhlkn] cktw vj lar dfo gks;k gSA

8-10 pj.knklh lEiznk; %

lar pj.knkl esokr jk egku lar gks;k gSA m.kka jkS tye esokr jS ^Msgjk** uked xkao eka; fo- laor1760 Hkknok lqnh rht uS gks;kSA vkijS firk jkS ukao eqjyh/kj vj ekrk*jkS ukao daqth gksA vki jkS ifjokj <wljoSL; gksA 19 o"kZ jh voLFkk eka; 'kqdnso eqfu lwa vkijh HksaV gks;h vj vki m.kka lwa nh{kk yhohA fo- laor~1839 eka; fnYyh esa vki lekf/k yhohA vkijh fopkj /kkjk lxq.k vj fujxq.k nksuwa bZ Hkkar jh ghA vki czg~ejh lxrh uS xq.kkrhr ekurkA bZLoj lxGh txg O;kIr gSA cSu lkdkj gS vj u fujkdkj gSA xq: Hkxrh ekFkSvj lRlax dj.kS ekFkS tksj fn;ksA bZLoj feu[kka ?kV&?kV eka; O;kIr gSA bZLoj rhjFk eka; dksuh jSosA vkiuSfrdrk vj lq)rk ekFkS tksj fn;ksA b.kkjh Hkklk czt&fefJr jktLFkkuh gSA pj.knklh lEiznk; jS lardfo;ka eka; tksxthr] jke:i] :ikjke] v[kSjkenkl] eueksgunkl] ljl ek/kqjh lj.k vkn izeq[k gSA

8-11 xwnM+ iaFk &

lar vxznkl jh fl"; ijEijk esa m.kka jk psyk larnkl gks;kA m.kka jks Hks[k xwnM+k gksA cs xqnM+vks<;ksM+h jSork gkA b.kka jS ikNS xwnM+ iaFk vkjaHk gks;kS] b.k iaFkjh izeq[k ihB nkarM+k ¼HkhyokM+k½ eka; gSAlarnkl ckgjh vkMacjak ekFkS foLokl dksuh djrkA >wB cksy.kS jS vkpj.k jh fuUnk djrk vj jke&Lej.k ekFkS

81

tksj jk[krkA b.kkajh lk/kuk&mikluk jkeLusgh lEiznk; lwa feGrh&tqGrh gSA

xwnM+ iaFk eka; larnkl jh okf.k;ka vj lkf[k;ka jkS egrkÅ gSA larnkl th jh lkf[k;ka 55 vaxk eka;ckaV~;ksM+h gSA fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk lwa lxGh lkf[k;ka tqM+;ksM+h gSA

8-12 vyf[k;k lEiznk; %

b.k lEiznk; jk izoÙkZd ykyfxfj th gkA m.kka jkS tye pq: ftyk jS ^lqy[kfu;ka* xkao eka; gks;kSA1829 eka; tn vS iUnzg cjl jk gk rn chdkusj vk;kA b.kk jh izsj.kk lwa xS*jks dqokS** vy[k lkxj c.;kSA,dj ykyfxfj chdkusj jk egkjktk jruflag th uS fyNeh ukjk;.k jS efUnj tkork Fkdka ns[;kS rks cka m.kkauS jksd*j dS;kS & vy[k jks lqej.k djksA ewfrZ iwtk csdkj gSA b.k ckr ekFkS egkjktk ukjkt gks;X;k vj m.kkauS nsl&fudkGkS fn;kSA ykyfxfj th tn rkbZ thfor jS;k] cS tSij eka; ^xyrkth esa jS;k* b.kka jh ôk.kh*ljy vj ljl lcnkoGh lwa Hkjh iwjh gSA

b.k ek;a 29 lcn gSA b.k iaFk jk vuq;k;h ;ksx lk/kuk vj gB;ksx ekFkS tksjA *vyf[k;k lEiznk;*jk lar feGS tn dSos & vy[k ekSyk] vj vkil esa vfHkuUnu djSA b.k lEiznk; jkS chdkusj eka; ?k.kks izHkkojS;ksA uhph tkr jk yksx b.k lEiznk; esa vk;k vj b.kuS pkoks dfj;kSA

8-13 vkbZ iaFk %

vkbZ th & vkbZ iaFk jh izoÙkZd ththnsoh ¼vkbZth½ gkA *'kkDr* ijaijka jS :i esa vkbZ iaFk lkehvk;kSA vkijkS tye jktiwr tkfr jS <+kch xks= jS chdkth jh iq=h :i esa gks;kSA vkbZth jh Hkxrh lxrh :ieka; ekuhtSA tks/kiqj jS fcykM+k rglhy eka; vkijkS efUnj vj ihB gSA vkbZ th jkS izHkko e/;izns'k vjjktLFkku rkbZ QSY;ksM+kS gSA

*vkbZ vkuan foykl** ^^vkbZ mxzizdkl**

^^vkbZ ekrkjh csfy** bZa iaFk jh egrkÅ jpuk ok gSA ththckbZ 15oha lnh esa gq;k vj 1504 eka; vkijkslqjxokl gks;kSA vkbZ iaFkh ekal efnjk jkS lscu dksuh djSA

ththnsoh lu~ 1500 eka; vkijh xn~nh xkscUn uS lwaih vj *vkbZ iaFk* jkS izpkj&izlkj dj.k lk: ikyhvj tks/kiqj eka; ?k.kk yksxka uS b.k iaFk jk vuq;k;h c.kk;kA

8-14 bdkbZ jks lkj

lar&lkfgR; jk vkpk;Z vj lar dfo;ka lekt lq/kkj lk:& uSfrd vkpj.k ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;kSA m.kka jk[kkl fl)kUr gk &

1- fujxq.k&fujkdkj ^jke* gh uS bLV eku*j m.kk jks Lej.k djrk jSo.kksA

2- ewjfr iwtk] ckgjh vkMEcj] feF;kpkj jkS fojks/k dj.kkS vj FkksFkS vfHkeku jkS R;kx dj.kkSA

3- lhG] larks[k] R;kx] n;k] oSjkx jkS iky.k dj.kks vj dke] Øks/k] yksHk eksg] ?keaM] jkS R;kx dj.kkSA

4- xq: jkS lclwa vwapkS in eku.kkSA

5- ru&eu vj opu lwa eku[kS jh lsok dj.khA

6- feu[k lekt eka; & vsdrk] HkkbZpkjkS vj izse jks foLrkj dj.kksA

b.kHkkar vk[kS ekuo&lekt lk: larka jkS ?k.keksGks ;ksxnku jS;ksA

8-15 vH;kl jk izLu

1- ^lar* lcn jh fy[kksA

2- *vkfnukFk f'koth* uS ekurk Fkdka dq.k lkS lEiznk; vkxS c/;kS] m.k lEiznk; jkS ifjpS nsoksA

82

3- nknw iaFk jk izoÙkZd dq.k gk \ m.kka jk dkbZ fl)kUr gk\

4- jke&Lusgh lEiznk; ^jke jS fd.k Lo:i uS eku*j vkijkS iaFk pyk;ks gk\ le>koksA

5- fc'uksbZ lEiznk; jk izorZd jkS ukao crkoksA

6- fuEckdZ lEiznk; jk izorZd jkS ukao vj m.k iaFk jh ihB dBS gS\ crkoksA

7- *vyf[k;k lEiznk;* jk izorZd dq.k gk vj lk/kqoka jh fiNk.k dkb± gh \

8- *tlukFkh lEiznk;* jkS ifo= rhjFk dq.k lkS xako gS vj b.k iaFk jk izorZd dq.k gk\

9- *ykynklh iaFk* jk lar ykynkl th jk minsl esokrh lekt lk: fd.k Hkkar mi;ksxh fj;k\

10- tks/kiqj jk egkjktk ekuflag dq.k lk lEiznk; eka; nh{kk xzg.k djh\

11- *vkbZ iaFk* jk izorZd dq.k gk \ b.kka jh izeq[k ihB dq.klh txka gS\

12- vkbZ ekrk ththckbZ jh pfjr xkFkk ekaMksA

13- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk bfrgkl eka; e/;dky uS Lo.kZ;qx D;wa d;kS tkos\



2- MkW- ftrsUnz ukFk ikBd & HkfDr vkSj jhfrdkyhu eqDrd dkO;A


4- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkghR;A

5- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

83

bdkbZ & 9

if'pe jktLFkku jk lar lEiznk;bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

9-0 mísL;

9-1 izLrkouk

9-2 tkEHkksth ¼fc'uksbZ½ lEiznk;

9-2-1 lar tkEHkksth jks tho.k ifjpS

9-2-2 lar tkEHkksth jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

9-2-3 lar tkEHkksth jh flL; ijEijk

9-2-4 lar tkEHkksth jh okf.k;ka

9-3 tlukFkh lEiznk;&

9-3-1 lar tlukFk jks tho.k ifjpS

9-3-2 lar tlukFk jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

9-3-3 lar tlukFk jk psyka jh ijEijk

9-3-4 lar tlukFk jh okf.k;ka

9-4 jkeLusgh lEiznk; &

9-4-1 lar jkepj.k vj 'kkgiqjk ihB

9-4-2 lar nfj;ko vj js.k ihB

9-4-3 lar jkenkl vj [ksM+k;k ihB

9-4-4 lar gfjjkenkl vj flaFkG ihB

9-5 vkbZ iaFk

9-5-1 vkbZth jks tho.k ifjpS&

9-5-2 vkbZth iaFk jk izeq[k psyk

9-5-3 vkbZ iaFk jks lkfgR;

9-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

9-7 lcnkoyh

9-8 vH;kl jk izLu


9-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks ewG mísL; vkFkw.kS ¼if'peh½ jktLFku jh e:/kjk Hkkse ekFkS QSY;ksM+k vj ijlj~;ksM+ka dSbZywaBk lar lEiznk;ka ¼iaFkka½ jh tk.kdkjh djko.kkS gSA e/;dky jh m.k fodV ?kM+h esa vS lar yksx tdkaijksidkj] vj HkykbZ jk dke] uSfrdrk] jks izpkj djedkaM jks [k.Mu&e.Mu dj~;ks gS vj ekuo lekt lk:vsd lkapkS lansl fn;kA b.kk fgUnw&eqlGeku nksuwa tkfr;ka jk vkilh oSeuL; uS NksM*j izse ekjx jks jkLrkscrk;ksA lar crk;kS jke vj jghe esa dksbZ Hksn uha gS] lar bZl jS uke lqfej.k uS ?k.kkS egRo fn;kSA lark jh

84

okf.k;ka vkt Hkh ekuo feu[kka uS ln~ekjx ekFkS pky.k jks lansl nsoS gSA vak lxGh ckrka jks [kqyklkS b.kbdkbZ esa gqoSykA b.k bdkbZ jks mísL; ekjokM+ jk [kkl&[kkl lar iaFkka ¼lEiznk;ka½ jh tk.kadkjh djk.kks gSAb.kesa tkEHkksth jks fo'uksbZ lEiznk;] tlukFkh lEiznk;] jkeLusgh lEiznk; vj vkbZ iaFk jh tka.kdkjh nh tk;jSbZ gSA

9-1 izLrkouk

e/;dky esa jktLFkku esa dSbZ lar] Hkxr vj fopkjd gq;k gS tdka vkijS yksdfgrdkjh dkeka jh otglwa t;pkok gq;k vj m.k c[kr jh lkekftd :f<+;ka jks [kkrek dj~;ks gksA b.kkesa yksd nsorkoka jS vykoktkaEHkksth] jkepj.knkl] tlukFk] lar nfj;ko] foYgksth] vj vkbZekrk tSM+ka larka lekt jh :f<+;ka uS pqukSrhnh vj ekuo ewY;ka jks egkre c<+k;ksA vS yksx Hkxr vj lar jS vykoka lekt lq/kkj jks egrkÅ dke Hkhdj~;ksA jktLFkkuh lekt jS tuekul ekFkS vk larak jh ?k.kh iSB ghA vS yksx tu&lkekU; uS ln~ekjx vjvk/;kfRed ekjx fn[kk;ksA larka jh vs okf.k;ka vkt Hkh ?k.kha izklafxd gSA jktLFkkuh lar lkfgR; Hkkar&Hkkarjksa gSaA b.k bdkbZ esa fol; eqtc if'peh jktLFkku jS U;kajS&U;kjS iaFkka ¼lEiznk;ka½ jh tka.kdkjh djkbZ tkoSykA

9-2 tkEHkksth jks ¼fc'uksbZ½ lEiznk;&

jktLFkku esa i;kZoj.k&psruk jk iz.ksrk lar tkEHkksth ekU;k tkoS gSA :a[kak vj ou jk thoka jh egÙkkle>.k okGk tkEHkksth vkijS b.k iaFk lk: 29 fu;e c.kk;kA vs xq.krhl fu;e ^fc'uksbZ lEiznk;* jkvk/kkj FkEHk gS] ft.kkesa [kkl fx.kko.k tksx fu;e b.k Hkkar gS& jkst fluku dj.kksa] vey uha iho.kkS] rEckdwuha [kko.kks] lxGk izkf.k;ka ekFkS n;k dj.kh] lalkj lwa eksg uha dj.kksa] dnSbZ >wB uha cksy.kkas] nk: uha iho.kh]dnSbZ fd.kh jh cqjkbZ uha dj.kh] Øks/k uha dj.kks] uhyk oL= uha Nwo.kk] gj~;ka :[kka uS uha dkaV.kka] ikapw c[krfo".kq jks uke yso.kksa] ik.kh Nk.k*j iho.kks] dnSbZ pksjh uha dj.kh] vekol jS fnu ozr jk[k.kks vknA

b.k lEiznk; esa fgUnw&eqlGeku nksuwa oka jks leUo; ns[;kS tk ldS gSA b.k rjS tkEHkksth jk b.k iaFkesa oS".ko] tSu vj bLyke /kje vj ukFkiaFk jk fl)kUrka jks leUo; ns[k.k uS feGS gSA tkEHkksth vsd lektlq/kkjd OgSrka Fkdka vkpj.k jh lqnh ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gSA Hkxoku~ jS :i c.kko jS lEcU/k esa tkEHkksth jksdSo.kks vkS gS dS & ^^bZlj jks lq:i jks cj.kko bejr jS Lokn jh Hkkar ok.kh lwa uha dj~;kS tk ldS gSA lkxjesa ekNyh jS ekjx jh Hkkar m.kkjkS Hksn uha ik;ks tk ldSA**

b.k lEiznk; esa nh{kk ySo.k [kkrj b.kkjk xq.krhl fu;eka jh iky.kk t:jh gSA vfHkoknu esa uo.kiz.kke vj Hkxoku~ foL.kq jks uke lqfej.k t:jh gSA b.k iaFk esa ewjr&iwtk uha djh tkoS gSA

chdkusj jS duS eqdke esa tkEHkksth jks feUnj gSA vBS Qkxq.k ebZuk jh vekol uS eksVks esGks HkjhtSvBS gtkjka jh rknkn esa feu[k HksGk gksoS gSA eqdke jS vykok tkEHkksGko] ihiklj] lejkFkG] yksgkoV] fc'uksbZlekt jk rhjFk&LFky ekU;k tkoSA

b.k lEiznk; esa tho gR;k jks [k.Mu dj~;ks x;kS gS vj gj~;ka :a[kk jS cpko jks egRo njlk;kS x;ksgSA

9-2-1 lar tkEHkksth jks tho.k ifjpS

lar tkEHkksth jks tGe fo-la- 1508 ¼1451 bZ-½ jh Hkknok cnh 8 ¼vkBe½ uS ukxkSj jS ihiklj xkao esaOgh;ksa gks] vS tkr jk iaokj jktiwr gk] b.kkjS firk jks uke yksgVth vj ekrk jks uke gkalk nsoh gks] Vkcji.kSesa vS ?k.kk fpUrulhy vj de cksy.kekGk gk] lkr cjl lwa yS;*j lksyg cjl jh mej rkabZ vS taxG esa xk;kapjkork gka] tkEHkksth uS xq# xksj[kukFk nh{kk nh ghA tkEHkksth tho.k Hkj czãpkjh jS;k gk] lEejkFkG esa jS;*jvS lRlax djrk] vBS jSork Fkdka b.kk 1483 bZ- ¼1540 la-½ esa ^fc'uksbZ lEiznk;* jh Fkji.kka djh] 51 cjl jhmej esa 1591 la- ¼1536 bZ-½ esa feaxlj cnh 9 uS b.kk nsg R;kxh ghA b.kk jh lekf/k LFkG rkyok xkao esa gStdks eqdke jS uke lwa ?k.kkS pkokS gSA b.kkjks vk[kh ekuork jS [kkrj ?k.kkS ;ksxnku gSA

85

9-2-2 lar tkEHkksth jh jpukoka jks ifjpS &

tkEHkksth jS er jk vuq;kf;;ka dkykUrj esa tk;uS b.kk jh lkf[k;k vj lcnak jks ldayu] lEiknuvj dSbZ Vhdkoka lwa b.k lEiznk; jS lkfgR; esa c<ksrjh djhA tkEHkksth jh jpuk ^lcnok.kh** gSA ^lcnok.kh**eku[kS uS uSfrdrk jks ikB i<+koSA tkEHkksth lwa iNS ?k.k[kjka fo}kuk uS b.kkjh okf.k;ka jks ladyu dj~;ks gS]ft.kkesa ^^tEHk lkj**] ^^tEHklkxj**] *tEHkxhrk*] ^^tEHklkj lk[kh** vkn tkEHkksth lwa lEcfU/kr gSA

vka lxGh jpukoka esa tkEHkksth jS tho.k&pfj= jh efgek jS vykok b.kkjS /kje lk/kuk jks cj.kko feGSgSA ^^lcnkoyh** 16oha lnh jS e#Hkkse jh yksdHkklk jktLFkkuh esa jfpr ljl vj ljy okf.k;ka jks laxzS gSAb.kesa tkEHkksth jk Hkxrh njl.k vj vk/;kRe fol;d fopkj gq;kS gSA

9-2-3 lar tkEHkksth jh flL; ijEijk

lar tkEHkksth jS psyka esa foYgksth] dSlksth xksnkjk] ÅnkSth uS.k] rstksth pkj.k] lelnhu] MsYgth]dhYgth pkj.k] vYywukFk dfo;k] vkyeth] lqjtunkl iwfu;k vkn [kkl gSA vS lxGk psyk vyx&vyxtkfr;ka jk gkA

lar ohYgksth vs cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo jk /k.kh gk] b.kkjkS tGe jsokM+h ¼gfj;k.kk½ esa vsd [kkrh ifjokjesa Ogh;ksA b.kk firk jksuke JhpUnz vj ekrk jks uke vkUnkckbZ gksA fo'uksbZ lEiznk; esa vS ?k.kk pkok gSA vSlq: esa pspd jS dkj.k vka[;ka lwa vka/kk gk] i.k tkEHkksth jh fdjiklwa vakjh vka[;ka esa tksr vk;xh gh] b.kkjhjpukoka esa *dFkk xqxfG;s dh] dFkk ?kM+kca/k] dFkk >ksjM+k dh crhlh] vk[kM+h dFkk] X;kupkjh* vkn izfl)gSA ohYgksth jk nwgk vj lksj.k] dfor rks ?k.kk uhfrijd vj lVhd gSA b.kkjk gjtlak esa gfj jS fujxq.k vjlxq.k nksuaw :ik jks cj.kko feGS gSA vS tkr&ikar lwa nwj] jke vj jghe uS vsd eku.k okGk gk] vsd mnkgj.kns[k.k tksx gS&

^^jke jghe folu fofLeYyk] fdlu djhe gekjS]

dqdje tqye xk; cdjh ifj] :L; ehlY; rqEgkjksAA**

9-2-4 lar tkEHkksth jh okf.k;ka

lar tkEHkksth vsd egku~ ;ksxh vj fopkjd gkA tkEHkksth jk lkfgR; esa dSbZ nkjlfud]vk/;kfRed] /kkjfed igywoka ekFkS pjpk djh x;h gSA b.kjksa Hkxoku~ fujxq.k fujkdkj gS] okS ?kV&?kV O;kihgSA b.kk fgUnw&eqlGeku nksuwa oka uS leku :i lwa vfgalk jks minsl fn;ks gSA b.kk lalkj jS lS djeka vj/kjek jks lapkyd gfj uS ekU;ks gSA b.kkjS eqtc gfj fdjik lwa vlEHko Hkh laHko OgS ldS gSA b.kk lRlax uSHkh ?k.kkS egRo fn;ks gSA b.kk Hkh ik[k.M vj ewjr&iwtk jks fojks/k dj~;ks gSA b.kkjh okf.k;ak jk mnkgj.k uhpSfn;k tk jS;k gS&

rhjFk tkrjkoka jks fojks/k&

¼1½ ^^v³lfB rhjFk fgjnS Hkhrj] ckgfj yksdkpk:aA**¼taHkok.kh&lcn&62½

bZl uke lqfej.k ekFkS tksj &

¼1½ ^^Hkwyk izk.kh folu tiks js] ej.k folkjks dsgwaA**¼lcn&23½

lRlax&efgek &

¼1½ ^^yksgks uhj fdlh ifj rfjck] mfre lax LusgwaA** ¼lcn&14½

xq# jh efgek &

¼1½ ^^lrxq# ,slk rar crkoS] tqfx&tqfx thoS tyfe u vkoSA**¼lcn&107½

tkr&ikr jks fojks/k&

86

¼1½ ^^mfre dqyh dk mfre u dfgok] dkj.k fdfj;k lk:aA**¼lcn&26½

czã jh efgek&

¼1½ ^^tka dqfN gqark uka dqfN gks;lh] cfy dqfN gks;lh rkafgA**¼lcn&16½

vgadkj jks R;kx &

¼1½ ^^tka tka ?ke.M lwa eaM~;kS] rkdS rko u Nk;kSA**¼lcn&18½

ijczã loZO;kih&

¼1½ ^^fny [kkstks njosl HkbZyksA**¼lcn&67½

¼2½ ^^rkag ds Hkwys Nksfr u gksbZ]

fny&fny vki [kqnk;can tkxS] lc fny tkX;ks yksbZA**¼lcn&6&7½

vkMEcjk jks [k.Mu&

¼1½ fny lkfcfr gt dkcks usM+kS] D;k myoax iqdkjks\**¼lcn&11½

b.k rjS lkjkal :i lwa dS;ks tk ldS gS dS tkEHkksth jh ^^tEHk&ok.kh** jk lcn ?k.kk fujkGk gSAewjr&iwtk jks fojks/k] /kkjfed ik[k.Mk jks [k.Mu] tkr&ikr jks fojks/k] vgadkj jks R;kx] xq# jh efgek]lRlax jh efgek] vkn dSbZ xq.kka uS /;ku esa jk[k*tEHkok.kh jks fljt.k gq;kS gSA

9-3 tlukFkh lEiznk; &

lar tlukFk vkijS minslk jS yS;*j [kkl*dj 36 fu;eka jS dkj.k ^^tlukFkh&lEiznk;** jh Fkji.kkdjh ghA b.k lEiznk; jk vuq;kf;;ka esa djlk vj tkV ojx jk yksx ?k.kS gSA b.k lEiznk; jk 36 fu;ekaesa fx.kko.k tksx b.k Hkkar gS& pks[kkS dke dj.kksa] fgalk uh dj.kh] fluku jS iNS Hkkstu dj.kksa] nksuaw leS bZljjh oanuk dj.kh] gou dj.kks] bZlj esa foLokl jk[k.kks] /kweziku vj ysl.k jks R;kx vj vfgalk jh iky.kkadj.kh] ekal uha [kko.kkS vkn dSbZ ljko.k tksx fu;e gSA v fu;eka uS /;ku esa jk[krka Fkdka tlukFk thvkpj.k jh lq)rk] tho&n;k vj Hkxrh jk egRo ekFkS tksj nsoS gSA b.k lEiznk; jh [kkl xknh chdkusj jSduS drfj;klj xk¡o esa gSA b.k lEiznk; jk yksx Hkxok xkHkk iSgjS vj tlukFkth jS lcnka jks ikB Hkh djSgSA bZa lEiznk; jk yksx xGS esa dkGh Åu jks /kkxks Hkh ck/kS gS vj xaxk fluku] vj eksj&ika[k uS ?k.kkS egRonsoS gSA b.kkjkS *vfXu* fujR; Hkh ?k.kkS pkokS ekuhtS gSA vkx jk cGcGrk [khjka ij ukprh c[kr fjxq.k inHkh xk;k tkoS gS] vxu fujR; esa oGrk [khjk ekFkS fl) iq#l :Lre th jks uke yS;*j Hkkar&Hkkar jk lkaxHkh larx.k djSA chdkusj jS drfj;klj] ceyw] fy[keknslj] ekyklj vkn xkao tlukFkh lEiznk; jk rhjFk/kke gSA chdwljka esa tlukFk th jks feUnj Hkh feGS gSA 16oha lnh esa vkS lEiznk; ?k.kkS Qy~;ks&Qwy~;kS gks]b.k lEiznk; jk vuq;k;h vtS Hkh vkijS /kje jk fu;eka jh iky.kk djrk ns[;k tk ldS gSA

9-3-1 lar tlukFk jks tho.k ifjpS &

lar tlukFk th jks tGe fo-la- 1539 ¼1482 bZ-½ esa dkfr lqnh X;kjl uS chdkusj jS drfj;klj xkaoesa Ogh;ksa gks gEehj th tka.kh tkV uS vS taxG esa iM+~;k fey~;k fu% larku gEehj th vj m.kkjh iRuh :iaknsb.kkjkS ikyu&iksl.k dj~;ks vj b.kkjks tloar uke /kj~;ks gksA b.kkjk peRdkjka lwa izHkkfor OgS*j nsgyh jklqyrku fldUnj yksnh b.kkuS drfj;klj xkao jS uSM+s Hkwfe djhnh ghA ckjg cjl jh mej esa dBksj riL;kdj.kS lwa flf) izkIr dj vS fl) tlukFk dgyk;kA tlukFk th jh vk lk/kuk Hkkse xksj[kekfG;ka jS ukelwa ?k.kh pkoh gSA b.k lEiznk; esa ^^;'kksukFk iqjk.k** uked xzUFk esa b.k ?kVuk jks mYys[k gS&

^^laor~ iujS bdkous] vklksth lqn ik;]

ok fnu xksj[kukFk lwa] tloar tksx iBk;A**

87

24 cjl jh mej eas vklkst lqnh lkre uS fo-la- 1563 esa b.kkjh fejR;q Ogha ghA QSj b.kk drfj;kljesa lekf/k yh ghA

9-3-2 lar tlukFk jh jpukoka jks ifjpS&

tlukFkh lEiznk; jS erkuqlkj b.kk jh rhu jpukoka ns[k.k uS feGS gS] ft.kesa xksj[k Nan] >kM+k]flaHkw/kM+k mYys[k tksx gSA

^^flaHkw/kM+k** tlukFkh lEiznk; jks egrkÅ xzUFk gSA vks tlukFk jh folsl Nankse;h jpuk gSA b.kesaHkxoku~ jS loZO;kih gkso.k jks ladsr Hkh feGS gS&

^^bZloj tkVs tVqvksa] jkst jtqvksa cuh jM+S fcu tk:a]

bzlj lkjk nqark] [kksdjd QY;S] lksdj dgY;S lk:aA**

b.kkjh okf.k;ka esa czã] fo".kq] egsl] jke] fdLlu vkn jk uke Hkh feGS] i.k eqxrh [kkrj b.kk fujxq.kfujkdkj izHkq jh mikluk ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gSA

9-3-3 lar tlukFk jk psyka jh ijEijk &

lar tlukFk th jS vykok b.k lEiznk;k jk pkok larka esa gkjksth] gkalksth] :Lre th] nwnksth]ikyksth] nsoks th] ykyukFk th] /kkuksth vkn jk uke mYys[ktksx gSA :Lre th jh jpukoka esa flo C;koyksavj fØLlu C;koyks feGS gSA chdkusj jS ykyHknslj xkao jk ykyukFk Hkh b.kkjk [kkl psyk gkA b.kkjhjpukoka esa gfjjkl] gjyhy] fu"dyad ijok.k] tho le>ksrjh [kkl jpuk gSA nsoks th Hkh fl) iq#l Ogh;kagS] vS chdkusj jS lksfu;klj jk fuoklh gk] b.kk 1724 la- esa dj.kwa xkao jS jksgh ¼taxG½ esa thfor lekf/k yhghA b.kkjha jpukoka esa *nslwM+ks] /kjr ijok.k] ukjk;.k] yhyk* ljkg.k tksx dfr;ka gSA

:Lre th vkSjaxtsc jS leS jk fl) iq#l gkA vka gh b.k lEiznk; esa vxr fujR; jh lq#okr djhghA

9-3-4 lar tlukFk jh okf.k;ka&

lar tlukFk vkijh okaf.k;ka lwa izse ;ksx vj Hkxrh ;ksx uS ?k.kkS egRo fn;ks gSA b.kk bZlj ukelqfej.k jh efgek jks c[kk.k Hkh dj~;ks gSA b.kk lxGk tho ftukojka jS izfr vfgalk jks Hkko njlk;ks gSA b.kkvkijS lEiznk; jS vuq;kf;;ksa jS lk: mre dke] ifo=rk] lhy] larksl] n;k] /kje&fuLBk] {kek] lfgL.kqrkvkn uS /kkj.k dj.kS] fuUnk] fookn vj pksjh vkn nq"djeka jks eu] opu] dje lwa R;kx dj.k jks lansl fn;ksgSA vS djeokn ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gSA b.kk Hkh xq# jh egrk loksZifj ekuh gSA

b.kk vkpj.k gh lqf) vj ik[k.Mka jks fojks/k Hkh trk;ks gSA b.kk ijesLoj jks vsd :i gh ekU;ks gSAvka lxGh ckrka jks [kqyklkS b.kkjh okf.k;ka esa feGS gS] T;ka jk dqNSbZ mnkgj.k ns[kh tS&

tho gR;k jks fojks/k&

¼1½ ^^lkaHkG eqYyk lkaHkG dkth] lkaHkG cdj dlkbZA

fd.k QjekbZ cdjh fcj?kks] fd.k QjekbZ xkbZAA**

ik[k.Mka jks fojks/k&

¼1½ ^^Hkw[kk >jM+k dku QM+koS] lsoS eM+k elka.khA

dka/ks ikNS es[kG /kktS] dksjk ják vxk.khAA**

isze Hkkouk&

¼1½ ^^veh poS eq[k bejr cksyks] gkyks xq# Qjek.khA

----------------------------------------jke uke eksVks jruAA**

88

¼2½ ^^fxxu e.MG esa izse lqu] tgk¡ ghjk jh [kkuA

fcjyk iwapS ikj[kw] fly lkalS jh HkkuAA**

uke lqfej.k uS egRo&

¼1½ ^^vy[k vxkspj ukao gS] dj yhtS eu L;kghA

fnu nl ihNs uh lj~;k] ckijlh eqaxkbZAA**

ekuoh nsg jh uSLojrk&

¼1½ dkph dk;k xG xG tklh] dwa&dwa cj.kh nksgkA

gkMak Åij /kwe <qGSyh] ?k.kk gj cjls esgkA

ekVh esa ekVh fey tklh] Hkle iM+S gS [ksgkAA**

9-4 jkeLusgh lEiznk;&

^^jke Lusgh** lcn jke vj ^^lusgh** nksuwa lcnka jS esG lwa c.;ksa gSA jkeLusgh jk nks; vjFk fudGSgS& jkelwa Lusg jk[k.k okGk Hkxr vj Hkxrk lwa Lusg jk[k.k okGk jke] Hkxrk uS b.k lcn jks iz;ksx ?k.k[kjkaHkxrka Lusgh jke jS vjFk esa dj~;ks gSA lar dchj vj rqylhnkl Hkh vkijh dfr;ka esa ^jke* uke jks xq.kxkudj~;ks gSA ^^jkeLusgh lEiznk;** jks izlkj ekjokM+ eas ?k.kkS jS;ks gSA b.k lEiznk; esa fujxq.k fujkdkj ^jke* jSuke jks tki dj~;ks tkoS gSA *jkeLusgh* lEiznk; jkekuan lwa lq# Ogh;kS gSA b.kk czã X;ku ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ksgSA

MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh&b.kuS jfld lEiznk; jks uke fn;ks gS vj b.kjks izkjEHk jkekuan lwa ekuS gSAjkekuan jh vk ijEijk vkxS pky^j jktLFkku esa P;kj lk[kkoka esa caVxh lar jkepj.k jh flL; ijEijk b.kiaFk uS vkxs fodflr djh gh] jktLFkku esa b.k lEiznk; jh P;kj ihB jh Fkjiu.kk vj m.kkjk vkpk;k jhrkfydk b.kxr gS&

jkeLusgh lEiznk;

js.k lk[k ¼nfj;ko½ 'kkgiqjk ¼jkepj.k½ flagFkG ¼gfjjkenkl½ [kSM+k;k ¼jkenkl½

jkeLusgh lEiznk;k jk fl)kUrka eas lclwa iSyak xq#oanuk vj xq# Hkxrh ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks x;ks gS]^jke* lqfej.k uS egRo] ewjr&iwtk] rhjFk&tkrjk] ekGk] Nkik vj fryd jks fojks/k Hkh dj~;ks x;ks gSA dke]Øks/k] yksHk] eksg jks R;kx dj.kkS crk;ks gSA

b.k lEiznk; jk yksx xqykch jax jh pknj jks iz;ksx djS vj dksihu /kkj.k djS lqcS la/;k jke jks /;ku djS gS vj ik.kh uS Nk.k*j ihoS] tho gR;k jks fojks/k djSA b.kkesa ^QwG MksG* mPNo Hkh euk;ks tkoS] iaFkjk xq#oka jk fprjke Hkh ns[k.k uS feGS gSA

9-4-1 lar jkepj.k vj 'kkgiqjk ihB &

lar jkepj.k 'kkgiqjk jS jkeLusgh lEiznk; jk ewG vkpk;Z ekU;k tkoS gSA b.kk fujxq.k Hkxrh vj jkeegkea= jks minsl fn;ks gSA b.k lk[kk jk lk/kq yaxksV cka/kS] rwEch] pknjekG vj iksFkh jS vykok dksbZ nwthoLrq uha jk[kSA lar jkepj.k jks tGe tSiqj jS duS lksMk xkao esa ek?k lqnh 14] 1719 bZ- esa Ogh;ksaA b.kkjk firkpdrjketh vj ekrk jks uke nsÅth gks] b.kkjka xq# fØLlu jketh gk] b.kkjks cpiu jks uke jkefdlu gksAb.kkjh fejR;q 1798 bZ- esa 'kkgiqjk eas Ogh] b.kkjk 225 psyk gka] ft.kkesa 12 psyk [kkl gkA

jpukoka & Lokeh jkepj.k jh *vuHkSok.kh* pkdh gSA

b.kkjh ok.kh esa Hkxrh jks i[k ?k.kkS tksjnkj vj lkfgfR;d i[k xkS.k gSA b.kkjS eqtc jke lq[k jks

89

lkxj gS vj nq%[k jks Hkat.kgkj gSA vS vkijh ok.kh esa dSoS gS&

^^lq[k dk lkxj jke gS] nq%[k dk HkatugkjA

jkepj.k rft;s ugha] Hkft;s ckjEckjAA**

psyka jh ijEijk& lar jkepj.k jh flL; ijEijk esa Hkxokunkl ¼HkhyokM+k½] oYyHknkl ¼chdkusj½]jkelsod ¼mnSiqj½] jkeizrki ¼ek/kksiqj½] psrunkl ¼dksVk½] dkUgM+nkl ¼lkaxokM+k½] }kjdknkl ¼/kyiV½]nsoknkl ¼izrkix<+½] eqjyhjke ¼jk;iqj½] rqylhnkl ¼[kkuiqj½ vkn [kkl gSA

okf.k;k& lar jkepj.k jh okf.k;ka esa xq# uS ?k.kkS egRo fn;ks x;ks gSA lalkj :ih lkxj lwa xq#gh ikj yxk ldS gSA b.kk jh ok.kh esa lRlax uke lqfej.k ekFkS tksj fn;ks gSA b.kk lekt esa pkoh ewjr&iwtk]rhjFk&;k=k] cgqnsoikluk vj dU;k&foØ;] fgUnw&eqlGeku jks HksnHkko] diVh lk/kqoka vj vkMEcjka jks Hkhfojks/k dj~;ks gSA

fgUnw&eqlGeku HksnHkko&

¼1½ ^ôs elhr os nsojs] HkjE;k fQjs fujkVA

jkepj.k fgUnw rqjd] fudL;k ,ds ?kkVAA**

ckjyk vkMEcjk jks [k.Mu&

¼1½ ^^ldy ftgkau esa jfe jãk] eqYyk ,d jgheA

ckax lq.kkoS dwa.k dwa] cgjk ukfg jgheAA**

ifrozrk ukjh&

¼1½ ^îfrojrk ugpy jgS] ifr dks /kj foLoklA

jkepj.k foHkpkfj.kh ?k.k iq#lak dh vklAA**

djedk.Mk jks fojks/k

¼1½ ^^jkepj.k ;wa osn eas djedkaM v: jkeA

deZdk.M lalkj ys] lk/kw lqejS jkeAA**

lxq.k fujxq.k&

¼1½ ^^dksbZ lsoS vkdkj dwa dksbZ fujkdkj dk HkkoA

jkepj.k oS lar tu okgh dk djS mikoAA**

9-4-2 lar nfj;ko vj js.k lk[kk&

jkeLusgh lEiznk; jh P;k# lk[kkoka esa lclwa twauh vj iSyh ihB js.k ekuh tkoS gSA b.k jk izorZdlar nfj;ko th ekU;k tkoSA b.k lEiznk; jk jSg.k&lSg.k] mikluk i)fr 'kkgiqjk vj [kSM+kik jS jkeLusfg;kalwa ?k.kh feGS gSA

lar nfj;ko jks tGe tSrkj.k xkao esa fo-la- 1733 ¼1676 bZ-½ eas Ogh;kS gksA b.kkjS firk jks uke ekulkvj ekrk jks uke xhxh gks] vS tkr jk /kqfu;ka eqlGeku gka] b.kk 1769 fo-la- esa isenklth lwa lh[k yhA lkrcjl jh mej esa b.kkjS firk jh fejR;q iNS vS vkijS ukuk dehl jS lkFkS js.k vk;k gk] vBS gh jke Hkxrh jksizpkj djrka fo-la- 1815 ¼1759 bZ-½ eas js.k esa gh nsoyksd Ogh;ka gk] vBS gh b.kkjh yk[kklkxj jS duS laxejejjh lekf/k c.;ksM+h gSA

jpukoka&nj;kc ok.kh

b.k ok.kh esa 1000 in vj lkf[k;ka gS vj b.kkjh Hkklk ?k.kh izks<+ gSA Hkklk jk mnkgj.k ns[k.k tksx

90

gS&

^^tks dk;k dapu HkbZ] jruksa tfM+;k pkeA

nfj;k dgS fdl dke dk] tks eq[k ukagh ukeAA**

flL; ijEijk& lar nfj;ko th jk 72 psyk vj 9 psfy;ka gh] tdk jktLFkku jS U;kjS&U;kjS Hkkxkaesa b.k jks izpkj dj~;ks gS ft.kkesa gj[kkjke ¼ukxkSj½] lq[k jkenkl ¼esM+rk½] gsenkl ¼MhMokuk½] xaxkjke ¼tks/kiqj½] fljesy ¼lkEHkj½] nsonkl ¼ew.Mok½] Hkxokunkl ¼jksy½] ljnkjjke ¼cqVkVh½] uoyjke ¼fuEcM+h½] vkn[kkl fx.kko.k tksx gSA

okf.k;k& lar nfj;ko jh okf.k;ka esa ik[k.M jks fojks/k] lRlax uS egRo] xq# uS egRo] lEiznk;oknjks fojks/k] rhjFk ;k=k jks fojks/k] uSfrdrk ekFkS tksj] ewjr iwtk jks fojks/k] uke lqfej.k ekFkS tksj vkn ckrkajk cj.kko ns[k.k feGS gSA b.kkjh okf.k;ka jk mnkgj.k&

fgUnw&eqlGeku jks leUo;&

¼1½ ^^j jh rks jc vki gS] eek egksEen tkuA

nks; gjQ esa ekbuk] lcgh osn iqjku**AA

ukjh uS lEeku&

¼1½ ^ûkjh tuuh txr~ dh] iky iksl ns iks"kAewj[k jke fclkj dj] rkfg yxkoS nks"kAA**

ik[k.M jks fojks/k&

¼1½ ^^ru nsoy fcp vkre iwtk] nso fujatu vksj u nwtkAnhid Kku ikap dj ckrh] /kwi /;ku [ksoks fnu jkrhAA**

¼2½ ^^daBh ekyk dkB dh] fryd xkj dk gks;Atu nfj;k fut uke fcu] ikj u igq¡ps dks;AA**

lxq.k vj fujxq.k jks leUo;&

¼1½ ^^tu nfj;k esa nks; i[k] nksuwa mÙke lkjA

fujxq.k esjk lhl ij] lxq.k mj vk/kkjAA**

lRlax ekFkS tksj&

¼1½ nfj;k laxr lk/k dh] lgtS iyVS calA

dhV NksM+ eqä pqxS] gks; dkx ls galA**

dFkuh vj dj.kh jh vsdrk&

¼1½ ckgj ls mTtoy nlk] Hkhrj eSyk vaxA

rk ls rks dkSok Hkyk] ru&eu ,dfg jaxAA**

9-4-3 lar jkenkl vj [ksM+k;k ihB&

[kSM+k;k ihB jk izorZd lar gfjjkenkl jk psyk lar jkenkl jks py~;kSMks vks lEiznk; gSA larjkenkl jks tGe fcdedksj xkao esa fo-la- 1783 ¼1726 bZ-½ esa Ogh;ks gksA b.kkjS firk jks uke lknwy vj ekrkjks uke v.kHkh gks] vs tkr jk es?kokG gk] jkenkl jh ijph esa b.kkjS 12 xq#oka jks mYys[k feGS gSA larjkenkl jh [;kfr ekjokM+ jS vykoka esokM+] chdkusj vkn fj;klrka eas QSY;ksM+h ghA

b.kkjh fejR;q fo-la- 1855 ¼1789 bZ-½ esa Ogha gh rn b.kkjS iq= n;kynkl b.kkjh xknh lEHkkGh gh]

91

n;kynkl lEiznk; jS vuq;k;h lk/kqoka jk ikap Hksn dj~;k] ft.kkesa fojä] fonsgh] ijegal] izofr vj ?kjckjhdk;e dj~;k gkA

jpukoka& b.kkjh xq# efgek] HkDreky] pSrkouh] te Qkjxrh] vaxcn vuqHko ok.kh tSM+h iksF;ka txpkoka gSA

flL; ijEijk& lar jkenkl jh flL; ijEijk esa b.kkjk csVk n;kynkl] iksrks iwj.knkl] vjijljke [kkl gSA n;kynkl uS jkenkl jh xknh lEHkkyh ghA b.kkuS ^^d#.kk lkxj** jpuk Hkh jph gh]ijljke tks/kiqj vk;j lk/kuk djh ghA

okf.k;ka& lar jkenkl xq# Hkxrh ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gSA cs xq#oj uS Hkolkxj lwa ikj dj.k okGkScrk;ks gSA cs crk;ks jke uke lqfej.k lclwa eksVkS gSA jkenkl ewjr iwtk jks [k.Mu Hkh dj~;ks gS vS dSoS dSnqfu;k fdrh vka/kh gSA dS ?kV esa fuokl dj.k okGk czã uS uha ns[k ikoS vj tG] HkkVk jks iwtu djS &

^^dS rks iwtS iRFkj dwa] dS ty iwt.k tk;A

jkeka lkabZ ?kV esa rkdw y[ks u dks;AA**

jkenkl xq# :ih :a[k jh BaMh Nk;k esa foJke djrk eqxrh QG jks iku djk;ks gS&

^^lrxq# ,slk jkenkl] tSlh r#oj NkafgAlhry Nk;k eqfDr Qy] rk fop dsfy djkafgAA**

jkenkl iksFkh X;ku uS v/kwjks ekU;kS gSA cS dSoS gS&

^^fia<+r i<+dj jkenkl] ckSr djS xqekauAnks; vk[kj i<+h;k fcuka] var gqoSxh gkauAA**

9-4-4 lar gfjjkenkl vj flaFkG ihB&

flagFkG ihB jk izorZd lar gfjjkenkl gkA vk ihB chdkusj jS duS flagFkG xkao esa gSA gfjjkenkljks tGe flagFkG jS Hkkxpan tkslh jS ?kjS Ogh;ksA b.kkjh ekrk jks uke jkeh gks] vS ckGi.kS esa rst cqf) jk gk]vj 1800 fo-la- esa chdkusj jS nqypklj xkao jS tSeynkl jkekuanh oSL.koh lk/kq lwa nh{kk yh ghA vka jkslqjxokl 1835 fo-la- esa gq;ks] gfjjkenkl xgLFk gka] b.kkjh tksM+k;r jks uke paik gks] b.kkjS vsd csVks gks]ft.kjkS uke fcgkjhnkl gksA

vka jh iksF;ka esa gB;ksx] lekf/k] izk.kk;ke vkn izfØ;koka jks Hkh cj.kko feGS gSA b.kkjh HkklkjktLFkkuh gS vj fopkj mPp Åapk gSA

psyka jh foxr& gfjjkenkl jS lkr psyk ?k.kk pkok gS ft.kkesa ukjk;.knkl] jkenkl] fcgkjhnkl]vehjke] nbZnkl] y{e.knkl] vknwjke vkn [kkl gSA

jkenkl uS [ksM+kik esa xknh Fkkih y{e.knkl uS eqyrku esa] vknwjke ykyenslj esa jke}kjk jh Fkkiukdjh ghA vknwjke jh flL; ijEijk esa ihrenkl] prqjnkl vj fryksdjke gkaA

lar lkfgR;& lar gfjjkenkl jke uke jS lqfej.k ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks vj dS;ks gS dS ;ksx] ;K]nku] ri] fu;e] rhjFk] ozr vkn dksbZ Hkh b.k txr~ esa jke uke jh cjkcjh uha dj ldS gSA b.kk xq# uS Hkh?k.kkS egRo fn;ks gSA

^^xq# xksfoUn fcuq eqfDr u] thou dh dfg;ks osn lquhtSAtu gfjjke vkSj lc dwdl jke lCkn lr chtSAA

gfjjkenkl uS fgUnw&eqlGeku nksuwa oka jh fgaldo~fr jh ?k.kh vkykspuk djh gSA mnkgj.k ns[khtS&

^^larkS nksuwa jkg gjkeh] [kwu djS fcu [kkehA

fgUnw ?kkr djS vt;k dk] gfj lwa csQjek.khAA

92

b.kkuS jke uke lqfej.k ekFkS Hkh ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gS] vS dSoS gS&

^^jke dgS lsbZ Hkyk] txr~ dgk Hks[kA

rS vkSjka dh D;k iM+h gjh;k fny esa ns[kAA**

b.k rjS *jkeLusgh lEiznk;* esa jke&uke jh efgek jks xq.kxku dj~;ks x;ks gSA b.kk jk lar dkO; esaNqvkNwr] tkr&ikr jks fojks/k vj fgUnw&eqfLye vsdrk] fujxq.k vj lxq.k jks leUo; ns[k.k uS feGS gSA

9-5 vkbZ iaFk &

ukFk iaFk lwa fudG;kSM+ks vkbZ iaFk ekuhtS] *vkbZ iaFk* xksj[kukFk jh psyh foeyknsoh jks pyk;ks ekU;kstkoS gSA vkbZ jks vjFk ekrk gksoS gSA ekjokM+ esa dSbZ ukFk *vkbZ iaFkh* Ogh;k gSA tks/kiqj lwa 75 fdyksehVj nwjhekFkS fcykM+ks xkao gSA vkS xkao tks/kiqj jks vsd ijxuks Hkh jS;ks gS] vBS jkBkSMa+k jks jkt gks] vkbZiaFk jks errojst gks] ft.kjkS eryc gS&rujst lwjt] eqlGekuka jh ijEijkxr ckrka esa b.kjkS eryc egku~ lar vjvkSfy;kas lwa ekU;ks x;ks gSA fcykM+k esa vkbZth jks feUnj Hkh ywaBkS gSA b.k iaFk ckcr MkW- gtkjh izlkn f}osnhjks eku.kks gS dS vks iaFk 13oha lnh esa ?k.kkS pkokS gksA

9-5-1 vkbZth jks tho.k ifjpS&

vsd tuJqfr ckcr dSo.kks gS dS vkbZth uS fd.kh ukjh jS mnj ¼aisV½ lwa tye uha fy;ks] oS [kqn uonqjxk gh] oS lqjx lwa eqyrku uSM+s dBS vorfjr Ogh;k gka vj flU/k jk bykdka esa ?kwerk fQjrk gk] lglkm.kkuS vsd NksVh&lh yM+dh ¼NksVh½ jks :i /kkj.k*j fy;ks vj cS Hkh[kk uke jh Mkch jktiwr jS ?kjS i/kkj~;kgka] Mkch lhlksfn;k jh vsd milk[kk gSA Hkh[k jks ?kj vEckx<+ esa gks] tdks vkcw jsyos Vasl.k lwa 52 ehy iwjcesa gks] m.kkjS vlk/kkj.k QqVjkiS jh izlalk ek.Mw jS lqyrku jS dkuk rkabZ iwx xbZ vj m.kkuS cSxks bZ ght fookglEcU/k jks izLrko jk[;kS i.k Hkh[kk izLrko ukeatwj dj fn;ks] QSj Hkh vkbZth C;k*o [kkrj rS;kj Ogh;k] m.kkuSflagS ¼fla/k½ jks :i /kkj.k* dj m.kuS ijpks fn;ks] tnS tk;*j okS m.kkjkS vuq;k;h c.k x;ksA fo-la- 1521 esavkbZth fcykM+k i/kkj~;k gkA vkbZth jk dSbZ ijpk m.k leS rd ?k.kk pkok Ogh;kaA fo-la- 1561 esa vkbZth jhfejR;q OghA

^vkbZ iaFk^ jk vuq;k;h Mksjk cU/k* gksoS gS vFkkZr~ cS vkijS MakoS gkFk jh dykbZ ekFkS Mksjs jh X;kjg xkaBkcka/kS gSA Mksjk cka/k.k jS dkj.k vS ^MksjkcU/k* dSghtS] i.k yqxkbZ dGkbZ ekFkS Mksjk uha ck|*j xGS esa Mksjkck¡/kS gSA ^Mksjk cU/k^ uS gjSd cjl N% iSlbZ;ka vj vkbZth jS jFk jh cSY;ak [kkrj dqN nwtks p<+koks p<+.kks iM+SgSA

9-5-2 vkbZth iaFk jk izeq[k psyk

vkbZth jh flL; ijEijk esa ek/ko jks csVks xksfoUn nhoku] djdkbZ] HkwL;bZ vkn [kkl gSA vkbZ iaFk jkvuq;k;h fljoh tkr jk gSA vkbZiaFk esa lclwa iSyak izgykn] gfj'pUnz] ukjn tUets;] vkbZth Ogh;ka b.khtijEijk esa vkxS dSbZ psyk Ogh;ka gSA

9-5-3 vkbZ iaFk jks lkfgR;&

vkbZ iaFk jS lEcU/k esa eksdGks lkfgR; ns[k.k esa vkoS iSyks xzUFk ^^vkbZ&vkuUn&izdk'k** gSA fo-la-1793 esa fy[khT;ksa nwth jpuk ^^vkbZ&mxz&izdk'k** gS tdh egkjktk ekuflag jk nhoku f'konkuth jSledkyhu pan dfo jh jpuk gSA ywEck ckck jh ^vkbZ ekrk jh osfy** Hkh egrkÅ jpuk gSA b.kkjS vykok vkbZvkuUniqjk.k^] ^lrh dkx.kth^] ^vkbZ tlHktukoyh^ vkn mYys[ktksx iksF;ka gSA vka lxGh iksF;ka esa vkbZthjS tho.k pfjr] Hkxrh lk/kuk vj lh[k jh tk.kdkjh gSA

9-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

if'peh jktLFkku jS lar lEiznk; jks lkj vkS gS dS vS P;k: lar lEiznk; vkFkw.kS jktLFkku jS ekjokM+

93

jh e#Hkkse esa QSY;k gSA vS fujxq.kh lEiznk; gSA vk yksxka jh okf.k;ka esa ekuo lekt jh Hkkar&Hkkar jhdq#fr;ka jks [k.Mu dj~;ks x;ks gSA vS yksx xq# uS ?k.kkS egRo fn;ks gS] xq# gh lalkj :ih Hkolkxj lwa ikjmrkj.k okGk gSA vS lar /kkjfed vsdrk jks lansl nsoS gSA vlarka jks #i vsd lekt lq/kkjd jks ?k.kkS jS;ksgSA vk lEiznk;ka esa xq# flL; jh ijEijk Hkh ns[k.k feGS gSA vS yksx tuHkklk esa vkijS lEiznk;ka jks izpkjvj izlkj djrk jS;k gSA ojreku ;qx esa Hkh vka larkjh izklafxdrk ?k.kh gSA

9-7 lcnkoyh

vk larka jh okf.k;ka eas tdh U;kajh&U;kajh HkkLkkoka jh lcnkoyh gS] oka esa czt] jktLFkkuh] vo/kh vjvjch&Qkjlh Hkklk jk ?k.k[kjk lcn feGS gSA T;ka jh foxr b.k xr gS&

czt Hkklk jk lcn & dqfN] tksfj] dkgwa] clu] rkdwA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lcn & fgjnS] L;ke] lrxq#] dwM+ nka.kks] njl.k] izhrM+h] njn] iNrkokSA

vo/kh Hkklk jk lcn & djgqa tsfg] tnfiA

vjch&Qkjlh jk lcn& fcfLeYyk] djhe] tqye njosl] eqYyk] csQjek.khA

9-8 vH;kl jk izLu

uhpS fy[;ksM+ka lokyka jk iM+wrj 500 lcnak esa nsoks&

1- lar tkEHkksth jS fc'uksbZ lEiznk; jh vksG[kk.k djkokS\

2- lar tlukFk jk tlukFkh lEiznk; jk ;ksxnku uS vj m.kkjh okf.k;ka uS le>kokS\

3- jkeLusgh lEiznk; jh tk.kdkjh nsork Fkdka b.k lEiznk; jh P;k: lk[kkoka jh foLrkj lwatk.kdkjh fnjkokSA

4- vkbZ iaFk jh tk.kdkjh fnjkokSA

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jks iM+wrj 150 lcnka esa nsoks&

1- i;kZoj.k psruk jk lar tkEHkksth jks tho.k ifjpS fnjkokSA

2- lar tkEHkksth jh okf.k;ka esa lekt lq/kkj :i uS njlkokSA

3- tlukFkh lEiznk; jks vxu ukp jh tka.kdkjh fnjkokSA

4- jkeLusgh lEiznk; esa lar nfj;ko jS th ;ksxnku uS le>kokSA

5- vkbZiaFk ekFkS fVIi.kh fy[kksA


1- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk lkfgR;&MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;kA2- lar lkfgR; vkSj ijEijk& MkW- vksdkjukFk prqosZnhA3- e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkUnksyu&MkW- isekjkeA4- jktLFkku ds izeq[k lar ,oa yksdnsork&MkW- fnus'k pUnz 'kqDyA5- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk&lkfgR; laLdfr&MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkorA6- tkEHkksth] fo'uksbZ lEiznk; vkSj lkfgR;&MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojhA7- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk&lkfgR; laLdfr&MkW- jke izlkn nk/khpA8- jkeLusgh lEiznk;& MkW- jkf/kdk izlkn f=ikBhA9- jktLFkku eas jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [kkst&MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVhA

94

bdkbZ & 10

nknw iaFk nknw n;ky m.kk jk psyk&nknw ok.kh vj lar lkfgR;bdkbZ jks eaMk.k &

10-0 mÌsL;

10-1 izLrkouk

10-2- nknw iaFk jks ifjpS & fujxq.k iaFk

10-2-1 tye vj ckGi.k

10-2-2 X;ku tksr jks tkx.kks

10-2-3 lkfgR;

10-3 nknw iaFk dk fl)kUr

10-3-1 fujxq.k & lxq.k

10-3-2 uke lqej.k

10-3-3 txr feF;k

10-3-4 eu vj bafnz;k

10-3-5 psr.k jks gsyks

10-3-6 fujoSjrk

10-3-7 Åap uhp jks Hksn fcjFkk

10-4 nknwok.kh

10-5 nknw iaFk jk mi lEiznk;

10-5-1 ^[kkylk^

10-5-2 ^fojDr*

10-5-3 ^mrjk/kk*

10-5-4 ûkxk*

10-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

10-7 vH;kl jk izLu


10-0 mÌsL;

b.k bdkbZ jS rgr] Qxr jktLFkku gh uha vk[kS eqyd eka; iuih vj foxlh] Hkxrh lEiznk; jhtk.kdkjh fnjht jS;h gS] ft.kjk iz.ksrk fojDr lar nknwn;kyth gk] vks lEiznk; nknw iaFk jS ukao lwa pkoksgks;ksA

nknwth vj ckajk psyk leqnk; ft.k lar lkfgR; jh fljt.kk djh m.k ekFkS b.k vkys[k eka; P;ku.kksuk[kht jS;kS gSA

95

10-1 izLrkouk

lkfgR; jS bfrgkl eka; HkxrhdkG uS lqoj.k dkG ft;kadyks eku fnjhT;ks gSA mrjk/kS Hkkjr eka;ftdh Hkxrh jh ySj QSyh] m.k lwa vNwrks jktLFkku bZ uha jS;ksA lxrh vj Hkxrh jS Hkkoka lwa HkjhT;ksM+h b.kHkkSe ekFkS fdrjk bZ larka vj lwjka jks tye gks;ksA lwjka jhB ctkbZ rks Hkxrka jh veksyd ok.kh jS ika.k HkkSejh iforjrkbZ lokbZ gks;hA xksj[k vj dchj jh Hkxrh iszj.kk vBS i.k QGh&QwyhA vBS U;kjk&U;kjk gydkaeka; fcLuksbZ] tlukFkh] ykyukFkh] jkeLusgh] fujat.k iaFk] oSjkx iaFk] vkbZ iaFk] vyf[k;k] dkeM+ iaFk vj nknwiaFk ft;kadyk ?k.kkbZ Hkxrh lEiznk;ka jh Fkkiuk gksbZ vj ikap lbZdka jS iNS bZ vka lEiznk;ka jh Hkxrh HkkoukekSGh uha iM+h gSA

10-2- nknw iaFk jks ifjpS & fujxq.k iaFk

larka&Hkxrka lk: jktLFkku jh HkkSe ?k.kh mitkÅ dgh tk ldSA jkekuan jk ckjg psyka eka; [kklkb.k jktLFkku HkkSe jk gkA vBS jk vX;kr Hkxrka&larka jh rks dksbZ fx.krh uha djhth] i.k ,d lSdM+S lwa crhrks cS lar gS tdka jh ok.kh pkS[kGS pkoh gksbZA nknw vj ckajS flL;ka jks jP;kSM+kS lkfgR; brS izek.k eka; gS dSlewGks rks vkt yx bZ Ni uha lD;ks gSA

HkxrhdkG jk fujxq.k djetksx eka; v.kwrks foLokl jk[krk vj ln~ fxjLFk jks lkax iwjks mrkj.k jhpsLVk eka; jSorkA eksgek;k lwa vG?kk jSork Fkdka Hkh fxjLFk jks djrc fuHkko.k eka; uha dchj ykjS jS;k] uhanknwn;kyA nknwn;ky jks tGe rks xqtjkr jS vgenkckn lgj eka; gks;ksA dS;ks tkoS dS vBkjg cjl jhvkSLFkk rkabZ cS cBS bZZ jS;k i.k m.kjS iNS cS e/; iznsl gksork jktLFkku rd tokuh ¼iPphl&rhl cjl jhmej½ eka; bZ vk;X;k gkA

10-2-1 tye vj ckGi.k & nknwth jks tye fd.k ifjokj eka; gks;ks] b.kjh tk.kdkjh vkt rkabZuha gks; ldh gSA tkr&ikar eka; foLokl uha jk[k.kokGk nknwth [kqnjh okf.k;ka eka; vUrjlk[kh jS :i b.kjhdha tk.kdkjh uha fnUghA nknwth jks tye lu~ 1544 bZLoha vj fujok.k cjl lu~ 1603 bZLoha ekU;ks tkoSAvgenkckn jS vsd ln~lHkkoh fiatkjS jS ?kjka vki uSuk&eksVk gks;kA e> vgenkckn jS dkadfj;k rGko vkivsd vksM+h eka; eka; frjrk fiatkjS uS feY;kA [qknjh tkr isVS nknwth dS;ks & tkafr gekjh txr~xq#] ijesLojifjokj* & vjFkko vks dS & vk[kS txr jh tdh tkr gS ck bZ Egkjh gS] ft.k ijeslj lxGka uS mik;k gS]EgSa ckajS bZ dMwacS jks gwaA

dS;ks tkoS dS fujeG fgjnS jS ckGd nknw uS X;kjg cjl jh vSLF;k eka; [kqn Hkxoku xq# #i eka;HksafV;k vj ckauS lalkj lenj lwa frj.kS jh vVdG crkbZA m.k HksaV jS iNS fnu&fnu nknw jh oSjkx Hkkouk iôhgksorh xbZA

10-2-2 X;kutksr jks tkx.kks & jktLFkku jks lkaHkj [ksrj nknwth uS [kqnjh Hkxrh&tkrjk lk#mÙke ykX;ksA vBS nknwth jh tl tksr tkxh rks vSM+h tkxh dS cS vk[kS pks[kGS eka; pkok gks;X;kA lkaHkjlwa fpirh [kklh ykEch Hkka; eka; J)koku yksx ckajk psyk c.krk x;kA nknwth jk ckou psyk ukeh gks;kA vkaek;a lwa xjhcnkl] feldhunkl ¼nksuwa bZ nknw iq=½ lqanjnkl] iz;kxnkl] tXxk] tSey] txtho.k jks jP;ksM+kslkfgR; vkt P;kj lbZdka lwa v/;kRe eka; :fp jk[k.kokGk yksxka [kkrj X;ku tksr jks dke djSA

10-2-3 lkfgR; &

nknwth jS lkfgR; mij jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks xgjks izHkko gSA rRdkyhu jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka; jP;ksM+SckajS lkfgR; isVS dS;ks tkoS dS cS vkijh /kqu eka; cksyrk vj psyk ckajh ok.kh uS J)kol dkxn mijka mrkjysrkA nknwth dksbZ v.kwrk Hkf.k;ksM+k dksuh gk] i.k cS xqf.k;ksM+k gkA ckajS duS v.kHko jh gseka.kh ghA ckajS gksBkalwa tho.k jks lkp bZ lcna :i esa m?kM+rksA ok.kh jh ljlrk vj gjSd fgoM+S mijka xgjks vlj NksM.kokGSvi.kkl jS dkj.k ftdks bZ ckajS duS ?kM+h nks; ?kM+h cSBrks cks izHkkfor gks;ka fcuk dksuh jSorksA ckajS duS tko.k

96

rkGS gjSd t.kS uS cS gSr vj n;k jh nhB lwa ns[krkaA v.kwrh n;kyqrk vj gjSd lk: dY;k.k jk Hkko gkso.kjS dkj.k yksx ckauS nknwn;ky dSo.k yk;X;kA

nknw jS O;fDrRo eka; bÙkks xSjks vkdjl.k gks dS tdks bZ vsdj cka jS dkuS tk; iwxrks cks tho.k jksHksn tk.k ySorks vj ckauS vkijk xq# c.kk;aj ckajS crk;S ekjx pky.k jh lksp ySorksA [kqn jk psyka lwa gSr jSdkj.k cka vkijk lxGk psyak jS xkoka jh tkrjkoka bZ djh vj [kqn bZ vGxS&vGxS rkabZ je.k djuS vk;k] i.kckajks Bkoks Bk;ks lkaHkj vj ujs.kk eka; bZ j;ksA tho.k jk NSdM+yk cjlka eka; cS ujs.kk eka; bZ fcjkT;kAdY;k.kiqj] lkaHkj] vkesj] ujs.kk vj HkSjk.kk vS ^nknwiaFk* jk ikap rhjFk ekU;k tkoSA jktLFkku lwa NsM+S nknwthdklh] ykgkSj] fcgkj] caxky yx nwj njkt tkrjkoka bZ djhA vardkG jS cxr nknwth uS HkSjk.kk jh igkM+hekFkS ckauS le/kh fnjhthA b.k igkM+h uS vcS ^nknw[kksG* dSoSA

^nknwiaFk* jks eryc nknwth jh cS lh[k gS ft.k ekFkS ckajk vuq;k;h pky*j vkijks dY;k.k djSA vkijStho.k eka; nknwth fd.kh nknwiaFk jh Fkkiuk uha djhA vks t:j dS;ks tkoS dS cS vxe] vxkspj ikj czãijeslj uS gjsd izkf.k jS eka; ns[krkA gj dksbZ m.k ije rRo uS tk.k ySoS b.k okLrS cka] îjczã lEiznk;*jh Fkkiuk djhA b.k [kkrj cka ft.k fl)krka uS C;kSgkj eka; yko.k jkS d;ks&cS bZ nknwth jS iNS nknw iaFk jSukao lwa pkok gks;X;kA

10-3 nknw iaFk dk fl}kUr

nknw n;ky jh jS.kh] cg.kh vj dj.kh jh gjSd ckr vaxst.k yk;d le>h xbZA nknwth jh vsd lk[kheka; b.k iaFk jh ?k.kdjh ckrka vk; tkoSA lar ft.k ckr ekFkS pky.k jh mEehn jk[krk] cks bZ ckajks fl)kUrgksaorksA vkijks erks crkorka cS dS;ks &

^vkiks esVS] gfj HktS] ru&eu rtS fodkjAfu[kSjh lc tho lwa] nknw ;g er lkjAA*

vjFkko vks dS v/;kRe ekjx Åijka cSo.k okGks lk/kd lclwa iSyh vkijS vgadkj uS xkG nsoS vjlnho bZ gfj jh fprkj jk[kSA ckjyk&eka;yk oSokjxr ftrh bZ Hkkar jk fodkj gksoS] cka jks fuosM+ks dj ySoSAbrks bZ uha] vk[kh tho tkr uS vkijh ekuS] fd.kh lwa bZl[kks ;k cSj uha jk[kSA nknwth b.kuS bZ tho.k jks lkjcrkoSA

10-3-1 fujxq.k&lxq.k

vol bZ nknwth fujkdkj] fujfodkj] frjxq.kkrhr lr l#i] vfouklh] ikjczã] ijesLoj jh miklukdj.k jks lUnslks fnUgksA lxq.k vj fujxq.k ft;kadyk ckjyk Hksnka eka; ckajks uha rks foLokl gks vj uha bZ b.klk: cS dksbZ vkxzg nqjkxzg jk[krkA cS dSork ijeslj mikf/k uS yS;*j lxq.k vj fu#ikFkh #i fujxq.k gSAm.kuS dksbZ fd;ka bZ Hktks( i.k HktksA cS dSork ukao ys.kS eka; eksM+ks er djks&

nknw jke vxk/k gS] vfoxfr y[kS u dksbZAfujxq.k&lxq.k dk dgS] ukaÅ foyao u gksbZAA

fujxq.k&lxq.k jks fuoSM+ks djrka vsd lerk iqjl jh nhB dkabZ gksoS \ b± isVS vkijk fopkj cs b.k HkkarizxV dj~;k &

HkkbZ jS ,slk iaFk gekjkA}S i[k jfgr iaFk xg iwjk] voj.k vsd vk/kkjkAckn&fcokn dkgq lkSa ukgha] eSa gwa tx rs U;kjkAlen`fLV lwa HkbZ lgt esa] vkifg vki fopkjkAeSa] rSa] esjh ;g efr ukgha] fu[kSjh fuj fodkjkAdke dYiuk dnS u dhtS] iwju czã fi;kjkA

97

,fg iaFk igqafp ikj xfg nknw lks rr lgt gekjkA

10-3-2 uke lqej.k

nknwth jks fopkj gks ft.k ijekRek uS idM+.kkS gS cks rks ?k.kks lksjks dke gSA Qxr ukao lqej.k jk[k.kksgSA ijeslj uS [kqn lwa U;kjks tk.kks gh erA

nknw uhdk ukao gS] gfj fgjnS u fclkfjA

ewjfr eu ekags clS] lkalS lkal laHkkfjAA

10-3-3 txr feF;k

lalkj jh vlkjr crkorka nknw tho.k lwa Hkkt.k jks rks uha dSoS i.k cS inkjFk vj fol;ka lwa ca/k.kSuS bZ ca/k.k ekuSA ftdks lkalkfjd fol;ka lwa eqxr gS & m.kuS ek;k cka/k dksuh gks ldSA feu[k tw.k veksydgS] m.kuS Qxr fol;ka eka; jekbZA jk[k.kks rks ?k.kks ?kkVS jks lkSnks gSA feu[k gksoS rks lfpnkuan l#i gh gS]i.k ek;k m.k jh vka[;k vkMks dp QSj nsoS vj cks [kqn jh lkph vksG[k uha dj ldSA nknw dSoS b.k Hkkarfol; jl vj ek;k esa jaxhT;ksM+S feu[k jh Hkxoku fd.k rjS lwa lgk; djS &

nknw ek;k dk cG nsf[k dfj] vk;k vfr vgadkj

va/k Hk;k lw>S ugha] dk dfjg fljt.kgkjAA

10-3-4 eu vj bafnz;ka

feu[k jks lqHkko gS] oks fol;ka vj fouklh phtka jS dkauh crks <+qGSA eu vj bafnz;ka [kqyS ?kksM+S jh nkabZgksoS] cS pkoS tBhuS nkSM+SA lk/kuk jS dkjt eka; lclwa iSyh eu&bfUnz;ka uS cl eka; dj.k jh dkslhl djhtStn bZ Hkxrh jks vkxyks ikaoMks HkjhtSA eu jks BSj.kks bZ eu jks fujeG gkso.kks gSA eu fujeG gks;ka lwa fodkjnwj gks; tkoSA nknw BkSM+&BkSM+ eu uS minsl djrks nh[kS

eu js ns[kr tue x;kS] rkFkSa dkt u dksb Hk;kSA

eu js bUnzh X;kau fopkjk] rkFkSa tue tqok T;wa gkjkA

eu >waB lkp dfj tkuS] gfj lk/k dgS ugha ekuSAA

eu okfn xSga prqjkbZ] rkFkS eu eqf[k ckr cukbZA

eu vki vkijkSa FkkiS] djrk gksb cSBk vkiSAA

10-3-5 psr.k jks gsyks

nknw b.k thokRek uS psr.k jks gsyks ikM+SA fol; okluk eka; iM+;ksM+ks vks tho tqxka&tqxka lwa vX;kujh uhan eka; lks; jS;ks gSA tye&ej.k jh pkSjklh eka; iM+~;ksM+ks vks Qxr b.k lalkj jk fcjFkk xM+dk dkVSAilq&ika[kh jh tw.k rks Hkksx tw.kh gksoS] i.k feu[kk tw.k eqxfr lk: feY;ksM+h gSA feu[kk tw.k veksyd gSAvX;ku jh uhna eka; xkQy lwuk feu[kka uS nknw psrkoS&

tksxhjS! lc jSf.k fogk.kh] tye tk; vatqfj uks ik.khA

vcS bZ ts vks tho uha tkX;ks rks b.k uS vkstwa te jh rkl Hkksx.kh iM+lh vj feu[k tekjks ikNks eksM+ks?k.kks feySykA

nknwn;ky le>koS&

tkfx*j! fde uhanM+h lwrkA

jS.k fogk.kh lc xbZ] fnu vk; igqarkAA

lks D;wa lksoS uhanM+h] ftl ej.kk gksoS jsA

98

tkSjka csjh tkx.kk] tho uwa D;wa lksoSjsAAT;kajS flj te [kM+k lj lka/kS ekjS jsAlks D;wa lksoS uhanM+h] dfg D;ksa u iqdkjs jsAAfnu izfr ful dkG >aiS] tho u tkxS jsAnknw lwrk uhnM+h] ml vafx u ykxS jsAA

10-3-6 fujoSjrk

nknw feu[kktw.k esa fujoSjrk ekFkS tksj nsoSA cS dSoS tn tho.k dha i.k fFkj uha gS & lks dha erSbZcnG jS;ks gS] iNS fd.kh lkxS cSjHkko jk[k*j feu[k vkijk dje D;wa fcxkM+SA gjSd tho erS bZ dkG jks xzklgSA nknwth ekuS dS n;k vj fujoSjrk feu[k jk vknw xq.k gSA fcLuksbZ lEiznk; eka; tho fj{kk jks fl)kUrgS] i.k nknw m.k lwa vkxS c/kj fujoSjrk lc tho lwa dS;*j n;k ukao jh izofr jks crks foLrkj djSA

10-3-7 Åap uhp jks Hksn fcjFkk

nknw n;ky jks er gks dS d.k&d.k eka; ijeslj jks okl gS] fdlks dqy rks Åapks vj dq.k uhpks\ ^jkojad lc ejfgaxs thoS ukagh dksbZ*A b.k ej.k /kjeh tqx esa feu[k jks caVokM+ tkr] dqG] /kuoku] xjhc]ft;kadyh laX;k eka; dj.kks mfpr dksuhA lerk jh nhB lwa lS vsd ft;ka bZ gSA nknw b.k fopkj ekFkS tksjfnUgks&

uhp Åap efie dks ukagh] ns[kks jke lofu dS ekaghAnknw lk; lofu esa lksbZ] isM+ idfM+ tu fujHkS gksbZAA

fol; :i ns[kka rks nknw jh okf.k;ka eka; vk;k fopkj dchj jh T;wa bZ vsd X;kuh Hkxr jk fopkj gS]i.k nknw vj dchj jh vfHkO;fDr ¼dS.kxr½ eka; dha Qjd gSA dchj jh rhoz dgaqu izofÙk nknw eka; uha gSAcka eka; rkfdZdrk jh BkSM+ lk/kwrk cSlh gSA nknw /khjt lwa le>koS] vkxzg dksuh jk[kSA nknw jh lerk] ljyrk]vj Hkkoka lwa Hkj~;ksM+h gSA ckajS dksey lHkko jS dkj.k bZ lkpks ftX;klq nknw jk fopkj thorks vj pkorksA nknwiaFk jks QSyko bZ nwtk vk/;kfRed iaFkka uka; lwa crks bZ b.k okLrS gks;ks dS cka jk fopkj gjSd gS fg;S ekFkS xSjksvlj dj.k okGk gSA

10-4 nknw oak.kh

nknwth jh jpukoka ckajh lgt gh;S jh vfHkO;fDr gSA vsd Hkxr lk/kd jS :i f=.k oxr ftdk fopkjvj mdr] ckajS Åith ck bZ d;ktxhA ckajk psyk m.k mdr uS mrkj ySorkA dkO; jpuk dj.kks ckajS tho.kjks mÌsL; dksuh gksA dkO; jS :i nknw vkijk vk/;kfRed vuqHko flL;ka vj vuq;kf;;ka uS ckaVrkA b.k *v.k;Sok.kh* uS mi;ksxh tk.k okajk psyk HksGh dj.kh l: djnhA nknwth jks vkijS gkFk lwa fy[k;ksM+ks dksbZ xzaFk feY;ksdksuhA nknw jh jpukoka ^lk[kh* vj în* nks :i eka; feySA nknw jh lxGh jpukoka chl gtkj lwa cSlh crkbZtkoS i.k vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh dkauh lwa lEikfnr ^nknw n;ky xzaFkkoyh* eka; 37 vk/;kfRed vaxka eka;HksGh dj~;ksM+h lk[;ka lxGh 2453 gS vj U;kjh&U;kjh jkxka eka; jP;ksM+k lxGk in 438 gSA nknwth vj ckajSiaFk jk nwtk larka&Hkxrka jh jpukoka jks lclwa eksVks laxzg ujs.kk jS nknw }kjS eka; gSA vBS gtkjka jh fx.kr eka;gLrfyf[kr xzaFk bZ tru lwa jk[;ksM+k gSA

nknwth jk ckou flL;ka eka; lqUnjnkl cwlj ?k.kk ukeh vj foLo Lrjh; fpard&fopkjd lar gks;kAvS Qrsgiqj&ls[kkokVh jS nknw }kjS eka; jS;*j c;kGhl xzaFkka jh jpuk djh ftdh lqanj&xzaFkkoyh eka; Ni pqdhgSA MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k jS mYys[k eqtc nknw jk psyk [ksenkl 17 xzaFk] okftan 16 xzaFk] txxksiky 13 xzaFk]txUukFknkl 4 xzaFk] l#inkl 3 xzaFk] jliqatnkl 3 xzaFk] Hkh[ktu 2 xzaFk] txthou 2 xzaFk] jTtc 2 xzaFk]jk?konkl 1 xzaFk] c[kuk 1 xzaFk] xjhcnkl 1 xazFk] ek/kkSnkl 1 xzaFk] larnkl 1 xzaFk vj eaxGknkl 3 xzaFkka jhjpuk djh b.kjS vykok bZ iz;kxnkl] vj prjnkl ft;kadyk larka iqVdj jpukoka fy[khA

99

nwtk larka jks vknj

nknwn;ky vki lwa vkxS jk larka jks ?k.kks vknj djrkA fujxq.kh lar ukenso] dchj vj jSnkl [kkrjvki vkijh okf.k;ka eka; bZ vknj Hkko izxV dj~;ks gSA nknw jh okf.k;ka ekFkS ukFk iaFk jks bZ [kkl izHkko nh[kSAfujxq.k larka jh okf.k;ka eka; dsbZ BkSM+&FkksMS+ lS Qjd lwa lekurk bZ y[kkoSA dchj vj jSnkl lk: lEekuizxV djrka nknwth dS;ks &

gjer jke jlk;.k ih;k] rkFkSa vej dchjk dh;k

jke jke dfg jke lekuk] tu jSnkl feyS vxokukAA

10-5 nknw iaFk jk mi&lEiznk;

nknwth jh fl{kkoka] minsl vj /kkj.kkoka uS fl)kUr :i cjr^j ckajk psyk nknwth jS czã lEiznk; uSnknw iaFk jks ukao fnUgksA flL;ka jh bZ vkijh xq# ijEijk Fkkfir gksbZA U;kjk&U;kjk Fkkacka jh Fkkiuk gksbZAnknwth jk Ogkyk psyk jTtc vktho.k chan jS HkS[k eka; jS;k] vj vkt yx b.k FkkaeS jk flL; fljekFkS ekSM+cka/;ksM+ks jk[kS vj jTtc jh ijEijk jks iky.k djSA

fc;ka iNS tkorka nknw iaFk P;kj mi lEiznk; eka; QaVX;ksA

vS mi lEiznk; b.k Hkkar gS & ¼1½ [kkylk ¼2½ fojDr ¼3½ mrjk;k ¼4½ ukxk fc;ka vsd iaFk [kk[khvkSj ekU;ks tkoSA

10-5-1 [kkylk %

vks ewG iaFk gSA nknwth jS iNS ckajk csVk xjhcnkl b.k jh vkpk;Z xÌh ekFkS cSB~;kA vk ujsd jh xÌhgSA [kkylk ojx eka; xq# flL; ijEijk gSA vkt Hkh vk ijEijk pky jS;h gSA vkt rkabZ b.k xÌh ekFkS dSbfon~oku lar egar ijEijk jks ikyd dj pqD;k gSA

10-5-2 fojDr %

*g"kZ* ojx jk lk/kqoka jh dksbZ Bkoh BkSM+ ;k }kjks uha gksoSA vS euekSth jeark jSoSA *fojfDr* ,d izofrgS ft.k dkj.k vs lar bZ fojDr dgkoSA vS lk/kq vsd Hkkar lwa nknw iaFk jS izpkj jks dke djS vj nknw ok.khjks] minsl vj ikB djSA

10-5-3 mrjk/kk %

mrjk/kS Hkkjr eka; nknwth vj okajS nwtk flL;ka jh of.k;ka jks izpkj&izlkj vj minsl dj.kokGk nknwiaFkh lar mrjk/kk* dghT;kA gfj;k.k vj iatkc eka; mrjk/kk lar ?k.kk gks;kA fglkj ¼gfj;k.kk½ jS jfr;ka xkaoeka; ^mrjk/kka* lark jh eksVh xknh gSA

10-5-4 ukxk %

ukxk lk/kq cxr jh ekax jS eqtc gq;k NSA *nlukeh lEiznk;* eka; ukxk lk/kqoka jh VksGh uS ns[k*jnknw iaFk eka; bZ ûkxk lEiznk;* jh Fkkiuk gksbZA ukxk lk/kq lk/kq /keZ jks rks iky.k djS bZ gou lkxS /kjefjN~;k [kkrj cs tq/k fon~;k vj eYy fon~;k eka; bZ ikjaxr gksoSA eksdks iM+;ak iaFk fjN~;k [kkrj cS vkijkfijk.k bZ nS; nsoSA

nknw iaFk jks foxlko nwtk iaFkka lwa cSlh b.k okLrS gks;ks dS nknwth jh fl{kkoka ik[kaM lwa ijS] lkpS/kje vj v/;kRe jh Fkkiuk dj.k okGh ghA nknw lkpS feu[k jh ?kM+r ¼fljt.k½ eka; ykX;ksM+k gkA cS dSorkvsd ijeslj jS flok; nwtks lks dha dwM+ks gS &

nknw nwtk dNq ugha] vsd lfr dfj tkf.kA

nknw nwtk D;k djS] ft.k vsd yh; fiNk.khAA

100

10-6 bdkbZ jks lkj %

nknw iaFk eka; mi lEiznk; rks c.;k] i.k ckajh ewG /;kouk nknw minsl ekFkS bZ jS;hA P;k:a milEiznk;ka jk nknw iaFkh xgLFkh uha gksoSA xgLFkh vuq;k;h gksoSA ti] ekGk] Nkik] fryd vka ijEijkoka lwanknwiaFkh eqxr gksoSA tBS&tBS bZ *nknw}kjk* c.;ksM+k gS cBS nknw ok.kh jks ikB pkyrks jSoSA ujs.kk eka; rks nknwok.kh jks v[kaM ikB pkySA

nknw iaFkh vkiljh eka; ^lR; jke* jks vfHkoknd djSA

10-7 vH;kl jk izLu

1- nknwn;ky dq.k gk vj m.kkjh dkabZ nsu gSA

2- nknwiaFk jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

3- nknwok.kha& esa dkabZ gS & mnkgj.k lwa le>koksA

4- nknwth l izeq[k psykajh foxr ekaMksA

10-8 lanaHkZ xzaFkk jh ikuM+h

1- MkW- fo".kqnr jkds'k & mÙkj Hkkjr ds fuxqZ.k iaFk lkfgR; dk bfrgklA

2- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh & mÙkj Hkkjr dh lar ijEijkA

3- MkW- isekjke & e/;dkyhu /kkfeZd vkanksyuA

4- MkW- enu dqekjh tkuh & jktLFkku ,oa xqtjkr es e/;dkyhu lar ,oa HkDr dfoA

5- jes'k pUnz feJ & fgUnh larksa dk myok¡lh lkfgR;A

6- Dr. Hiralal Maheshwari - History of Rajasthani Literature


8- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfrA

101

bdkbZ & 11

jktLFkku jk lar&lEiznk; vjokjks lkfgR;

bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

11-0 mísL;

11-1 izLrkouk

11-2 ykynklh lEiznk;

11-2-1 lar ykynkl jks tho.k ifjpS

11-2-2 lar ykynkl jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

11-2-3 ykynkl jk psyka ijEijk jks ifjpS

11-2-4 lar ykynkl jh okf.k;ksa esa lekt vj yksd tho.k

11-3 pj.knklh lEiznk;

11-3-1 lar pj.knkl jks tho.k ifjpS

11-3-2 lar pj.knkl jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

11-3-3 lar pj.knkl jk pSyka jh ijEijk

11-3-4 lar pj.knkl jh okf.k;ka esa lekt] /kje vj laLdfr

11-4 fujatuh lEiznk;

11-4-1 lar gfjnkl jks tho.k ifjpS

11-4-2 lar gfjnkl jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

11-4-3 lar gfjnkl jk psyk

11-4-4 lar gfjnkl jh okf.k;ka esa lekt] /keZ vj laLdfr

11-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

11-6 lar lcnkoyh

11-7 vH;kl jk izLu


11-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks ewG mísL; jktLFkku jS ¼iwohZ½ ¼Åxwa.kS½ [ksrj jk [kkl&[kkl lar lEiznk;ka jh lkekU;tk.kdkjh tk.kdkjh djko.kkS gSA ojreku lekt esa b.kk ¼iwohZZ½ jh okf.k;ka vtS Hkh uSfrdrk] /kje] ek;k]lekt] tkfr;ka] dq#fr;ka jks [k.Mu djrh Ogh vkt jS eku[kS uS ln~ekjx jks gsyks nsoS gSA

bZa lwa vkik vkS tk.k ldk gka &

iwohZ [ksrj ek;a lar lEiznk; jks mn; jks dkj.k dkabZ gks\

lar ykynkl ifjpS vj okjS iaFk jh vk[kh tk.kdkjh feySykA

lar pj.knkl jS tho.k ifjpS jS lkxS okjS iaFk jh foxr feySykA

lar gfjnkl vj okjkS fujatuh lEiznk; jh iq[rk tk.kdkjh feySykA

102

vka rhuwa lEiznk;ka jh lekt vj /kje uS esa nsu dkabZ gh\

vka ckrka jh foLrkj jS lkFkS ?k.kh egkrkÅ tk.kdkjh feGSyk vj lar lkfgR; jh egrk jks cj.kko ns[;kS tkldSykA

11-1 izLrkouk

ft.k c[kr nknwth&e/; jktLFkku esa vkijk /kjeksinsl ns jS;k gk] m.kh c[kr jktLFkku jS iwohZ [ksrjjk esokr iznsl eas lar ykynkl vj lar pj.knkl tSM+k ukeh lar Ogh;k] ft.kkuS dchjnkl jh Hkkar lektesa QSy;kSM+k vkMEcjka vj dq#fr;ka jks [k.Mu djrk] Hkxrh vj uSfrdrk jh egÙkk jks xq.kxku dj~;kS gSA lkFkSgh ekjokM+ jS mrjh&iwohZ [ksrj ek;a lar gfjnkl fujatuh jks Hkh ?k.kkS [kklkS egRo gSA vs larak ^^loZtufgrk;** jks minsl fn;ks A

b.k bdkbZ esa fol; foospu jh nhB lwa jktLFkku jS iwohZ [ksrj jk [kkl&[kkl lar lEiznk;ka jh vk[khtk.kdkjh nh tkoSyh] fol; jh nhB lwa ;kstuk jS ckcr iwohZ Hkkx esa pkok lar lEiznk;ka esa ykynklh iaFk]pj.knklh&iaFk vj fujatuh iaFk jks ifjpS] okajh okf.k;ka] jpukoka vj oakjh lekt uS nsu jks foLrkj lkxScj.kko dj~;ks tkoSykA

11-2 ykynklh lEiznk;

nknw n;ky jS ledkyhu lar ykynkl vj okjk ykynklh iaFk ¼lEiznk;½ jks izHkko vyoj jk esokresa ?k.kks fj;ks gSA b.kk vkijS tho.kdky esa e/;e ekjx jks izpkj dj~;kS gSA b.kk fgUnw vj eqlGeku nksuwa okauS vkil esa esG jks minsl fn;ks gSA b.k iaFk esa egktu] lqukj] tŸkh vj eso tkr jk yksx feGS gSA b.k iaFkesa erkuq;k;h uha rks fgUnw gS vj uha eqlGeku gS] i.k vkpkj fopkjka jh nhB lwa ykynklh iaFk fgUnw /kje jS?k.kkS usM+S gSA

b.k iaFk esa jke&uke jS ti vj dhjru uS ?k.kkS egRo fn;ks x;ks gSA b.k iaFk jk yksx tnS feyS rn^^t; jke** th dSoS gSA b.k iaFk esa nhf{kr gks.k okGk uS eqaMks dkGkS djuS twrka jh ekGk iSgjk^j lokjh dk<+ jljcr jks I;kyks fiyk;ks tkoS iNS tk;*j ckS lq) :i lwa iaFk jks vuq;k;h c.kSA b.k iaFk jk vuq;k;h ekFkS ijpksVh Hkh jk[kSA dqNSbZ vuq;k;h xgLFkh Hkh gSA

b.k iaFk esa /kksyhnwc lar ykynkl jkS [kkl LFkku gSA esokr esa vyoj] uxyk vj 'ksjiqj Hkh pkokLFkku gSA

11-2-1 lar ykynkl jks tho.k ifjpS&

lar ykynkl jks tGe fo-la- 1597 ¼1540 bZ-½ jh lkou cnh 5 ¼ikape½ uS /kkSGh nwc xkao esa gq;ks gks]b.kkjS firk jks uke pkaney vj ekrk jks uke lenk gksA vS tkr jk nwyksr xks= jk eso eqlGeku gk] larykynklth jks l#okrh tho.k ?k.kkS nq%[knk;h vj dLVe;h gks] vS taxG eka; ydfM+;ka dkV*j vkijks tho.kO;rhr djrk gk] b.kh c[kr frtkjk jk Qdhj *xnu fp'rh* lwa vS nhf{kr Ogh;k b.kklwa izsj.kk ik;^j vS/kksGhnwc NksM+*j ck?kksyh jh Hkk[kjh ^flag*f'kyk* ekFkS dqfV;k c.kk*j jSo.k ykxkA iNS uxyk esa vkijks tho.kO;rhr djrk Ogh;k 108 cjl jh mez eas 1705 fo-la- esa vki ljhj NksM fn;ks gks] iNS b.kkjh lekf/k 'ksjiqjxkao esa c.kk;h x;h ghA lar ykynkl jh tksM+k;r jks uke eksxjh gksA b.kk*jh csVh jks uke lq#ik gS vj b.kkjSigkM+k vj dqrc uke jk nks yM+dk Ogh;ka gkaA

11-2-2 lar ykynkl jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

lar ykynkl jks ?k.k[kjkS lkfgR; vizdkflr gSA Jh ij'kqjke prqosZnh jS eqtc Lo- Jh gfjukjk;.kiqjksfgr jS laxzS esa ^^ykynkl th jh psrko.kh** uked jpuk ns[k.k uS feGS gSA ^^ykynkl jh ok.kh** jk rhuP;kj gkFk fy[;k xzUFk vyoj esa ns[k.k esa vk;k gSA b.kkjh ok.kh esa [kM+h cksyh vj czt&fefJr jktLFkkuh

103

jk :i ns[k.k feGS gSA b.kkjh ok.kh jk N Hksn gS&

¼1½ in

¼2½ lk[kh

¼3½ xhrk i|kuqokn

¼4½ vkReKku

¼5½ ;ksxlkj laokn

11-2-3 lar ykynkl jk psyka ijEijk jks ifjpS

ykynklh iaFk jS vuq;k;h [kklrkSj lwa eso vj of.kd tkr jk gSA ykynklh iaFk vsd thfor lEiznk;gSA lar ykynkl jk psyka esa Bkdqjnkl] gjhnkl] Hkh[kunkl] ogksrnkl] izkuhnkl] 'kksHkunkl] Bkdfj;knkl]izHkqnkl] v/gSnkl] ykywnkl] csxknkl] Hkk:nkl] fugkynkl] X;kunkl] eywdnkl] eYgM+nkl] panunkl]xjhcnkl] ckydnkl] ea'kknkl] gfjtunkl vj /kjenkl vkn [kkl gSA

11-2-4 lar ykynkl jh okf.k;ka esa lekt vj yksd tho.k

lar ykynkl jh okf.k;ka esa lekt jh dq#fr;ka jks [k.Mu dj~;ks x;ks gSA b.kk lnkpkj ekFkS ?k.kkStksj fn;ks gSA b.kkjh okf.k;ka esa BkSM+&BkSM+ dke] Øks/k] fuUnk] eksg] fgalk] pksjh] vfHkeku vkn jks ifjR;kxdjuS lkap] lhy] n;k] larksl] {kek] fujyksHk vkn uS /kkj.k dj.k jks vkxzg dj~;ks x;ks gSA jke vj jghe jhvkjk/kuk leku :i lwa eku[kS jS tho.k jks y{; ekU;ks x;ks gSA /kkjfed HksnHkko vj m.klwa iSnk lkekftdvlUrqyu vj ruko uS [kre dj.k jh lh[k nh xbZ gSA

uke lqfej.k &

^^fgUnw rqjd gS nksmu dk] ;sdfg jke jghe [kqnkthA**

b.kk eu jh ifo=rk&:ih lk/; jh flf) rhjFk tk=k vj ozr&miokl jh vis{kk lRlax vjuke&lqfej.k ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gS&

^^ykyth fny Hkhrj nfj;ko gS] rw D;ksa rhjFk tk;Aikapw bUnz cl djh] ?kV gh Hkhrj Ugk;AA**esjk eu jke lwa jkth]lquHkkbZ iafMr dkth eqYyk] rqe D;k ekaMh ckthA**

uSfrdrk &

b.kk ijksidkj uS vkiuko.k esa eku[kS jks dY;k.k ekU;ks gSA b.kjS vykok dFkuh vj dj.kh jhvsd:irk ekFkS Hkh cG fn;ks gS] ft.klwa vk[kkS lekt lS)kafrd uS O;ogkfjd nhB lwa vsd:i jS;*j uSfrdvknlk± jS fonzihdj.k vj xGr dke dj.k lwa ijs jSoS&

^^ykyth 'khy x;k rc D;k jgk] lr x;k lc gkjA

Hkfä [ksr dSls cps] VwV xbZ lc ckjAA**

xq# egÙkk&

ykynkl th uS eks{k [kkrj xq# jh lÙkk uS Lohdkj djSA xq# jk fn;ksM+kS X;ku lwa b.k nsg jk lS iki[kqn gh [kre OgS tkoSA b.kkjS eqtc ijekRek vj ln~xq# nksuwa vsd gSA ln~xq# jS fcuk czã jh izkfIr uha OgSldS gS&

^^ykyth lkfgc lr~xq# ,d gS] ;kesa lal; ukfga]

lrxq# fcu ikoS ugha] Kku] /;ku dh jkgAA**

104

LokoyEcu jks egRo&

lar ykynkl lekt esa jS;*j Hkh LokoyEcu ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gSA b.kkjkS yksddY;k.kdkjh fpUruewGr% ^^LokUr% lq[kk;** gks] lar ykynkl fd.kh jks vkljks uha fy;ks cs thou Hkj LokyEch fj;kA

^^ykyth Hkxr Hkh[k u ekafx;s] ekaxr vkos 'kjeA

?kj&?kj VkMr nq%[k gS] D;k ckn'kkg D;k gjeAA**

fgUnw&eqlGeku jks esG

lar ykynkl fgUnw vj eqfLye nksuwa oka esa vsdrk pkork gk] b.k [kkrj cS nksuwa uS lEcksf/kr djrkdSoS dS cs nksuwa czã uS ?k.kkS xw<+ le>*j mnklhu OgS jS;k gS vj nwtk ckjyk vkMEcjk esa gh Qal~;ksM+kS gSA lkaprks vkS gS dS X;ku vj /;ku jS lwa czã vklkuh lwa fed ldS gSA

^^ykyth Kku /;ku ehBs puk] isyks dy ds nsoA

fgUnw rqjd nksÅa Hkjes jgs] jke feyks dyHksoAA**

b.k rjS ykynkl ewjr&iwtk dj.kkS] ewaM&eqaMk.kkS] ozr&miokl jks Hkh fojks/k dj~;ks gSA m.kkjh lwa irksykxS dS ykynkl Hkh dchj jh Hkkar vsd lekt lq/kkjd gkA b.kkjS eqtc feu[k esa vUr%dj.k jh lq)rk] ukelqfej.k vj vkpj.k jh ifo=rk OgS.kh pkfgtSA b.kkajh jpukoka esa fgUnw&eqfLye vsdrk jks esG Hkh ns[k.k feGSgSA

11-3 pj.knklh lEiznk;

lar pj.knkl jks pyk;ksM+kS lxq.k vj fujxq.k nksuwa fopkj/kkjk jks eSG jks vkS iaFk vyoj vj esokr[kkl fiNk.k jk[kS gSA b.k iaFk jh ijEijk vj njl.k ftrk xw<+ vj xEHkhj gS] Årks bZ fgt xw<+ pj.koklhiaFk jks lkfgR; gSA vkS iaFk 1780&1785 fo-la- jS yxSVxS jks gSA ukfnj'kkg jks vkØe.k 1796 fo-la- esa Ogh;ksagks] pj.knkl jks jpukdky fo-la- 1781 ekU;ks tkoS gSA lEiznk; jh ijEijk /kkjfed nhB lwa &fcUnq dqyijEijk vj ukn dqy ijEijk fy;kSMh+ gSA ukn dqy ijEijk Jh eUukjk;.k lwa l: gksoS gS] b.k ijEijk jS fol;esa uhpS fy[;kS dforkal pkoks gSA

^îqjk.k lfgr esrk _f"k ukjk;.kks O;;

ukjnk;iqjk izkg d`".k nS ik;uk;l%

losZ ega egkjkt Hkxoku~ cknjk;.kA

beka Hkkxorha izfr% lafgrk osn lkfearke~AA**

11-3-1 lar pj.knkl jks tho.k ifjpS&

lar rk jks uke eqjyh/kj vj ekrk jks uke dqatk gks] vS tkr jk <wlj cf.k;k gk] vk xq# jks uke'kqdnso cr k;ks tkoS gSA b.kkjS ckGi.kS jks uke j.kthr gks] b.kkuS 19 cjl jh mez esa nh{kk feyh vj lq[kkuanb.kkjkS uke j.kthr lwa cny*j pj.knkl jk[k fn;ks gks] i.k pj.knkl jS erkuqlkj b.kkjS xq# O;kl lqr'kqdnso gh gk] rhl cjl jh voLFkk esa b.kk minsl ns.kk lq: dj fn;k gks] ?k.kk fnuka iNS vS fnYyh esa ghjSo.k ykxkA vBS gh 14 cjl rkabZ ;ksxkH;kl dj~;ksA pj.knkl jks leS Hkkjr esa eqxyak jS iru&dky jks leSgks] ukfnj'kkg vj vCnkyh jks vkØe.k b.kh le; Ogh;k gkA b.kkjkS nsgkUr Qkxq.k lqnh 4 ¼pkSFk½ fo-la- 1834uS Ogh;ks gks] fnYyh esa b.kkjh lekf/k gS vj Msgjk esa b.kkjh vsd Nrjh gSA Msgkj esa gh b.kkjkS feUnj Hkh gSA

11-3-2 lar pj.knkl jh jpukoka jks ifjpS

lar pj.knkl jfpr lkfgR; Hkh fc[kj;kSM+ks feGS gSaA b.kkjh 21 jpukoka jks irks ykxkS gS] i.k izkekf.kdjpukoka 12 gh gSA

105

ckjg iksF;k&czt pfj=] v"Vkax ;ksx o.kZu] ;ksx lansg lkxj] iapksifu"kn~] HkfDr inkFkZ o.kZu]czãKku lkxj] /keZ tgkt o.kZu] vejyksd v[k.M /kke o.kZu] Kku Lojksn;] eu fodr dj.k xqVdk lkj]lcn vj HkfDrlkxjA

MkW- f=yksdhukjk;.k nhf{kr Åij fy[;k xzUFkka jS vykok jkl&yhyk] ek[ku&pksjh&yhyk] eVdh&yhyk]phjgj.k&yhyk] dkyhuFku&yhyk] dq#{ks=&yhyk] tkxj.k&egkRE;] Jh/kj czkã.k&yhyk] uke d vkB xzUFkpj.knkl dr ekU;ka gSA

11-3-3 lar pj.knkl jk psyk jh ijEijk

pj.knklh iaFk esa pj.knkl th jk psyka jh la[;k ?k.k[kjh gSA flL; ijEijk lwa lEcfU/kr lS lwa iSyksmYys[k b.kkjh fejR;q lu~ 1782 jS yxSVxS gqbZ lStkckbZ 10 psyk crk;k gSA MkW- ihrkEcjnÙk cM+Foky jS eqtc52 jh U;kjh&U;kjh lk[kkoka gh] tdh vtS Hkh esa gSA 52 psyk jh U;kajh&U;kajh xkfn;ka Hkh ghA b.k 52 psykaesa [kkl fx.kko.k tksx gS& Jhjke:ith] Jh jkel[khth] lStkckbZ] gfjizlkn th] Jh vkRekjketh] ijeLusghth] n;kokckbZ] tho.knklth] fujeynklth] Jh pj.k[kkd Jh lk/kqjketh [kkl jS;k gSA

vs ckou psyk uS pj.knkl th lwa fl{kk&nh{kk yS;*j vki&vkijS Fkku vj iznsl esa b.k iaFk jksizpkj&izlkj dj jS;k gSA Jh jke :ith uS pj.knklh iaFk jks folsl izpkj dj~;kSaA b.kkjS 70 LFkkuka ekFkS ihBFkkfir gSA

dkykUrj esa pj.knklh iaFk jks izpkj vj fodlko fnYyh] vkxjk] t;iqj] vyoj] iVuk] eqaxsj]pj[kkjh] mTtS.k] Xokfy;j] dkuiqj] lgkjuiqj] ifV;kyk] esjB vkn LFkkuka yx Ogh;ksa gSA ojreku esa fnYyhpj.knklh iaFk jks [kkl dsUnz gSA

[kkl psyak jks ifjpS &

1- lgtksckbZ & pj.knkl jh ltkrh; psyh gh cs fo-la- 1800 jS yxSVxS esokr jS Msgjk xkao esatGeh cky czãpkjh jS;h gh] MkW- lkfo=h flUgk uS b.kkjkS tGe 1743 bZ- jS yxSVxS fnYyh esacrk;ks gSA b.k ckor vS dS;ks Hkh gS&

^^gfjizlkn dh lqrk] uke gS lgtksckbZA

nwlj dqy esa tUe] lnk xq# pj.k lgkbZ AA**

lStkckbZjh jpuk ^lgt izdk'k*uke jh gSA

b.k esa b.kkjh gkFk fy[kh U;kajh&U;kajh okf.k;ka feGS gSA b.kesa ln~xq# efgek] lk/kq&efgek]nlkoka] vax] lksGg frfFk fu.kZ; vkn fol; Hkh feGS gSA

2- n;kckbZ & MkW- ihrkEcjnr cM+Foky b.kkuS pj.knkl jh ppsjh Hkk.k ekuS gSA b.kkjkS tGe1750&1775 fo-la- jS yxSVxS Msgjk xkao esa Ogh;kSa gksA b.kkjkS jpukdky fo-l- 1818 ekU;ks tkoSgSA

jpukoka & n;kcks/k vj fou; if=dk &vs jpukok n;kokZnwjh gSA

*n;kcks/k* esa xq# efgek] lqfej.k] izse] oSjkx] lk/k vkn dSbZ vaxk jk nwgk vj pkSik;ka Nan esa fy[khfeGS gSA *fou; if=dk* esa lqfej.k jks vax feGS gSA b.k esa b.kkjkS uke n;knkl feGS gSA

11-3-4 lar pj.knkl jh okf.k;ka esa lekt] /kje vj laLd`fr &

lar pj.knkl jh okf.k;ka esa lekt jh dq#fr;ka] ik[k.M] vkMEcjka] tkfrHksn vkn jks [k.Mu dj~;ksx;ks gSA lkxS bZ xq# jh egrk] uke lqfej.k ekFkS ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gSA pj.knkl th uSfrd lqqf) ekFkS Hkhckj&ckj tksj fn;ks gSA vj fuLdke Hkxrh jks izfriknu Hkh dj~;ks x;ks gSA b.kkjS iaFk uS pfj= iz/kku Hkh dS;kstkoSA b.kkjh lk/kuk esa ;ksx] czã vj X;ku jks lqUnj leUo; gSA b.kk gjSd feu[k jS [kkrj nl [kkl dje

106

crk;k gS] ft.kkesa ln~xq# lsok] ifjokj] vj lekt [kkrj Qjt] lRlax] vj bZLoj lk: foLokl vkn [kklfx.kko.k tksx gSA

izse vj Hkxrh b.kkjks vk/kkj gS ft.kesa esa vkMEcjk jks dksbZ egRo uha gSA

xq# dh efgek&

1- ^^dgS pjunkl xq# feys] lksbZ gk¡ jgq ckSjh]

lc lq[klkxj ds chp] dygjh áS jgq jhA** & lar lq/klkxj ¼fo;ksxh gfj½

2- ^^ln~xq# esjk lwjek] djs lcn dh pksV]

ekjs xksGk izse dk] <gS eje dk dksVA** & ¼pj.knkl½

3- lgtks xq# ,slk feyS] tSls /kksch gks;]

nS&nS lkcqu Kku dk] eyey MkjS /kks;A** & ¼lgtksckbZ½

4- ijesLoj lwa xq# cM+s xkaor osn iqjku]

lgtks gfj ds eqfDr gS] xq# ds ?kj Hkxoku~A** & ¼lgtksckbZ½

lRlax dh efgek&

1- ^^ri ds cjl gtkj g¡] lrlaxr ?kM+h ,d]

rks Hkh ljoj uk djs] 'kqdnso fd;k foosdA** & ¼pj.knkl½

2- ^^lk/kq laxr fcu xfr ugha gksuh]

D;k rilh v# D;k Hk;k ekSuhA** & ¼pj.knkl½

3- tc&tc njlu jke ns] rc ekaxks lrlax]

pkgks inoh Hkxr dh] p<+s lquo/kk jaxA** & ¼pj.knkl½

uke lqfej.k&

1- ^^ri rhjFk ozr lk/kuk] jke uke le ukfgaA** & ¼pj.knkl½

uSfrdrk&

1- ^^n;k] uezrk] nhurk] {kek] 'khy] larks"k]

b.kdwa ys lqfej.k djs] fu'p; ikoS eks{kA** & ¼pj.knkl½

dFkuh vj djuh&

1- ^^tks tSlh dj.kh dj ysos] gfj rSlk gh cnyk nsosA** & ¼pj.knkl½

2- ^^dkSfV ;gh mins'k gS] ;gh tq lxjh ckr]

dj.kh gh cyoUr gS] ;ksa 'kqdnso fn[kkrA** & ¼pj.knkl½

b.k rjS pj.knklh iaFk jh vS ljl] ljy vj lqcks/k okf.k;ka lekt esa uSfrdrk] xq# dh egÙkk] djejh iz/kkurk vkn lwa ln~ekjx ekFkS pky.k jks minsl djSA pj.knklh iaFk esa fujxq.k ijczã jh lÙkk uS Lohdkjdjhth gSA

11-4 fujatuh lEiznk;&

fujatuh lEiznk; jS ckjs esa lS lwa iSyk tk.kdkjh MkW- ihrkEcjnr cM+Foky lwa feyhA b.k iaFk jS ckjsesa d;ks tkoS dS b.kjk izorZd Lokeh fujatu Hkxoku~ fujxq.k jk mikld jS;k gk] b.k iaFk jks iSyks lEcU/kmM+hlk lwa ekU;k tkoS gS i.k jktLFkku jS fujatuh lEiznk; jks lEcU/k fd.kh nwts fujatuh lEiznk; lwa uha

107

feGSA vkS iaFk ukFkiaFk lwa tqM~;ksa Fkdks gksA

jktLFkku jks fujatuh lEiznk; MhMok.kk esa fLFkr gSA lar gfjnkl lwa pky~;ksM+kS vS iaFk fujxq.kh iaFkdgykoS gSA jkenklth jh ok.kh esa lkQ mYys[k feGS gS dS gfjnklth gh fujatuh iaFk jh Fkji.kk djh gh&

^^xkSj[kukFk eNanj tksxh] jx jx Hksn fy;k jlHkksxh]ØksM+ fuuk.kojktk gq;k] xk;k jke vxe ?kj cqok]gfjnkl iwjk xq# ik;k] uke fujatu iaFk pyk;kA**

fujatuh iaFk jh Fkji.kk fo-la- 1565 rkabZ OgS pqdh gh vj &*xk<+k fogk.kh* gh b.kkjk iSyk psyk gk]jktLFkku esa ifjfLFkfr eqtc fujatuh iaFk jks /khjs&/khjs ?k.kkS foLrkj OgSrks x;ks gks] vks iaFk MhMok.kka jS duSdkiM+ksn xkao esa gSA fujatuh iaFk jks ifjp; nsork Fkdka MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k fy[kS gS& ^;g iaFk gfjnklthls pyk gSA buds vuq;k;h fujatu fujkdkj dh vkjk/kuk djrs gSaA buesa Hkh dqN rks ?kjckjh vkSj dqN fuagxgSaA igys rks ;s yksx ewfrZ iwtk ugha djrs FksA**

11-4-1 lar gfjnkl jks tho.k ifjpS &

lar gfjnkl jks tGe dkiM+ksn xkao esa lka[kyk jktiwr ifjokj esa 1455 bZ- esa crk;ks x;ks gSA b.kkjksewG uke gfjflag gks] b.kkjks tho.kdkG bZ- lu~ 1417 lwa 1645 jS fcpkGS ekU;kS tkoS gSA b.kjk tho.k jk rF;?k.k[kjk fcoknkLin gSA vSM+ks ekU;ksa tkoS dS vS iSyak vsd /kM+oh ¼Mkdw½ gk] iNS vsd lk/kq jS lEidZ lwa b.kkjkstho.k cnG x;ks] dBksj lk/kuk jS iNS 1513 bZ- esa vS MhMok.kk vk;k] gfjnkl th jk xq# nknwiaFkh iz;kxnklekU;k tkoS gS i.k gfjnkl th jh ok.kh esa] fy[;kS gS dS vS [kqn xksj[kukFk lwa xq# nh{kk yh gh&

^^xq# gekjs xksj[k cksfy;s] ikMk gekjh psyh]lr dk 'kCn ?kj [ksywa] bfg fof/k nqjefr iSyhAekabZ ewaMs fln dh] Hktwa fujatu ukFk]gfjnkl tu ;qa dga flj xksj[k dk gkFkAA**

b.k iaFk jk vuq;k;h b.kkuS ^gfjiq#"k* uke lwa Hkh iqdkjs gSA gfjnklth rh[kh Mwaxjh ekFkS dBksjlk/kuk vj ;ksx lk/kuk djh ghA b.kkjks LFkku ^xk<+k* jS uke lwa ?k.kkS pkokS gSA b.kkjh fejR;q Qkx.k lqnh N%¼NB½ 1543 bZ- esa MhMok.kk esa gqbZ ghA vkS iaFk vtS Hkh fujxq.k fujkdkj jh lÙkk uS Lohdkj djS gSA

11-4-2 lar gfjnkl jh jpukoka jks ifjpS&

MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k lar gfjnklth jk ukS xzaFkka jks mYys[k dj~;ks gS& ^^HkDr fojnkoyh] HkjFkjhlaokn] lk[kh] in] ukeekyk] uke fu:i.k] C;kgyks] tksx xzUFk vj VksMjey tksxA

lk/kq lsoknkl ^^gfjiq#"k jh ok.kh** uked xzUFk jks izdklu djok;ks gksA Lokeh eaxynkl Hkh t;iqjlwa b.kkjh ok.kh NiokbZ gSA lar gfjnkl jh NksVh&NksVh 47 iksF;ka Hkh feGS gS] ft.kkjk uke b.k xr gS& czãLrqfr] ewy ea= ;ksx xzUFk ukeekyk] uke fu:i.k] fujatu yhyk] lk/kq pky] vxk| vpjt] tkS laxzke]v"Vinh] oanuk] fujkdkj oanuk] fu"i{k ewy] lekf/k tksx] izk.k izfl)&ijekRedk iwtk] ;ksx/;ku] izk.k ek=k]vkRe vH;kl] mRifÙk gsrq] vCn ijh{kk] ohj jl oSjkx] Hkzae fo/oal] mins'k fpUrko.kh] eupfjr] eu enfo/oal] eugj] C;koyk] eku izlax] eu en izdkl] eu minsl] VksMjey] verdky] Kku mins'k] ckjtksxgal izeksn] cM+h frfFk] y?kq frfFk] pkyhl inh] prqnZ'k inh] rhl inh] ckjg inh] ckouh] lwj lekf/k] lwjlekf/k vFkZ] izofr&fuofr] ek; Nan] tksewy lq[k tksM+] Kku] vKku ijh{kk] vka iSrkGhl jpukoka Nanksc)jpukoka gS] ckdh nks jpukoka esa oanuk vj fujkdkj oanuk feGS gSA

11-4-3 lar gfjnkl jk psyk &

lar gfjnkl jk 52 psyk crk;k x;k gS ft.kkesa [kkl fx.kko.k tksx psyka esa & [ksenkl xksfoUnnkl]lqUnjnkl] pj.knkl] lkjaxnkl] n;kynkl] jkenkl] vejnkl] eksgunkl] jk?kksnkl] iw.kZnkl] is[kknkl]

108

/;kunkl] xksikynkl] egjoku] m|ksxnkl] Vhdwnkl] dY;konkl] ujgfjnkl] ukjk;.knkl] okunkl] dsoynkl]Hkxokunkl] ';kenkl] jk?konkl] ijekuanth vkn gSA

11-4-4 lar gfjnkl jh okf.k;ka esa lekt] /kje vj laLd`fr&

lar gfjnkl Hkh lekt jh dq#fr;ka jks [k.Mu dj~;kS gSA b.kk Hkh uSfrdrk ekFkS tksj] lp uS egRo]vusdrk esa vsdrk] lxq.k&fujxq.k jks leUo;] ewjr iwtk jks [k.Mu] eu jh ifo=rk uS egRo] rhjFk tkrjkjks fojks/k] lRlax vj uke lqfej.k uS egRo] xq# dh egrk] tkfr Hksn jks fojks/k vkn ckrka jks [kqyklkS ljlokf.k;ka jS ek/;e lwa dj~;kS gS] ft.kk jk mnkgj.k b.k xr gS &

fgUnw&eqfLye leUo;&

1- ^^fgUnw rqjd ,d dy ykbZ] jke jghe nks; ugha HkkbZA**

ewjr&iwtk jks [k.Mu&

1- ^^T;wa ewjfr R;wa gh flyk] jke cls lc ekafgA**

lRlax jh efgek &

1- ^^Hkkos Bkyks fgekyS tkb] dklh tk; djor ysgqA**

bZl uke lqfej.k ekFkS tksj&

1- ^^;gk¡ cke.k ogka eqYyk djs] osn drsc dFks foljkeA

jke laHkkfj nwj dj eSa rSa] vk[kfj ,d vykg lwa dkeA**

uSfrdrk ekFkS tksj&

1- ^^dke] Øks/k] vfHkeku] dqig dkaVk er ykokSA

vy[k Hktu mj /kjkS] ejks efr ekSr pqdkokSA**

tkfr Hksn jks fojks/k&

1- ^^,dS ?kkVh uhlj~;ka] cke.k {k=h lwnA**

2- ^^tkfr oj.k dqy ukagh tkds] lks fudqyk fuj/kkjA**

uke lqfej.k ekFkS tksj&

1- ^^gfj vikj ikj dks ukaghA**

izse Hkkouk jks izlkj&

1- ^^------------------------------- jke uke eksVksjru]

mj eaM.k mj izse izhfr] nhtS truAA**

b.k rjS vkS iaFk djedkaM] ewjr iwtk] vorkjokn] jks [k.Mu djrks vk;ks gSA nGcanh jh Hkkouk jhtkxka vkS lEiznk; leUo; jh Hkouk uS yS;*j pkyS gSA

11-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k lEiznk; jks lkj T;kS gS dS vS rhuwa lEiznk; jktLFkku jS iwohZ Hkkx esa ?k.kk pkok gSA vS fujxq.kijczã jh dYiuk uS njlkoS gSA vS lar yksx lh/kh lknh Hkklk esa vkijh okf.k;ka lwa lekt uS vsd uwaoh fnlkiznku djS gSA vS vkijh okf.k;ka lwa lekt jh cqjkbZ;ka] tkr&ikar NqvkNwr tSM+h ghu Hkkouk jks fojk/k djS~] vSlar yksx uSfrdrk ekFkS tksj nsoS vj xq# jh egÙkk uS ?k.kkS egrkÅ ekuS gSA xq# jh fdj~ik lwa eks{k feG ldSgSA vS lPpk xq# jh lj.k esa tko.k jks lansl nsoSA vS lekt esa vsdrk vj fgUnw&eqfLye jks leUo; HkhFkkjfir djS gSA

109

11-6 lar lcnkoyh

vS lar vkijh okf.k;ka esa tdh Hkklk vi.kkbZ gS] cka ^fefJr* Hkklk dgykoS gSA b.kkjh Hkklk esa czt][kM+h cksyh] jktLFkkuh] iatkch] vjch&Qkjlh jh lcnkoyh jks esG gSA T;ka jk mnkgj.k gS&

czt Hkklk jk lcn & grs] gqrs] gqft;s] tudwa] frudks] njlf.k] foyacS] tkds] MkjS] ;kesaA

vof/k Hkklk jk lcn & rS] ts] dkgs] ukgha] p<+k;s] fudlh] lgkbZA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lcn& eu[k] nu] eka.kl] gktj] ekye] dg.kh] jg.kh] lqxM+h] rhjFk] Ugk;]lwjek] lcn] eje] uhlj~;ka] eaM.k] truA

vjch&Qkjlh jk lcn & fteha] [kqnh] ihjk] nhnkj] cSgky] [kqnkbZ] uekt] gkftj] lcwjh] ckn'kkg]gje] rqjd] eqYyoA

11-7 vH;kl jk izLu

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jk iMwrj 500 lcnka esa fnjkokS&

1- lar ykynkl jh okf.k;ka esa lekt lq/kkjd jk :i uS njlkoksA

2- pj.knklh iaFk jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

3- lar gfjnkl jks ifjpS nsorka Fkdka ^fujatuh iaFk* esa m.kkjkS ;ksxnku crkoksA

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jks iMwrj 150 lcnka esa fnjkokS&

1- lar ykynkl jks tho.k ifjpS nsorka Fkdka m.kkjh jpukoka jh tk.kdkjh djkokSA

2- pj.knklh iaFk esa lgtksckbZ vj n;kckbZ jks ;ksxnku crkokSA

3- lar gfjnkl jh jpukoka jh tk.kdkjh nsorka Fkdka okjS psyka ijEijk jk ukeksYys[k djksA


1- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLdfrA


3- MkW- lqn'kZuflag ethfB;ka &lar lkfgR;A

4- MkW- vksadkjukFk prqosZnh & lar lkfgR; vkSj ijEijkA

5- MkW- izseukjk;.k 'kqDy & lar lkfgR;A

6- MkW- isekjke & e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkUnksyuA

7- ij'kqjke prqosZnh & lar lkfgR; ds izsj.kk lzksrA

8- MkW- f=yksdh ukjk;.k nhf{kr & fgUnh lar lkfgR;A

9- MkW- ihrkEcjnr cM+Foky & fgUnh dkO; esa fuxqZ.k lEiznk;A

10- lhrkjke ykyl & jktLFkkuh lcndksl ¼Hkkx&1½

11- MkW- jkds'k dqekj 'kekZ & lar ykynkl O;fäRo vkSj dfrRoA

110

bdkbZ & 12

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk Hkxrh lkfgR; jh folslrkokabdkbZ jks eaMk.k

12-0 mÌsL;

12-1 izLrkouk

12-2 mi;ksfxrk

12-3 egÙo

12-4 Hkxrh lkfgR; % lkekU; ifjpS %

12-4-1 lxq.k Hkxrh dkO;

(i) jke Hkxrh dkO;

(ii) fØl.k Hkxrh dkO;

12-4-2 fuxqZ.k Hkxrh dkO;

(i) X;ku ekjxh

(ii) izse ekjxh

12-4-3 tSu dkO;

12-4-4 lSo vj lkDr dkO;


12-5 jktLFkku jk Hkxrh iaFk

12-6 Hkxrh dkO; jh folslrkoka

12-6-1 jke Hkxrh dkO;

12-6-2 fØl.k Hkxrh dkO;

12-6-3 X;ku ekjxh fujxq.k dkO;

12-7 bZdkbZ jks lkj

12-8 vH;kl jk izLu


12-0 mÌsL;&

b.k bdkbZ jks mÌsL; gS&

• Hkxrh vkUnksyu jS nkSjku jktLFkku esa pkyf.k;ka vyx&vyx iaFkk jh tk.kdkjh djko.khA

• jktLFkku jks HkfDr vkUnksyu lexz Hkxrh vkUnksyu lwa fd.k ek;uk esa vyx gks \

• Hkxrh vkUnksyu jks oka fnuka jk lekt ij dkabZ izHkko i³~;ks \

• ije lÙkk vsd gS m.k jk ukao vj flej.k jk rjhdk pk;s U;kjk&U;kjk gSA

12-1 izLrkouk

fd.kh nsl vj dky [k.M uS Hkyh&Hkkar tk.kck rkab± m.kjS jS lkfgR; jks v/;;u t:jh gSA vse-vs-

111

jktLFkkuh jS b.k izLu&i= esa fo|kFkhZ lkfgR; jS e/;dkG jks bfrgkl Hk.kSyk ft.kuS ^Hkxrhdky* jh laKkfnjhth gSA dbZ fiPNeh ¼ik'pkR;½ vkykspdka vj iafMr jkepUnz 'kqDy jh ekurk gS dS Hkkjr esa HkxrhvkUnksyu jks dkj.k fonslh lÙkk jS ;h gSA tndS vkpk;Z uxsUnz eqtc] ^ôSfnd Hkxrh ijEijk ds lekukUrjnf{k.kh Hkkjr esa nzfoM+ laLÑfr xfHkZr iFkd Hkxrh ijEijk dk lw=ikr gks pqdk FkkA ;g ijEijk bZlk iwoZ dbZ'krkfCn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh Fkh] ftlesa 'kj.kkxfr vkSj leiZ.k dh Hkkouk izcy :i esa ikbZ tkrh Fkh vkSj tksdkykUrj esa nkf{k.kkR; vkpk;ksZa }kjk mÙkj Hkkjr esa Hkh yksdfiz; cuhA** MkW- jke foykl 'kekZ jk Hkh vSM+k bZfopkj gSA m.kka jks dSo.kks gS dS vxj fonslh yksx Hkkjr esa uha vkaork rks Hkh Hkxrh vkUnksyu jks Lo:i dhab.k Hkkar bZ jSaorksA lksp.kS jh ckr gS dS jktLFkku esa rks jktkoka jks jkt bZ jS;ksA QSj vBS Hkxrh vkUnksyudhdj iuI;ks \ tBS rkabZ fonslh lÙkk jks loky gS rks b.k vkUnksyu jh lq#vkr nf{k.kh Hkkjr lwa gks;*j vksmÙkj Hkkjr esa QSY;ksA nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa rks fonslh lÙkk dksuh ghA b.k Hkkar dS;ks tk ldS dS Hkxrh vkUnksyuvsd ykEch vj lukru ijEijk jks ifj.kke gSA dchjnkl rks iSyh bZ dSX;k &

*Hkxrh nzfoM+ mith] yk;s jkekuUn !*

12-2 mi;ksfxrk &

Hkxrh dky jh folslrkoka jks v/;;u dj.kS lwa fo|kFkhZ b.k ckr uS Hkyh Hkkar tk.k ldSyk dS iwtk]lqeju ;k Hkxrh jk rjhdk pk;s vyx gS i.k ije lÙkk vsd gSA Hkkjr U;kjk&U;kjk /kek±] lEiznk;ka] tkfr;k¡vj Hkklkoka jks nsl gSA Hkxrh lkfgR; jS v/;;u lwa fo|kFkhZ esa ekuoh; xq.kka jks fodkl gqoSyksA Hkxrh dkyjk dfo pk;s fgUnw gk ;k eqlyeku] cS pk;s fd.kh lEiznk; lwa tqMs+M+k gk i.k m.kka jh utj esa feu[k cjkcjgSA ^^tkrh&ikarh iwNS ufga dksbZA gfj dks HktS lks gfj dks gksbZA** dS;*j feu[k uS tkr&/kje lwa Å¡pk mBk*jvkilh HksnHkko [kre dj.kS jh dkslhl djhthA lar dfo;ka vki jh ok.kh lwa lekt esa O;kIr ft.k cqjkb;k¡vj va/k fo'oklka ij pksV djh] m.k jh vkt Hkh njdkj gSA vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt esa Å¡p&uhp jks Hksn]tkfr Hksn] va/k foLokl [kwc gSA Hkxrh lkfgR; jS v/;;u lwa cka uS vsd ubZ fnlk feySyhA

12-3 egÙo &

Hkxrh lkfgR; jks vkt jS tqx esa egÙo fufoZokn gSA lxGS Hkxr dfo;ka vkilh ln~Hkkouk] izse vjHkkbZpkjS ij ?k.kkS tksj fn;ks gksA vkt jS tqxesa feu[k pk;s fdrjha bZ mUufr dj yh i.k /khjS&/khjS m.k jhlaosnukoka ej~;ka tkoSA ck:n jS <sj ij cSB~;S vkt jS ekuo uS Hkxrh lkfgR; jh ?k.kh t:jr gSA

12-4 Hkxrh lkfgR; % lkekU; ifjpS

lu~ 1318 lwa lu~ 1643 rd iwoZ e/;dky uS Hkxrhdky jh laKk fnjhth gSA b.k nkSjku vusd Hkxrhjpukoka lkeh vkbZA b.k dky jh jpukoka uS fo}kuka b.k Hkkar ckaVh gS &

12-4-1 lxq.k Hkxrh dkO; %&

*fuxqZ.k* jh Hkxrh esa eu cslgkjk gks;*j HkVd ldSA b.k dkj.k Hkxr lxq.k Hkxrh uS eu jS vuq:iekuSA *oS".ko er* jS eqtc jke vj *Ñ".k* nksU;wa bZ Hkxoku fo".kq jk vkSrkj gSA /kjrh ij tn&tn ikic/kS] /kje jh Xykuh gqoS] iki vj ikfi;ka jks [kkreks dj.k rkab± Hkxoku fo".kq [kqn vkSrkj /kkj.k dj vki jSHkxrka jks m)kj djSA lxq.k Hkxrh jh nks /kkjkoka gS & (i) jke Hkxrh dkO; (ii) *Ñ".k* Hkxrh dkO;

12-4-1-1 jke Hkxrh dkO; %& v;ks/;kifr n'kjFk jk csVk Jhjke Hkxrka jk vkjk/; nso gSA /kjrhlwa ikika jks Hkkj gj.kS rkab± Hkxoku fo".kq jke jS :i esa vkSrkj /kkj~;ksA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa esgksthxksnkjk ^jkek;.k*] ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k ^jke jklkS*] lwjtnkl iwfu;k ^jke jkl*] eqagrk #?kukFk^#?kjkl* jS vykok ujgfjnkl ckjgB] dfo;k dj.khnku] dfojktk Bkdqj cq/kflag dqaoj gjjkt]dfo eaN] pkj.k fdluk vk<+k vkn dfo;ka Hkh izdkjkUrj lwa jke dFkk jh jpuk djh gSA tSudfo;ka esa Hkh jke dFkk ?k.kh pkoh gSA vka jpukdkjka jh dFkkoka jks ewG vk/kkj rks ôkYehfd

112

jkek;.k* gh i.k b.kk vki jh ekurkoka vj yksd #fp eqtc ewG dFkk esa cnGko Hkh dfj;k gSA

12-4-1-2 Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; %& Ñ".k Hkxrh jk izsj.kk lzksr oYyHkkpk;Z gk i.k Ñ".k yhyk jS inka jksxk;u rks iSyh lwa izpfyr gksA b.k ckcr vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh jks dSo.kks gS] ^^yhykxkudc ls fy[kk tkus yxk ;g dguk rks dfBu gS] fdUrq nloha X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa ekf=d NUnksaesa xs; inksa esa Ñ".k yhyk xku djus dh izFkk vo'; py iM+h FkhA** b.k Hkkar Ñ".k Hkxrh jkewG lw= iSyh nD[k.kh Hkkjr esa feySA Ñ".k Hkxrh esa Ñ".k yhyk jS inka jks xk;u djhT;ksA Ñ".kjks yksd jatd :i mHkj*j yksxka lkeh vk;ksA Ñ".k Hkxrh jk fc;ka rks dSbZ :i gS i.k jktLFkkuesa ehjka ckbZ jh ê/kqjk* Hkxrh izfl) gSA ehjk¡ckbZ jS inka esa Hkkoka jh xSjkbZ] ljyrk vj n<+rk jkstSM+ks :i feyS cks vksj dBSbZ dksuh feySA ehjk¡ jS inka esa izse fuosnu] vkRe leiZ.k vj fojgjh O;kdqyrk cstksM+ gSA

12-4-2 fuxqZ.k Hkxrh dkO; %&

ijekRek jk lkdkj :i jS ctk; fuxqZ.k :i esa mikluk dj.k okGk *fuxqZ.k lar* jS ukoa lwa izfl)gq;kA b.k jS eqtc ijekRek vtj] vej] vtUeks vj vfouklh gSA fuxqZ.k iaFk jh nks /kkjkoka gSa & (i) Kkuekjxh lk[kk vj (ii) izse ekjxh lk[kk ;k lwQh dkO;

12-4-2-1 Kku ekjxh lk[kk %& ftdS Hkxr dfo;ka Kku lwa uS bZLoj jh izkfIr crkbZ cS Kku ekjxhlar dS;k x;kA fuxqZ.k dkO; /kkjk esa dchj lwa iSyh ukenso jks ukao fy;ks tkoSA ukenso egkjk"Vªjk lar gkA Kku ekjxh lk[kk jS lar dfo;ka Hkh jke ukao jS flej.k ij tksj fn;ks i.k m.kka jksjke vtj] vtUeks vj vfouklh gksA dchj lkQ lCnka esa dS;ks&

uk og n'kjFk ds ?kj tk;kAuk tlksnk us xksn f[kyk;kA

cka crk;ks dS bZLoj vsd gS vj lxGk m.k jk val gSA vkRek vj ijekRek fcpkGS ek;k gS tdhnksuqoka uS feG.k uha nsoSA dchj tho] ek;k vj czã uS tG vj dqaHk jS izrhdka jS ek/;e lwa cM+hpks[kh rfj;ka le>k;ks gS &

ty esa dqaHk] dqaHk esa ty gS] ckgj Hkhrj ikuhAQwVk dqaHk ty] ty gh lekuk] vks rÙk dF;ks KkuhA

jktLFkku esa fuxqZ.k iaFk jks izHkkok T;knk jS;ks ft.k esa Kku ekxZ izeq[k gSA Kku ekxZ jk?k.kdjk iaFk vkt Hkh jktLFkku esa lfØ; gSA

12-4-2-2 izse ekjxh 'kk[kk %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa izsek[;kud dkO; uha fy[;k x;k i.k vtesj]ukxkSj vkn LFkku lwQh er jk dsUnz Hkh jS;k gSA lwQh larka vj izsek[;kuak jks izHkko jktLFkkuhdkO; ij i³~;ksA lwQh *n'kZu* esa ijelÙkk jh *tksr* vj lqnjrk jS :i esa dYiuk djh xbZ gSAb.k esa ykSfdd izse jh xSjkbZ esa vykSfdd izse ns[;ks tkoSA jktLFkkuh lar dkO; ij lwQh izsevj fojg jks lkQ izHkko ns[;ks tk ldSA MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jS eqtc] ^^ftl izdkj lwQhv}Sr oknh n'kZu rFkk ;ksx lk/kuk lEcU/kh vusd ekU;rkvksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; osnkUr vkSj ;ksx'kkL= ds _.kh gSa mlh izdkj fuxqZ.k lar Hkh izse dh izxk<+ vuqHkwfr rFkk vkjk/; ds izfr mRdVfojg Hkkouk ds fy, lwQh lk/kdksa ds _.kh gSaA**

12-4-3 tSu dkO; %&

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa tSu dfo;k¡ vusd jpukoka djhA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy *tSu] 'kSo vj 'kkDr*dkO; uS /kkfeZd dkO; dS;*j lkfgR; esa dksuh fy;ks i.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa tSu dfo;ka ?k.kh bZ jpukok jksfljt.k dfj;kS gSA vke vkneh lwa lEidZ esa gks.kS jS dkj.k b.kka dfo;ka yksd lkfgR; Hkh jP;kS gSA b.kk jS

113

lkfgR; jks eq[k Loj lq/kkj] vfgalk vj feu[k jk thou uS csgrj c.kk.kS jks gSA

12-4-4 lSo vj lkDr dkO; %&

jktLFkku lSo vj lkDr /kje jks dsUnz jS;ks gSA jktLFkku jh /kje lk/kuk esa vj laLÑfr jS fodklesa lSo er jks egrkÅ ;ksxnku gSA dkykUrj esa ra=&ea= vj oke iaFkh lk/kuk vi.kko.kS jS dkj.k b.k jks irugq;ksA b.k jS lekukUrj lfDr mikluk Hkh vBS [kwc gksaorhA ekrnsoh jh iwtk jh ijEijk b.k iznsl esa ?k.khtwuh gSA nqxkZ] pkeq.Mk] p.Mh] Hkokuh] *efg"kklqj efnZuh* jS :i esa nsoh ;k lfDr iwtk iqjk.kS tekuS lwa izpfyrghA jktLFkku j.k ckadqjka vj tks/kkoka jks j.k [ksr jS;ks gSA b.k dkj.k lfDr jh ekurk Hkh vBS ?k.kh ghA

12-4-5 yksd nsoh&nsork %&

jktLFkku esa tkxka&tkxka yksd nsoh&nsorkoka feUnj] nsoG ;k Fkku feySA yksx b.kka jh iwtk miklukdjSA vka egkiqj[kka vki jh ftUnxh yksd lsok rkab± gkse dj nh b.k dkj.k yksd b.kka uS vkt Hkh ;kn djSAjkensoth] xksxk th] ikcwth] rstksth] gM+cw th uS yksx lj/kk lwa ;kn djSA jkenso th jks *tEeksa* txkoSA ikcwth jh *iM+* ckaph tkoSA ik¡p yksd nsork ftdka uS ihj Hkh dS;ks tkoSA fgUnw vj eqlyeku m.kka uS cjkcj ekuSAcS vkt Hkh jk"Vª vsdrk jk Fkav gS &

ikcw gM+Hkw jke ns] ekaxfG;k esgkAikapwa ihj i/kkjT;ks] xksxkns tsgkAA

vka yksd nsorkoka jh izlalk esa [kwc lkfgR; jphT;ks gSA

12-5 jktLFkku jk Hkxrh iaFk %&

jktLFkku esa Hkxrh vkanksyu jks v/;;u dj.kS rkabZ vj m.k jh folslrkoka tk.k.kS rkabZ vBS jh /kjrhij QGrS QwyrS iaFkka jks ftØ Hkh t:jh gSA cs Hkxr dfo gks.kS jS lkFkS&lkFkS lekt lq/kkjd Hkh gkA b.kdkj.k turk cka lwa Qxu /kje vj njlk jks X;ku gh xzg.k uha djrh cfYd nqfu;kankjh jS ekeyka esa Hkh cSyksxka jh enn djrkA jktLFkku esa pky.kkGk izeq[k lar iaFk b.k Hkkar gS &

(i) fc'uksbZ lEiznk; %& b.k lEiznk; jk izorZd taHkukFk ;k tkaHkksth gSA cka vkRek] ijekRek] tho]eks{k] LoxZ&ujd] iki] iqUu ij fopkj njlk;k gSA b.k jk vuq;k;h vkxS pky*j fcLuksbZ dgyk;kA b.kkam.krhl fu;e c.kk;k cS lkekftd lejlrk [kkrj mi;ksxhA tho gR;k uha dj.kh vj nj[kr ugha dkV.kSjks minsl ns;*j cka vki jS vuq;kb;ka uS ij;koj.k jh j{kk rkab± R;kj dj~;kA b.k fujxq.kh lEiznk; esatkr&ikar vj ewjr iwtk jks fojks/k gSA b.k lEiznk; uS eqlyeku Hkh ekuSA

(ii) tlukFkh lEiznk; %& tlukFkh lEiznk; fuxqZ.k] fujkdkj bZLoj jh mikluk ij tksj nsoSAtxr jh mRir] foLrkj] tye] ej.k] eks{k] iqjutUe vkn uS yS;*j b.k esa [kwc fpUru gq;ks gSA lk/kuk jS ekxZij vkxS c/k.kS rkab± xq# jh enn t:jh gSA b.k lEiznk; esa feu[k jS O;fDrxr uSfrd vkpj.k ij [kwc tksjfn;ks x;ks gSA fo'uksbZ lEiznk; jh Hkkar b.k lEiznk; jh Hkh vsd vkpkj lafgrk gS ft.k uS izR;sd vuq;k;huS eku.kh pk;tSA b.k lEiznk; lekt lq/kkj esa [kwc ;ksxnku fn;ksA

(iii) nknw iaFk %& nknw iaFk Hkh fuxqZ.k iaFk gSA b.kjh lekt lq/kkj jh Hkwfedk cM+h egrkÅ jS;h gSArRdkyhu lekt esa izpfyr Å¡p&uhp] oxZ Hksn] vkMEcj] <ksax] va/kfo'okl vkn ij [kwc pksV djh xbZ gSAfeu[k jh cjkcjh esa b.k jk vuq;k;h fo'okl djSA ewfrZ iwtk vj ckãpkj uS nknw iaFkh dksuh ekuSA ftdS uSvfHkeku uha gqoSA ijekRek jks fleju fgM+nS esa djSA fn[kkoks uha dj lxGka uS cjkcj ekuSA fd.kh n'kZu ;kfopkj jks vkljks uha ys;*j jke esa vkLFkk jk[kS vj vkijS eu uS thr ysoS cks bZ lkapks nknwiaFkh gSA nknw iaFkhlk/kq fxjLr dksuh gqoS O;S nknwnqvkjka esa jSoSA lekt lq/kkj esa nknw iaFk jh Hkwfedk ?k.kh egrkÅ jS;h gSAjktLFkku jS lar lEiznk;ka esa nknw iaFk jh vGxh fiNk.k gSA

(iv) ykynklh iaFk %& lar ykynkl] nknw jk ledkyhu gkA ykynklh iaFk Hkh fuxqZ.k iaFk gSA

114

ykynkl jh deZHkkse esokr ghA lar ykynkl vsd bZ'oj uS ekurkA fc.kka eqtc bZ'oj loZO;kih] lc ?kVoklhgSA lkapks xq# gh psyS jh enn dj ldSA vks iaFk lk/k laxr ij ?k.kks tksj nsoSA fg;S jh 'kq)rk] 'khy] n;k]vifjxzg vfgalk] lekurk vkn ij ?k.kks tksj fn;ksA lekt lq/kkj jh fn'kk esa Hkh b.k iaFk vkijh egrkÅHkwfedk fuHkkbZA

(v) pj.knklh iaFk %& b.k iaFk jk izorZd lar pj.knkl gkA b.k jks dk;Z{ks= vyoj&Hkjriqj jS;ksAb.k iaFk esa lxq.k vj fuxqZ.k nksuqoka jh mikluk gqoSA b.k iaFk jk vuq;k;h JhÑ".k uS ijczã jks l:i ekuSAuo/kk Hkxrh jks leFkZu Hkh b.k iaFk jk vuq;k;h djS i.k tknk tksj fuxZq.k Hkxrh ij nSoSA b.k er esa tho]txr] czã] eks{k vkn ij [kwc ppkZ gqbZ gS vj xq# jks egÙo lclwa Åij crk;ks x;ks gSA lnkpkj ij tksjnsarka Fkdka b.k er esa deZ jks egÙo Hkh crk;ks x;ks gSA feu[k tSM+k deZ djSxkA fc.kka jks QG fc.k uS t:jHkksx.kks iMS+yksA b.k lEiznk; jh eq[k xknh fnYyh esa gSA

(vi) jke Lusgh lEiznk; %& jkeLusgh lEiznk; bZ'oj jS fuxqZ.k l:i uS ekuSA jktLFkku esa b.k ukelwa rhu er pkyS ft.k jk ukao gS & 1- flagFkG [ksM+k;k 2- js.k 3- 'kkgiqjkA chtS laiznk;ka jh Hkkar b.k esa Hkhgjsd pks[kh ckr uS vi.kkbZ xbZA ewfrZ iwtk vj ckgjyS vkMEcjka jks fojks/k dj~;ks x;ksA gkykafd jke Lusghlarka jh ok.kh esa vorkjka jS l:i jks o.kZu Hkh feyS i.k fc.kka jks jke vpy] v[kaM vj fujkdkj gSA jkeLusghlEiznk; jh lk/kuk i)fr esa ;ksx 'kkL= jh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA b.k lEiznk; esalqjfr&fujfr 'kCnka jks iz;ksx fof'k"V :i ea gq;ks gSA

(vii) fujatuh lEiznk; %& fujatuh lEiznk; fujatuh lEiznk; jks izorZu foØe jh lksGoha lnh esagfjnkl egkjkt dj~;ksA vks lEiznk; ewG :i lwa lk/kuk i)fr vj fopkjksa esa ukFk iaFk vj dchj iaFk lwaizHkkfor gSA b.k lEiznk; esa ijekRe rÙo uS vkerkSj ij jke fujatu] gfj fujatu vj vy[k fujatu vknukaoka lwa iqdkj~;ks tkoSA fujatu lEiznk; okfn;ka jh ekU;rk gS dS uk rks cks iSnk gqoS vj uk u"V gqoSA cks ges'kkvkeS jh Hkkar vsdjl jSoSA fuxqZ.k lEiznk; gksarka Fkdka Hkh bl lEiznk; esa uo/kk Hkxrh vj izsek Hkxrh jh NwVgSA ewfrZ iwtk jks Hkh b.k lEiznk; esa [k.Mu dksuh feySA tkr] o.kfJe vkn uS ys;*j Hkh b.k esa fojks/k jks HkkodksuhA njvly vks laiznk; leU;oknh lEiznk; gSA vks lEiznk; lg vfLrRo vj lfg".kqrk jS fl)kUrka uSiwjh rjka lwa vkRelkr~ dj vkxS c/kSA

12-6 Hkxrh dkO; jh folslrkoka %&

Hkxr dfo;ka dkO; jpuk LokUr% lq[kk; djh gSA dfork jpuk dj.kks fc.kka jks ewy mÌsL; uha gksAfc.kka jks ewy mÌsL; rks ije firk jh vkjk/kuk gksA fuxqZ.k ;k lxq.k ;k lar] Hkxr esa cS brjksa Hksn dksuh ekurkAcks ekxZ tSM+ks fc.kka jh ijekRek lwa utnhdh c/kkoS fc.kka uS Lohdk;Z gksA b.kht dkj.k cS pk;s lar dfo gqoS;k Hkxr fc.kka jS dkO; esa ?k.kdkjh*d ckrka vsd tSM+h gSA vBS vkika vGxh&vGxh dkO; /kkjkoka jh folslrkokajks v/;;u djkaxkA Åij lwa nh[k.kS esa jktLFkku esa ?k.kka bZ /kkfeZd lEiznk; gk i.k fc.kka esa ewy ckrka vjfl)kUr vsd tSM+k gSA b.kht dkj.k lxGS lEiznk;ka jh folslrkok uha crk*j izeq[k lEiznk;ka folslrkoka jksfoospu djL;kaA b.k esa lcjh folslrkoka lekfgr gS &

12-6-1 jke Hkxrh dkO; %&

lxq.k Hkxrh dkO; /kkjk esa jke Hkxrh dkO; /kkjk jks [kkl egÙo gSA b.k dkO; /kkjk jh vk foflLVrkgS dS vk /kkjk chth /kkjkoka Hkkar vsdkaxh nf"Vdks.k ys;j dksuh pkyhA vk Hkxrh /kkjk lk[;] nkL;] vuqxzg]iqf"V] Kku Hkxrh izse ;ksx lc uS vsd lkFkS ys;*j vkxS c/khA b.k /kkjk jh folslrkoka b.k Hkkar gS &

(i) jke jks l#i %& jke Hkxrh esa Hkxrx.kka uS jke jks e;kZnk&iq#lksÙke :i ?k.kks Hkk;ks gS b.khtdkj.k fc.kka esa lhy] lfDr vj lkSUn;Z rhuqoka jks leUo; fn[kk;ks gSA Jhjke iq#lksÙke jS :iesa fo".kq jk vkSrkj gS ftdk /kjrh ij lwa ikfi;ka jks cks> gVko.kS rkabZ vorj~;k gSA jke jks yksdj{kd :i bZ fc.kka jS Hkxrka uS ?k.kks filu vk;ks gSA gkykafd vkxS pky*j Ñ".k Hkxrh jS izHkko

115

lwa l[kh lEiznk; jks mn~Hko gq;ks i.k fc.k jks fodkl vkxS uha c/;ksA

(ii) Hkxrh jks l:i %& jke Hkxrh lsod&lsO; Hkko ij vk/kkfjr gSA jke Hkxrh esa Hkxrh] Kku vjdeZ jks lkso.kks leUo; gq;ks gSA rqylh jS 'kCnka esa &

lsod lsO; Hkko fcu] Hko u rfj; mjxkfjA

jke dkO; esa fujxq.k&lxq.k] v}Sr okn&fof'k"Vk}Srokn vkn jks leUo; lgt vj lqHkkfod<ax lwa gq;ks gSA jke Hkxrh esa uo/kk Hkxrh iwjS eku&lEeku lkFkS vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gSA Hkxrh jk vSukS :i eu vj lxGh bfUnz;k¡ uS Hkxoku esa yxk.kS jh lgt dkslhl djSA

(iii) leUo; jh Hkkouk %& jke Hkxrh lkfgR; leUo; jh fojkV psLVk gSA jke Hkxrh dkO; jSjpukdkjka lxq.k&fuxqZ.k] }Sr&v}Sr] oSL.ko&lSo] Kku&Hkxrh] Nwr&vNwr] jktk&iztk vkn esaft.k Hkkar leUo; jh dkslhl djh gS ck vki jS c[kr esa bZ ub± vkt Hkh ?k.kh egrkÅ gSA b.kjS lkFkS b.k esa yksd vj lkL= jks Hkh vSM+ks lkso.kks leUo; gS dS nksU;wa vsd esa gks;*j tu&tujks ekjx izlLr djSA oSjkX; vj fxjLr /keZ] Hkk"kk vj laLÑfr jks iqjk.k vj dkO; jks] Hkkokosxvj vuklDr fpUru jks] czkã.k&lwnj] iaMr&viaMr jks leUo; jke Hkxrh dkO; jks vSM+ksmTto i[k gS ft.k jS dkj.k vkt Hkh gks t.k&t.k jks d.B gkj gSA b.k esa yksd fgr jh HkkoukdwV&dwV*j HkjsM+h gSA

(iv) pfj=&fp=.k %& jke Hkxrh dkO; /kkjk esa jke vsd vkn'kZ pfj= gSA cS foL.kq jk vkSrkj] lhylkSUn;Z vj lfDr jh [kku gSA fc.kka vkijS Hkxrka jh jPN~;k vj nq"Vka jks fouk'k dj.kS rkab±vkSrkj /kkj.k dj~;ks gSA jke dkO; esa jke jks tknkrj lxq.k :i fpf=r gq;ks gSA Hkxr yksx Hkhjke jks lxq.k :i ns[k*j fc.kka jk njl.k dj [kqn uS /kU; le>SA jke jh uj yhyk jkeuksoSKkfud] lkso.kk vj euHkkou fprjke Hkxrka uS vki dkuh vkÑLV djSA jke&lhrk jhlkso.kh Nc uS Hkxrx.k lnho&lnho [kkrj vkijS eu esa clk.kh pkoSA fc.kka jks lkSUn;Z rhU;wayksdka uS ytko.kkGks gSA jke jS pfj= jS vykok Hkjr] y{e.k] lhrk] guqeku vkn pfj= Hkhvkn'kZ pfj= gSA b.k pfj=ka jh vknlZ Hkkouk lekt uS izsfjr djS] vsd fn'kk nsoSA vkt Hkkjrh;lekt ij ftrjksa izHkko jkek;.k jS pfj=ka jks gS vkSj fd.kh jks dksuhA

(v) jl ;kstuk %& jke dkO; jks izeq[k jl rks 'kkUr jl gS i.k t:jr eqtc ckdh lxGS jlkajks lekos'k Hkh gSA okfVdk izlax esa la;ksx fl.kxkj] lhrk gj.k jS c[kr fo;ksx fl.kxkj ukjneksg esa gkL; jh iz/kkurk] y{e.k ewPNkZ jS c[kr d#.k jl jh ;kstuk gSA ckdh jl Hkh izlaxeqtc vk;k gSA

(vi) dkO; :i %& jke dkO; esa izcU/k ,oa eqDrd nksU;wa Hkkar jS dkO; :ika jh jpuk gqbZ gSAjktLFkkuh esa jpSM+S jke dkO;ka esa rks jke jS pfj= jh O;k[;k gS bZ lkFkS bZ QqVdj xhrka vj Hktukaesa Hkh jke dkO; jh jpuk gqbZ gSA

(vii) Hkk"kk %& esgksth xksnkjk] ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k] lwjt nkl iwfu;ka vkn e/; dkyhu dfo;kajktLFkkuh esa jke pfj= uS ys;*j tSM+k xzUFk jP;k fc.kka jh Hkk"kk vke feu[k jS le> esa vko.kkGhgSA vS dfo tu jS ?k.kk usM+S gkA b.k jks mÌsL; jke jS pfj= jS ek/;e lwa yksxka lkeh vknlZ jhFkkiuka dj.kh Hkh gh b.k dkj.k b.k xzUFkka jh Hkklk vSM+h jktLFkkuh gS tSM+h lgt :i lwa le>esa vkoSaA

12-6-2 ÑLk.k Hkxrh dkO; %&

lxq.k Hkxrh dkO; /kkjk esa Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; jks ?k.kks egÙo gSA b.k Hkxrh /kkjk yksxka jS fg;S esaHkxoku Jh Ñ".k jh yhykoka vj izse ek/kq;Z jks jl Hkj~;ks gSA ÑL.k Hkxrh jh jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa vsd vGxh

116

folslrk vk Hkh gS dS Hkxrh jS ek/;e lwa fonzksgA Hkxr f'kjksef.k ehjka ckbZ Ñ".k Hkxrh jS ek/;e lwa ifjokj]lekt vj jktlÙkk lwa ft.k Hkkar fonzksg izn'kZu dj~;ks cks vf}rh; gSA fc.k c[kr tn ukjh uS ^vlw;±i';k*dS;*j ?kj jh pkjnhokjh esa can jk[krk ehjka jks vks dSo.kks &

esjks rks fxj/kj xksiky] nwljks u dksbZA

tkds flj eksj eqdqV] esjks ifr lksbZA

Hkksr cM+ks ØkfUrdkjh dne gks tSM+ks Hkxrh jS ek/;e lwa mBk;ks x;ksA dSo.k jks eryc gS dS HkxrhuS rkdr c.kk*j vR;kpkjh vj vR;kpkj lwa eqdkcyks dj~;ks vj v[khj esa thr Hkh gqbZA b.k Hkkar Hkxrh dkO;]nfer] lksf"kr] ihfM+r yksxka uS tqyeka lwa yM+.kS jh rkdr nhA Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; jh chth folslrkoka b.k HkkargS &

(i) iqf"V ekxhZ; Hkxrh Hkkouk %& iqf"V ekxhZ; Hkxrh Hkkouk tho vj czã jh vfHkUurk uS izdVdjSA tho czã jks bZ va'k gSA iqf"V jks eryc Hkxoku jks vuqxzg] ÑikA vFkkZr~ Hkxoku gj gkyresa vki jS Hkxr jks gj fLFkfr esa iks"k.k djSA ft.k Hkkar Vkcj ek¡ jh xksnh esa fuf'pr gqoS fc.kHkkar bZ Hkxr uS Hkxoku eqtc lefiZr gks.kks bZ iqf"V gSA

(ii) l[; Hkko %& Ñ".k Hkxrh esa Hkxoku vj Hkxr esa l[; Hkko gSA ft.k Hkkar vsd ehar vkijS nwtSehar uS cM+h csckdh lwa fc.k jh f'kdk;r dj nsoSA l[; Hkko esa Hkh Hkxoku vj Hkxr esa cjkcjhjks ntksZ gqoSA tn bZ lwjnkl LiLV 'kCnka esa Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k uS dS*ok nsoS&

[ksyu esa dks dkdks xqlSa;k¡A

b.k Hkkar Hkxr Hkxoku lwa l[kk Hkko c.kk*j vki jks nq%[k&nnZ f'kdk;r [kqyS :i lwa dS;*j vkijh leL;koka jks lek/kku djk ysoSA

(iii) vGxS&vGxS lEiznk;ka ij vk/kkfjr Hkxrh dkO; %& Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; jh folslrk Hkh gSdS Ñ".k yhyk jh vfHkO;fDr rkabZ vGxk&vGxk lEiznk;ka jh lf"V gqbZ ft.k esa oYyH lEiznk;]l[kh lEiznk;] jk/kk oYyHk lEiznk;] xkSM+h; lEiznk; vkn izeq[k gSA

(iv) Jh Ñ".k jks l:i %& Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k dal flj[kS Øwj jk{klka jS o/k rkabZ vkSrkj/kkj.k dj~;ks gSA fc.kka ohjrk lkFkS vusd jk{klka uS ekj~;kA tjkla/k flj[kS vgadkjh vj rkdroj'kkld lkFkS fHkM+X;kA egkHkkjr tq) esa vtqZu jks jFk lapkyu dj vsd&vsd vkrrk;h uSpq.k&pq.k [kre djk;ksA i.k fc.kka jks vks yksd j{kd :i Hkxrka uS dksuh filu vk;ksA cS rksxksfi;ka lkFkS jkl jpkoarS] xokG~;ka lkFkS xmvk¡ pjkoarS] ek[ku jh pksjh djrS Jh Ñ".k jS :ilwa izHkkfor gkA b.k Hkxr dfo;ka eqtc czt izns'k esa iq#"k flQZ Jh Ñ".k ckdh lc thovkRekoka gSA b.k Hkkar Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k vj fc.kka jS Hkxrka esa va'k&va'kh Hkko gSA b.k jS lkFkS bZJh Ñ".k jks cky l:i Hkh fc.kka jS Hkxrka uS eqX/k djSA b.kh*t dkj.k Jh Ñ".k jh cky yhykokajkS fprjkae jp.kS ea b.k dfox.kka tknk #fp izdV djh gSA chtS 'kCnka esa dS;ks tk ldS dS JhÑ".k jS yksd j{kd :i ij fc.kk jks yksd jatd :i Hkkjh iM+SA pk;s ek[ku pksjh gqoS ;k ek¡tlksnk lwa >xM+ks ;k xMvka pjk.kks vkn Hkxrka jks eu fc.kka jh b.k yhykoka esa [kwc jE;ks gSA

(v) jl fp=.k %& Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; /kkjk jks izeq[k jl 'kkar gS i.k fl.kxkj vj okRlY; Hkh iwjhf'kÌr lwa izLrqr gq;kA Hkzej xhr esa xksfi;k¡ jk fojg fprjka n'kZuh; gS cBSbZ Jh Ñ".k jh ckyyhyk esa okRlY; jl Hkjiwj vk.kan iznku djSA xksfi;k¡&m)o laokn esa fojg fl.kxkj jS C;ktlwa Kku lwa Hkxrh Js"B lkfcr djhth gSA

(vi) okRlY; fp=.k %& jl vj Hkkoka jS fprjkae esa Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; esa Jh Ñ".k jh cky yhykokajks tSM+ks ân;gkjh fprjkae gq;ks gS cks fd.kh chth Hkk"kk esa nqyZHk gSA Ñ".k Hkxr dfo;k¡] [kkldj

117

lwjnkl th Jh Ñ".k jS cky lqHkk; jks lqHkkfod o.kZu dj~;ks gS fc.k jh ftrjha iz'kalk djh tkoSde gSA Jh Ñ".k jS cky O;fDrRo jh vsdw vsd fo'ks"krk lwjnkl th fp=.k djh gSA

(vii) e/kqjk Hkxrh %& fuxqZ.k dkO; esa gkykafd dchjnkl th [kqn uS ^jke dh cgqfj;k* ?kksf"kr djSA^nqyguh xkogq eaxykpkj* dS;*j jke lkFkS Hkkaoj Hkh ysoS i.k ikBd b.k ckr uS dns uha HkwyS dSdchj iq#"k gSA fc.k uS vk ckr ipk.kS esa tksj Hkh yxk.kks iM+S dS dchj jke jh cgqfj;k ^vkRek*uS crkoSA Ñ".k Hkxrh /kkjk esa ehjka ckbZ tn dSoS &

ekbZ Egsa rks fy;ks jh lkaofj;ks eksyAdksbZ dSoS ewaxks dksbZ dSoS lwaxks] fy;ks jh rjktw rksyAA

vS vksG~;ka Hk.k*j ikBd Hkko foHkksj gks T;koSA tn ehjka ckbZ ^tksfx;k th] Fkka jh Egkajh izhriqjk.kh* dS;*j vki jS fojg jh vfHkO;fDr djS rks ikBd foxfyr gq;ka fcuk uha jS ldSAHkxr&Hkxoku chpkGS vks e/kqj Hkko Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; uS vkSj ljl c.kkoSA

(viii) dkO; :i %& Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; tknkrj eqDrd vj xs; gSA gkykafd x.k eqDr xhrka esaizcU/kkRedrk Hkh fey tkoS i.k vks vuk;kl gSA osfy fØlu #de.kh jh tSM+h dkO; Ñfr;k¡ esaizcU/kkRedrk Hkh gS vxj ^Hkxrh ;k fl.kxkj* jks loky uha mBk;ks tkoSA ewyr% rks b.k xzUFk esaHkh dfo jh Jh Ñ".k eqtc Hkxr Hkxoku jh Hkkouk bZ gSA okLro esa rks Jh Ñ".k jh ftuxh eqtcvGxh&vGxh ?kVukoka uS xhrka jS ek/;e lwa vfHkO;fDr ns.kS jh dfo;ka jh izofÙk jS;h gSA

(ix) vykSfddrk jks lekos'k %& Ñ".k Hkxr dfo;k¡ jks izeq[k izfrik| ikjczã jS :i esa fp=.kdj.kks uha gks;*j Jh Ñ".k uS vki jks ehr ;k l[kk jS :i esa vkjk/; eku.kks gksA b.k Hkxr dfo;k¡fuxqZ.k jh ctk; lxq.k :i uS tknk egÙo fn;ks gSA lwjnkl th rks Li"V dS;ks&

:i js[k xqu tkfr tqxr fcu] fujkyac eu pfØr /kkoSAlc fof/k vxe fopkjfg rk rsa lwj lxqu yhyk in xkoSAA

l[kk :i esa Jh Ñ".k nwljS xokG~;k¡ lkFkS xk;ka pjkoS] [ksyS] ek[ku pqjkoS i.k lkFkS bZ fc.kk jhj{kk rkab± Hkh tru djSA xksoj/ku /kkj.k] bUnz xoZ gj.k] dkfyng esa dwn.kks vSM+h ?kVukoka gS ft.kesa vykSfddrk jks lekos'k gSA Jh Ñ".k ikjczã jS :i esa thokRek :ih xksfi;k¡] xokG~;ka ijÑik ij cka jh c[kr&c[kr ij j{kk djSA

(x) izÑfr fp=.k %& Jh Ñ".k Hkxrh dkO; esa izÑfr jS vkyEcu vj mÌhiu nksU;wa :ika gSA cslxGks czt] izÑfr] isM+&ikS/kk] dnac] teuk] calhoV vkn dkO; jh fol;oLrq c.k~;k gSA ^csfyfØlu #de.kh jh* esa cj[kk #r jks lkso.kks fprjke ns[k.ktksx gS &

ojlrS ngM+ uM+ vuM+ okft;k]l?k.k xkft;ks xqfgj lfnAtGfuf/k gh lekbZ ugha tG]tGckGk u lekbZ tGfnA

b.kht Hkkar ehjk¡ ckbZ jS dkO; esa izÑfr jks mÌhiu :i esa fp=.k gq;ks gSA jkr] pkrd] #r]P;ku.kh] jkr vkn izÑfr jk vS lxGk midj.k ehjk¡ jh fojg O;Fkk uS c<kcSA Ñ".k dkO; esaxksfi;ka tn m)o uS Jh Ñ".k ckcr vksGeks nsoS rks cS izkÑfrd miekuka jh >M+h yxk nsoSA b.kHkkar izÑfr jS vkyEcu vj mÌhiu :ika jks cj.kko lkaxksikax gq;ks gSA

12-6-3 Kku ekxhZ fuxqZ.k dkO; %&

Hkxrh lkfgR; esa fuxZq.k Hkxrh /kkjk jS dfo;kW jks ;ksxnku dnSbZ Hkqyk;ks uha tk ldSA larka] Hkxrh jksxsyks lxGS yksxka rkab± [kksy fn;ksA yksxka jh ftUnxh uS nq%[kka lwa eqxr djkaorka gq;ka vka larka jh lgt ok.kh

118

lkfgR; esa Hkh vkijh txak c.kkbZA b.k larka vkRek] ijekRek] tho] txr] ek;k] ckcr ftdks dha dS;ks gS m.kjh tksr esa vkt rkabZa HkVdsM+ks feu[k vki jks ekxZ lks/krks vk;ks gSA b.k dkO; /kkjk jh izeq[k folslrkoka b.kHkkar gS &

(i) fujkdkj czã esa foLokl %& larka jS foLokl eqtc bZLoj fujkdkj gSA cks tkr&ikar] :i&jaxlxGka lwa vGxks gSA cks uk dnS tyeS vj uk ejSA loZ lxrh eku] vxe] vxkspj bZl gh b.ktxr jks vk/kkj gSA cks xwaxS jS xqM+ jh Hkkar gS vj Qwy jh egd lwa Hkh irGks gS&

tkds eq¡g ekFkk ufga] tkdks :i v:iAiqgqi ckl rsa ikrjk] ,slk rÙk vuwiAA

vSMS+ bZl uS izkIr dj.kS rkabZ xq# jh Ñik t:jh gSA mt uS dksbZ lkapks xq# bZ crk ldS vj vuqHkodjok ldSA cks ?kV&?kV oklh gSA cha uS [kkst.kS rkabZ dBSbZ ckjS tk.kS jh t:jr dksuh &

dLrwjh dqaMy clS] e`x <wa<S+ ou ekafgA,sls ?kV&?kV jke gSa] nqfu;k [kkstr ukafgA

(ii) vsdsLoj okn jh Hkkouk %& fgUnw /kje esa rSrhl djksM+ nsoh&nsork gS i.k lar vsd bZLoj uSekuSA m.k jk ukao vyx&vyx gks ldSA larka vki jS dkO; esa jke jS ukao jks [kwc ftØ dj~;ksgS i.k cha jks jke vtUeks] vej vj vfouklh gSA larka jks jke uk rks nljFk ?kjka tyesM+ks gSvj uk gh ekrk tlksnk xksnh esa f[kyk;ks gS ¼uk og n'kjFk ds ?kj tk;kA uk tlksnk us xksnf[kyk;kA½ vks dS;*j larka vorkjokn jks Hkh fojks/k dj~;ksA lar yksx eqlyekuka jh Hkkar vsdbZLoj uS ekuS i.k osnkar jh Hkkar ^,dks·ga cgqL;kfe* jh Hkkar b.k uS Hkh ekuS dS ije rÙo tnfoLrkj dj.kks pkoS rks txr c.kSA

v[kS iq#l bd isM+ gS] fujatu ok dh MkjAf=nsok lk[kk Hk;s] ikr Hk;k lalkjAA

¼iii½ [kaMu&eaMu jh izo`fÙk %& e/;dky esa Hkkjrh; lekt esa Å¡p&uhp] Nwvk Nwr jks cM+ks HksnHkko gksA b.k jS dkj.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa xgjh QwV ghA lartu lkekftd vsdrk jh fnlk esacM+ks ;ksxnku fn;ksA

^tkfr&ikafr iwNs ufga dksbZ] gfj dks Hkts lks gfj dks gksbZA*

dS;*j feu[k&feu[k uS vsd /kjkry ij Y;ko.kS jh dkslhl djhA Å¡ph tkr jS yksxka uSQVdkjrka Fkdka dS;ks &

ts rw ckEgu] ckEguh tk;kAvku ckV rSa D;ksa u gS vk;kA

b.kht Hkkar ^ts rw rqdZ rqdZuh tk;k] Hkhrj [kruk D;ks u djk;kA* dS;*j Hkh eqlGekuk uSQVdkj yxkbZA cka jks dSo.kks gks dS LokFkZ jS dkj.k feu[k tkr&ikar c.kkbZ gSA tn rkab± dj.khÅ¡ph* uha gqoS] Å¡ph tkr csdkj gSA lar ijEijk jk ?k.kdjk lar fiNM+h vj fuEu tkfr;ka lwa gkAb.k dkj.k cS lekt jk frjLdkj vj tgj uS ?k.kks us M+S lwa tk.kS gkA b.kht dkj.k ckatkr&ikarjks fojks/k dj iwjh ekuork rkab± Hkxrh jk njoktk [kksy fn;kA

¼v½ xq# jks egÙo %& lar dkO; esa xq# jks egÙo lxGka lwa c/k*j gSA xq# jks egÙo xksfoUn lwa Hkhtknk gS D;wa dS lkapks xq# bZ vki jS psyka uS xksfoUn lwa feyk ldSA lkapS xq# jh njdkj gjsduS gqoS D;wa dS xq# vxj vk/kks gS rks psyS uS dkabZ jkg crklh \ va/ks v/akk Bsfy;k] nksU;wa dwi iM+ar*lkapks xq# vxj ^flj lkVS* Hkh feGS rks Hkh lLrks gSA vSM+ks xq# vki jS psyk uS vKku :ihva/kkj lwa ckjS dk<+*j ijxkl lwa lk{kkRdkj djkoS &

119

ikNs ykxk tk; Fkk] yksd osn ds lkFkAvkxs lrxq# feY;k] nhid fn;k gkFkAA

¼vi½ ukao Lej.k jh eSgek %& lar dkO; esa ukao lqfej.k jks ?k.kks c[kk.k gSA lk/kd uS ukao lqfej.km.kht Hkkar dj.kks pk;tS ft.k Hkkar fi.kgkjh ckrka djrh jSoS i.k m.jks /;ku ?kM+S dkuh jSoSAukao lqej.k ?k.kks nksjkS gSA eu uS ckj&ckj lkopsr dj.kks iM+S &

ekyk rks dj esa fQjS] thHk fQjS eq[k ekafgAeuqvk rks pgq¡ fnfl fQjS] ;s rks lqfeju ukfgaA

fol;&oklukoka lwa nwj gV*j bfUnz;ka uS ol esa dj~;ka iNS bZ ukao lqfeju dj~;ks tk ldS&

lgt&lgt lcdks dgS] lgt u phUgS dksbZAikapksa jk[kS ij lrh] lgt dfgtS lksbZAA

vks ûkao* xq# lwa psyk feyS vj psyks lk/kuk lwa b.k ukao uS fl) dj bZLoj dkuh tko.k rkabZvki jk ix vkxS c/kkoSA

¼vii½ izse&Hkko %& ijekRek lwa fey.k jks lk/ku flQZ izse gSA b.k izse jh eSgek lar dkO; esa [kwc xkbZxbZ gSA dchj rks dSoS] ^tk ?kV izse u lapjS] lks ?kV tkfu elkfuA ftu izse fd;ks] izHkq ik;ksA**i.k vks izse dj.kks brjks lksjks dksuh D;wa dS &

izse xyh vfr lkadjh] tk esa nks u lek;Aeu rks eSaxy gksbZ jgk] D;wa dj ldS lek;AA

izse jS ekxZ esa cM+h vc[kk;ka gSA ijekRek :ih izhre jh lst lwGh ij gSA Hkxr uS lwyh p<.kksiM+SA ehjk¡ ckbZ dSoS &

lwGh Åij lst fi;k dh] fdl fo/k fey.kks gks;A

¼viii½ ek;k lwa lko/kku %& lar dkO; esa lk/kd uS Hkxrh ekjx lwa fopfyr dj.kkokGh ek;k gSAek;k lwa dksbZ fcjyks bZ cp ldSA ek;k jS :id uS dchj tG esa frjrS ?kM+S jS :i esa vfHkO;DrdjSA ^ty esa dqaHk] dqaHk esa ty gS] ckgj Hkhrj ikuh**A ljhj ek;k gS vj vkRek ik.khA* ft.kHkkar ?kM+ks QwV~;ka ik.kh esa ik.kh fey T;koS fc;ka bZ ljhj jh ek;k [kre gq;ka vkRek&ijekRek esafoyhu gks T;koSA ek;k dBSbZ rhFkZ esa ik.kh jS :i esa jS oSA ck vki jS djrc lwa feu[k uS Hkjeesa jk[kSA b.k dkj.k bZ dchj dSoS &

ek;k egkBfxuh ge tkuf=xq.k Qkal fy;s dj MksyS] cksyS e/kqjh ck.khA

¼ix½ ukjh jks cj.kko %& lar dkO; esa ukjh jS dqGVk :i jh cM+h fuank djhth gSA ck ek;kjh Hkkarfeu[k uS Bx.kokGh gSA ukjh jS dke.kh :i jh fuank djrk lar dfo dSoS &

ukjh dh >kab± ijr] va/kk gksr HkqtaxAdchjk frudh dkSu xfr] tks fur ukjh laxAA

b.k jS foijhr ifrozrk jh ?k.kh cM+kbZ djh xbZ gSA ifrozrk jks vknl lar lk/kuk jS vuqdwy gS &

ifrozrk eSyh Hkyh] dkyh dqfpr dq:iA

ifrozrk ds :i ij] ok:a dksfV l:iAA

¼x½ jgL; Hkkouk %& lar dkO; esa vkRek] ijekRek] tho] txr ckcr jgL; jh Hkkouk jhvfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA dBS&dBS bZ rks myV cafl;k¡ jS iz;ksx jS dkj.k dkO; jS laosnu i[k jks[kkreks gq;ks gS vj laizsl.k esa #dkoV vkbZ gSA

¼xi½ Hkklk] NUn vj vyadkj %& lar dfo de Hkf.k~;k&fy[;k gk i.k m.kka uS nqfu;ka jks rqtjcks

120

?k.kks gksA cS ?kqeDdM+ gk b.k dkj.k m.kk Hkklk *l/kqDdM+h* dghthA tdh Hkklk jks lcn BhdykX;ks] iz;ksx dj fy;kSA ckauS Nanka jks Kku uha gks i.k cks dkO; laxhrkRedrk lwa ljkcksj gSAvyadkjka jks iz;ksx Hkh lgt :i lwa dj~;ks x;kS gSA lgtrk dkO; jks [kkl xq.k gSA Hkklk Hkkokajh vuqxkfeuh gSA b.k Hkkar lar dfo rhu&lk<s+ rhu lks cjlka rd vki jh ck.kh esa bZLojvkjk/kuk lkFkS] tu tkxj.k jks dke djrk jS;kA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lwQh dkO; jks fcxlko uha gq;ksA gkykafd [oktk lkgc jh njxkg esa laxhrjk Hkh gksaork i.k lh/kS :i esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa izsek[;kud dkO; dksuh fy[;k x;kA b.k jksvsd dkj.k rks vksbZt gks ldS dS jktLFkkuh dkO; jh vkijh lcGh ijEijk ghA jktLFkkuh Hkklkesa lwQh larka jS dkO; jks :i pk;s uha vi.kk;ks x;ks i.k m.kka jS fopkjka lwa e/;dkyhu fuxqZ.kHkxrh dkO; vNwrks dksuh jS;ksA

12-7 bdkbZ jks lkj

lkj :i esa d;kS tk ldS dS nD[k.kh Hkkjr lwa vkbZ Hkxrh ijEijk lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO; HkhizHkkfor gq;kSA rhj ryokjka jh Hkklk cksy.k okGh b.k /kjk ij Hkxrh jh /kkjk] lSadMwa cjlka rd cSaorh jS;h vjb.k esa lxGk tu izse lwa Ugkoark jS;kA *jke dkO;* jh jpuk esa vBS jS dfo;k¡ vki jh dYiuk eqtc jke dFkkesa cnGko Hkh dj~;kSA fØl.k Hkxrh dkO; esa ehjk¡ ckbZ izse jh vSM+h /kkjk b.k /kjrh ij cSokbZ dS vkt Hkh yksxm.k esa UgkoSA lar iaFk jk vysdwa lEiznk; jktLFkku jh e#/kjk jks vkljks idM+ tx pkok gq;kaA vk ijEijkvkt Hkh tkjh gSA b.k fujxq.kh /kkjk esa fo[;kr lar gq;k gS tdka jk iaFk b.k izkar lwa ckjS Hkh pkySA lar xjhc]fiNMs+MS+ vj etcwj yksxka esa vkre foLokl jh Hkkouk txk*j m.kk uS bTtr lkFkS th.kks fl[kk;kSA lartulxGk yksxka jS nq%[k&njn uS lgyk*j lerk jh vy[k txkbZA vBS yksd nsorkoka] lSo] oSL.koj vj lkDrer jks vk/kkj yS;*j Hkh lkfgR; jpukoka gqbZA

12-8 vH;kl jk izLu

1- jktLFkku esa fujxq.k Hkxrh jk izeq[k lEiznk;ka jh lkj :i esa tk.kdkjh fnjkoksA

2- jke Hkxrh dkO; jh folslrkoka crkvksA

3- fØl.k Hkxrh dkO; jh folslrkoka crkaork Fkdka vks Hkh crkvks dS jke vj fØl.k Hkxrh/kkjk esa dkabZ vUrj gSA

4- fujxq.k iaFk jh X;ku ekjxh Hkxrh jh folslrkoka crkvksA

12-9 lanaHkZ xzaFkka jh ikuM+h

1- MkW- uxsUnz & fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA


3- MkW- ftrsUnz ukFk ikBd & HkfDr vkSj jhfrdkyhu fgUnh eqDrd dkO;A

4- MkW- eueksgu lgxy & fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDr dkyhu dkO;A


6- MkW- jke izlkn nk/khp & jktLFkkuh lar ijEijk % lkekftd vUr'psrukA

7- MkW- x.kifr pUnz xqIr & lkfgfR;d fuca/kA

8- MkW- cPpu flag & fgUnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgklA



bdkbZ & 13

jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS Hkxrh lkfgR; jh nsubdkbZ jks eaMk.k &

13-0 mÌsL;

13-1 izLrkouk

13-2 leUo; jh Hkkouk

13-2-1 lekt esa leUo; Hkkouk jh Fkkiuka

13-2-2 laLdfr esa leUo; jh Hkkouk

13-2-3 /kje lk/kuk esa leUo; jh Hkkouk

13-2-4 njl.k esa leUo; jh Hkkouk

13-3 ij;koj.k j{k.k

13-4 vfgalk vj ln~Hkkouk

13-5 yksd thou jh ckuxh

13-6 lkfgR; jk rRo

13-7 jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS Hkxrka vj larka jks ;ksxnku

13-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

13-9 vH;kl jk izLu


13-0 mÌsL;

lkfgR; jk bfrgkl eqtc Hkxrh dky jh vk[kjh lhao pk;S lu~ 1650 jS yxSVxS jS;h gqoS i.k m.kjht:jr ftrjha m.k c[kr gh m.k law T;knk vkt gSA jktLFkkuh Hkxrh lkfgR; jk jpukdkj ohrjkxh lar gki.k cS lekt lwa dVsM+k dksuh gkA lekt esa m.kka jh xSjh iSB gh vj cS turk jS dLV jS c[kr esa flQZ m.kkauS jkg bZ dksuh fn[kkaork cYdS m.kka jks lkFk Hkh nsarkA m.kkjh dj.kh vj dFkuh vsd gh b.kht dkj.k lektesa m.kka jh ckr jks vlj gksA m.kka Hkxrh uS vkRe m)kj jS lkFkS&lkFkS lekt lq/kkj jks ek/;e c.kk;ksA

e/; tqx esa /kek±/krk vj va/k foLokl jks okrkoj.k gksA lŸkk/kkfj;ka jS vR;kpkj lwa lrk;sM+h turkjS eu esa /kjeka uS ys;*j vkil esa }Sl jh Hkkouk ghA Hkkar&Hkkar jk lEiznk; m.k uS xqejkg djS gkA vSMS vkM+Sc[kr esa lar dfo;ka /kkfed fo}Sl uS [kre dj leUo; dj.kS jh dkslhl djh vj b.k esa cS lQy Hkh gq;kAb.k Hkkouk jh vkt Hkh mrjha bZ njdkj gSA larka jh ok.kh ftUnxh jS vuqHkoka jks fupksM+ rks gqoS bZ lkFkS bZ m.kesa Lok/;k; vj fpUru iqV Hkh gqoSA b.kht dkj.k m.k jk lcn tqxka&tqxka rd vljdkjh jSoSA

jktLFkku esa Hkh nknw] jTtc] lgtks ckbZ flfj[kk lar vj ehjk¡ ckbZ tSM+h Hkxr gq;h gSA tdk vki jhvej ok.kh lwa feu[k i.kS jks jks eku c<+k;ksA m.kka jS ukao lwa pyk;sM+k iaFk vkt Hkh ekStwn gSA vka lc Hkxrka vjlarka jh jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS dkabZ nsu gS vj m.k jks dkabZ egRo gS vksbZt tk.k.kks b.k bdkbZ jks mísL; gSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa tSM+ks Hkxrh lkfgR; jphT;ks cks chth Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jS Hkxrh lkfgR; lwa Hkko]Hkklk vj dF; jh nhB lwa fd.kha Hkkar de dksuhA b.kht [kkrj Hkxrh lkfgR; jh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS dkabZnsu gS] tk.k.kks t:jh gSA

122

13-1 izLrkouk %

b.k bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ka uS vks Hk.k.kS rkabZ feylh dS jktLFkkuh Hkxrh lkfgR; esa dsbZ vSM+k rÙo gStdk uk dnS twuk gqoS vj ukgh vizklafxdA lEiznk; ln~Hkkouk] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] vfgalk vkn vSM+k rÙogS ftdka jh nqfu;ka esa lnSo njdkj jSoSyhA

Hkxrh vkUnksyu nslh Hkklkoka jS ek/;e lwa vk[kS Hkkjr esa gq;ksA vkFkw.k lw vxw.k vj mrjk/k lwafn[k.kkn rd larka vj Hkxrak Kku jh elky txkbZ m.k jks P;ku.kks feu[ki.kS uS geSl jkg fn[kkaorks jSoSyksAfoKku jS b.k tqx jks fo|kFkhZ LlS lwa iSyh ftdks dha Hk.kS m.k jh izklafxdrk ns[kSA tdS lkfgR; esa vki jSc[kr vj tkxka uS ikj dj.kS jh f[kerk uha gqoS cks dkykrhr dksuh gks ldSA b.k nhB lwa tn jktLFkkuh HkxrhlkfgR; jks v/;;u djka rks vks tk.k*j bpjt gqoS dS cka larka esa c[kr jS ikj ns[k.kS*jh v.kwarh rkxr ghA lardfo;ka /kje vj lEiznk; uS yS;*j tdk foraMkokn [k³~;k gqoS gk m.kka ij O;ax dj] feu[k uS lkapks ekjxfn[kk;ksA ij;koj.k lqj{kk vj vfgalk jS fl)kUr jh t:jr ftrjha vkt jS tqx uS gS b.k ckr lwa dksbZ Hkhtkx:d feu[k v.ktk.k dksuhA lewph Hkklkoka jS Hkxrh lkfgR; ij fVIi.kh djrk iz[kj vkykspd jkefoyk'k 'kekZ jks dSo.kks gS dS m.kka duS jktuhfr 'kkL= jk dksbZ vSM+k tk.ksM+k fl)kUr dksuh gk ftdka lwa cSturk uS tksM+rkA m.kka HkkoukRed :i lwa turk uS vsd djhA b.k HkkokRed vsdrk jks eq[k Hkko Hkxrh gksA

b.k bdkbZ esa uhpS fy[ksM+S fcUnqvka eqtc vki Hk.kksyk dS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS Hkxrh lkfgR; jhfdrjha jh cM+h nsu gSA vki jS ekjx lwa HkVdsM+S] MjsM+S vj vkljks <wa<rs feu[k rkabZ vks lkfgR; fdrjksa cM+kslacy c.k lD;ks vk ckr] vki tk.k ldksykA

13-2 leUo; jh Hkkouk %

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vj lekt uS lc lwa cM+h nsu m.kka jh leUo; jh Hkkouk gSA e/;dky nkslaLdfr;ka] nks /kek± vj nks cM+S lektka ¼fgUnw vj eqlyeku½ jS Vdjko jks tqx gksA vs Hkxr dfo;ka vki jSvuqHko vj Kku lwa turk uS fl[kk;ks dS ^^bDdks vYyk uwj mik;k] dqnjr ds lc cans] vsd uwj rs lc txmits;k] dkS.k Hkys dkS.k eansA** Hkxr dfo;ka lkekftd Lrj ij Hkh leUo; Fkkiuk esa egrkÅ ;ksxnku fn;ksft.k dkj.k fgUnw&eqlyeku nksU;wa dkSe vsd&nwtS jS usM+S vkbZA fc;ka rks Hkxrh lkfgR; feu[k i.kS] ln~Hkkoukvj vkilh HkkbZpkjS jkS thaorks&tkxrks nLrkost gS i.k ft.k [kkl [ksrj esa leUo; jh Hkkouk ns[kh tk ldScS b.k Hkkar gS &

13-2-1 lekt esa leUo; Hkkouk jh Fkkiuk %

Hkkjrh; lekt vkfn dky lwa bZ P;kj oj.kk esa caVsM+ks gksA fd.kh c[kr vka o.kZO;oLFkk lekt lk#t:jh gqoSyh i.k e/; dky esa b.k lwa lekt esa Å¡p&uhp jh [kkbZ vkSj xSjh gksarh xbZA lekt esa Nwvk NwrtcjnLr ghA vsd lkFkS jS.kks&[kk.kks rks nwj gh ckr vNwr jh fN;ka rd iM+.kS lwa Å¡ph tkr jk yksx [kqn uSvifo= le>.k ykxrkA b.k jS lkFkS bZ lkeUrokn jS lksl.k jks pDdj vSM+ks Hk;adj gks dS xjhc vj vNwryksxka jh ftUnxh ujd lwa cnrj ghA fupyS oxZ esa va/k foLokl ?k.kk iui pqD;k gkA /kje jks eryc vcdje dkaM rd bZ jSX;ks gksA

jktLFkkuh lekt Hkh NksVh&eksVh tkfr;k¡ vj oj.kka esa caVsM+ks gksA /kje jks foraMkokn] vyxS vyxSerka vj lEiznk;ka jh fopkj/kkjkoka] tksxh] tfr;k¡] ihj] iSxEcjka vj ra=&ea= tk.k.kS okGka jks ek;k tkG vSM+ksiljsM+ks gks dS b.k esa vk[kks jktLFkkuh lekt QlsM+ks gksA /kje jS ukao ij NksVh tkr jS yksxka jks lksl.k rksgksoS bZ gks lkFkS bZ lkear vj tkxhjnkj ojx jS gkFkka lwa vSM+h tkr jS yksxka jks tho.k ujd c.k pqD;ks ghAtndS îwft;s foizlhy xqu ghuk* dS;*j czkã.kka jks i{k fy;ks tkoS gks vSMS+ c[kr esa larka jks vorj.k rirhywvka iNS cj[kk jh ckSNkj T;wa gksA dchj vxj ^^ts rwa ckEgu ckEguh tk;k] vku jkg rSa D;wa ufga vk;k] tsrwa rqdZ rqdZuh tk;k] Hkhrj [kruk D;wa u djk;kA** dS;*j fgUnw&eqlyekuka jh Å¡ph tkfr;ka uS QVdkj yxkbZ

123

rks jktLFkku jk lar dfo Hkh fd.kh ckr esa ykjS dksuh gkA m.kka Hkh tkr&ikar lwa Åij feu[k jS djeka uS ekufn;ksA tkaHkks th] tlukFk th] nknw] jTtc] jkepj.k th] pj.knkl th vkn larka jS dkO; esa v.kfx.k vSM+kNUn gS tSM+k tkr&ikar vj o.kZ oSoLFkk ij pksV dj feu[k jS vkpj.k vj djeka jh lqf) ij tksj nsoS&

¼1½ mfÙkb dqyh dk mÙke u dfgck]

dkj.k fdfj;k lk lw ------ ¼tlxhr½

tks dksbZ tkr gqoS tlukFkh

mÙke dj.kh gkys vkNh ¼tlukFk iqjk.k½

pkj cju vklze ugha] ukgha deZuk dks bZlA ¼pj.knkl dh ok.kh½

gjh;k vkre vsd gS] lc gh ?kV&?kV chpA

ckdqa ns[ks nks; dfj] lksbZ feu[kk uhpAA ¼gfjjkenkl dh ck.kh½

vka larka jks vksbZt eku.kks gks dS feu[k vsd gS vj tkr&ikar vj Å¡p&uhp jk >xM+k >wBk gSA vkalarka jh ok.kh lwa fo[kafMr gksaorS lekt uS vsd fnlk feyh ft.k lwa vkxS pky*j tkrh; vsdrk etcwr gq;hAvkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh larka jh ok.kh jks egÙo crkaork dSoS] ^^larksa dh ,ds'ojoknh Hkkouk] lkekftdHksnHkko foghurk rFkk /kkfeZd lekurk ds oSf'k"V; us ;gk¡ dh nfyr] ifjxf.kr ,oa fiNM+h gqbZ tkfr;ksa esa,d uohu vk'kk dk lapkj dj fn;k ftlls muesa uo tkxj.k ,oa LokoyEcu dk Hkko mBus yxk vkSj mldhizfrfØ;k esa ;gk¡ ds mPpoxhZ; yksxksa dks Hkh vius fu;a=.k ds fu;e <+hys djus iM+ x,A Qyr% Hkkjrh;lekt dh lkewfgd euksofÙk dk >qdko Øe'k% yksdksUeq[k gks x;kA**

Hkkjr esa bLyke vsd geykokj jS :i esa nk[ky gq;ks i.k b.k esa HkkbZpkjS vj lekurk jk tSM+k xq.kgk m.k jS dkj.k vNwr vj uhph dS;ht.k okGh tkfr;k¡ jk yksx b.k dkuh [kwc vkdflZr gq;kA gkykafd b.k/kekZUrj.k esa jkt dkuh lwa Hkh [kwc tksj tcjnLrh gq;h ft.k dkj.k vBS jS yksxka jS eu esa uQjr vj Mj tyefy;ksA gkykafd bLyke lwa iSyh ?k.kS bZ /kek± jk geykokj Hkkjr esa vk;k i.k cS vBS jh laLdfr vj lkekftdtho.k esa jpcl x;k i.k bLyke xSjkbZ lwa ugha iSB lD;ksA gkj;kSSM+ks tu ekul fonslh lÙkk rks Lohdkj djth i.k /kje jS ekeyS esa nwfj;ka lÙkk c.kk;kabZ jk[khA b.k [kkbZ uS ikV.kS rkabZ larka vj Hkxrka jh ok.kh dkjxjgq;hA Hkxr dfo b.k ckr uS Hkyh Hkkar le> pqD;k gk dS lkekftd lejlrk t:jh gSA b.k dkj.k m.kkatkr] /kje] lEiznk; vkn jh Hkkouk lwa Åij mB bZLoj&vYyk uS vsd crkaorka Fkdka nksuqoka uS vsd cki jhlarku crkbZA b.k lwa fgUnw&eqfLye vsdrk uS [kwc rkxr feyh vj nksU;wa dkSe vsd nwtS jS usMS+ vkbZ ft.k lwaln~Hkkouk c/khA

lar nknw n;ky fgUnw&eqlyeku uS vsd crkaorka dS;ks &

ge lc ns[;k lks/k dj] nwtk ukgha vkuAvsd ?kV vsdS vkrek] D;k fgUnw eqlyekuAA

b.kht Hkkar cS vkxS dSoS &

nknw dj.kh fgUnw rqjdh] vi.kh&vi.kh BkSjAnwgwa chp ekjx lk/kq dk] ;gq larksa dh vkSjAA

nknw rks dSoS fgUnw&eqlyeku ;k *"kVn'kZu* lc lwa Åij jke gS &

nknw fgUnw rqjd u gksbck] lkfgc lsrh dkeA"kV nlZu ds lax u tkbck] fuji[k dfgck jkeAAnknw uk ge fgUnw gksfgxs] uk ge eqlyekuA"kV nlZu eas ge ugha] ge jkrs jgekuAA

124

ykynkl th lar jke&jghe uS vsd crkaork dSoS &

fgUnw rqjd vsd dy ykbZA

jke jghe nks; ugha HkkbZAA

fgUnw rqjd dks vsdfg lkabZA

nqeuk nkst[k tkbZAA

lar ykynkl th dSoS dS jke&jghe vsd gS rks iaMr vj eqYyk] dkth D;wa vkil esa yM+&yM+*j ejS&

lqu HkkbZ iafMr dkth] eqYyk] rqe D;k ekaMh ckthA

esjh rsjh nqfo/kk vanj] ;kfg nwj djks crkthAA

jktLFkkuh esa ftrjk lar] Hkxr dfo gq;k gS m.kka lxGka /kkjfed ln~Hkkouk jks okrkoj.k c.kko.kS jhiqjtksj dkslhl djh gSA lar jke pj.k fgUnw] eqlyeku nksuqoka uS vsd b± tkxka lwa vk;sM+k crkoS &

os elhr] os nsojs] HkE;kZ fQjS fujkVAjke pj.k fgUnw rqjd] fudL;k vsdS ?kkVAA

ckck gfj jkenkl dchj jh Hkkar yrkM+ yxkoark dSoS &

ldy tgku esa jfeják] eqYyk vsd jgheAckax lq.kk;s dwa.k dwa] cgjk ukfg djheAA

lqUnjnkl th rks dSoS dS m.k czã uS iko.k rkabZ fgUnw vj eqlyeku nksuqoka jh jkg NksM Egw¡ m.k uSlgtS&lgtS [kkst fy;ksA dSoS &

fgUnw dh gn NkafM+ dS] rth rqjd dh jkgAlqUnj lgtS phfUg;k] vsdS jke vYykgAA

m.k [kqnk ;k jke uS iko.k jh v.kfx.k jkg gS ft.k Hkkar fd.kh uxj esa tk.kks gqoS rks dbZ jkg gqoSAvks rks tko.kokGS lk# gS dS cks fdlks ekjx pq.kSA jTtc dSoS &

ukjk;.k v# uxj ds] jTtc iaFk vusdAdksbZ vkok dgha fnfl] vkxs vLFky vsdAA

lar nknw n;ky crkoS dS bZLoj rks m.kht Hkkar d.k&d.k esa jesM+ks gS ft;ka] ^^nw/k ?kh esa jfe ják]O;kid lcgh BkSjA** m.kka le>k;ks dS fgUnw eqlyeku vsd gS vGxk dksuh &

nknw nksuwa HkkbZ gkFk&ix] nksuwa HkkbZ dkuAnksuwa HkkbZ uSu gSa] fgUnw eqlyekuAA

vS lxGk mnkgj.k crkoS dS lar dfo;ka jks lksp tkr] /kje vj lEiznk; lwa Åij mB*j ekuoh; gksAcS dSoS ds vk[kS /kek± jks y{; flQZ vsd gS eku[kS jks dY;k.k vj bZLoj uS iko.kks ¼vk;ka uS tdks vGxksi.knhlS cks dje dkaM gSA tqxka&tqxka lwa HkVdsM+S eku[kS uS larka tSM+h jkg fn[kkbZ m.k ij pky*j feu[k vkijh vkrek jks dY;k.k dj yslhA

vkt tn foKku jS tqx esa Hkh feu[k vj lekt vkilh Hksn Hkko] va/k foLokl vj vkMEcjka esa f?kj*jdnS&dnS fgalk jks rkaMo dj.k ykx T;koS dS feu[ki.kS jks flj lje lwa >qd T;koSA vSM+S okrkoj.k esa Hkxrdfo;ka jh fdrjh cM+h nsu gS cs HkVdsM+S feu[k uS vkaxGh idM+k*j jkLrS ij Y;ko.kS jh dkslhl djSA lektesa vsdrk vj leUo; jh Hkkouk iSnk dj.kS rkabZ larka jh ok.kh jh geSl njdkj jSoSyhA

13-2-2 laLd`fr esa leUo; jh Hkkouk %

Hkkjrh; laLdfr ?k.kh twuh vj m.k egkunh jh Hkkar gS ft.k esa txka&txka lwa vk;*j v.kfx.k ufn;ka

125

jG*j m.k uS vksj cM+h c.kkn~;S i.k bLyke laLdfr jks vBS vkxeu nks vGxh laLdfr;ka jks Vdjko gksA vkanks laLdfr;ka esa leUo; jh Fkkiuka jks dke Hkxrh dkyhu dfo;ka dj~;ksA jktLFkku jk lar dfo Hkh b.kleUo; ftx esa dBS bZ ykjS dksuh jS;kA Hkkjrh; vj bLykfed laLdfr esa tdh ckrka m.kk uS vkNh ykxhcka uS fcuk ykx&yisV jS lar dfo;ka vfHkO;fDr nhA lar t.k&t.k esa QSysM+k va/k&foLokl] cfy] dqckZuh ewfrZiwtk vkn ij dVk{k dj~;k rks ^vsdks czã f}rh;ksukfLr* uS vi.kkoark vsd ^czã* uS ekU;ksA bLyke jS vsdsLojokn uS rjthg nsarka Fkdka cgqnso okn jks fojks/k dj~;ksA b.k lwa iaMr vj ekSyfo;ka jh idM+ turk ij <hyhiM+h D;wa dS cS vtS rkab± yksxka uS Hkjekoarka vkoS gkA fuxZq.k er esa ftrjksa dha dchj dSX;k m.k jh fN;ka ghjktLFkkuh dfo;ka jS dkO; esa ns[kh tk ldSA

lwQh dfo;ka lwa iSyh ft.k Hkkar vki jh dkO; jpuk yksd Hkklk esa djhA vs lar dfo;ka Hkh vki jksfuth vuqHko vj Kku yksd Hkklk esa dkO; lwa ns;*j nksU;wa jks xaxk&teuh esG djk;ksA b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuhHkklk jk Hkxr dfo;ka jh lkaLdfrd leUo; jh dkslhl ljko.k tksx dne gksA

13-2-3 /kje lk/kuk esa leUo; jh Hkkouk %

Hkkjr esa tn bLyke vk;ks vBS fgUnw ;k oSfnd /kje] 'kSo] lkdr] xk.kiR;] ckS)] tSu vkn /kek± jksncncks gksA b.k jS vykok fl) vj ukFk lEiznk;ka jS lkFkS&lkFkS v.kfx.k nsoh&nsork vj yksd nsorkoka jhiwtk vpZuk jks cksyckyks gksA bLyke vsdsLojokn jks leFkZd gksA gkykafd oSfnd /kje esa ^lo± [kyqfona czã*dS;*j vBS Hkhs vsd czã uS ekurk gh i.k vorkjokn Hkh pkyS gks vFkkZr~ dSa.kh vj dFk.kh esa QdZ gksA /kjejS ukao ij oj.k oSoLFkk esa feu[k jks ft.k Hkkar lksl.k gqoS gks] Å¡p&uhp vj NqvkNwr jh Hkkouk jS dkj.kfeu[ki.kS jks ftrjksa iru gqoS gks bLyke esa vks Hksn dksuh gksA HkkbZpkjks] lekurk vj vsd vYykg jS fl)kUruS lxGk ekuf.k;ka gkA b.k foPpkj/kkjk jks vlj Hkkjrh; euhlk ij iM+.kks lqHkkfod gksA

jktLFkku jk vS lar dfo ^cgq ifBr* pk;s dksuh gk i.k ^cgqlzqr* t:j gk lxGS /kek± jks lkj yS;*jdj vS b.k urhtS ij iwX;k dS tn rd feu[k jks vkpj.k lq) dksuh gqoS rn rd ti] ri] rhFkZ] ozr lxGksdha csdkj gSA nknw n;ky th dSos &

eu fueZy ru fueZy gksbZAnknw lkap fopkjS dksbZAA

vkpj.k jh lq)rk ij tksj nsarka lar ykynkl th dSoS &

ykyth] lhy jru lc lwa cM+k] lc jruu dh [kkuAbDdhl yksd dh lEink] clh lhy esa vkuAA

b.kh ckr uS lar pj.knkl b.k Hkkar dSoS &

yk[k ;gh minsl gS] vsd lhy dwa jk[kAtUe lq/kkjks gfj feykS] pj.knkl dh lk[kAA

feu[k vki jks vkpj.k lq) jk[kS vj ukao tiS rks eks{k t:j feySA pj.knkl th dSoS &

n;k uezrk nhurk] {kek lhy larks[kAbu dwa ys lqfeju djS] fuLpS ikoS eks[kAA

lar dfo;ka vkMEcjka vj va/kfoLoklka uS rt*j feu[k uS ukao flej.k ij tksj ns.kS jks dS;ksA b.knqfu;ka esa flQZ Hkxoku jks ukao bZ lkapks gksA fgUnw /kje xzaFkka esa dS;ks x;ks gS & *;Fkk czãkaMs rFkk fi.Ms* vFkkZr~ftdksa dha nqfu;k esa gS cksbZt b.k ljhj esa gSA jke ;k vYyk dBS bZ ckjS dksuh feu[k jS ?kV Hkhrj gSA nknwdSoS &

nknw dksbZ nkSM+S }kfjdk] dksbZ dklh tkfgAdksbZ eFkqjk dks pys] lkfgc ?kj esa ukaghaAA

126

gfjnkl th dSoS] ^T;wa ewjfr] R;aw fg fly] jke cls lc ekaghaA** tdks jke ?kV esa clS m.k uS ckjS <wa<.ktk.kks ew[kZrk dksuh rks dkabZ gSA nknw th dSoS &

^^vy[k nso vUrj clS] D;ksa nwth txg tkbZA**

feu[k uS lkaph jkg fn[kko.kkGks vj lkapks ukoa crko.kkGks flQZ lkapks xq# bZ gks ldSA vSM+ks xq#vxj feu[k uS ^flj lkVS* Hkh feyS rks lLrks gksA m.k ukao jh eSgek crkaork nknwn;ky th jks dSo.kks gS &

vSlk ukao tk.k ds] feVS deZ dk vadAnknw rc lkap ikb;S] thou gks; fuladAAfnu&fnu jkrk ukao ls] fnu&fnu vf/kd lusgAfnu&fnu ihoS izse jl] fnu&fnu niZu nsgAA

ukao jS ukFk lwa bZ oks ?kV&?kV oklh vkre l:i ijekRek ijr[k :i esa vuqHko dj~;ks tk ldS&

lkabZ Hkhrj clr gS] T;ksa Qwyu esa cklAdLrwjh ds fezx T;ksa] fQfj&fQfj lwa?kS ?kklAA?kV ijpS lsok djS] izr[k ns[kS nsoAvfouklh nlZu djS] nknw iwjh lsoAA

b.k Hkkar Hkxrh tqx jk lar dfo;ka /kje&lk/kuk vj v/;kRe uS iaMr] ekSyfo;ka jS iatS lwa NqMk;*jt.k&t.k rkab± lqyHk djkbZA vki jS lkpS vj uSfrd vkpj.k lwa m.kka vk ckr Hkyh Hkkar fl) dj fn[kkbZdS ^tkfr&ikafr iwNS ufga dksbZA gfj dks HktS lks gfj dks gksbZAA*

lar dfo;ka lxGS /kek± jke jks ukao lc rkabZ lqyHk djk;ksA vS dfo brjk tFkkFkZoknh gS dS cka yksxkauS Hkh dksuh c[kL;k tdk feu[k uS ej~;ka iNS eqxrh fnjkoSA m.kka jh nhB esa vxj eqxrh feyS rks thaorS thfeyS] ej;ka iNS eqxrh jks dkabZ eryc gS \ nknwn;ky th dSoS &

ewoka ihNS cSdqaB oklk] ewoka lqjx iBkoSAewoka ihNS eqxrh crkoS] nknw tx cksjkoSAAnknw thor gh nwrj frjS] thfor ya?kS ikjAthor ik;k txr xq#] nknw X;ku fopkjAA

13-2-4 nlZu esa leUo; jh Hkkouk %

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk T;knkrj Hkxr dfo;ka fd.kh fo|kihB ;k ikslkGk lwa vkSipkfjd Hk.kkbZ dksuhdjhA m.kka tSM+ks dh lh[;ks tho.k jh ikslkGk esa ri*j lh[;ksA Hkxrhdky esa tdh nklZfud fopkj /kkjkokaizpfyr gh cak pk;s v}Srokn] }Srokn] }Srk}Srokn] vsdsLoj okn] cq) jks lwU;okn gqoS m.k jh Bhd&Bhdtk.kdkjh m.k uS ghA dkO; esa lh/kh Hkkar lwa fd.kh nklZfud rRoka jh njdkj Hkh dksuh gqoSA cS tn vuqHkoesa <G*j dfork esa mrjS rks dfo jks tho.k nlZu lkeh vkoSA Hkxr dfo;ka jS dkO; esa vyxh&vyxh fopkj/kkjkoka b.k Hkkar vk;*j jGxh gS ft;ka leUnj esa ufn;kaA dchj jh ekurk gh dS czã rks vsd gS i.k ek;kjS dkj.k nks utj vkoSA ?kM+S jS izrhd lwa cS le>koS &

ty esa daqHk] dqaHk esa ty gS ckgj Hkhrj ikuhAQwVk dqaHk ty] ty gh lekuk dk rr dF;ks KkuhA

b.k ek;k lwa dksbZ cpsM+ks dksuhA lar] jt vj re rhU;wa xq.kka esa ek;k fcjktSA czãk] foL.kq] egsl f=nsoHkh ek;k jS pDdj lwa vNwrk dksuhA ek;k tho uS fd.k&fd.kHkkar HkjekoS] nknwn;ky th dSoS &

eu js rwa ns[ks lks ukghaAgS lks vxe vxkspj ekghaAAful vaf/k;kjh dNq ufga lw>S] lal; liZ fn[kkokA

127

vSls va/kk txr ufga tk.kS] tho tsoM+h [kkokAAe`x tG ns[kk rgkW eu /kkos fnu&fnu >wBh vklkAtgkW&tgkW tk; rgkW ty ukgha] fuLp; ejs I;klkAAHkze foykl cgqr fof/k dhUgk] T;wa lqius lq[k ikoSAtkxs gkfu ykHk dqN ukgha] fQj ihNS iNrkoSAAtc yx lwrk rc yx ns[ks] tkxr Hkze HkqykukAnknw var ;gkW dNq ukgha] gS lks lksp l;kukAA

b.kht Hkkar nknw ^vsdks·ga cgqL;kfe* jS fl)kUr uS b.k Hkkar c[kk.kS &

ilq i{kh typj dhV irax jk;]nknw ijesLoj ds isV dk lc tho val vorkjA

MkW- jke izlkn nk/khp jks lar er jh fopkj /kkjk eqtc dSo.kks gS] ^^thokRek txr vkSj czãkuqHkwfr dsfo"k; esa Hkh larksa us tks fopkj vkSj vuqHko izdV fd, gSaA os Hkh mifu"knksa] Hkkxor iqjk.k vkSj Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk*esa of.kZr fopkjksa ds vuqlkj gh gSA u;k dqN Hkh ugha gSA** lar dfo;ka lc lwa T;knk egÙo vki jh ^vkW[kuns[kh* uS fn;ks gS ^dkxn jh ys[kh* uS ughA ^loZ= czã gS* mifuln jS lokZReokn jS nlZu uS lqUnj nkl thvka lcnka esa dSoS&

e`fÙkdka lek; jgh] Hkktu ds :i ekaghaAe`fÙkdka dks uke fefV] Hkktu gh xáks gSA

jktLFkkuh larka jk izsj.kk lzksr iSyh okGk lar osn] iqjk.k] mifuln~ vkn jS;k gSA b.kk jh fopkj /kkjkoka uS m.kka vki jS thou esa <kG vj] ij[k dj iNS vfHkO;fDr nh gSA b.k dkj.k vyx&vyx] nlZu vjfopkj/kkjkoka lefUor gks;*j lar&er esa <Gh gSA

b.k Hkkar fufoZokn :i lwa dS;ks tk ldS dS lar dkO; esa leUo; jh Hkkouk jh iqjtksj dkslhl uSiwjh&iwjh lQyrk feyh gSA vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos jS lcnka esa dS; ldka] ^^gekjs larksa dh ikpu 'kfDr iz[kjgksus ds dkj.k ls lkjs fHkUu&fHkUu n'kZu mudks fojks/kh ugha ekywe gksrs] cfYd bu lcdks os ,d lkFk gtedj ysrs gSaA**

13-3 ij;koj.k j{k.k %

i;kZoj.k j{k.k uS Hkkjrh; fpUrdka vj jhlh&eqfu;ka vkfndky lwa bZ /keZ lkFkS tks³~;ks gSA lkL=ka esavBS ihaiG iwtk] oV lkfo=h jks ozr] rqGlh jh iwtk vkn jks ?k.kks egÙo nlkZ;ks x;ks gSA Hkxoku fØlu vkijS fojkV :i jks o.kZu djrka Fkdka lc thoka vj isM+&ikS/kka esa [kqn jks val crk;ks gSA

Hkxrh dky jk jktLFkkuh lar dfo i;kZoj.k ckcr Hkyh&Hkkar tkx:d gk] lkFkS bZ cS Hkxr Hkh gkAm.kka i;kZoj.k ckcr tks dh dS;ks] vxj feu[k m.k uS vi.kkaorks rks vkt gkykr brjk [kjkc uha gksaorkAfcLuksbZ lEiznk; jk laLFkkid tkaHkks th vki jS m.krhl fu;eka esa nj[kr uha dkV.kS jk vknsl fn;kA b.khtHkkar tho&tar Hkh i;kZoj.k jk fgLlk gS m.kka jh tho gR;k uS Hkh iki crkaorka feu[k uS fgalk dj.k lwa jksD;ksx;ksA b.kht Hkkar tlukFkh lEiznk; jS NÙkhl fu;eka esa nj[kr uha dkV.kk vj tho gR;k uha dj.kh] izeq[kfu;e gSA jke Lusgh lEiznk; esa Hkh i;kZoj.k j{k.k rkabZ fu;e c.kk;k x;kA dS;ks tk ldS dS vS lar dfovki jh ok.kh lwa flQZ vkrek jS m)kj jks ekxZ bZ uha fn[kkoark cYdS lekt jh leL;koka ckcr Hkh m.kk jhiSuh futj ghA ^lo± [kyq fona czãa* m.kka vkijS thou esa pfjrkFkZ dj fn[kk;ksA lar dfo;ka jS lcnka esai;kZoj.k jh j{kk lk: feu[k uS [kwc lkopsr dj~;ks x;ks gSA

13-4 vfgalk vj ln~Hkkouk %

e/;dky esa tq) jh fgalk jS vykok tu thou esa Hkh fgalk jks [kwc izpkj gksA ra= lk/kuk esa iap edkj

128

jh iz/kkurk jS dkj.k cfy izFkk jks tksj gksA lEiznk;ka jS vkilh Vdjko esa fgalk vke ckr ghA lar dfo;kavks eSlwl dj~;ks dS fgalk ij vk/kkfjr dksbZ Hkh lekt geSl fVd dksuh ldSA lc tho&tar ckcr ^lokZReHkko* jk[k.k okGk larka vfgalk uS ije /keZ crk*j b.k uS vi.kko.ks ij tksj fn;ksA dchjnkl [kqyS lcnka esab.k fgalk jks fojks/k djrka ds;ks &

^^fnu esa jkstk j[kr gS jkr gur gS xk; !**

vsd dkuh rks [kqnk jh cUnxh vj nwtS dkuh m.kh [kqnk jS thoka jh gR;kA dSM+h foMEcukA flQZ thHkjS Lokn rkabZ thoka jh gR;k iki gSA feu[k uS lko/kku djrka lar dS;ks &

cdjh ikrh [kkr gS] rkdh dk<+h [kkyAtks uj cdjh [kkr gS] frudks dkSu gokyA

vfgalk vj vkilh ln~Hkkouk jS izpkj&izlkj esa jktLFkkuh lar dfo Hkh fd.kh lwa ykjS dksuh gkA tkaHkksth vkijS m.krhl fu;eka esa ^tho gR;k* uha dj.kS jks vknsl fn;ks gSA b.kht Hkkar tlukFkh vj jke LusghlEiznk; esa tho gR;k jks fojks/k gSA lxGk lar dfo ^tSlk [kk; vUu] oSlk gks; eu* jS fl)kUr uS ekurkgq;k ^fdjr djks vj oaV pyks* vFkkZr~ deZ djks vj ckaV*j [kkvks jks minsl fn;ksA lar dfo;ka ekal [kk.kks]nk: ih.kks ;k fd.kh Hkkar jks ulks dj.kks] ij ukjh xeu] pqxyh dj.kks vkn uS iki ekurkA m.kka feu[k jSvkpj.k jh lq)rk ij tksj fn;ks vkilh izse vj ln~Hkko vi.kko.kS rkab± dS;ksA dchj rks izse gh.k gh;S uSêqlk.k* rd dS fn;ksA nknw jks dSo.kks gS dS O;lu dj.kkGS vj ekal [kko.kkGS esa n;k dn gqoSA ft.k fgjnSesa n;k bZ uha gqoS cBS jke fd.k Hkkar gks ldS &

ekal vgkjh en ihoS] folS fodkjh lksbAnknw vkre jke fcu] n;k dgk¡ Fkh gksbAA

13-5 yksd thou jh ckuxh

Hkxrhdky jks lkfgR; flQZ vkRe m)kj dj.kS rkab± lhfer dksuh gks cYdS m.k esa yksd thou jkfprjke Hkh gSA lar lekt jS e/;e oxZ ;k fupyS oxZ lwa vk;kA cS m.k jS nq%[k&lq[k vj vc[kk;ka lwa HkyhHkkar tk.kdkj gkA rRdkyhu lekt esa T;knkrj yksx uls jk fldkj gkA Hkkax] pjl] xkatks] nk#] vEey vknjks lsou vke ckr ghA vka dqizofÙk;k¡ uS [kre dj.kS rkabZ larka minsl fn;k&

Hkax rek[kw nk: vey] lqYQk plZ izeknA

budks ihoS v/ke uj] tUe xekoS cknAA

e/;dky esa jktLFkku jS yksxka jk vkfFkZd gkykr Bhd dksuh gkA T;knkrj lekt xjhch vjetcwfj;ka esa tdM+sM+ks gksA lkeUrh lÙkk esa yksx ?k.kk nq%[kh gkA iwathirh] lsB vj /kuh yksx xjhcka jks [kwclksl.k djrkA tehankj fdlkuka uS [kwc lrkaork vj m.k lwa csxkj ysaorkA

lekt esa dkepksj] vkGlh yksx esgur etwjh lwa Mjrk cS lk/kq c.k*j yksxka uS BX;k djrkA b.k[kkrj lar nknwn;ky jks dSo.kkS gS &

Hkw[kk HkjM+k dku iM+koS] lsoS eM+h elk.khAdka/kS ikNS esa[kG /kktS] dksjk ják v;ka.khA

;k & nknw Lokaxh lc lalkj lk/k dksbZ vsdA

yksd thou esa yksd nsorkoka jh Hkh vkNh ekurk ghA ikcwth] gM+Hkw th] jkensoth xksxkth vkn yksdnsorkoka uS yksx yksdsl.kk iwjh dj.kS rkabZ iwtrkA b.k Hkko jks vsd nwgks izpfyr gS &

ikcw gM+Hkw jke ns] ekaxfG;k esgkAikapwa ihj i/kkjT;ks] xksxkns tsgkAA

129

yksd foLokl] m.kka jh vkLFkk] tkr&ikar] Nqvk Nwr] ukjh jh n;uh; fLFkfr vkn jk fprjkaejktLFkkuh Hkxrh lkfgR; esa ?k.kk gSA

13-6 lkfgR; jk rRo %

jktLFkku jk Hkxrh lkfgR; jks vkdyu djrka vsd ckr lkeh vkoS dS lxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk lwa tqM+sM+kdfo fy[;k&Hk.ksM+k gk i.k fuxZq.k Hkxrh /kkjk jk lar dfo;ka esa lqUnjnkl] jTtc vkn uS NksM+*j ckdh lxGkHkksr de i<+;ksM+k gkA lar lkfgR; ckcr fopkj djrka Fkdka vk ckr Hkh /;ku esa jk[k.kS tksx gSA

lxq.k Hkxrh dkO; jh jkeHkxrh /kkjk esa esgksth xksnkjk] ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k] lqjtunkl iwfu;ka] ljo.kHkwdj] eqgark #?kukFk] ujgfjnkl ckjgB] dfo;k dj.khnku vkn izeq[k dfo gq;k gSA vS lxGk dfo dkO; eeZKgks.kS jS lkFkS lkFkS Å¡pS ntSZ jk Hkxr Hkh gkA b.kk jh dFkk jh fol; oLrq jke jks vknlZ tho.k gS i.k ekSdS eqtcvka dFkk oka es a yksd thou jk fprjkae Hkh izdV gq;k gSA NUnka vj Hkklk ij b.kk jk sv/kdkj gSA vaxhjl lakr jl* gSA vka jS vykok jke Hkxrh dkO; jk jpukdkj tSu dfo Hkh gq;k gS ft.kk jks eq[kmÌsL; fut /kje jks izpkj gksA m.kka jke dFkk esa vki jS /kje eqtc eksM+ ns;*j vfgalk ij tksj fn;ks gSA

fØlu Hkxrh /kkjk jh Hkxr fljkse.kh ehjk¡ ckbZ in jP;k gSA Hkklk] Hkkoka] vyadkj vj jl jh] nhBlwa ehjk¡ Å¡pS ntSZ jh dof;=h gSA b.kht Hkkar ôsfy fØlu #de.kh jh* jk dfo izFoh jkt jkBkSM+ jh jp;kSM+hdF;] Hkko] Hkklk] vyadkj jh nhB lwa Å¡pS ntSZ jh jpuk gSA vk Hkxrh dky vj jhfrdky fcpkGS la/khdkyjh jpuk gSA

fuxZq.k dkO; /kkjk jh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ^galkoyh* vj ^y[ku lsu in~ekorh* nks jpukoka vSM+h gSft.kk ij lwQh izHkko gSA b.kk jk jpukdkj fgUnw gS Hkklk] dF;] vyadkj] jl vkn jh nhB lwa vS jpukokaÅ¡pS ntSZ jh gSA

jktLFkkuh jS lar dfo;ka vj m.kk jS dkO; jks foospu djrka vk ckr /;ku esa jk[k.kh t:jh gS dSb.kk jks iSyks mÌsL; dkO; jpuk uha gks;*j ekuo dY;k.k jh Hkkouk gSA ekuo dY;k.k jh Hkkouk jS dkj.k ghvka jh ok.kh jk Qwy f[kY;k ckbZt dfork c.kxh gSA njvly vS lar dfo vki jS le; jh mit gSA nq%[khvj =Lr t.k&t.k uS larok.kh /khjt ca/kk*j va/kkjS jkLrka ij HkVd.kS lwa capk;kA dkO; lkL= vj Hkklk lkL=jk fu;e b.k jS dkO; ij ykxw ugha dj;k tk ldS ijnq%[ka lwa fopfyr gks;*j vki jh lgt ok.kh esa b.kkatSM+k mn~xkj izdV dj~;k] ck dfork c.kxhA gk¡ ! lqUnjnkl vj jTtc b.k esa viokn gSA vS nksU;wa lar dfoHkklk vj dkO; lkL= nksuqoka ij tcjnLr vf/kdkj jk[krkA

lar dfo;ka jh dfork jh fol; oLrq vkRek] ijekRek] tho] txr vj czã vkn gSA ckgjh vkMEcjkajks fojks/k dj lgt ukao flej.k ij tksj fn;ksA b.kka jh ofÙk ;k;kojh ghA vka dkj.k b.k jh Hkklk esajktLFkkuh jS vykok iatkch] xqtjkrh] ejkBh] vjch] Qkjlh vkn Hkklkoka jS lcnka jks iz;ksx /kM+YyS lwa gq;ksgSA b.kjh Hkklk uS ^l/kqDdM+h* dSo.kks U;k; laxr gSA

lar dfo;k¡ lk[kh] lcn] jeS.kh] in vkn jks iz;ksx dj~;ks gSA b.kka yksd Nanka jks Hkh iz;ksx dj~;ks gksAi.k b.k jS ckotwn vka jS NUnka esa y; vj laxhr jk rÙo ekStwn gS tdk tu uS lh/kk izHkkfor djSA tBS rdvyadkjka jS iz;ksx jh ckr gS m.kka jks lgt iz;ksx gq;ks gSA gkykafd jTtc vj lqanjnkl jh ok.kh esa lk;kl iz;ksxHkh ns[;k tk ldSA dBS&dBS bZ ijEijk eqtc myV cafl;k¡ esa dfBu izrhdka jks iz;ksx Hkh gq;ks gS i.k vke rkSjij lar ok.kh lh/kh vj fgjnS uS izHkkfor dj.kkGh gSA dfork esa laosnuk bZ m.k uS dfork c.kkoS NUn&can]vyadkj] izrhd] Hkklk vkn vSM+k midj.k gS tdk laosnuk jS vHkko esa eqnkZ ljhj ij dQu jh Hkkar ykxSA b.kutj lwa lark jh dfork esa laosnuk jh xSjkbZ gS fta.k esa feu[k jS fgjnS uS izHkkfor dj.kS jh f[kerk gSA

13-7 jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS HkDrkavj larka jks ;ksxnku %

jktLFkkuh Hkxrh lkfgR; jks foospu djrka Fkdka vsd ckr lkeh vkoS dS b.k lkfgR; jks ^jktLFkkuh

130

Hkklk* uS dkabZ ;ksxnku gS \ MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ rqylh jk lkekftd ewY;ka jks ftØ djrk dSoS dS rqylhHkxrh vkUnksyu jk vsd ekuhrk Fkac gkA vxj Hkxrh vkUnksyu jks dha egÙo gS rks rqylh jS egÙo uS Hkqyk;ksuha tk ldSA njvly fd.kh Hkh Hkklk jk fy[kkjk ;k fpUrd vki jS tqx lwa fujis[k uha jS; ldSA cS t:jtqx jh leL;koka uS ns[kh vj >syh gSA lar ok.kh lwa cS tu tkxj.k jk dke djS cS m.k Hkklk jk ,sfrgkfldnLrkost gq;k djSA Hkxrh vkUnksyu vki jS le; jh ek¡x gksA jktLFkkuh dfo m.k vkUnksyu lwa tq³~;k vjdsbZ lbZdka rkabZ turk uS Hkxrhjks ekjx fn[kk;ks vk lkfgR; vj lekt uS lark jh lclw cM+h nsu gSA

jktLFkkuh larka nqfu;ka esa m.k c[kr iSyh ckj i;kZoj.k j{k.k jks eqÌks mBk;ks tn vSM+h ckr dSo.kksrks nwj fd.khjS eu esa Hkh dksuhA jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkt b.k ckr ij xoZ dj ldS dS m.k jk dfo fpard fpUrdb.k [krjS lwa nqfu;ka uS dsbZ lbZdka iSyh lkopsr dj pqD;k gSA dfo] dykdkj vj fpUrd vkijS tqx jhelky gqoS tdk [kqn cG*j nqfu;ka uS P;ku.kks nsoSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk vS ekuhrk dfo yEcS leS rkabZ turku Sva/k foLoklka esa uha iM+.kS jh] bZLoj vsd gS] tkr&ikar >wBh gS] lksl.k lwa eqxrh jh lh[k nsark jS;kA b.kk jhok.kh jh BaMh rklhj lwa yk[kwa HkVdsM+S yksxka uS vkre lkfUr feGh b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh Hkxr vj lar dfo;kajh jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS veksyh nsu gSA ft.k uS dns HkqykbZ uha tk ldSA

13-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

lekt esa tkr] /kje vj lEiznk;ka jS ukao ij QSysM+h dqjhfr;ka vj va/k foLoklka uS nwj djrka Fkdkalar vj Hkxr dfo;ka lkekftd] :i lwa] lkaLÑfrd] vj /kje jh nhB lwa vyx&vyx nklZfud fopkjka lwacaVsM+S yksxka esa leUo; Fkkiuk jh dkslhl djhA Hkxrh tqx jk jktLFkkuh dfo i;kZoj.k lk: tkx:d gkAm.kka i;kZoj.k j{k.k uS vki jS minslka jks fgLlks c.kk;ksA b.kh Hkkar vkpj.k lq)rk ij tksj ns;*j lkekftdln~Hkkouk dk;e djhA cS yksd esa vfgalk jks minsl nsark vj izse lwa jSo.k jks luslks nsarkA m.kka jS dkO; esayksd thou vfHkO;fDr Hkh gq;h gSA laosnuk jh nhB lwa m.kk jks dkO; Å¡pS ntSZ jks gSA

13-9 vH;kl jk izLu

1- jktLFkkuh larka vj Hkxr dfo;k¡ jh leUo; Hkkouk ij vsd fuca/k fy[kksA2- Hkxrh dkO; esa i;kZoj.k j{k.k [kkrj lar dfo;ka jk fopkj fy[kksA3- Hkklk&lSyh jh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh Hkxrh dkO; jks foospu djksA4- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS Hkxrka vj larka jks dkabZ ;ksxnku gS \ mnkgj.kk lwa le>koksA


1- MkW- eueksgu lgxy & fgUnh lkfgR; dk Hkxrh dkyhu dkO;A2- MkW- uxsUnz & fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA3- mn~Hko vkSj fodkl vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh & fgUnh lkfgR;A4- vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh & dchjA5- izse ukjk;.k VaMu & fgUnh lkfgR; dk izofÙkxr bfrgklA6- MkW- enu lSuh & jktLFkkuh dkO; esa jke dFkkA7- MkW- jke izlkn nk/khp & jktLFkkuh lar ijEijkA8- MkW- x.kifr pUnz xqIr & lkfgfR;d fucU/kA9- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgr;A

131

bdkbZ & 14

jktLFkku jk yksd nsoh&nsorkbZdkbZ jks eaMk.k

14-0 mÌsL;

14-1 izLrkouk

14-2 tqx jks njlko

14-3 yksd nsork

ikcwth jkBkSM+] nsoukjk;.k cxM+kor] eYyhukFkth] jkensoth ¼raoj½] xksxkth] rstkth] esgkth¼ekaxkfG;k½] gM+cwth ¼lka[kyk½

14-4 yksd nsfo;ka

fgxGktekrk] vkoM+th] dj.khth] vkbZ ekrk] th.kekrk

14-5 yksd nsoh nsork jh lekt uS nsu

14-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

14-7 vH;kl jk izLu


14-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jkS [kkl mnsL; fo|kfFkZ;ka uS yksd nsoh&nsorkoka vj m.kka jS thou&pfjr jh vksG[kk.kdjko.kkS gS ftdS lwa m.kka uS [kqn jh laLdfr jh ?k.keksyh tk.kdkjh feG ldSA

14-1 izLrkouk

e:/kjk jS d.k d.k eka; Hkxrh vj lxrh jh /kkjk vsd&esd gq;*j cjlka lwa cSaorh vk; jS;h gSA b.k/kjk ij vSM+h iq.;kRekoka tye fy;ks ft.kk vkijS cxr esa e:/kjk jS lekt uS vkrrkbZ;ka lwa cpk;kS] xÅekrkjh fj{kk djh] xjhc&xqjcka jS tho.k uS vk.kandkjh c.kk;kSA vS iq.;kRekoka lnk bZ *Lofgr* uS R;kx*j *yksdfgr*[kkrj bZ vkijkS tho.k yxk; fn;kSA b.k dkj.k lwa vS iq.;kRekoka e:/kjk jS tuekul esa b.k rfj;ka ?kqGfeGxhdS tkxka&tkxka vka jh iwtk gqo.k ykxxh] b.kka jh okrka] QM+ka] iokM+ka bR;kn jpht.k vj xkoht.k ykxX;kvj b.kka jk feanj] nsojk] Fkku] ixY;k] lek/;ka bR;kn c.kX;k tBS yksx&yqxk;ka tkr] >M+wyk p<koS vjnjl.k dj.k uS tkoS] feurka ekaxS vj iwjh gwo.k ikNS flj/kk lk: ijlknh p<koSA vka dkj.kka lwa vkaiq.;kRekoka uS ^yksd nsoh&nsork* jS :i esa [;kr feGhA

1- yksd nso& ikcwth jkBkSM nsouk jk.kth] eYyhukFkth] ckck jkensoth] xksxkth] rstkth] esgkth]gM+cwth bR;kn vSM+h gh iq.;kRekoka gh ftdh yksd nsorkoka jS :i eka; vkt Hkh iwthtS gSA

2- yksd nsfo;ka& b.kh Hkkar fgaxGkt ekrk] vkoM+ ekrk] dj.kh ekrk] th.k ekrk] vkbZ ekrk bR;kn uSyksd nsfo;ka jS :i eka; eku feY;kS vj okajh vkt Hkh iwtk gqoS gSA

b.k bdkbZ eka; vka yksd nsoh&nsorkoka jh tk.kdkjh nso.k jh dksfll djhth gSA

14-2 tqx jks njlko

jktLFkku jks lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vj /kkfeZd njlko ?k.kkS bZ veksyks vj txpkoks gSA b.k HkkSe ekFkSlxrh vj Hkxrh jkS vtc esG lnk lwa bZ ,desd gq;*j pkyrks vk; jS;kS gSA jktLFkkuh tks/kk tq/k jS eSnkuka

132

eka; j.kp.Mh jS >.Ms rGS bZ vkijks tho.k lkjFkd ekurk gk] rks nwth dkuha Hkxrh jh ygjka eka; Mwcrkmrjrk vBS jk feu[k tho.k jks vkuUn ySaork gkA

jktLFkku jh b.kh iq.; /kjk ij ykjyk lSdM+ka gtkjka cjlka eka; vusdwa iq.;kRekoka tye vj vorkjfy;ks vj m.kka vki vkijS cxr esa lnk gh yksdfgr jS dkeka eka; vkijks thou yxk; fn;kSA vka iq.k;kRekokajS ckjS esa vkt Hkh ?k.k[kjh fdaonafra;ka] okrka] iokM+ka] iM+ka bR;kn jS :i py.k eka; gS vj vkt Hkh m.kka jh;kn esa vusdwa feanj] nsojk] Fkku] ixY;k] lek/;ka bR;kn feG tkoSyk tBS eku[kks vkijh rdyhQka vj ihM+kokalwa eqxrh iko.k [kkrj /kksd yxko.k uS tkoSA

^jktLFkku jk yksd nsoh&nsork* ukao jh bZa bdkbZ eka; jktLFkku jh xzkeh.k laLÑfr] yksd vkLFkk]yksd pkg] yksd mPNc&ijc vj yksd nsoh&nsorka jh Hkxrh&lxrh ekFkS foLokl vj Hkjkslks c/kS] tutho.klq[k&lkUrh lwa jSoS] yksd ejtknkoka FkjihtSA yksd ijEijk lwa ?k.keksyks yksd tqM+ko c/kSA feu[k&ekuohtekjS eka; ihM+k] vewtkS feVko.k lk: yksd laLÑfr jkS QSyko] esGk&exfj;k] rht&fraokaj] yksd nsoh&nsorkokajS lk: lj/kk&Hkxrh jk[krka gj[k&dksM] lq[k mitkoS vj tho.k&tkrjk c/kkorka jSoSA ikcwth] gM+cwth]jkensoth] esgkth] xksxkth] eYyhukFkth] dj.khth] fgaxGkt ekrk] vkoM+th bR;kn lwa izsj.kk ysorka Fkdkckyd&ckfydkoka jh futw iznsl lk: igpk.k c/krh tkoSA b.k /kjrh ekFkS firj&Hkksfe;ka] [ksrjikG] yksdnsork vj yksd nsfo;ka jkS eksdGkS izHkko gSA yksd nsoh&nsorkoka jS esGak lk: yksx&yqxk;ka esa gj[k&mPNkovj vkNk laLdkj ÅitS] fo|kfFkZ;ka eka; ln~Hkko] ln~izsj.kk vj la;e jk xq.k FkjihtSA

14-3 yksd nsork

1- ikcwth jkBkSM+

ikcw] gM+cw] jkenso&ekaxfy;k esgkAikapw ihj i/kkjT;ks xwxk th tsgkAA

b.k nksgs esa ftds ikap ihjka uS vko.k jkS U;warkS fn;kS x;kS gS m.kesa ikcwth lclwa iSyh U;warhtS gSA ikcwthjks tye tks/kiqj ftys jh QykSnh rglhy jS fBdk.ks dksGw esa foØeh laor~ 1313 esa gq;kS crkoSA gkykafdikcwth jh tye frFk jS le; jS ckjs esa bfrgkldkj ,d er uha gSA dSbZ b.kk jkS tye foØeh laor~ 1296crkoS rks dsbZ foØeh laor~ 1356 crkoSA ekjokM+ jS jkBkSM+ka jh pkSFkh ih<h eka; /kka/kGth jkBkSM+ gq;k gk ftdkajh nwljh ?kjokGh jh dks[k lwa ikcwth jkS tye gq;kSA ikcwth ckGi.kS lwa gh ?k.ks thoV vj fgEerokGk gkAvsdyk gh lkaM.kh ekFkS p<*j fldkj dj.k uS pY;k tkorka vj rhj&dek.k lwa flax jkS fldkj dj ySorkAckGi.k lwa bZ os tkar&ikar jS Hksn jS f[kykQ gkA oS uhph tkr jS yksxka jS ?kjka tkaork vj okajS Vkcjka uS vkijkHkk;yk c.kk; ysaorkA m.k cxr jS ,d lkeUr vkuk ck?ksyk jS Mj lwa HkkX;kSM+k lkr Hkhyka uS dBSbZ lj.k uhafey jS;h gh] ikcwth cka lkrwa Hkhy HkkbZ;ka uS vkijS Msjs esa lj.k nhohA b.k dkj.k Hkhy ljnkj pkanks ikcwthduS vk;X;kS vj var cxr rkbZa ikcwth jS lkFkS b*t jS;ksA

ikcwth jh ohjrk jk fdLlk &ikcwth jkBkSM+ jh ohjrk jk ?k.kkbZ fdLlk gS] i.k vBS dha [kkl fdLlk tk.kdkjh [kkrj fn;k tk;

jS;k gSA cka fnuka esa ekjokM+ jh pkj.kh nsoG ns [kuS ,d peRdkjh ?kksM+h gq;k djrh ftdh jkS ukao gks ^dslj*Am.k cxr jS gjSd jktk&egkjktkjh vk baPNk jSaorh dS dslj m.kkuSa feG tkoS] i.k nsoGns lxGka uS euk djnsaorhA ikcwth uS tn vk ckr Bk iM+h rks cS Hkh nsoGns duS iwX;k vj dslj* ekaxhA nsoGns iSyk lwa bZ ikcwthjh ohjrk jk dsbZ fdLlk lq.k jk[;k gk] b.k dkj.k ok ikcwth uS ^dslj* nso.k uS R;kj gqxh i.k ok ,d ljrjk[kh dS ikcwth uS lnk bZ xÅ ekrk jh j{kk dj.kh iM+lhA ikcwth b.k [kkrj R;kj gq;X;k vj ^dslj* uS yS*jvkijS fBdk.kS vk;X;kA

m.k cxr fgUnqLrku esa iBku] rqjd] vQxku bR;kn eqlGeku vkrrkbZ vR;kpkj djrk gkA vs yksxfdlkuka jh Qlyka ywV ysaork] xÅoka uS mBk*j ys nsorka] feanj rksM+ tkaork vj yqxk;ka uS Hkh mBk*j yS;

133

tkaorkA ikcwth vka vkrrkbZ;ka uS feVko.k jkS ladGi fy;kS vj /khjS /khjS cS dSbZ yqVsjka jks [kkreks dj fn;kSAcS c/krk&c/krk BsB eqyrku rkabZ iwX;kA eqyrku lwa ikNk vkaorh cxr ikcwth vejdksV :D;k ¼vejdksV vcSikfdLrku eka; gS½A vejdksV jk lks<+k jk.kk lwjtey ikcwth jh ohjrk lwa ?k.kk izHkkfor gkA cS ikcwth jSlkeuS vkijh csVh Qwyens lwa C;ko dj.k jkS izLrko jk[;kSA ikcwth b.k izLrko uS eku fy;kS vj dg~;kS dSiSyh Egkjh Hkrhth jkS C;kao gq; tkoS] iNS Egsa cjkr ys*j vklwaA

ikcwth ikNk dkGw vk;X;kA Hkrhth jkS C;kao cM+s BkB&ckV lwa dj;kSA iNS ikcwth jh cjkr vejdksViwxhA cjkr eka; tkaorka osGk Hkh ikcwth jLrs esa xÅoka jh fj{kk djrk fx;kA l:vkrh jhfr&fjoktka jS iwjksgq;kS ikNS ikcwth C;ko jS e.Mi eka; cSB~;kA gky rkabZ pkSFkkS QsjkS bZ uha gq;kS gks*dS [kcj feGh dS nwnks lwejkvejdksV ekFkS geyks dj fn;kS gS vj lwejk jk flikbZ xÅoka uS ys tk; jS;k gSA ikcwth uS pkj.kh nsoGnsuS fn;kM+kS xÅ fj{kk jks opu ;kn gks] cS m.kh cxr QSjk NksM+*j mBX;k vj ^dslj* ekFkS p<*j nwnk lwejklwa tq/k dj.k [kkrj j.kHkwfe tk iwX;kA vejdksV jk flikbZ Hkh tq/k esa feGX;k i.k QSj Hkh lwejk jk flikbZcslh gkA ikcwth ?k.kh ohjrk lwa lwejk vj m.kjS flikbZ;ka jks eqdkcyks dj~;kSA var eka; lwejk uS xÅoka NksM*jHkkx.kkS iM+~;kSA bZa tq/k esa ikcwth ohjxfr ikbZA yksd dFkkoka eka; lwejk uS ^jko.k* vj ikcwth uS ^fyNe.k* jkSvorkj eku*j dFkkoka lq.kkbZ tkoSA

b.k Hkkar xÅ ekrk jh j{kk jS opu jkS iky.k djrk Fkdka ikcwth ohjxfr ikbZA lekt lwa HksnHkko vjlekt esa lejlrk yko.k lk: djhth m.kka jh dksfllka jS dkj.k bZ ikcwth jkBkSM+ tuekul eka; yksd nsorkjS :i esa FkjihtX;k vj iwtht.k ykX;kA ikcwth jh dksfllka lwa bZ m.k cxr eqlGeku vkrrkbZ;ka lwa uhphtkrokGk yksxka jh j{kk gqbZ vj m.kka uS fgUnw lekt eka; cjkcjh jkS njtkS feG;kSA

2- nsoth cxM+kor

nsoth ;kfu nsoukjk;.kth jk nsojk vk[kS jktLFkku eka; QSY;kSM+k gSA nsoth jkS [kkl nsojks lokbZHkkstukao jh tkxka ij gS ftdh HkhyokM+k ftys jS vklhUn duS gSA nwth [kkl tkxkaok eka; Qj.kkS ¼e/;izns'k jSmTtSu ftys eka;½ vj jktLFkku jS Vksad ftys eka; nkark xkao gSA peRdkjh lxrh lwa ljkcksj nsoukjk;.kthjks tye xksBk xkao jS tkxhjnkj lokbZ Hkkst jh nwth ?kjokGh lks<h [kVk.kh jh dks[k lwa gq;kS crkoSA vks dghtSdS lks<h [kVk.kh uS xq# :iukFk vklhjokn fn;kS dS FkkjS csVks gqlh vj vks csVks peRdkjh gqoSyk vj lokbZHkkst jS [kkunku ekFkS gqoS vR;kpkj jkS cnGkS ysosykA pwafd jk.k jk jk.kk nqjtulky lokbZHkkst jS xkao vjiwjS [kkunku jkS lQk;kS dj fn;kS gkS b.k dkj.k lks<h [kVk.kh ekyklsjh jS taxGk eka; x;h ijh vj oBS b*tek?k eghus jh lkre ¼lwjt lIreh½ uS nsoukjk;.kth jkS tye gq;kSA nsoth jS tye jS cjl ckcrbfrgkldkjka esa erHksn gSA dqN [;krdkj tye jkS cjl foØeh laor 1167 vj dSbZ fo-l- 1097 rks dSbZbZLoh lu~ 1243 jS yxS VxS crkoSA nqjtulky jS lkxS gqoS tq/k eka; lokbZ Hkkst jS [kkunku jk Qxr ikapVkcj cP;k gk ftdS eka; vsd rks nsoukjk;.kth gk] ckdh pkj gk enuflag] egsUnz] ekuflag ¼dku Hkkaxh½ vjHkw.kkA xksBk lwa ikNks tkaorh csGk nqjtuflag Hkw.kk uS vkijS lkxS ys;X;kS gkSA

ckGi.kS eka; nsoth jkS ukao mn;flag jk[khT;kSA jk.kk nqjtuflag uS m.kka jS tye ckcr Bk iM+xhvj okS nsoukjk;.k uS ekj.k lk: vkijk flikbZ HksT;k vj nwtk dsbZ tru dj~;k i.k nsotksx lwa nsoukjk;.kgjSd ckj cprks j;ksA ekyklsjh jS taxGk eka; nsoukjk;.k ekFkS [krjkS c/krks ns[k*j lks<h [kVk.kh vkijS ihgjnsokl vk;xhA oBS b*t nsoukjk;.k jh lhDlk&nhDlk gqbZA toku gqaork gqaork nsoukjk;.k Hkksr gwal;kj?kqM+lokj vj tks/kk c.kuS jS lkxS&lkxS vk;qosZn vj ra= lkL= jkS Kkrk gq;X;ksA m.k r; dj fy;kS dS EgkjStho.k jkS vsd b*t /;s; gS vU;ko vj vR;kpkj jkS var vj /kje jh FkjiukA

lokbZHkkst jkS vsd [kkl Hkk;yks gks NksNw HkkVA ckS yxkrkj nsoukjk;.k ekFkS futj jk[k jS;kS gksA tnnsoukjk;.k gjSd fo|k eka; ikjaxr gq;X;ks rn NksNw HkkV nsokl vk;kS vj nsoukjk;.k uS ^xksBk* pky.k lk:dS;kSA lks<h [kVk.kh jS eu eka; dSbZ ladkoak gh i.k nsoukjk;.k jh ftn ns[k*j ok Hkh xksBk tko.k lk: R;kj

134

gqxhA NksNw HkkV] nsoukjk;.kth] lks<h [kVk.kh vj dqNSd j[kokGk xksBk [kkrj jokuk gq;X;kA ekjxeka; /kkj jS egkdkGh jh vjk/kuk jh c[kr nsoukjk;.kth oBS jS jktk t;flag jh chekj csVh ihiG ns jh tkucpkbZA tn jktk t;flag vkijh csVh jkS C;ko nsoth lwa dj fn;kSA /kkj eka; gh nsoth jkS C;ko vsd ukxdU;klwa Hkh gq;kS gkSA

leS fudGrs&fudGrs nsoukjk;.kth jh lxrh c/krhXkh vj okajks tl ch P;k:aesj QSy.k ykxX;kSA^xksBk* iwxrs iwxrs okajh eqykdkr Hkw.kk lwa gqbZ vj cS Hkw.kk uS j.kuhfr eqtc nqjtulky lkxS jSo.k jkS d;kSAxksBk iwX;ka iNS enuflag] egsUnz vj dku Hkkaxh m.kka lwa feGX;kA iSyh rks lxGk t.kk feG*j xksBk eka; ikNhlkarh jks okrkoj.k c.kk;ks vj yksxka uS <k<l ca/kk;ks QSj /khjS /khjS vsd j.kuhfr c.kk;*j nqjtulky jSvknfe;ka uS vsd vsd dj*j ekj.kks l: dj~;kS vj vkf[kj eka; [kqn nqjtulky uS ekj*j chajS vkard uS [kredfj;kSA uwaoS c.kk;kSM+s xksBk jkt jh ckxMksj vkijS cMs HkkbZ egsUnz uS lwai*j [kqn nsoukjk;.kth ikNk yksddY;k.k jS dkeka esa ykxX;kA cS ekuhT;kSM+k fl/kiq:l gk vj vkijh lxrh uS lnk bZ yksd dY;k.k lk:yxkbZA b.k dkj.k okajh [;kfr yksdnsork jS :i eka; gqbZA NksNw HkkV uS ikNks tye fnjko.kks] ?kjvkGh ihiGns jh dq:irk uS nwj dj.kkS] ra= jS izHkko lwa lwf[k;kSM+S nfj;ko eka; ikNkS ik.kh cSok.kkS] lkjax lsB jks iqujtyebR;kn vsM+k peRdkj gq;k ftdka lwa nsoth uS yksdnsork jh [;kfr feGhA oS Hkxoku fdluth jk vorkjekuhT;kA

nsoyksdxeu &

nsoukjk;.kth jS tn nsoyksd tko.k jkS c[kr vk;kS rks okajh tksM+k;r d;ks dS Egsa fd.kjS lkgjSthowaykA rn nsoth m.kkauS dS;kS dS tn Hkh rwa xkscj Fkki*j nh;kS tGk*j EgkjkS flej.k djSyk] Egwa FkkjS lkehvk tkÅaykA tn rkabZ xkscj xhyks jSosyk] Egs FkkjS duS gksowayk vj xkscj lw[krka ik.k bZ ikNks vUrj/kku gq;tklwaA

nsoth jS nsoyksdxeu gq;k ikNS ihiyns oka jkS jkst jkr uS flej.k djrh vj oka lwa ckrka djrhA vsdfnu nsoth jh ekrk lks<h ihiyns jS dejs eka; lwa ckrka jh vkokt lq.kh rks ok ihiy ns uS b.k ckcr iwN~;kSAihiyns Mjxh vj vk lksph dS dBS EgkjS pfjrj ekFkS dksbZ nkx uha ykx tkoS] vj ck lxGh ckr lklw uScrk; nhA tn lks<h Hkh d;ks dS vcdh EguS ch EgkjS csVs jk njl.k djkbZtSA xksBk jkS jktfijksfgr Hkh vsckrka lq.k jS;kS gks] cks vk lksph dS xkscj eka; ts rsy ?kky nsokayk rks cks lw[ksyk bZ dksuh vj nsoth uS iNSvBS b*t jSo.kks iM+lhA jkr uS vs lxGk vk bZ tqxr yxkbZA nsoth jk njl.k gq;X;kA oBhuS tn xkscjlw[krkS uha ykX;kS rks nsoth uS dha ladk gqbZ] oS /;ku yxk;kS rks oka uS Bk iM+xh dS dkabZ [kqjkQkr djhth gSAnsoth ?k.kk ukjkt gq;k vj dS;ks dS vcS Egwa dnSbZ dksuh vkowa i.k Egkjh iwtk jks vf/kdkj vcS xwtjka uS gqoSykczkã.kk uS ugha vj xwtj Egkjh iwtk uhe jk iRrk lwa djSykA b.k Hkkar nsoth xkscj vj uhe jh ijfrLBk Hkhc<k; nhuhA

pwafd nsoukjk;.kth jks tye xwtj tkr jh lks<h [kVk.kh jh dks[k lwa gq;kS] b.k dkj.k xwtj tkr eka;nsoth jh ?k.kh ekU;rk gSA Hkknos jh NB vj ek?k lqnh lkre uS nsoth jh iwtk ?k.kS /kwe/kke lwa djhtS vjb.kka jS ukao jk Hktu xkbZtSA nsoukjk;.kth jkS flej.k nsoth] Ånkth ¼mn;flag½] ØL.kth] /kjejkt vjukjk;.k & vkabZ ikap ukaok lwa djhtSA eqlGeku yksx vka uS ^ÅnGlkj* ukao lwa iwtSA

nsoth jh iwtk jh fo/kh ljy vj lSt gSA iwtk [kkrj ewjr c.kko.k jh dksbZ t:jr uha gS] xkaookGkNksVkslks*d nsojks c.kk;*j ikap baVk jS :i eka; b.kka jh Fkkiuk djS vj isM+ jk iRrk bZa ekFkS jk[k*j xwxG bR;knjkS /kwi fnjhtS vj ijlkn :i esa vs iRrk bZ ckaVhtSA

3- eYyhukFkth &

vkijS cxr jk fl/kiq:l ckck eYyhukFkth jks tye foØeh fo- laor 1365 eka; ekjokM+ bykdS jSflok.kk jS xkao xksiM+h jS jkoG ly[kk vj tk.khns jS cMS csVs jS :i esa gq;kSA eYyhukFkth ckGi.kS lwa bZ ohj

135

vj ijkdjeh gkA ckith ly[kk jS nsoyksd gq;ka iNS cS vkijs dkdkslk dkUgM+ns duS egsok vk;X;k vj m.kkajh enn dj.k ykxX;kA ckn esa m.kka jS NksVs HkkbZ f=Hkqoulh uS gVk;*j 1374 bZloh esa cS cBka jk Lokehc.kX;kA dSor vk gS dS 1378 bZloh esa m.k cxr jS uokc fQjkst rqxyd jS ekyok jS lwcsnkj futkeqÌhu jhQkSt uS eYyhukFkth ekj Hkxk; nhuhA b.k lwa okajh [;kfr vkSj c/kxhA /khjS /khjS eYyhukFkth vkijkS [ksrjc/kkorka x;kA vkijS Hkrhts pw.Mk uS e.Mksj vj ukxkSj thrk;ksA ekjokM+ bykds jk lhok.kk] [ksM+ vj vksfl;kajk Msjk vkijS lxS&lcaf/k;ka uS tkxhj esa nh;kA bZZLoh lu~ 1378 eka; eaMksj] esokM+] vkcw vj fla/k jS fcpkGSywV&ekj dj.k okGk eqlGekauk uS tn eYyhukFkth rax dj.kk l: dj~;k rn eqlGeku rsgj nGka jh QkStyS;*j tq/k dj.k lk: vk;kA eYyhukFkth cka nGk jh QkSt uS gjk; fn;kSA QSj ekGoS jkS lwcsnkj [kqntq/k dj.k uS vk;kS i.k eYyhukFkth m.kuS Hkh gjk; fn;kSA eYyhukFkth vsd egku ohj vj uhfroku jktkgkA m.kka uha flQZ jkBkSM+h jkt jkS foLrkj dj~;kS] cYdS m.kuS etcwrh Hkh nhuhA

yksd/kkj.kk eqtc 1389 bZLoh esa eYyhukFkth vkijh jk.kh :ikans jS dSo.k lwa mxelh HkkVh duS nh{kkyh vj ;ksx lk/kuk lwa fl/kiq:l c.kX;kA /khjS&/khjS eYyhukFkth duS dSbZ peRdkjh flf/k;ka vk;xhA vcSeYyhukFk iwjh rj~;ka lUr&ekrek jks tho.k fcrko.k ykX;kA 1399 bZLoh eka; iwjS gyds jS lk/kq&lUrka jkS ,dtylks jk[;kSA b.kh cjl jh pSr lqnh nwt uS eYyhukFkth lqjx fl/kkjX;kA

ckM+esj ftys jS fryokM+k xkao eka; yw.kh unh jS fdukjS m.kka jkS ,d feanj gS tBS vkt Hkh esGkS HkjhtSvj eku[kks cBS eYyhukFkth jk njl.k dj.k lk: vkoSA eYyhukFkth lxrh vj Hkxrh jh vuwBh felky gkAvkijS iwjS tho.kdky eka; eYyhukFkth eqlGeku vj vkrrkbZ;ka law yksxka vj <ksj&Mkaxjk jh fj{kk djhA ckneka; gjh dhjru vj ;ksx lk/kuk eka; yhu gq;X;k vj gyds jS yksxka jS m)kj lk: dkjt djrk jS;kAeYyhukFkth fujxq.k iaFkh gkA

eYyhukFkth jS flej.k ek= lwa gh feu[k tekjks lq/kj tkoSA b.kh dkj.k e:/kjk jS vkFkw.kS bykdsckM+esj uS ekyk.kh Hkh dS;ks tkoSA

4- jkensoth ¼raoj½ &

e:Hkkse jk [;kruke yksd nsork ckck jkensoth jkS tye tSlGesj ftyS jS iksdj.k gyds jS xkao:.khpS eka; raoj oalh Bkdj vtekyth vj ekrk eS.kkns jS ?kjka Hkknok lqnh nwt uS gq;kSA jkensoth jS tyejh frFk ckcr bfrgkldkjka esa erHksn gSA dksbZ m.kka jks tye foØeh 1462 crkoS rks dksbZ 1465 crkoS i.kvtekyth vj m.kka jh jk.kh eS.kknS fdlu Hkxoku jk Hkxr gk vj fdluth jh ?k.kh iwtk vjk/kuk dj~;kiNS m.kka jS nks csVk gq;k chjenso vj jkensoA dSor vk gS dS nksU;w csVk cyjketh vj fdluth jk vorkjgkA

vsdj Bkdj vtekyth ?kwefQj*j ikNk egy dkuha vk; jS;k gkA m.kh cxr dSbZ fdlku vkijS dkelk: [ksrka dkuha tk; jS;k gk i.k vtekyth uS ns[k*j cS fdlku ikNk ?kweX;kA vtekyth tn m.kkauSiwN~;kS dS ikNk D;wa tk; jS;k gksA rn cS fdlkuka dS;ks dS egkjkt Fks fuiwrk gks vj fnuwxS fnuwxS Fkkajks ewaMkSns[k.k jks /kje dksuhA vk ckr lq.k*j vtekyth uS Hkksr nq[k gq;kSA m.kh cxr cS }kjdk jokuk gq;X;k] Hkxokufdluth jS njl.k lk:A }kjdkth iwx*j markoG esa feanj esa ixj[kh iSj~;ksM+k gh ?kql.k ykX;kA feanj jkiqtkjh Vksdk&Vksdh djh tn cS m.kk lwa yM+.k ykX;k vj fdluth jh ewjr ekFkS HkkVks ekj fn;kSA iqtkjhns[;kS dS vks ikxy dBS lwa vk;X;kS rn cS Hkkx.k ykX;kA tn vteky th iqtkfj;ka uS idM+*j d;ks*dS EguSarks vlyh Hkxoku lwa feG.kks gS vk rks HkkVs jh ewjr gS tS vk Hkxoku gwarh rks Egkjs HkkVks ekj.ks jS ckn dhau dha rks djrhA iqtkjh ckiM+k MjX;k vj vtekyth uS dS;ks dS Hkxoku fdluth rks b.k cxr leUnj eka;lks; jS;k gSA vtekyth dha lksP;kS u ns[;kS vj leUnj eka; dwnX;kA tn izHkq fdjik dj*j m.kka uS njl.kfn;k rks vtekyth ns[;kS dS izHkq jS ekFkS diM+s jh ikVh cka/;ksM+h gSA m.kka iwN~;kS Hkxoku vks dhadj] rksfdluth dg~;kS dS Fksa Egkjh ewjr jS HkkVkS ekj~;kS gks uha] vks m.kjks QG gSA vtekyth jkso.k ykX;k vj xGrh

136

jh ekQh ekaxhA iNS dS;ks dS izHkq Egwa gky rkbZa fuiwrksa gwa b.k dkj.k yksx Egkjks ewaMks gh uha ns[k.kks pkoSA tnHkxoku fdluth vteyth uS dS;ks dS Fks fpUrk uk djks FkkajS ,d csVks rks jk.kh eS.kkns jh dks[k lwa iSnk gkslhftdS jks ukao chjenso gqoSyk vj Egsa [kqn iky.kS eka; ijxV gksowaykA b.kh opu jS dkj.k dkykUrj eka; jk.kheS.kkns jh dks[k lwa chjenso jks tye gq;kS vj Hkknok lqnh nwt uS jkensoth iky.kS eka; ijxV gq;kA vs nksU;waHkkbZ cyjketh vj fdluth jk vorkj ekuhtSA

nksuwa Hkk;ka jh i<+kbZ xq# ckydukFk jS vBS gq;hA xq#th duS cS nksU;wa bfrgkl] /kje] njl.k vjvL=&lL= jh lh[k yhohA jkensoth ;ksx lk/kuk Hkh dj~;k djrk gk vj cpiu lwa gh /;ku dj.k lk: lk/kuk djrk gkA ckGi.kS lwa gh jkensoth b.k ckr lwa HkyhHkkar ifjfpr gq;X;k dS iwjkS nsl eqlGeku vkrrkbZ;kalwa tw> jS;ks gS] m.kka uS b.k ckr jh Hkh rdyhQ gh dS ryokj jS tksj ekFkS eqlGeku yksxka jkS/kje cnGh djk*j m.kk uS eqlGeku c.kk; jS;k gSA b.k jS vykok jkensoth lekt esa QSY;ksM+h Åap&uhpvj HksnHkko jh Hkkouk lwa Hkh fpafrr jSaork gkA vka lc leL;koka jS fujkdj.k okLrS jkensoth lksp.kks l:dj~;kS vj cka lksP;kS dS lclwa iSyh lekt uS vsd dj.kks iM+lhA b.k lk: jkensoth m.k cxr jh uhphtkR;ka jS yksxka lwa nksLrh dj.kh l: dj nh] m.kka jS ?kjka tkaork ijkA b.k dke esa gM+cwth vj ikcwth m.kkajkS lkFk nh;kSA

b.kh c[kr jkensoth uS [kcj feGh dS :.khps jS taxG eka; ,d rkaf=d lk/kq HkS:a gq;k djS ftdksvkijh rkaf=d fon~;k jS dkj.k yksxka uS Mjkaorks jSoS vj m.kka ij vR;kpkj djSA b.k dkj.k yksx vkijk?kj&ckj NksM*j tko.k ykX;k gSA jkensoth lksP;ks dS EgS :.khpS jS Bkdj jks csVks gwa b.k dkj.k Egkjks Qjtc.kS dS EgSa yksxka uS b.k rkaf=d HkS:a lwa eqxrh fnjkÅaA vk lksp*j cS HkS:a rkaf=d lwa yM+u [kkrj taxG iwxX;kAdSbZ nsj rkbZa ek;k tq/k pkY;kSA jkensoth uS Hkh dSbZ fl)~;ak izkIr gh] b.k dkj.k HkS:a ek;k tq/k eka; m.kkalwa thr uha lD;kSA QSj HkS:a ryokj mBk yh] i.k jkensoth m.kuS ryokj tq/k esa Hkh gjk; fn;kSA tn HkS:aHkkx.k ykX;kS rn jkensoth m.k uS ekj fn;kSA HkS:a jh ej.k jh [kcj lq.krk bZ bykds jk yksx ?k.kk jkth gq;kvj jkensoth jks tl ,d tks/kk vj fl)iq:l jS :i eka; QSyX;ksA

rkaf=d HkS:a jh ekSr jkS bŸkks vlj gq;kS dS bykds jS vkls&ikls lwa lxGk eqlGeku vkrrkbZ HkkxX;kvj iwjs bykds esa lkfUr gq;xhA b.k jS ckn jkensoth lekt esa lksl.k vj HksnHkko [kre dj.k lk: dkjtdj.kks l: dfj~;kSA cS xkao xkao ?kwe.k ykX;k] vNwr vj uhph tkr jS yksxka jS ?kjka eka; :drk vj cBSb*ttherkA jkr uS Hktu dhjru djokorkA ckn esa cs ^tEes* jS ukao law txpkok gq;kA vka dkjtka jS dkj.k yksxm.kka uS ^ckck jkenso* dSo.k ykxX;kA es?kokG tkr jh ,d dU;k Mkyh ckbZ uS cS vkijh cSu c.kk;hA ckckjkenso jS b.k dkjtka lwa m.kka jh [;kr lewps nsl eka; QSyrh x;hA ifj.kke vks fudG~;kS dS lekt eka;lksl.k jS f[kykQ vkokt mB.k ykxh] NksVh tkr okGka uS Hkh iwjkS lEeku fey.k ykX;kSA b.kh dkj.k lwa ftdkyksx /kje cnG*j eqlGeku c.k.k ykX;k gk oS Hkh ikNk fgUnw gq;X;kA

ckck jkensoth jk ijpk &

ckck jkenso jS peRdkjka uS yksx îjpk* dSoSA m.kka jS ijpka jk dSbZ fdLlk gS] i.k vBS dqNSd[kkl&[kkl gh vkijh futj dj~;k tk; jS;k gSA

,dj eqlGekuka jS rhjFk eDdk lwa ikap ihj ckck jkensoth uS ij[k.k lk: :.khps vk;kA jkensothm.k c[kr taxG eka; vkijS ?kksM+s uS ?kkl pjk; jS;k gkA cS ikap ihj m.k c[kr jkensoth uS vkijk dSbZdjrc fn[kk;kA ckck jkenso m.kka uS ns[krk jS;kA iNS jkenso th m.kka uS the.k lk: U;warks nh;kSA tn cSikap ihj cksY;k dS EgSa Egkjk cjr.k eDdk lwa yko.kk HkwyX;kA EgSa EgkjS cjr.kk eka; gh theka b.k dkj.k vkijS?kjka the uha ldkaA m.kh leS jkensoth vkijkS gkFk ykEcks dj~;kS vj ihjka jk cjr.k mBk; yk;kA vk ns[k*jikapw ihj jkensoth jk ix idM+ fy;k vj ekQh ekax.k ykX;kA tn cS ihj dS;ks dS ÊgSa rks [kkyh ihj gka]Fks ihjka jk ihj*A vs ikapw ihj ikNk eDdk ugha tk*j vBS bZ clX;k vj jkelk ihj jh lsok dj.k ykX;kA

137

b.kh Hkkar jh vsd vksj dFkkoka gSA :.khpS jks ,d C;kSikjh y[kh fc.ktkjkS cksj~;ka Hkj*j ehljh csp.kuS tk; jS;kS gksA ekjx eka; m.kuS jkensoth feyX;kA jkensoth iwN~;kS dS Fkkjh cksj~;ka eka; dkabZ Hkj~;kSM+kS gSAtn y[kh okauS tokc fn;kS dS ckith vka eka; lkaHkj jkS yw.k Hkj~;kSM+ks gSA y[kh >wB b.k [kkrj cksY;ks dS VSDluha nso.kks iM+SA vk ckr lq.k*j jkensoth eqGd.k ykX;k vj dS;kS dS tSM+h Fkkjh ejthA FkksM+h*d nsj ckn y[khfc.ktkjks tn vkijh cksj~;ka laHkkGh rks m.kesa ehljh jh tkxka yw.k gh yw.k Hkj~;kSM+kS ns[;kSA tn m.kjh le>eka; vk;kS dS Egsa >wB cksY;kS b.k [kkrj ehljh yw.k c.kxhA cks nkSM+~rks nkSM+~rkS jkensoth duS vk;kS vj ekQhekaxhA tn jkensoth m.k uS le>k;kS dS vkxs lwa >wB erh cksytSA

jkensoth jks C;ko vejdksV jS jktk nyth lks<+k jh csVh usryns jS lkxS gqo.kks r; gq;kSA usryns uSvsdj ydoks gq;kS ftds lwa ok ikaxGh gq;xhA C;ko jh cxr paojh esa tn usryns cSBh rks jkensoth jS lkxscSB.k lwa gh oka jks ikaxGks i.k nwj gq;X;ks vj ck vkijS ixka pky*j jkensoth lkxS QSjk fy;kA

C;ko jh cxr gh jkensoth vkijh ?kjokGh usryns jh lgfy;ka uS ijpks nh;kSA C;ko jS iNS usrynsjh lgfy;ka jkensoth uS daoj dysos eka; vsd FkkG esa diM+ks <kad*j ej~;ksM+h fcYyh iqjl nhA jkensothvkijh fnO; futj lwa vk ns[k yh vj T;wagh FkkG jks diM+ks mBk;ks ok fcYyh thaorh gq;*j nkSM+xh vj lxGksegy fcfYy;ka lw HkjhtX;kSA tn cS lgfy;ka jkensoth lwa ekQh ekaxhA

b.kh Hkkar vejdksV esa jkensoth jS C;ko jh cxr :.khps esa m.kka jh cSu lqxuk ckbZ jS csVs jh ekSrgq;xhA lqxuk ckbZ bZ ckr uS fd.kuS bZ crkbZ dksuh D;wa*dS ?kj eka; C;ko jk eaxG xhr pky jS;k gk i.kjkensoth vkijh fnO; futj lwa vk ckr ns[kyh vj C;ko ikNS jokuk gqo.k jh markoG djhA jkensoth vkijh?kjokGh usryns vj nwtk cjkfr;ka lkxS fnu mx.k lwa iSyh :.khps iwaxX;kA chu&chu.kh uS c/kko.k lk: tncSu lqxuk ckjS uha vkbZ rks jkensoth lqxuk uS cqyk;ks vj dkj.k iwN~;ks i.k ck cksyh dksuh vj jkso.k ykxhAjkensoth c/kkoS lwa iSyh gh eka;uS x;k vj vkijS Hkk.kts uS gsykS djrk Fkdka vkijS gkFkka lwa mBk; fy;ksA m.kkajh fnO; lxrh jS izHkko lwa cks Vkcj Qs:a th;X;kS vj fdydkfj;ka ekj.k ykX;ksA

ckck jkensoth jh lekf/k &

ckck jkensoth thaorka Fkdk bZ lekf/k ys yhuh ghA b.k ckjS esa yksd/kkj.kk gS*dS jkeljksoj rGkc jhikG ekFkS tn ckck jS lekf/k yso.k [kkrj xqQk [kksnh tk; jS;h gh] m.kk jh /kjecSu vj ije Hkxr MkyhckbZ cBS iwaxh vj m.kka jkensoth uS dS;ks dS tBS vk xqQk [kqn jS;h gS m.k tkxka ij rks [kqn Egkjks gd gSAjkensoth iwN~;ks dS vk ckr dha;k gq; ldSA tn Mkyh ckbZ dS;ks*dS ft.k tkxka eka; lwa vkaVh] Mksjk] dkaxlhbR;kn phtka fudGsyk cBS Egkjh lekf/k gqoSykA peRdkj jh ckr vk gq;h dS m.k xqQk eka; lwa vs gh phtkafudGh tn jkensoth b.k uS Mkyh ckbZ [kkrj NksM+ nhA b.k jS ckn Hkknok lqnh nle foØeh 1442 jS fnuMkyh ckbZ m.k xqQk eka; lekf/k ys yhuhA b.k jS ,d fnu ckn gh m.k jS duS bZ nwth xqQk [kqnok; uSjkensoth Hkh lekf/k ys yhuhA lekf/k yso.k lwa iSyh cS vkijh tksM+k;r jk.kh usryns] ekrk&firk vj HkkbZlesr lxGk yksxka uS minsl nh;kS vj okauS eksg ek;k eerk NksM+*j thao.k jks ekjx fn[kk;kSA jkensothdS;ks*dS Egkjh lekf/k dnSbZ [kksn~;k erh] FkkajS dqG eka; geslk dksbZ u dksbZ Egkjs ftlkS vorkj gqaorks jSosykAb.k Hkkar ojnku ns;*j Hkknok lqnh X;kjl foØeh 1442 jS fnu jkensoth lekf/k ys yhuhA lekf/k yso.k jSckn vkt Hkh ckck jkensoth vkijS Hkxrka uS fur ijpk nsoSA

fgUnq eqlGeku vsdrk jk izrhd ckck jkensoth jkS tho.k lnk bZ vNwrka vj uhph tkr jS m)kj vjlkEiznkf;d vsdrk uS lejfir jS;ksA oS lnk gh nfyrka jS fodkl [kkrj dke djrk jS;k] xÅ ekrk jh lsokdjrk] nqjcG jh fj{kk djrk vj izse] HkkbZpkjS vj bZekunkjh jkS ikB i<korkaA b.kh dkj.k lwa ckck jkensothfgUnqoka okLrS nsork gk rks eqlGekuk okLrs ihj gk vj lk/kq&lUrk okLrS ckck gkA b.k [kkrj m.kka jks lclwapkoks ukao gS ^ckck jkelk ihj*A

vkt Hkh :.khps eka; ek?k vj Hkknos eghus eka; gj cjl esGks Hkjhts ft.k eka; jktLFkku jk bZ uha

138

iwjs fgUnqLrku jk yksx ckcs jh tStSdkj djrk vkoSA

5- xksxkth &

jktLFkku jkT; ds pq: ftys jS ^nnjsok* eka; vsd jktk gq;k djrk gks ft.kjks uke gks jk.kk thojktpkSgkuA b.kka jh jk.kh ckNy nsoh ukeh Hkxr ghA ft.kjS uke gks dksbZ vkSykn uha ghA vsdj [;krukao Hkxrckck xksj[kukFkth ?kwerk&fQjrk m.kjS nnjsok vk;k rn jk.kh ckNy nsoh m.kka jh [kwc lsok djhAxksj[kukFkth jkth gq;*j ckNy nsoh uS ojnku nh;kS dS FkkjS vsd csVks gqlh ftdks ijkØeh] ohj vj peRdkjhyksdnso gqlhA ckcks m.kuS ijlknh eka; FkksM+ks*d xwxG nh;ksA Hkknos cnh jh ukSaoh frFk uS jk.kh ckNy nsohvsd csVs uS tye nh;ks ftdS jkS ukao jk[;kS ^xwxks*A ^xw* jkS vFkkZo xq# lwa gS vj ^xks* jks vFkkZo xksj[kukFk lwaAvks ^xwxks* lcn gh ckn eka; ^xksxks* c.kX;ksA

xksxkth jS tye jS leS ckcr bfrgkldkj ,der uha gSA QSj ch ?k.kdjk bfrgkldkj m.kk jks tyeX;kjoha lnh ekuS D;wa*dS cS eqlGeku jktk egewn xtuoh lkxS yM+kbZ djh gh vj b.k yM+kbZ jks cxr bZLohlu~ 1026 ekU;kS tkoSA

xksxkth ckGi.k lwa gh ohj] ijkØeh vj /kkfeZd fopkjka jk gkA cS lnk bZ yksxka uS izse] HkkbZpkjS vjnsl Hkxrh jh lh[k nsaorkA xksxkth lekt eka; lwa HksnHkko vj tkr&ikar jS Hksn uS feVko.k lk: lnk bZdkjt dj~;kA

nloha lnh eka; tn egewn xtuoh lkseukFk feanj ekFkS geyks dj*j feanj uS rksM+*j cBS jks /kuyS;*j ikNkS xtuh tk; jS;ks gks rn ekjx esa xksxkth pkSgku egewn xtuoh uS yM+.k okLrS yydkj~;kS vjHk;adj gq;k tq/k eka; m.kka jh QkSt egewn xtuoh uS gjk; fn;kSA b.k tq/k eka; pkSgku oal jk lSarkGhl csVkvj lkB Hkrhtk vkijS izk.kka jh vkgwfr ns nhuh vj jkf.k;ka tkSgj dfj;kSA

tq/k djrh osGk ft.k tkxka ekFkS xksxkth jks ljhj iM+~;kS cBS vkt Hkh m.kka jh lekf/k gS vj m.ktkxka uS xksxkesM+h dSoSA b.k jS duS bZ ^xksj[k* Vhcks gS tBS ukFk lEiznk; jks nsoG gSA vk tkxka jktLFkkujS Jhxaxkuxj ftys jh uksgj rglhy eka; gSA chdkusj jk egkjktk xaxkflagth vBS xksxkth jh ewjr yxk;*jQwVjks lks feanj c.kok nh;kS gksA b.k cxr vBS dk;e[kkuh eqlGeku ifjokj jSoSA b.k feanj eka; fgUnqvka uScjl eka; vsd eghus bZ iwtk dj.k jks gd gS ckdh X;kjg eghuk eka; dk;e[kkuh eqlyeku gh vBka jh lkjlaHkkG djSA

xksxkth pkSgku ckck xksj[kukFk jk psyk gk] b.k dkj.k m.kka uS ?k.kdjh rkaf=d lxfr;ka jh flf/k Hkhgkafly ghA xksxkth lkai jkS tSj mrkj.k eka; ekfgj gkA b.k jS vykok Hkh xksxkth uS vksj Hkh dbZ peRdkjhflf);ka jkS Kku gksA oS lnk gh yksd eaxG jS dkek eka; vkijkS tho.k yxk;ksM+kS jk[;kSA

xksxkth ohj ;k ihj &

xksxkth jS ukao lkxS dsbZ yksxka vsd fookn tksM+~;ksM+ks gSA cka yksxka jks vks eku.kks gS*dS vkijS tho.kj S vUr cxr xksxkth eqlGeku c.kX;k gk vj dyek i<.k ykX;kA vs yksx xksxkth jhlekf/k jkS vkdkj etkj tSM+ks c.kk; nhukS vj m.kuS dcz lkfcr dj.k jh dksfll djhA vs bZ yksx m.kka uS^xksxk ohj* jh txka ^xksxk ihj* dSo.kks l: dj nh;kSA

gkykafd b.k ckjS eka; bfrgkldkjka duS dksbZ lcwr vj tk.kdkjh uha gS i.k ?k.kdjk bfrgkldkjb.kuS xGr crkoSA m.kka jkS eku.kks gS*dS ftdks feu[k lnk gh eqlGekuk jS vR;kpkjka jS f[kykQ yM+;kS] fgUnw/keZ jh fj{kk dj.k [kkrj ftdks X;kjS ckj eqlGekuka lwa tq/k dj~;kS] ftdks ckck xksj[kukFk jkS Hkxr gks vjftdks eqlGekuk lwa tq/k djrh cxr vkijS iwjS ifjokj jkS cfynku dj nhukS] oks xksxkth pkSgku eqlGekudhadj c.kX;kSA xksxkth jh l=goha ih<h eka; djeflag ukao jks jktk gq;kS ftdS uS m.k cxr jk eqlGekuvkrrkbZ tcjnLrh eqlGeku c.kk; nhukSaA b.k jS ckotwn Hkh djeflag fgUnw /kje uS uha R;kX;kS vj eqlGeku

139

c.k tko.k jS ckn Hkh iwtk ikB djrkS jS;ksA b.kh djeflag uS dk;eflag ukao lwa Hkh tk.;kS tkoSA b.khdjeflag ;k dk;eflag jk oalt vkt jh cxr jk dk;e[kkuh eqlGeku gS ftdk eqlGeku gwaork Fkdka HkhfgUnw jhfr fjoktka uS ekuSA vs dk;e[kkuh gh xksxkth jS feanj eka; iwtk djS vj esGs jh cxr iwjs eghus jhiwtk jks Hkkj fgUnw iqtkj~;ka uS ns nsoSA

jktLFkku jS vykok xqtjkr] ekyok] mRrj iznsl] iatkc] gfj;k.kk bR;kn jkT;ka eka; Hkh xksxkth jh?k.kh ekurk gSA vk tkxka ekFkS Hkh xksxkth jk feanj vj Fkku gSA jktLFkku jS xksxkesM+h xkao jS xksxkth jS feanjeka; Hkknos eghus jh lqnh vj cnh jh ukSoha frFk uS xksxkth jkS esGks Hkjhts ftdS eka; nwj nwj lwa flj/kkGw vkoSvj eukSR;ka ekaxSA xksxkth jk Hktu xkoS vj [khj pwjes jh ijlknh ckaVSA

xksxkth jS nsoyksdxeu jS ckcr Hkh bfrgkldkj vsd jk; uha gSA vk yksd /kkj.kk gS dS xksxkth jheklh jk csVk vjtqu vj lqjtu xksxkth jk jk.kh lkFkS NsM+NkM+ djhA xksxkth uS tn b.k ckr jh Bk ykxhrks oS jhl esa vk;*uS vkijh eklh jS csVk uS ekj nh;kA b.k ckr jks xqLlks dj*j xksxkth jh ekrk :lxh vjm.kk jks ewaMks uha ns[k.k jks ladGi dj yhukSA b.k ckr lwa xksxkth ckSr nq[kh gq;k vj m.kka thaor lekf/k ysyhuhA

6- rstkth

jktLFkku jS gj ftys eka; yxHkx gjSd xkao jS eka; vsd pcwrjks c.;ksM+ks gS] tBS ,d iRFkj ekFksc.kk;ksM+h vsd rlohj gS ftdh eka; vsd ?kqM+lokj mdsjksM+ks OgS vj vsd lkai OgSA xkao eka; tS fd.kh uS lkaidkV ysos rn xkao okGk m.kuS bZa pcwrjs ekFkS ys tkoSA QSj xkao jk Hkksik <+ksy&uxkM+k ctkoark vkoSA xÅewr vj xkscj jh jk[k lwa Hkj;ksM+h vsd d<kbZ Y;koSA Hkksik xÅ ewr lwa dqjGks dj*j jk[k vkijS gksBka ekFkSyxk; ysoS vj tBS lkai dkV~;ksM+ks OgS m.k tkxka uS pwl.kks l: dj*j lkai jS t+gj uS pawl&pawl*j dk<+ nsoSAm.k c[kr Hkksis jS eka; rstkth jh vkRek vk; tkoS vj rstkth gh m.kuS Bhd dj nsoSA b.k pcwrjs uS rstkthjkS Fkku dSohtsA

êkjokM+k jS tkVka jkS bfrgkl* eka; HkkV NksVwth jh cgh jS eqtc ukxkSj ftys jS [kjuk ¼vcS [kjukG½xkao jS rkgM+ tkV jS ?kjka foØeh 1130 jh ek?k lqnh pkSnl uS rstkth jks tye gq;kSA b.kk jh ekrkth jkS ukaojktdaoj crk;kS x;kS gSA vs ukxoalh tkV gkA ukxoalh tkVka eka; nks xksr gq;k djS ^/kkSG;k* vj ^dkGk*]rstkth jkS xksr /kkSG~;k crk;kS x;kS gSA

m.k c[kr jh ijEijkoka eqtc ckGd rstk jh i<+kbZ l: gqbZ ft.kesa vL=&lL= pyko.kks egrkÅgksA rstkth eka; ckGi.k lwa gh nks ckrka jh yyd gh & vsd rks vL=&lL= eka; egkjr gkfly dj.kh vjnwth bZLoj jh vjk/kuk dj.khA vsdkuha os tuekul uS nq[kh dj.k okGk vkrrkbZ;ka jkS ukl djrk] nwth dkuhayksxka jk ladV vj jksx nwj dj.k lk: Hkkar Hkkar jh tM+h cwaV~;k jh [kkst djrk vj okajkS bykt djrkAlksflr vj ihfM+r jh lsok dj.k uS bZ oS lkaph iwtk ekurk gkA b.k rjS rstkth eka; ohjrk vj ijkØe jSlkxS n;k] izse] Hkxrh vj ijfgr jh Hkkouk psru ghA

m.k c[kr jh ijEijkoka eqtc rstkth jkS C;kao Hkh ckGi.k esa gh vtesj ftys jS iusj xkao jS jk;eytkV jh csVh isey lwa gq;X;kSA rstkth cpiu lwa gh yksd dY;k.k jS dkeka eka; mG>;kSM+k jSaork gk] b.kdkj.k c[kr ekFkS m.kkjks ^xkS.ks* dkuha /;ku bZ*t uha x;kSA rstkth jS ?kjokGk jkS m.kk jS lkljSokGk lwaeueqVko Hkh gq;X;kS gks ft.k dkj.k ?kjokGk Hkh xkS.ks [kkrj tksj dksuh nh;kSA ckn

esa HkkStkbZ jS rkuk ekj.k lwa rstkth uS ?kjokGh jS [kkrj vkijh ftEesnkjh jkS X;ku gq;kS vj cS ^xkS.kks*djko.k [kkrj vkijS lkljS tko.k uS Oghj gq;kA Oghj gqo.k lwa iSyh dSbZ vildqu gq;k] i.k rstkth m.k rjQ/;ku uha nh;kSA

rstkth jS vkijS lkljS tko.k jS ekjx eka; vk;h ck/kkoka ckcr bfrgkldkjka eka; fopkj Hksn gSA

140

dbZ;ka jkS eku.kkS gS*dS ekjx eka; vsd v/kcG~;kS lkai nhL;kS ftdS uS rstkth cpk;kS i.k b.klwa cks lkai ukjktgqX;kS vj rstkth uS dkV.kks pk;kS] i.k rstkth m.k lkai uS dS;ks*dS Egwa EgkjS lkljS tk; jS;kS gwa ?kjokGh uSyko.k [kkrj] ikNkS vkaorh c[kr Fkwa EgauS Ml yhtSA nwtS bfrgkldkjka jkS eku.kkS gS*dS dkGk* ukxoal jks ckywtkV rstkth lwa l=qrk jk[krks gks] tn m.kuS Bk iM+h dS rstkth vkijh ij.ksrj uS yso.k lk: iusj tk; jS;kgS vj m.kka lkxS de flikbZ gS] rks cks ekjx eka; vk*j rstkth uS yydkj~;kSA rstkth m.kka uS dS;ks*dS vckjrks Egwa EgkjS lkljS tk; jS;ks gwa ikNks vkaorh osGk Fkkalw tq/k djlwaA

lkljS okGk jkS rstkth jS ifjokjokGk lwa eueqVko gq; pqD;kS gks b.k dkj.k oS rstkth jks ?k.kkS ekuuha dj~;kS] ft.klw rstkth oBS lwa ikNk Oghj gqo.k ykX;kA rstkth jh ?kjokGh isey Hkh m.kka jS lkxS gq;xhAb.k fcpkGS iusj xkao jh xwtjh ykaNk jksaorh&jksaorh rstkth duS vk;h vj cksyh dS Egkjh xk;ka uS yqVsjk ?ksjys;X;k gS vj xkao eka; dksbZ ch Egkjh enn dj.k lk: R;kj dksuhA rn rstkth vj okajh ?kjokGh ykaNkxwtjh jS ?kjka x;k] isey uS oBS NksM*j rstkth yqVsjka jS ykjS x;kA tq/k dj*j rstkth lxGh xk;ka uS NksMk*jys vk;kA b.k tq/k eka; rstkth ?kk;y gq;X;k i.k oS iusj :D;k ugha vj isey uS ys*j ?kjka dkuh jokukgq;X;kA

yksd/kkj.kk eqtc ekjx eka; ckyw tkV vkijh QkSt lkxS [kM+kS okauS mMhdrks gksA rstkth Hkh m.kuSnh;kSM+s opu jh [kkrj ckyw uS tq/k lk: yydkj;ksA tq/k gq;kS] rstkth iSyk lwa bZ ?kk;y gk] b.k dkj.k ?k.khnsj rkabZ ckyw jkS eqdkcyks uha dj lD;k vj ohjxfr ikbZA vk ns[k okajh ?kjokGh isey uS jhl vk;xh vjok j.kp.Mh c.k*j ckyw ekFkS VwV iM+h vj ckyw uS ekj fxjk;kSA nwth yksd dFkk eqtc ekjx eka; cks lkairstkth uS vMhd jS;ks gks ftdS uS rstkth cG.k lwa cpk;kS gkSA rstkth m.k lkai uS dS;ks*dS Egwa vk;X;kS gwavcS EguS Ml ysA lkai m.kk uS dS;kS*dS Fkkjh nsg ij rks t[e gq;kSM+k gS Egwa dBS dkVwA rn rstkth vkijhthHk ckjS fudkG*j dS;kS dS vBS Ml ysoksA tn lkai okauS thHk ekFkS dkV fy;kS vj rstkth ohjxfr ik;X;kAm.kk jh opu fuHkko.k jh ckr lwa izHkkfor gq;*j ukxjkt m.kka uS ojnku nh;kS dS FkkajS ukao jh rkarh ftdkSfeu[k /kkj.k djSyk m.kuS ukxnal jkS vlj uha gqoSykA

xÅ ekrk jh fj{kk dj.k lk: vj vkijS fn;kSM+s opu uS fuHkko.k lk: rstkth vkijkS tho.k cfGnkudj fn;kS vj b.kh dkj.k oS yksxka jh futjka eka; yksd nsork jS :i esa iwtht.k ykX;kA

ftdh tkxka ekFkS rstkth ohjxfr ik;h ck vkt iqthtSA dSbZ fo}ku bZa txka jkS ukao iusj* crkoS] dsbZ^mdykuk* xkao] dsbZ ^lSnfj;k* crkoS vj dsbZ ^lqjljk*A ?k.k[kjka bfrgkldkj vkijh dFkkoka vj xhrka eka;lqjljk jks gh ukao fy;kS gS] b.k dkj.k ^lqjljk* uS gh rstkth jks ohjxfr iko.k jh txka ekU;kS tkoS b.khdkj.k lSnfj;k* vj lqjljk* eka; ftdk rstkth jk Fkku gS oBS gh gjSd cjl Hkknos lqnh nle uS esGkS Hkjhtsvj nwj nwj lwa yksx rstkth jk njl.k dj.k uS vkoS] euksfr;ka ekaxS vj ijlknh ckaVsA

xÅ fj{kk jkS ladGi] opu fuHkko.k jh lxrh] izse] HkkbpkjS vj lnHkko jh /kkj cSoko.k jh ckrka jSdkj.k gh rstkth uS yksdnsork jkS eku feG;kS vj vkt Hkh turk yksxckx ?k.kka eku lwa okauS /;koS vj iwtSgSA

7- esgkth ¼ekaxfG;k½

jktLFkku jS ikap ihjka eka; lwa vsd gS esgkth lka[kykA vs iaokj {kf=; gk] i.k D;wa*dS tye lwa b*tvka jkS ikG.k&iksl.k ukuk.kS eka; vkijh ekrk duS b*t gq;kS gks] vj ekrk jks xksr ekaxfG;k gks] b.k dkj.kvs esgkth ekaxfG;k ukao lwa txpkok fOg;kA esgkth jS firkth jkS ukao xksikyjkt lka[kyk gkSA xksikyjkt jhvkijS HkkbZ Ånk lwa c.krh dksuh gh] b.k dkj.k nksU;wa esa lnk gh >kSM+ gqoarkS jSrksA vsd*j tksjnkj yM+kbZ OghaftdS eka; xksikGnklth ekj~;k x;kA m.k o[kr okajh ?kjokGh xjHkorh gh] ft.k uS pkj.k ohBw m.kka jS ihjSiwxk; nh b.k dkj.k esgkth jks tye ukuk.kS gq;kS vj oBS b*t okajh ijofjl OghA dkykUrj eka; esgkthvkijS ukukth jk mRrjkf/kdkjh Hkh c.;kA

141

ponS cjl jk gq;ka iNS esgkth vkijS laxh&lkF;ka jkS vsd nG c.kk;ks vj lclwa iSyks dke vks dj~;kSdS tkaxG iznsl ekFkS geyks dj*j vkijS firkth jh gR;k dj.k okGS vkijS pkpk Ånk jks o/k dj~;kSA m.kjSiNS esgkth ifgyki xkao esa clX;k vj oS P;k:esj *ÅtG [k=h* jS ukao lwa ekuht.k ykX;kA îfgyki* eka;oS rhu rGkc c.kok;kA

m.kh o[kr jko pwaMk eqlGekuka uS ekj*j ukxkSj ekFkS dCtkS dj fy;kS gkS b.k dj.k esgkth ukxkSjtk;*j jko pwaMk lwa feG~;kA iNS os ifgyki xkao NksM*j ukxkSj jS HkwaMsy xkao eka; vkijkS fBdk.kkS c.kk;kSA jkopwaMk jkS tn tksb;ka ljnkjka lwa tq/k gq;kS rn pwaMk jh QkSt esa esgkth jks csVks vkYg.klh ?k.kh ohjrk lwa yM+;kSvj ohjxfr ikbZA b.k ?kVuk lwa esgkth Hkksr nq[kh gq;kA

esgkth uS lqxulkL= jks rdM+kS X;ku gks vj oS lqxu ns[k*j cMh lwa cMh foirh uS ns[k ysaork vjlkopsr gq; tk;k djrkA b.k fo/kk jkS mi;ksx oS tudY;k.k jS dkeka eka; dj~;kS vj [kklk txpkok c.kX;kAvkf[kj eka; tSlGesj jS jko jk.kxnso HkkVh lwa tq/k djrk Fkdka oS ohjxfr ikbZA

esgkth jkS lxGkS tho.k /kje jh fj{kk dj.k lk: vj {kf=; /keZ jkS iky.k dj.k lk: chR;kS] m.kkatudY;k.k jk dsbZ dkjt dhuk] b.kh dkj.k lwa esgkth uS yksdnsork ekU;k tkoS vj iwT;k tkoS gSA

8- gM+cwth ¼lka[kyk½

yksdnsork gM+cwth lka[kyk jS tye vj ej.k jS ckcr dksbZ tk.kdkjh bfrgkldkjka duS dksuhA ukgh fd.kh HkkV jh cgh eka; b.k ckcr ftdj feGSA brjh*d tk.kdkjh t:j feGS gS*dS gM+cwth jks vly ukaogjHktu gks vj pkoks ukao gj Hkw gkS ftdkS fcxM+*j ^gM+cw* c.kX;kSA vS esgkth lka[kyk jk csVk gkA vkFkw.kSjktLFkku jS ikap pkok ihjka eka; nks vsM+k ihj gS ftdk eka; cki&csVs jkS fjLrks fOg;ks ;kfu esgkth vjgM+cwthA vkijS firkth esgkth jS nsoyksd gq;k ikNS gM+cwth nq[kh gq;X;k gk vj HkwaMsy NksM*j fudGX;kApkyrk&pkyrk QGkSnh duS gjHketkG xkao eka; vkijkS MsjkS yxk;kS] vBS okajh HksaV ckck jkensoth lwa gqbZAgM++cwth ckck jkensoth jh eklh jk csVk gk vj ckck jkenso jk ?k.kk gh uSM+k jSo.k okGk laxh gkA ckck jkensogM+cwth jS lk: vsd nwgks dS;k djrk gk &

gMcw th lka[kyk gj ne gkftj] xkao ckaxVh ekghAnwth nsg Egkjh gh tk.kksa] gka ekSlh tk;k HkkbZAA

b.k nwgs lwa vk tk.kdkjh OgS dS gM+cwth ^cSaxVh* xkao jk jSo.k okGk vj ckck jkenso jh mej jk ghgkA gM+cwth vj ckck jkenso th gjsd tq/k esa lkFkS yM+;k vj okajS gjSd dkjt esa lkFk fuHkk;ksA b.k dkj.ktuekul eka; gM+cwth jkS Hkh cks gh eku gS tdksS ckck jkensoth jkS gSA

yksd /kkj.k gS*dS ft.k cxr ckck jkenso lekf/k yhuh gh] gM+cw dBSbZ nwth tkxka x;kSM+k gkA xkaovk;k iNS okauS b.k ckcr tk.kdkjh feGh dS ckck jkenso lekf/k ys yhuh gSA oka uS Hkksr nq[k gq;kS vj oS m.khc[kr :.khpS jokuS gq;X;kA gM+cwth ft.k c[kr :.khps jh vksj.k eka; iwX;k m.k c[kr okauS jkensoth vsdisM+ uhps [kM+k feG~;kA gM+cwth jkth gq;kA FkksM+h*d nsj m.kka lwa ckrka dj.k jS ckn ckck jkensoth m.kka uSvsd jru dVksjks vj vsd lksgu pqfV;ks nh;ks vj dS;ks dS vs ?kjka ns nhtkS Egwa FkksM+h*d nsj esa vkowa gwaA vsnksU;wa phtka ckck jh lekf/k jS eka; m.kka jS lkxS gh jk[khth ghA

vs nksU;wa phtka ys*j gM+cwth ckck jkensoth jS ?kjka iwX;k vj okauS dS;ks dS Fks D;wa nq[kh gq; jS;k gksckck jkensoth gky rkabZ thoS gS Egwa vckj b*t oka lwa feG*j vk;ks gwa vj vks dVksjks vj pqfV;ks m.kka b*tEguS nh;ks gSA m.kh c[kr lxGk t.kka vksj.k dkauh HkkX;k i.k m.k c[kr rkabZa ckck jkenso ikNk vUrj/kkugq;xkA

gM+cwth lnk bZ ckck jkenso jh lh[k uS vkxs c/kko.k jkS dke dj~;kSA okauS ckSr cMkS lqxuh]opufl/k vj peRdkjh iq:l ekU;kS tkoSA b.kh dkj.k lwa dkykUrj eka; m.kka uS Hkh yksd nsork jks eku

142

feY;kSA gM+cwth jh vsd folkG ewjr vkt Hkh eMksj eka; c.;kSM+h nsorkaoka jh lkG eka; ykX;ksM+h gSA b.kka jks[kkl Fkku cSaxVh xkao esa gS tBS vkt Hkh yksx njl.k dj.k lk: tkoS vj vkijh eukSrh iwjh gq;k iNS b.kfeanj eka; Fkkfir ^gM+cwth jh xkMh* jh iwtk djSA

14-4 yksd nsfo;ka

1- fgaxGkt ekrk

Hkkjr jS lxrh ihBka eka; fgaxGkt jh eksVh ekurk gSA nsl jS bD;kou lfDr ihBka eka; iSyks lfDrihB fgaxGkt jkS fx.khtSA *ra=pwM+kef.k* vj *ogéhyra=* eka; vks Fkku ^fgaxqGk* vj ^f'kopfjr* ra= xazFk eka;Hkh ^fgaxqGk* ukao lwa tk.khtSA

vks dghtS dS ft.k o[kr Hkxoku ^f'ko* lrh jh Ygkl vkijS dka/ks fy;ka vBh&oBh ?kwe jS;k gk rksHkxoku ^fo".kq* vkijS lqnlZ.k pØ lwa lrh jh nsg jkS Nsnu dj~;kSA m.k o[kr m.k tkxka lrh jS dV~;kSM+s ekFkSjS iM+.k jh ekurk gSA D;wa*dS lrhth jh ekax eka; fgaxGw ¼dqedqe½ Hkj~;kSM+ks gks b.k dkj.k b.k ^'kfDr ihB*jkS ukao fgaxqGkt iM+;kSA =srktqx eka; Jhjke tn jko.k jks o/k dj~;kS rn czã gR;k jS iki lwa eqxfr iko.k[kkrj fgaxGkt rhjFk jh tk=k dj~;ka iNS b*t oS iki lwa eqxr gq;kA

eka fgaxGkt ckcr pkj.k lekt eka; vks foLokl gS dS oka ^vk| 'kfDr* jS :i eka; FkV~Bs lS*j¼flU/k ikfdLrku½ eka; ^xksjfc;k* lk[k jS pkj.k gfjnkl jS ?kjka vorkj yhuks vj pkj.k lekt eka; vkt bZvk ekurk gS dS FkV~Bs lS*j jh tk= vj fgaxGkt jh tk=k jks iqu cjkscj gSA b.k rj~S vk| 'kfDr* eka fgaxGktvj pkj.k nsoh fgaxGkt b.k Hkkar ,dkdkj gS nksU;ka uS U;kjh&U;kjh dksuh djh tk; ldSA

fgaxGkt rhjFk flU/kq unh jS Nksj lwa 80 ehy vkFkw.kS vj vjc lkxj lwa 12 ehy mrjknS vk;ksM+ks gSAft.k tkxka fxfjekGk] edjku vj ywl uS vGxk djS] m.kh tkxka fxfjekGk jS Nksj ekFkS fgaxGkt rhjFk gSAigkM+ jh vsd va/ksjh xqQk eka; feanj gS] cBS fcjktS gS egkek;k fgaxGkt nsohA tn ikfdLrku jkS tye uhagq;kS gks vj Hkkjr jh vkFkw.kh lhek vQxkfuLrku vj bZjku rkabZ gh] m.k o[kr fgaxGkt rhjFk fgUnqoka jkSizeq[k rhjFk ekU;ks tkorks gksA cyqfpLrku jk jSoklh eqlGeku Jh fgaxGkt nsoh jh iwtk cM+S pko lwa djrkvj eka fgaxGkt uS ûkuh* dSaork vj mBS jh rjFk tk=k uS ûkuh jkS gt* dSaorkA feanj eka; yky diM+ks]vxjcrh] eksecrh] brj vj ijlkn p<kaorkA ikfdLrku c.k.kS lwa iSyk ^fgaxGkt 'kfDr ihB* fgUnqoka vjeqlGekuka jks vsd bZ egkrhjFk gq;k djrkS gkSA iSyh fgaxGkt nsoh jh tk=k djkph ¼flU/k ikfdLrku½ lwa ÅaVkekFkS ;k QSj iSny gq;k djrh ghA ÅaVka ekFkS vk tk=k pUnzdwi gq;*j 25 fnuka eka; fgaxGkt iwxrh vj ikNkvkaorh osGk pUnzdwi uha tk.kS lwa 20 fnuka eka; djkph iwxrhA djkph jS ukxukFk jS v[kkM+S lwa vk tk=k l:gqaorhA pkGhl&pkGhl feu[kka jks >qaM vsds lkxS tk=k ekFkS fudGrksA tk=k jh vxqvkbZ dj.k okGs rhjFkiqjksfgr ;k i.Ms uS NM+hnkj dSaorkA djkph lwa NS&lkr ehy jS vkarjS ekFkS ^gko* unh cSoSA ^gko* unh jS b.kfdukjs flU/k izkUr jh lhek lekIr gqoS vj unh ikj dj.kS ij cyqfpLrku jS ^yklcsyk* jkT; jh lhek l:gqoSA ^yklcsyk* lqrarj jkT; gkSA m.kh yklcsyk jkT; eka; nsoh fgaxGkt fcjktSA

^gko* unh lwa tk=k l: dj.kS lwa iSyak tkf=;ka uS lkSxu ys.kh iM+S &

^tn rkabZ EgSa yksx fgaxGkt ekrk jk njl.k dj*j ikNk b.k tkxka uha iwxka rn rkbZa EgSa laU;kl /kjejkS iky.k djlkaA vsd nwtS jh lxrh lk: lgk;rk djlkaA fd.kh lkFkS bZl[kks }Sl dksuh jk[kka vj fd.kh[kkrj vi.kS eu eka; fuank Hkko uha jk[kka i.k fd.kh gkyr eka; vi.kh dsryh jkS ik.kh dksbZ uS uha nsokaA vBkarkbZa dS /k.kh vkijh yqxkbZ uS] yqxkb&/k.kh uS] csVks&cki uS] cki&csVs uS] eka&csVs uS vj csVks&eka rdkn uSvi.kh dsryh jkS ik.kh dksuh nsosA tS b.k fu;e uS rksM+lh rks m.k jh ekSr fufLpr gqoSxhA*

fgaxGkt tk=k jkS vks Hkh fu;e gS dS gj tkrjh vsd&vsd jksVh ÅaVokGs uS bZ nsosyk vj tS ekjxeka; dksbZ dqvks vkoS vj tk=h mBS BSj*j jksVh c.kkoS&[kkoS rks vsd&vsd jksVh dqvsokGs uS Hkh nsosykA lkFkS

143

bZ nl&chl dksl jS vksGs&nksGs tS dnkl dksbZ ?kVuk gqoS rks m.k jh lwpuk cks dqvsokGks bZ iqfyl pkSdh rkabZaiqxkoSykA e:FkG jk vs tG dsUnz yklcsyk jkT; jk lwp.kk dsUnz gq;k djrk gkA tkrjk jS ekjx eka; pUnzdwijks Fkku vkoS tBS fgaxGkt tkrjk jkS gqde yso.kks iM+SA pUnzdwi HkLeh&HkHkwrh jkS feanj gSA P;k:aesj Mjko.kksvj Hk;kud njl futj tkoS ftrS rkabZa ekVh jk igkM+ nhlS] fcpkGS vsd Åaps igkM+ jS fljoj lwa /kqavksfudGrks jsoSA vks bt gS gj o[kr /kqavks mxGrks pUnzdwi ljksoj tBS lcjS ikika jks ukl gqoSA pUnzdwi vsdnGnGh ljksoj gSA ljksoj jS eka; /k/kdrh vkx [kncnrS nGnG uS Åij mNkGSA b.k BkSM+ tkrjhvki&vkijS gkFk eka; ukGsj ys;*j vi.kh ftanxh eka; dj~;kSM+k ikika jh lxGka lkeh tksj&tksj lwa cksy*jgkeG Hkjrka Fkdka m.k nGnG eka; vkijks ukGsj QSadsA tS dksbZ tkrjh dj~;kSM+kS iki fNiko.k jh dksfll djhgqoS rks QSaD;ksM+k ukGSj m.k nGnG ekFkS bt frjrks jSoSA blk tkf=;ka uS vkxS Hkxorh fgaxGkt jk njl.kklk: tko.k jkS gqde dksuh feGS i.k ft.kka tkf=;ka jks ukGsj nGnG eka; xqe tkoS m.kka uS vkxS jh tkrjkdj.k jkS gqde feGSA tS dnkl fd.kh tkrjh jkS ukGsj nGnG ikNks ckjS Qsad nsos rks cks tkrjh cM+kS bZHkkxoku ekuhtSA

ekrk fgaxGkt jS EgSy rkabZa iwx.k jS ekjx eka; v?kksj unh dsbZ ckj vkoSA eka fgaxGkt jh yhyk U;kjhgSA unh jkS ik.kh dBSbZ [kkjks feGs rks dBSbZ ehBkSA unh jS ijyS iklh ftdk Mwaxj nhlS m.kka eka; bt ekafgaxGkt jh xqQk gS b.k fdukjS tkrjh jkrhtxks djS vj nwtS fnu v?kksj unh eka; fluku djS vj fgaxGktegkihB jS ihBkf/kifr v?kksjh ckck uS nku&nf[k.kk ns;*j unh jS m.k ikj iwx*j ekbZ jS EgSy uS ikj djSA nwtSfnu v?kksj dqaM eka; fluku dj xhyS diM+k eka; gh pky.kks iM+SA iNS diM+k fupkSM+*j EgSy eka; yksx cM+SAfgaxGkt nsoh jk dqnjrh EgSy] ;{kk jk c.kk;ksM+k ekbZ jk EgSy cktSA pkGhl gkFk Åaaph jaxjaxhyS yVdrS HkkVkajh dqnjrh NkrA jaxjaxhyks vkax.kks ft.k ekFkS Hkkar&Hkkar jk jaxhu fprjkeA gjh gjh nwc jkS vkax.kkS vj lkSjejh ?kejksG epkaorka Qwyka jk >kM+A [kG[kG djrkS fujeG ik.kh jks >j.kks vsd tknwuxjh&lh y[kkoSA m.kuS xqQk dSoka dS EgSy dSoka dS bZl jh vuks[kh dGkA

ekrk fgaxGkt jh xqQk eka; xqMkfG;k pky*j cM+.kkS iM+SA eka ^vk| 'kfDr*] ^T;ksfreZ;* txtuuh ekafgaxGkt jk njl.kA vn~Hkqr njl] vdFk vuqHkoA tue&tue jk iki&lki&rki jkS ukl gq; tkoS vjvkRek lwa va/kkjkS yksi gqo.k ykxS vj fgjnkS vsd vn~Hkqr mtkl lwa Hkj tkoSA vsd cM+s Fkku ekFkS flanwj vjyky clrka lwa fla.kxkj;kSM+kS eka fgaxGkt nsoh jkS izLrj gS ft.k vkxS v[kaM tksr txSA

fgaxGkt nsoh jk njl.k dj*j ikNh vkaorh osGk Hkh vsd ladM+s ekjx lwa vko.kkS iM+S ftdS lwa ckjSfudG.k lk: tkf=;ka uS isV jS cG jsax*j ckjS fudGukS iM+S tk.kS eka jh xHkZ tw.k lwa fudG~;k OgSA ckjSfudGrk bZ v?kksjh ckcks ekGk iSjkoS vj dSos dS ^tks dqN Hkh vki vBS ns[;kS gS ;k eSlwl dj~;kS gS oks Hkwylwa Hkh fd.kuS bZ crko.kkS dksuhA*

eka fgaxGkt ^'kfDr ihB* 51 ^'kfDr ihBka* eka; lwa iSyks ekuhtSA b.k jh tkrjk dj.k okGs jkS cks bZlueku ftrkS dS vsd eqlGeku jh êDdk 'kjhQ* jh tkrjk dj.kS ij feGSA pkj.k lekt eka; vk ekurkgS dS tn Hkh dksbZ pkj.k tye ysos rks feanj jk ?kaVk vkikS&vki ckt.k ykx tkoSA

2- vkoM+ nsoh

nsoh Jh vkoM+th uS fgaxGkt ekrk jkS vorkj ekuhtSA b.kka jkS vorkj pkj.k dqG eka; mEeVns jSukao law gq;kS gkSA pkj.k dqG eka pkj nsfo;ka jkS vorkj gq;kS ftdS ckcr ,d nwgks tx pkoks gS&

vkoM+ rwBh HkkVh;ka] xhxkbZ xksM+kagAJh fczoM+ fllksfn;ka] dj.kh jkBksM+kagAA

b.k nwgs jkS eryc gS*dS pkj.kka eka; vorkjh vkoM+th] xhaxkbZth] cjoM+th vj dj.khth jktiwrka jhpkj tkfr;ka HkkVh] xkSM+] fllksfn;k vj jkBkSM+k jh dqynsoh c.kh vj okajS jktdkt jks foLrkj dj~;kSA

vkoM+ nsoh jk iwoZt lÅok lk[kk jk pkj.k psykth ekM+ iznsl jS psyd gds eka; jSaork gkA psykth

144

jk oalat gk ekefM+;kthA ekefM+;kth nsoh fgaxGkt jk ije Hkxr gkA ekM+ iznsl jh jkt/kkuh gh ykSnzoiqjvj jktk gk tlHkka.k ijekjA tlHkka.kth ekefM+;kth jks ?k.kks vknj djrk gkA tlHkka.kth jks uSe gkS*dS tnHkh oS iwtkikB dj*j ckjS fudGS m.kka uS lxGka lwa iSyh ekefM+;kth jkS ewaMkS b*t nh[kS D;wa*dS oS nsohiq= gSAvsd*j fd.kh dke lwa ekefM+;kth c[kr ij ugha vk; lD;k vj okajh tkXkka tSuh ckaBh;ks lsB vk;X;kSA chajkS ewaMkS ns[k*j tlHkka.kth Hkksr ukjkt gq;kA tn lsB dS;ks dS Egwa rks csVsvkGkS gwa QSj ch Fks EgkjkS ewaMkS ns[k*jukjkt gq; jS;k gkS] cks ekefM+;ks rks fuiwrkS gS cha jkS eawMkS rks dksbZ Hkh uha ns[k.kks pkoSA vk ckr lq.k*jekefM+;kth ?k.kk nq[kh OgS;kA oS vks ladGi dj~;kS dS lkr ckj nsoh fgaxGkt jh iSnG tkrjk djL;waA lkrohatk=k iNS nsoh fgaxGkt oka uS ojnku ekax.k jkS dS;kS tn ekefM+;kth nsoh uS b*t vkijS ?kjka tye yso.kjh vjnkl djhA nsoh m.kka uS ojnku fn;kS dS rwa EgkjS vBS lkr ckj vk;kS gS b.k dkj.k Egwa FkkjS vBS lkrNksfj;ka jS :i esa tye yslwa vj lkFkS vsd HkkbZ Hkh ys;*j vklwa i.k vsd ckr /;ku jk[ktS dS Fkkjh ?kjokGhlnk iforj jSoS] [kk[kj jS :a[k jkS iky.kkS c.kkbtS] m.kuS yky jax lwa jax nhtS] ?kjokGh uS dghtS dS fnuwxSmB*j fluku dj*j lq/k eu lwa EgkjkS flej.k dj*j iky.kS uS lkr ghaMk nsoS vj iky.ks uS yky diM+s lwa <dnsoSA vks Hkh /;ku dS b.k ckr jkS ijpkj ugha djSA ekefM+;kth ?kjka vk;*j vkijh ?kjokGh eksgojrh uS lxGhckr crkbZA eksgojrh T;wa ekrkth fgaxGktth dS;ks m.kh Hkkar lxGk dkjt dj~;kA b.k rjs foØeh laor 808jh pSr lqnh ukSoeh uS Jh mEeVns jS :i vkoM+th tye fy;kSA nsoh fgaxGkt jS opuka jS eqtc vkoM+th jSvorkj ckn eka ekefM+;kth jS N dU;koka HkGS Ogh vj vkBoksa ckyd gq;kSA

yxksrkj ckjS cjlka rkbZ ekM+ iznsl esa dkG iM+~;kS ftdS lwa oBS jS yksxka jks tho.kks nwHkj gq;X;kSA tncS yksxka ekefM+;kth uS dS;kS dS tS Fks lxGS ifjokj vj vkoM+th uS lkxS ys;*j pkyks rks vkika lxGkuku.kkx<+ pkyka oBS ?k.kh [kqlgkGh gSA ugha rks EgS Hkh uha tkoka D;wa oBS ;ouka jks jkt gSA vkoM+th uS m.kyksxka ekFkS n;k vk;xh vj oS vkijs ?kjokGka uS uku.kkx< pky.k lk: R;kj dj fy;kA dSbZ fnuka jh tk=kiNS vs yksx uku.kkx<+ iwX;kA b.k fcpkGS ekjx esa ?k.kk bZ yksx b.kk jS lkxS gqaork x;k ftdk dkG jhfoHkhfldk lwa ihfM+r gkA ¼uku.kx< vckj ikfdLrku jS Hkkoyiqj lwa mrjk/ks 20 dksl ekFkS cL;ksM+kS gSA½uku.kx<+ iwx*j vs yksx uxj lwa 2 dksl nwj gdM+k nfj;ko [kuS vkijh >ksaifM+;k c.kkbZA Hkxorh vkoM+thjh fdjik lwa yksx dke /ka/kk ekFkS ykxX;k vj vk.kan lwa jSo.k ykX;kA ekefM+;kth vkijh Nksj~;ka uS pj[kkyk;*j ns fn;k vj dS;ks dS lwr dkrrk jSokS b.k lwa c[kr Hkh fudGrks jSlh vj lwr lwa ftdkS diM+ks c.klhm.kuS csp*j vkaika jkS xqtkjkS pkyrkS jSlhA

uku.kx< jkS cknlkg gks vnulwejk vj oBS jk nhoku gq;k djrk tSuh dqlylkg ckaBh;kA nhokuthjh vsd dU;k gh d.krhA d.krh pkj.kk jh >ksifM+;ka dkauh vk;k djrh gh vj vkoM+th jk njl.k djrhAd.krh fujh nsj rkabZ vkoM+th [kuS cSBh jSaorhA nsoh lxrh lwa pj[kka ekFkS lwr vkikSvki drrks jSaorksa vjd.krh lkxS vs lkrwa cSuk [ksyrh jSaorhA pj[kk ekFkS lwr vkikSvki drrks ns[k*j ekefM+;kth vj okajh ?kjokGhuS foLokl gqX;kS dS vkoM+th nsoh jkS b*t vorkj gSA

d.krh ?k.khckj gdM+k nfj;ko eka; fluku dj.k lk: tk;k djrh ghA vsdj ck vkoM+th vj okajhcSguk uS vkijS lkxS fluku dj.k lk: pky.k jkS dS;ksA ekefM+;kth jh ?kjokGh euk dj nhukS vj dS;ks dSb.kka jS ckiw b.kkauS ?kj lwa ckjS fudGuS jkS euk dj~;ksM+ks gSA d.kth dS;kS dS nfj;ko [kuS rks taxG gS dksbZfeu[k rks oBS gqoS dksuh cks rks fujt.k gS vsdj pky*j ns[k rks yksA ckdh lxGh cSuk jkS eu ns[k*j vkoM+thnfj;ko tko.k lk: R;kj gqX;kA nfj;ko [kuS iwx*j oka ns[;kS dS tkxka rks lwuh b*t gSA tn cS lxGh ck;kavkijk diM+k cM+ jS :a[k uhps jk[k*j nfj;ko esaa Ugko.k ykxxhA

m.k c[kr uku.kkx<+ jS cknlkg vnjlwejk jS csVs uwju jks Hkk;yks ywafp;ks ukbZ oBS b*t Mksyk [kk;jS;ks gks] oks b.kkuS Ugkaorka ns[k fy;k vj okajk diM+ka uS vkijh NM+h lwa Nqvk fn;kA tn lxGh ck;ka flukudj*j nfj;ko lwa ckjS vk;h rks vkoM+th vkijh fnO; futj lwa lxGh ckr jks /;ku dj*j dS;ks dS vBS fd.khfeu[k jS vko.k jk fulk.k gS vj m.k feu[k vka diM++k uS vlq/k dj fn;k gS b.k dkj.k vs diM+k vcS iSj.k

145

tksx uha jS;k gSA vc taxG eka; uwaok diM+k dhadj vkoS\ rn vkoM+th vkijh lxrh lwa [kqn lesr lxGhcSuk uS lkai c.kk; fn;k vj >ksiM+h dkauh pky ifM+;kA

b.k fcpkGS ywafp;ks ukbZ egy eka; tk;*j vkijS Hkk;ys vj cknlkg jS csVs uwju uS lxGh cSuk jh[kwclwjrh jS ckcr crk;kSA uwju ywfp;s uS ys;*j ?kksM+s ekFkS p<*j nfj;ko dkauh vk;kS i.k oBS cS ck;ka uS ughans[k lD;k D;wa*dS oS rks lkai c.kxh ghA uwju uS jhl vk;h vj oks ywafp;s uS cd.k ykX;kSA ywafp;ks uwju uSokajk diM+k ns[kk;k vj vkijh ckr ij tE;ks jS;ksA dSbZ nsj rkabZ uwju oBS ckykoka uS ns[k.k lk: vMhdrksjS;ksA Qsj cks m.k lkr lkaik jS pky.k jS fulk.kk uS ns[krks ns[krks ekefM+;kth jh >ksaiM+h rkbZa vk;X;kSA tnvkoM+th [kqn vj okajh cSuk flag.kh c.k*j >ksaiM+h eka; cSBX;kA uwju vk ns[k*j ikNks x;kS ijkS vj vkijS ckivnulwejk uS dS;ks dS Egwa ekefM+;kth jh ck;ka lwa C;kao djlwaA vnulwejk chuS ?k.kkS le>k;ks i.k cks uhaekU;ksA tn cknlkg ekefM+;kth uS cqyk;k vj okauS dS;ks dS Fkkjh ckykoka jkS C;kao Egkjs csVs lkxS dj nSAekefM+;kth dS;ks dS Fks eqlGeku vj EgS fgUnw vkS C;kao fd;ka gq; ldSA tn cknlkg dS;ks dS jkth[kqlhdjykS rks Bhd gS ugha t.kS EgSa tcjnLrh dj ysL;kaA ekefM+;kth MjX;k vj vkijS ?kjka vk;X;kA ?kjS vk*j?kjokGh vj ck;ka uS cd.k ykX;k dS Egsa FkkuSa ?kj lwa ckjS fudG.k lk: euk dj~;kS gks QSj Fks ckjS x;hAcknlkg jS csVs jk vkneh FkkauS ns[k yh gS vcS cknlkg ftn dj yh gS dS FkkjkSa C;ko chjS csVs lkxS dj nwaugha rks /kedh nh gSA m.kka EguS lkr fnuka jkS c[kr fn;kS gS fuj.kS dj.k [kkrjA vk ckr lq.k*j HkxorhvkoM+th dS;kS dS ekrk fgaxGkt vkika jS lkxS gS m.k nqLV jh brh fgEer uha gq; ldS dS okS EgkjS lkxS C;kodj ldSA Egwa [kqn tk*j cknlkg uS le>kÅaykA

b.k fcpkGS cknlkg gdM+k nfj;ko jS ukfodka uS cqyk;*j dS; fn;kS dS ekefM+;kth vj m.kka jSifjokjokGk uS nfj;ko ikj Ugha djk.kks gSA b.k jS vykok cknlkg vkijS flikbZ;ka uS nfj;ko jS fdukjS rSukrdj fn;k rkfd dksbZ nfj;ko lwa Hkkx ugha ldSA

Hkxorh vkoM+th lsjko HkkVh uS lkxS ys;*j cknlkg vnulwejk jS njckj eka; x;k vj irlkg uSle>ko.k jh dksfll djh i.k cks Ugha ekU;kS rn vkoM+th tksjnkj vÍgkl dj*j dS;ks dS vnulwejk vcS Fkkjksvar vk;X;kS gS] EgkajS lkxS vU;ko dj.k jkS eryc gS FkkjS lxGS dqG jkS uklA okajS vÍgkl lwa lewpkS Hkou/kwt.k ykxX;kS vj yksxka eka; gkgkdkj epX;kSA vk ckr dS;*j vkoM+th lsjkoth HkkVh lkxS ikNk ?kjkavk;X;kA ?kjS vk;*j dS;kS dS fla>~;kuS vkika lxGk vkiakjS nsl ¼tSlGesj½ ekM+ [kkrj jokuS gqokayk vjdqlylkg ckaB;k uS Hkh dSok; nks dS cS Hkh pky.kks pkoS rks d.krh uS ys;*j vkiakjS lkxS pky ldSA yksxkauS ladk gq;h dS dSbZ dksl pkSM+ks gdM+ks nfj;ko dhdj ikj djkaykA

fla>~;k uS vkoM+th dqlylkg jh csVh d.krh vj ekM+ lwa lkxS vk;ksM+k lxGk yksxka uS nfj;ko jSfdukjS ekFkS HksGk dj~;k vj nfj;ko lwa vjnkl djh dS EgSa lxGk ft.k eqlhcr esa gka vj /kje jh fj{kk [kkrjikNk Egkjs nsl tko.kksa pkoka b.k dkj.k EgkuS ekjx nsvks i.k nfj;ko vkijh ekSt eka; bZ pkyrks jS;kAvkoM+th vkijS lkxS jS yksxka uS dS;ks dS vkxs jsfxLrku feGsyk b.k [kkrj vki&vkijk cjr.k ik.kh lwa HkjY;kSvj cSuk uS dS;ks dS isV Hkj*j ik.kh ihY;ks vkxs iho.k lk: ik.kh ugha feGsykA QSj b.k Hkkar vkoM+th lkrpGw eka; lxGkS nfj;ko [kkyh dj fn;kSA iNS vkoM+th lxGka uS dS;kS dS vcS nfj;ko ikj dj*j vkika jSnsl ekM+ pkykSA oBS lwa jokuk gq;ka iNS 20 dksl vkxS tk;*j fn[k.k fnlk eka; ,d cM+ jS uhps foljke dj.klk: :D;kA

vkoM+th jkS vks iSyks peRdkj gkS ftdkS oka yksxka uS fn[kk;kSA

nwtS fnu fnuwxS tn uku.kkx<+ jk jSoklh gdM+k nfj;ko ekFkS x;k rks m.k eka; vsd Vksiks Hkh ik.khuha ns[k*j gSjku gq;X;kA cknlkg uS tn vk [kcj feGh rks oks Hkh MjX;kS vj le>X;kS dS vk vkoM+th jhdjkekr gSA m.k c[kr chuS vkijS csVs uwju jS ej.ks jh [kcj Hkh feGh vj m.kjS ewaMs lwa jxr fudG jS;ks gkSAQSj ch cknlkg vkijS flikbZ;ka uS vkoM+th vj iwjs dkQys jkS ihNks dj.k jkS gqde fn;kSA cknlkg jk flikbZ

146

tn okajkS ihNkS djrk&djrk ckgyk ukao ekFkS iwX;k rks vkoM+th okauS HkLe gqo.k jkS fljki fn;kS vj oS lxGkHkLe gq;X;kA

b.k Hkkar lwejk uS uLV dj*j nsoh vkoM+th vj okajks VksGks vkxS jokuS gq;*j ^vkabZ rks* ukao jh txkaiwX;k rks lkxS jS yksxka vj ekM+ iznsl jk yksxka m.kk jkS tksjnkj eku dj~;kSA cBS lwa nks dksl nwj dkGs MwaxjekFkS jS;k ft.k lwa m.k jkS uke dkGMwaxj ekuhT;kSA vkt ch dkGs Mwaxj ekFkS vkoM+th jks feanj c.k;ksM+ks gSAb.k c[kr rkabZ vkoM+th jh [;kr nwj nwj rd QSyxh gh ftdS uS lq.k lq.k*j yksx okajk njl.k lk: dkGSMwaxj vko.k ykX;kA ykSnzoiqj jk jktk tlHkka.k ijekj m.kka jk njl.k dj.kuS vk;k gkA oBS lwa pky*jvkoM+th Hkkstklj rGkc fdukjS vk;X;kA m.k txka ch ?k.kk bZ yksx m.kka jS njl.k lk: iwx.k ykX;kA vBSvkoM+th Hkkstkljh nsoh jS :i esa ekuhT;kA

Hkkstklj lwa jokus gq;*j vkoM+th ,sgi* ukao jh txka :D;kA oBS fd.kh ckr uS ys;*j okajh vkijS HkkbZegj[ksth lwa cksypky gq;xh vj cS okauS ljki ns fn;kSA ljki jS ijHkko lwa egj[ksth uS iho.kksa lkai dkVfy;kS vj cS csgksl gq;X;kA yksd /kkj.kk gS dS iho.kS lkai jS dkV~;kSM+S jkS tS vxys fnu lwjt jS fudGuS lwaiSyh bykt uha gqoS rks cks ej tkoSA NksVh cSuk vj nwtk ?kjokGk vkoM+th uS dS;kS dS vcS dkabZ djkaA tnvkoM+th dS;kS dS EgSaZ bejr ys;*j vkÅa ftdS uS ih;*j egjs[kth ikNk th tkoSykA i.k tS bejr yko.k uSc[kr ykxX;kS rks lwjt Hkxoku uS Åx.k lwa dq.k jksdsykA rn okajh dkdkslk jh csVh ykaxns dS;kS dS Egwa irkGyksd lwa bejr ys vklwa FkS lwjtth uS jksd fy;kA ykaxns jS jokuk gq;ka iNS vkoM+th lwjt Hkxoku lwa vjnkldjh dS Egkjh cSu bejr yko.k uS x;h gS tn rkabZa ok ikNh ugha vkoS FkS mX;k erA vjnkl lq.k*j lwjtHkxoku lksyg ?kaVka rkabZa :D;k jS;k vj /kjrh uS vkijh ,sMh lwa jksD;ks jk[;kS rkfd ok ?kweu ugha ldSA lksGgigj ckn ykaxns bejr ys;*j vk;xh vj iNS egj[ksth uS bejr ik;*j ikNks thaorkS dj~;kSA

nsxjk; lwa 12 dksl mRrj ekFkS cksj Vhyks ukao jh vsd tkxak gS ftdh r.kksV jS ekjx esa vkoS ¼vk tkxkackn esa Hkknfj;k jS ukao lwa ekuhth vj vkoM+nsoh Hkknfj;k jk; uke lwa iwthT;kS½A m.k Vhys ekFkS r.kksV jkjktk r.kqjko vj m.kka jh jk.kh lkjaxns :D;kSM+k gkA oka vkoM+th uS luslks djk;kS dS oS m.kka jS njl.k lk:vko.kk pkoSA tn vkoM+th ikNkS dSok;ks dS Egwa [kqn r.kksV tkowayk vj ekjx esa cksj VhGS vk;*j okauS njl.knsowaykA vkoM+th cksj Vhys i/kkj~;k tn okajks [kwc eku gq;kSA r.kksV jk jktk vj okajk ?kjokGk vkoM+nsoh vjokajh cSuk jh iwtk vjpuk djh vj vklhl ekaxhA jktk r.kqjko cksj VhyS jS vkl&ikls jS 24 dksl ?ksjs eka;nsoh jh vksj.k FkjikbZ ftdh vkt ch ekStwn gSA vsd fnu vkoM+th r.kqjko uS dS;kS dS tBS vckj FkS jS; jS;kgks oBS vsd fdyks c.kkvks vj chajkS ukao r.kkSV jk[kks vj oBS b*t Egkjks vsd feanj c.kkokSA Egwa [kqn vk;*jfdys vj feanj jh *ijfr"Bk* d:ayhA vckj rks Egwa ikNh ekM+ iznsl tkÅa gwa oBS dSbZ jk{kl mRikr epk; jS;kgS okauS ekj.kk gSA

Jh r.kksV jk; nqxZ vj okajks feanj vkt Hkh flj/kk lwa iwthtSA fgUnqLrku ikfdLrku jh lhek ekFkSc.k;kSM+s b.k feanj jh :[kkGh fgUnqLrkuh QkSth djSA yksd /kkj.k gS dS bZLoh lu~ 1965 jS fgUnqLrkuikfdLrku tq/k eka; ikfdLrkuh lsuk xksGkckjh dj*j b.k feanj vj bZa tkxk ij dCtkS dj.k jh dksfll djh]i.k ekrkth jh fdjik lwa vsd Hkh fgUnqLrkuh QkSth lghn ugha gq;kS tndS ikfdLrku jk 400 QkSth ekj~;kX;kvj ikfdLrkuh QkSt ikNh HkktxhA

Hkknfj;k lwa ikNk vk;*j vkoM+ ekrk ekM+ iznsl jS jk{klk jkS var dj~;kS vj oBS lkafr c.kkbZA iNSokauS [kcj feGh dS tSlyesj lwa lkr dksl n[k.k fnlk eka; xjykÅos igkM+ ekFkS vsd Hk;adj jk{kl rseM+sjks vkrad QSY;kSM+ks gSA vkoM+th xjykÅos igkM+ dkauh vkijh cSuk lkxS jokuk gq;kA oBS iwx*j rseM+s uS ekj~;kSvj vkijh cSuka uS dS;kS ^rs eM+ks NS* ;kfu rseM+ks jk{kl ej~;kSM+kS iM~;kS gSA iNS vkoM+th m.k xqQk uS bZ vkijkSfBdk.kkS c.kk; fy;kSA bykds jS yksxka uS tn Bk iM+h dS rseM+ks ejX;kS gS rn oS nsoh vkoM+th jh iwtk dj.klk: igkM+ ekFkS iwx.k ykxkA vkoM+th ^rseM+k jk;* jS ukao lwa ekuht.k ykxX;kA

147

vkoM+th jkS egkiz;k.k

vkoM+th vkijh feu[k tw.k eka; b.k /kjrh ij 191 cjlka rkbZa jS;k vj b.k leS m.kka dSbZ peRdkjdj~;kA ekM+ iznsl jS nSR;k uS ekj*j lkafr c.kk;h] HkkfV;k jktiwrka jks jkt Fkjfi;ks] vj vkijS ojnku L;war.kqjko jS iksrs uS fnxwfot;h jktk c.kk;kSA foØeh laor 999 eka; ekM+ iznsl jS flj/kkGq Hkxrka] czkã.kka]ckf.k;ka] pkj.kk] {kf=;ka vj nwtk yksxka uS vkoM+th rseM+s jko igkM+ ekFkS cqyk;kS vj okauS vklhl ns;*j dS;kSdS vcS EgkjS ikNkS tko.k jks c[kr vk;X;kS gSA Hkxr yksx ?k.kkS bZ fe=r dfj i.k oS ugha ekU;k vj foØehlaor 999 jS ek?k lqnh lkre uS rseM+s jk; igkM+ ekFkS vkoM+th vj okajh cSuk rkjax flyk ekFkS cSB*j ekrkfgaxGkt jkS /;ku djrk&djrk vyksi gq;X;kA b.k ckcr vsd nwgks tx pkoks gS &

uo lkS uuk.kosa xq.k xkos pkj.k xksi Aekgk lqnh lkre frFkjh] vkoM+ gqbZ vyksi AA

3- dj.kh ekrk

yksd /kkj.k gS dS tn tn /kjrh ekFkS iki c/ks rn rn Hkxoku eku[ks jh nsg /kkj.k dj*j vorkjysos vj /kjrh ekFkS lq[k lkarh ykoSA foØeh laor 1144 vsM+ks gh cjl gkS tn lxrh jh nsoh Jh dj.khthjS :i eka; QGksnh jS xkao lqcki eka; esgkth vj nsoy ckbZ jS ?kjka vorkj fy;kSA dj.khth jkS cpiu jkS ukao_f)ckbZ gks vj vs vkijS firk jh NBh larku gkA b.kka lwa iSyh esgkth jS ikapw dU;koka bZ ghA dj.khth jSizlo lwa iSyh m.kka jh ekrk nsoy ckbZ uS liuks vk;ks dS Fkkjh dks[k lwa nsoh vorkj ysosykA nsoy ckbZ b.kckr ekFkS dSbZ cjlka rkabZ /;ku uha nh;kSA

dj.khth jh Hkqvk b.kka jS tye uS dkslrka Fkdka vkaxfG;ka HksGh dj*j eqDdks c.kk;*j b.kka jS ekFkS ijMqDdks ekj~;kS tn m.kka jh vkaxfG;ka HksGh gh jS;xhA b.k ?kVuk lwa nsoy ckbZ uS liuks ikNks ;kn vk;ks vjcS lksP;ks dS vk dU;k dha u dha dj.kh djlh] b.k dkj.k lwa m.kka jks uke cha c[kr lwa bZ ^dj.kh* iM+X;kSA

b.k Hkkar dj.khth cpiu lwa gh peRdkj ns[kko.kka l: dj fn;k gkA oka jh Hkqvk tn vsd ckj ikNhvk;h rks dj.khth m.kka uS fluku djko.k lk: dS;ksA tn Hkqvk dS;ks dS vkNh rjS fluku dhdj djkÅa EgkjkSvsd gkFk rks HksGks gq;kSM+ks gSA rn dj.khth oka uS dS;ks dS dBS HksGks gq;kSM+ks gS ns[kks rks ljhA vks peRdkjns[k*j Hkqvkth vsdne gSjku gq;X;kA b.kh Hkkar vsdj dj.khth jk firkth esgkth uS taxG eka; lkai dkVfy;kSA dj.khth vkijS firkth jS m.k vax ekFkS vkijkS gkFk jk[;kS tBs lkai dkV~;kS gks vj m.kh c[kr lxGkstSj ljhj eka; lwa fudGX;kSA

m.kka jh [;kr lq.k*j iwaxG jk jktk jko 'ks[kk m.kka jkS vklhjokn yso.k lk: vk;kA m.k c[krdj.khth vkijS firkth [kkrj ngh vj jksVh ys*j [ksrka esa tk jS;k gkA jko 'ks[kk m.kka uS ueu dj;ks vj tq/k esa thr jkS vklhl ekaX;kSA dj.khth m.kka uS ?kjka vko.k jkS U;warkS nh;kS rn jko ekQh ekaxh vj Qsa:a vko.kjks dS;ksA tn dj.khth m.kka uS the.k jkS U;warkS nh;kS vj dS;ks dS vckj ftdkS Hkkstu gktj gS oks b*t djykSAjkoth ns[;kS dS Hkkstu rks FkksM+ks lks*d gS vj flikbZ ?k.kk gS] tn oka flikbZ;ka uS dS;ks dS ckbZth ftrks nsosmrks b*t ys fy;k nwlj er ekaX;kA flikbZ vsd vsd dj*j vkijk cjr.k ys;*j dj.khth duS tkaork vjdj.khth okajS cjr.k eka; vkijh NksVh gkaMh jkS ngh vj jksfV;ka Hkj nsaorA b.k rjS oS lxGk flikbZ;ka uS nghvj jksfV;ka jks the.k thek; nh;kSA b.k peRdkj lwa flikbZ vj jkoth nax jS;X;kA tq/k esa thr*j jkoth ikNkvk;k vj dj.khth uS vkijh cSu c.kk; yhuhA

b.kh Hkkar dj.khth jh Hkqvkth okauS dS;kS dS esgkth uS csVks gqo.k jkS ojnku nsokSA dj.khth vkijSfirkth uS vklhl nh;kS tn okajS nks csVk gq;k ftdkajk ukao lkry vj lkjax jk[;k x;kA

dj.khth jkS C;kao vj peRdkj

bfrgkldkjka jS eqtc dj.khth jkS C;ko foØeh laor 1473 esa gq;kS gkSA dj.khth jh mej c/krh tk;

148

jS;h gh vj m.kka jS eka&cki uS oka jS C;kao jh fpUrk ykX;kSM+h ghA vkijS ekrk&firk jh fpUrk ns[k*j dj.khth[kqn gh oka uS crk;kS dS lkfB;k xkao jS Jh dsywth jS csVs nsikth lwa EgkjS C;ko jh ckr pykvksA esgkth lkfB;kaxkao x;k vj dsywth lwa fjLrs jh ckr djhA dsywth jkth[kqlh b.kuS eku fy;kS vj cjkr ys;*j vk;kA b.knkSjku dj.khth jS ukusjS vkGk fujkt gq;X;k vj okajk ekekslk Hkkr ys;*j Ugha vk;kA b.k lwa dj.khth nw[khgq;k vj ukusjS okGk us ljki ns fn;kS ft.k lwa oka jkS xkao vk<ks NwVX;kS vj oS vBhuS mBhuS fQj.k ykX;kAdj.khth jS C;ko jh c[kr m.kka jk firkth esgkth ?k.kkS nk;tkS nso.kks pkaork i.k nsikth nk;tkS yso.k lwaeuk dj fn;kSA i.k dj.khth ftn dj*j vkijS lkxS 200 xk;ka ys yhuhA

nsikth jh cjkr dj.khth uS ys;*j fonk gq;xhA ekjx esa dj.khth jk dsbZ peRdkj gq;kA lqcki xkaolwa 15 fdyksehVj vk;k iNS tn cjkfr;ka vj ftukojka uS frl ykxh rks Bk iM+h dS ik.kh jk lSa ?kM+k rks [kkyhgq;X;k gSA b.k ckr jh tk.kdkjh tn dj.khth uS gq;h rks oka MksyhokGs uS dS;ks dS vBS duS bZ vsd rGkcgS oBS lwa ik.kh Hkj ykokSA tn nsikth dS;ks dS b.k ekjx esa rks dBS vkls&ikls dksbZ rGkc gS b*t dksuhAdj.khth oka uS dS;ks dS ykjS eqM+uS ns[kks] vj tn nsikth ykjS eqM+;k rks m.kka uS vsd ik.kh jks rGkc nhL;kSAnsikth gSjku gq;X;kA

b.k jS ckn tn nsikth dj.khth uS ik.kh iho.k lk: iwN.k uS Mksyh eka; >kaD;ks rks oka ns[;kS dS Mksyheka; rks lk{kkr nsoh gkFkka eka; f=lwG fy;ksM+h gS vj oka jS duS flagjkt cSB~;k gSA vk ns[k*j nsikth QS:agSjku gq;X;kA FkksM+h*d rkG ckn dj.khth ikNk ekuo nsg eka; vk;X;k vj nsikth uS dS;kss dS Egwa nsoh jksvorkj gwa vj ekuoh nsg eka; lalkj jk lq[k Hkksx.k lk: ugha vk;h gwaA Egwa rks tuekul jks dY;k.k dj.klk: vorkj fy;kS gSA vk Egkjh feu[kk nsg FkkajS dksbZ dke ugha vkoSykA b.k dkj.k vki ?kj fxjLFkh pyko.klk: Egkjh NksVh cSu xqykc lwa nwtks C;ko djyksA vka lxGk peRdkjka lwa nsikth vk ckr le>X;k dSdj.khth lxrh jkS vorkj gSA

cjkr vkxS pkyh rks ekjx esa dsfy;k xako vk;ks ftdkS vkt dkGw jS ukao lw tk.;kS tkoSA dsfy;kxkao jk yksx dj.khth uS dS;ks ds m.kka jS xkao esa vsd gh dqvks gS vj m.k eka; ik.kh ckSr de jSoS b.k dkj.keku[ks jS lkxS lkxS ftukoj Hkh frlk ;k jSosA oka dj.khth lwa vjnkl djh dS Egkjs dqvs eka; ik.kh c<+k nksAtn dj.khth okauS ojnku nhukS dS os m.kka jh ewjr c.kk;*j dkps peM+s eka; jk[k*j dqvs esa ?kky nsos ik.khdnSbZ uha [kwVsyk vj ftdS bZ [kstM+s uhps Egwa ÅHkh gwa b.kuS dnSbZ dkV~;k erA dkyw xkao esa vks dqvks vktdj.khlj ukao lwa tk.khtS vj iwthtSA b.k jS duS vkt ch okS [kstM+ks ykacks pkSM+ks gq;kSM+ks ekStwn gSA iqjkrRofoHkkx vkGk b.k dqvs lwa peM+s eka; <D;kSM+h dj.khth jh ewjr cjken dj yhuh i.k xkao okGk jS dSo.k lwaikNh dqvs eka; ?kky nhuhA

dj.khth jk lqljk dsywth f'koth jk Hkxr gkA tn m.kka uS Bk iM+h dS dj.khth lxrh jk vorkjgS rks oka m.kka jkS Lokxr nsorkvk jS Lokxr jh Hkkar dj~;kSA

bfrgkldkjka jS eqtc dj.khth vkijS lkljS nks cjl b*t jS;kA foØeh laor 1475 eka; b.kka vkijSlkljS jkS R;kx dj fn;kSA gkykafd b.k ckcr Hkh bfrgkldkjka eka; vsdks dksuhA dj.khth ftrh VSe vkijSlkljS jS;k] oBS Hkh c[kr lk: peRdkj djrk jS;kA

dj.khth jS ukuSjs okGk m.kka jS C;ko jh c[kr Hkkr Hkj.k uS uha vk;k ftds lwa ukjkt gq;*j dj.khthm.kka uS ljki fn;kS gkSA dkykUrj eka; tn m.kka jS ekek uS Bk iM+h dS dj.khth lxrh jks vorkj gS rn oSlkfBdk xkao dj.khth jS lkljS vk;k vj m.kka lwa ekQh ekaxh vj iLpkrki eka; iwjs lkfBdk xkao uS vkijSxkao vk<k pky.k jkS U;warkS fn;kSA i.k dj.khth dS;ks dS fn;kSM+ks ljki dnSbZ [kkyh ugha tkoS oks rks iwjks OgSyki.k vcS Fks yksx fd.kh igkM+h jh rGh eka; tk; cl tkvks rks Fkkajks dY;k.k gq; ldSA bfrgkl lk{kh gS dSftdk vk<k pkj.k igkMa+k jh rGh eka; cL;ksM+k gS oS vkt lksjk lq[kh gS vj nwtk vkt rkbZa vBhuS cBhuS HkVdjS;k gSA

149

lkBhds lwa nsl.kksd

dj.khth jS lkljS lkfBdk xkao eka; ik.kh jks vsd dqvks gq;k djrkS ftds lwa xkaookGk jh ik.kh jht:jrka iwjh gqaorh ghA C;ko jS ckn dj.khth vkijS lkxS 200 xk;ka yk;k gk nsikth m.kka jh NksVh cSu xqykcckbZ lwa C;ko dj vk;k rks ?k.kk lkjk <ksj&Mkaxj Qsj vk;X;kA b.k l dqvs jks ik.kh iho.k uS gh de iM+.kykxX;ksA b.k dkj.k lwa xkaookGk ftukojka uS dqvs lwa ik.kh fiyko.k jks fojks/k dj.k ykxkA b.k ckr lwa ukjktgq;*j dj.khth ljki fn;kS dS dqvs jks ik.kh [kkjks gq; tkoS vj fuj.kS dj~;kS dS vcS uqabZ ftX;ka vkikjkSfBdk.kkS c.kkL;kaA nwts fnu yksxka tn dqvs lwa ik.kh Hkj~;ks rks oka uS ik.kh [kkjks ykX;ksA tn oS Mj~;k vjdj.khth lwa ekQh ekax*j m.kka uS vjt djh dS ik.kh ikNks ehBks djkSA dj.khth dS;ks*dS ik.kh rks vcS [kkjkSb*t jSlh i.k Fkkajh t:jr jS fglkc lwa Lokn gq; tklhA iNS vkijkS xkao NksM.k jks fuj.kS lq.kk; fn;kSAxkaookGk m.kka uS euko.k jh ?k.kh dksfll djha i.k oS uha ekU;kA

foØeh laor 1475 jh tsB lqnh uoeh uS dj.khth vkijS lklw&lqljk] /k.kh] vj nwtk lacaf/k;ka jS lkxSlxGk <ksj&Mkaxjk uS ys;*j xkao jh vksj.k ekFkS vk;X;k vj dg~;kS dS nwts fnu fnuwxS jokuk gqokayk vj lwjtHkxoku jS vLr gqo.k jh osGk ftdh BkSM+ iksapkyk mBS b*t u;kS fBdk.kkS c.kkokaykA b.k rjS foØeh laor1475 jh tsB lqnh nleh uS czã ewjr eka; dj.khth lxGk jS lkxS jokuxh yhuhA

ekjx eka; dj.khth vkijka peRdkjka lwa yksd lsok djrk jS;kA dj.khth vj okajks VksGks FkksM+h nwjb*t pkY;ks gkS dS vsd yqxkbZ jksaorh feGhA m.k jS ?kjokGS uS lkai dkV fy;kS gks vj cks ejX;kSA m.k VSeck yqxkbZ xkS.kkS djk*j vkijS lkljS tk; jS;h ghA dj.khth uS tn b.k ckr jh Bk iM+h rn cS jFk ekFkScSBk&cSBk bZ cksY;k dS ohj mB*j [kM+kS gq; tkA dj.khth jS b;ka dSoarSa b*t oks feu[k mB*j [kM+ks gq;X;kSA

nksikjkS gq;ka ikNS dj.khth vj okajks VksGks tkaxGw xkao iwX;kssA m.k c[kr tkaxGw jk ljnkj jko dkUgkgq;k djrk gkA m.kh fnu oBS pkaMklj jk jko fjM+ey vk;kSM+k ftdk dj.khth jk Hkxr gkA dj.khth tkaxGwiwax*j Mkaxjk uS dqvs ekFkS ys;X;k ik.kh fiyko.k lk:A dqvs jh :[kkGh dj.k okGk dS;ks dS vks dqvks jkodkUgk jkS gS vj vBS lclwa iSyh m.kka jk Mkaxjk b*t ik.kh ih ldSA i.k dj.khth b.k ckr jkS /;ku uha /kj~;kSvj vkijS Mkaxjk uS ik.kh fiykoark jS;kA m.kka jS Mkaxjk jS ik.kh ih;k ikNS dqvs jks fudkG;ksM+ks ik.kh [kregq;X;kSA b.k ckr uS ys;*j ckSr >xM+ks gq;kS vj ckr jko dkUgk rkbZa iwapxhA jko dkUgk vj jko fjM+ey nksU;wabZ oBS iwX;kA jko fjM+ey rks dj.khth uS ns[krka bZ m.kka jh Hkxrh eka; ykxX;kA dj.khth m.kka uS vklhlnhoh dS vk ftdh /kjrh rwa ns[k jS;ks gS b.k ij Fkkjk oalt jkt djSykA vk ckr jko dkUgk uS lqokbZ dksuhD;wadS dj.khth ftdh /kjrh jh ckr dj jg~;k gk ok jko dkUgk jh gh vj cS dj.khth jS okLrs nqle.kh jhHkkouk jk[k.k ykX;kA

b.k jS ikNS dj.khth oBS lwa vkxs pkY;k vj lwjt Hkxoku jS vLr gqo.k jh osGk rkabZ vckj tBSnsl.kksd gS m.kjS duS tkGka jkS taxG gq;k djrkS] oBS vk*j :dX;k D;wadS dj.khth jkS iz.k gks dS tBS lwjtHkxoku vLr gqoSyk oBS b*t u;kS fBdk.kks c.kkokaykA vks ftdks tkG jks taxG gks vBS jko dkUgk jk ftukoj?kkl pj~;k djrk gk vj b.k jh :[kkGh dj.k lk: dsbZ flikbZ oBS jSaorkA dj.khth tn oBS Msjks MkY;kSrks oS flikbZ;ka vk lksP;ks dS ts dj.khth vBS jsoSyk rks b.kka jk ftukoj lxGks ?kkl pj tkoSyk iNS jkodkUgk jk ftukoj Hkw[kk jsoSykA vk lksp*j cS dj.khth uS oBS ftukoj pjko.k lwa euk dj~;kS i.k dj.khthm.k ckr ekFkS /;ku uha fn;kSA nwts fnu dj.khth jh xk;ka ik.kh iho.k lk: tkaxGw okGs dqvs x;h rks jkodkUgk vj okajk flikbZ xk;ka uS ikNkS Vksj fn ft.k dkj.k xk;ka jkrHkj frlh jS;hA dj.khth jh fdjik lwa m.kjkr taxG eka; fcj[kk gqbZ vj pk:aesj ik.kh gh ik.kh gq;X;kS ft.k lwa xk;ka jh I;kl cq>hA

ckn eka; jko dkUgk vkijS nks eksVk njckfj;ka uS dj.khth duS HksT;k vj dSok;ks dS EgkjkS taxG[kkyh djksA dj.khth euk dj~;kS vj le>k;kS dS b.k rjS okauS rax uha djkS i.k oS uha ekU;k vj dj.khthvj nsikth uS v.kwrh ckrka dSo.k ykX;kA tn dj.khth uS jhl vk;xh vj oS ljki ns;*j ck nksU;wa njckfj;ka

150

jkS ewaMks fl;kfG;s tsM+kS c.kk; fn;kSA vk ns[k*j jko dkUgk lksP;ks dS dj.khth dksbZ tknwxj.kh gS b.k [kkrjckS vkijS jkt jS vks>k uS ys;*j [kqn gkFkh ekFkS p<*j taxG vk;kS dj.khth lwa >xM+ks dj.k ykX;kSA dj.khthjko dkUgk uS dg~;kS dS Egsa vBS ekrkth jk gqde lwa vk;h gwa vj m.kka jks lkeku bZ lanwd eka; iM+~;kS gSA m.kkajkoth uS dg~;kS dS vk lUnwd mBk*j Egkjs jFk eka; j[kok; nks Egwa pyh tklwaA QSj dkabZ gks] jko dkUgk vjokajk lxGk flikbZ vj gkFkh lSa ykxX;k i.k oks lanwd vkijh tkxka lwa fgY;kS bZ dksuhA jko b.k lwa QSjfp<X;kS vj cksY;ks dS FkkauS brh lxrh gS rks EgkjS ej.k jks c[kr crkoksA dj.khth okauS ej.ks jkS leS N eghukcrk;kSA jko Qs:a cSlckth djrk jS;k vj dj.khth ej.ks jkS c[kr ?kVkoark x;kA var eka; dj.khth vsdydhj [khap nhuh vj dS;ks dS vk ydhj ikj djrka bZ rwa ej tklhA jko dkUgk uS folokl gq;kS dksuh vjcks ydhj ikj dj yh] vj ikj djrka bZ cks ejX;kSA jko dkUgk jS ej~;ka iNS dj.khth jko fjM+ey uS cqyk;kSvj tkaxGw jkS jktk c.kk; fn;kSA

b.k rjS jh dSbZ ?kVukoka gqbZ ft.k lwa dj.khth jh [;kr fnuksfnu c/krh x;h vj yksx okajS njl.klk: vko.k ykX;kA dSbZ t.kka rks oBS b*t vkijkS ?kj c.kk; fy;kSA vsM+k ?kj vkt Jh uSM+hth jS feanj duSdj.khth jh <k.kh jS ukao lwa tk.;k tkoSA *uSM+h* jks eryc gqoS ngh fcykso.k jh ydM+hA b.k jS ykjS vksfoLokl gS dS dj.khth vsd Hkxr lwa ngh fcykso.k vkGh ydM+h eaxkbZ vj cha ydM+h /kjrh eka; xkM+ nh vjcha ekFkS ngh jk NkaVk Ugka[k fn;kA ngh jk NkaVk nsaork b ck ydM+h ,d gj~;kS&Hkj~;ks :a[k c.kxhA vkt Hkhvka :a[kk jh tn iqjk.kh NkG mrj uwabZ vkoSrks m.k ekFkS ngh jk NkaVk nhlSA dj.kh ekrkth jS Hkxrka jksvk.kks&tk.kks fur jk c/k.k ykX;kS] cBS C;kSikj l: gq;X;kS] yksx jSo.k ykX;kA b.k Hkkar nsl.kksd jks fodklgq;kSA b.k dkG eka; nsl.kksd }kjdk lwa fnYyh tkao.k jks ekjx gq;k djrkS gkS vj tkaxG nsl jh ukddghtrkSA

tks/kiqj jh Fkkiuk

jko tks/kk vsdj dj.khth jk njl.k dj.k lk: vk;k vj m.kka uS crk;kS dS fd.k rjS jko fjM+eyfprkSM+ esa vkijS Hkk.ktk jkS jkt gte dj.k pkY;k gS vj b.k lk: fd.k&fd.k rjS jk iM+iap dj jS;k gSAdj.khth jko tks/kk uS dj.kh xkao eka; bZ cl.ks jkS vknsl fn;kS vj dS;ks dS tn rkabZ Egwa ugha dSÅa eaMksoj¼eaMksj½ ekFkS geyks uha dj.kkS gSA jko tks/kk 12 cjlka rkabZ dj.kh xkao eka; jS;kA ckn dj.khth vsd fnu jkotks/kk uS nsluksd cqyk;kS vj eaMksoj ekFkS geyksa dj.k jkS dS;ksA jko tks/kk vknsl eku*j b.k lk: jokukgq;xkSA dj.khth jh fdjik lwa ekjx jk lxGk ljnkj] tkxhjnkj vj MsjsokGk m.kka jk laxh c.krk x;k vjoka jh QkSt eka; fHkGX;kA dj.khth js vklhjokn lwa foØeh laor 1510 eka; jko tks/kk vtesj] esM+rk] eaMksojbR;kn ekFks Qrsg djh vj vkijks jktdkt l: dj~;kSA foØeh laor 1515 jh cSlk[k lqnh ikape uS m.kkajS eu esa vkijS ukao lwa uxj c.kko.k jks fcpkj vk;kSA eaMksj lwa ikap fdyksehVj nwj vsd igkM+h lwa >juks cS;kdjrkS ftdSjks ik.kh ehBkS gkSA jko tks/kk b.k >j.ks jS duS bZ vkijkS fdyks c.kko.k jh lksphA b.k lk: tncS cBS iwX;k rks m.kka uS vsd ;ksxh fpfM+;kukFk feG;kS ftdks jkoth uS crk;kS dS vk tkxka rks Egkjh riksHkwfegS vj vBS fdyksa ugha c.kk;ks tk; i.k jko tks/kk uha ekU;k vj vkijh ckr ekFkS vM+;ksM+k jS;kA b.k ckr lwaukjkt gq;*j ckS ;ksxh ljki fn;kS dS ts vBS fdyks c.kk;kS x;kS rks vks >j.kks lw[k tkoSyk vj vBS jk jSo.kokGk frlk ejSykA vks ljki lq.k*j jko tks/kk nq[kh OgSxkA m.kka ckn eka; fuj.kS fy;kS dS fdys jh uhaodj.khth jS gkFkka lwa j[kokoka ftdS lwa ;ksxh jkS ljki vljnkj uha OgSA b.k ckr jkS fuj.kS gqo.k jS ckn jkotks/kk dj.khth uS fdys jh uhao jk[k.k lk: vko.k jkS U;warkS fHktok;kS ftdks ekrkth eku fy;kSA b.k Hkkarekrkth [kqn vkijS gkFkka lwa foØeh laor 1515 jh tsB lqnh X;kjl uS tks/kiqj uxj vj fdys jh uhao jk[khAb.k ekSds jko tks/kk vj okajks jkt ifjokj dj.khth jh [kwc lsok djh vj okalwa vej gqo.k jkS ojnku ekaX;kSAdj.khth dS;ks*dS ftdks Hkh tho b.k /kjrh ekFkS tyE;kS gS m.k jkS ej.kh r; gS b.k dkj.k rwa vej gqo.k jhckr uk djA iNS cS ojnku nh;kS dS Fkkjh 28 ihf<;ka tks/kiqj ekFkS jkt djSyh iNS Fks b.k jk Hkksfe;k c.k*jthokSykA

151

b.k jS ckn tn dj.khth dSbZ fnuka ikNs nsl.kksd [kkrj jokuk gq;k rn vejk pkj.k okauS vkijS xkaoeFkkf.k;ka i/kkj.k lk: vjt djhA ekrkth nks fnu eFkkf.k;ka fj;k m.k c[kr vejk pkj.k oBS feanj c.kko.kjh vkX;k ekaxhA ekrkth okauS dg~;kS dS rwa EgkjkS xqEcnokGkS feanj uha c.kk;*j frckjhokGks feanj c.kk vj oBSEgkjh ewjr uha yxk;*j [kkyh ixY;k yxkA lkxS okauS ojnku nh;kS dS dnSbZ FkkjS xkao eka; dkG uha iM+Sykvj chekfj;ka uha QSySykA ekrkth jkS vks frckjhokGks feanj vkt ch xkao eka; ekStwn gS vj oBS jk yksx lnkalwa bZ [kqlgky jSaork vk; jS;k gSA

b.k Hkkar tks/kiqj uxj jh Fkkiuk dj~;ka ikNS ekrkth dj.khth eFkkfu;ka lwa iSyh lq/kk ijcr x;k vjoBS lwa ikNk nsl.kksd vk;xkA

chdkusj jh Fkkiuk

jko tks/kk jk csVk gk jko chdkthA jko chdkth HkS:ath vj dj.khth jk mikld gkA vsdj fd.khckr uS ys;*j m.kka jkS vkijS firkth jko tks/kkth lwa eueqVko gq;X;kS vj oka U;kjkS jkt clko.k jh Bku yhAchdkth U;kjS jkt clko.k jkS ladGi ys;*j foØeh laor 1532 eka; nlgjs jh iwtk dj*j HkSa:ath jh ewjrvj vkijk dkdkslk jko dkU/kGth uS lkxS ys;*j pky iM+~;k dj.khth jks vklhjokn yso.k uSA nsl.kksdvk;*j ekrkth dj.khth lwa feY;k vj okauS vkijh U;kjkS jkT; clko.k jh baNk crk;hA dj.khth okauS baNkiwjh dj.k jkS vklhl nhuksa vj dS;ks dS HkSa:ath jh ewjr jh Fkkiuk dksMenslj esa djkS vj oBS b*t cl tkokSAchdkth ekrkth jks vknsl eku*j dksMenslj x;k ijk vj oBS HkSa:ath jh ewjr jh Fkkiuk dj nhuh vj uqosajkt clko.k jh ;kstuk c.kko.k ykX;kA

m.k cxr jks chdkusj dsbZ NksVk NksVk VqdM+k eka; cV;ksM+ks gkS ft.kesa fgUnq vj eqlyekuk jk yxsVxs16 NksVk NksVk jkt gkA b.kka esa dqly izlklu ugha gks vj turk eka; ywVekj jh izofr;ka gkoh ghA b.kdkj.k tuekul ?k.kh ckj vkijh leL;koaok uS ys;*j dj.khth jh lj.k esa tk;k djrkA b.k ckr lwa dj.khthijslku gq;k djrk vj lksprk dS vka NksVk NksVk jkt uS feGk;*j vsd uqaoh fj;klr c.kk; nh tk;A jkochdkth dksMenslj eka; vkijkS fdykS c.kko.k jh lksph ftlwa vkls&ikls jk fdysnkj vj lwcsnkj ukjktgq;X;k vj lxGk feG*j chdkth jS f[kykQ tq/k jh R;kjh l: djnhA b.kka jS eka; iwxG jk jko 'ks[kk HkhgkA jko chdkth vk fcink ys;*j dj.kh duS x;kA dj.khth m.kh cxr jko 'ks[kk uS nsluksd cqyk;kS vjdS;ks dS chdkth jS f[kykQ tq/k uha dj.kkS gSA Qsj chdkth uS b.k tq/k eka; thr.k jks ojnku nh;kSaA ekrkthjks gqde eku*j jko 'ks[kk b.k tq/k eka; ugha yM+~;k vj tq/k eka; chdkth jh thr gqbZ i.k b.k jS ckn Hkhm.k [ksrjk jk lkeUr chdkth jS f[kykQ NksVh&NksVh xqfjYyk yM+kb;ka yM+rk jS;kA b.k lwa ijslku gq;*jchdkth Qs:a dj.khth jh lj.k esa x;kA tn dj.khth okauS tkaxGw jSo.k jh lykg nhuhA b.k rjS chdkthfoØeh laor 1535 jh vlk< lqnh ikape rkabZa tkxGw jS;k vj oBS jks jktdkt laEHkkG;kSA

bZa bykdS eka; tkVka jk NksVk NksVk 6 jkt gkA vsd*j fd.kh tkV yqxkbZ nwts jS tkV lkxS Qs:a C;kaodj yhuks b.k dkj.k m.kka esa vkil eka; cSj ca/kX;kSA vsd i[k chdkth duS vk;kS vj oka lwa enn dj.k jhvjnkl djhA chdkth enn dj.k lwa iSyh dSbZ ljrka jk[kh ftdh tkV jktk ikaMq xksnkjks ekuyhA tn foØehlaor 1540 jS vlk< lqnh pkSnl uS dj.khth jko chdkth uS tkV jktk jh enn dj.k lk: vknsl Qjek;kSAckn esa foØeh laor 1540 jS lko.k lqnh NB uS tkVka esa vkil esa tq/k gq;kS ftdS eka; chdkth jks i[kthrX;kSA chdkth jh b.k thr jkS vkS ijHkko iM~;kS dS /khjs /khjs tkVka jS vykok vU; dSbZ nwtk Hkh m.kka jhvk/khurk ekuyhA iNS dj.khth jko chdkth uS uwaoks fdyks vj jkt clko.k jks vknsl Qjek;kSA tn vsdvsM+h tkxka tBS ukxkSj] vtesj vj eqYrku jk ekjx vk;*j vkil esa feyrk gk vj ft.kjks ukao *jkrh?kkVh*gq;k djrkS] m.k tkxka uS dj.khth fdyks c.kko.k [kkrj pw.;ksA foØeh laor 1542 esa uxj jh uhao jk[khthvj foØeh laor 1545 jS cSlk[k lqnh nwt uS b.k uwaos jkt chdkusj jS x< jh ijfrLBk OghA m.k tylS esachdkth vkijS dkdk jko dkU/kGth vj m.kka jS HkkbZ jko chnk [kkrj U;kjh U;kjh xfn;ka cSB.k lk: yxok;hrn ekrkth dj.khth dS;ks dS vsd gh yxkokS vj jko chdk vj jko dkU/ky uS lkFkh jS :i eka; dkjt dj.k

152

jkS vknsl nsoksA b.k Hkkar dj.khth chdkusj jkt jh Fkkiuk djh vj m.kuS vkxs c/kko.k lk: c[kr c[kr ekFkSjko chdkth jkS ekjx njl.k dj~;kSA

nsoyksdxeu

foØeh laor 1594 jS vklkst jkS eghukS pky jS;ks gksA dj.khth vkijh cSuk lwa fey.k [kkrj xkao[kkjksM+k x;k gA oBS vsd [kkrh jS;k djrkS ftdS jkS ukao céks gkSA céks tye lwa bZ ns[k uha ldrkS gks] i.kokS dj.khth tks ije Hkxr gkSA dj.khth m.k lwa vsdkar eka; feG;k vj m.kuS dS;ks dS Egwa Fkus FkksM+h c[krokLrs ns[k.k jh lxrh nsÅayk] m.k c[kr rwa EgkjkS vlyh :i ns[k*j m.k jh ewjr c.kkbZtS Qsj tn ck ewjriwjh gq; tkoS rks m.k ewjr uS fljka.kS jk[k*j lks tktsA Fkkjh vka[k tn [kqysyk rn rwa nsluksd esa gqoSykA oBSftdkS xqEHkkjks c.k;ksM+ks gS m.k esa vk ewjr Fkki nhtSA ewjr jh Fkkiuk jS ckn Fkkjh futjka lnka [kkrj Bhdgq; tkoSykA EgSa FkuS ewjr c.kko.k lk: b.k [kkrj pq.;kS gS dS Fkkjh futjka iforj gSA

dj.kh jks :i

cék [kkrh b.k Hkkar dj.khth lwa fnO; futj ys;*j okajS nso l:i jkS njl.k dj~;kS vj ihGs jax jSlaxejejh HkkVs lwa okajh ewjr c.kk;hA ewjr esa dj.khth jkS ewaMks ykacks crk;ks x;ks gS] ekFkS ij eqxV gS] dkukaeka; dqaMG vj tho.kS gkFk eka; f=lwG gS] Makos gkFk eka; vsd ujeq.M yVd jS;ks gS vj xGS eka; xS.kk gSA

b.k fcpkGS ewjr c.kok;k iNS ekrkth ikNk nsluksd vk;X;k vj foØeh laor 1595 jh pSr lqnh,de uS nsluksd lwa x<+tk rjk vj xfM+;kyS ukao jS xkaoka jS fcpkGS c.;kSM+h /kus: rGkc dkauh jokuxh yhuhAlkxS m.kka jkS csVks iqLijkt gkSA ukSoeh jS fnu vs yksx rGkc iwX;kA rGkc lwa FkksM+h nwj iSyak bZ oka jFk :dk;fn;kS vj vkijS csVs uS dS;kS dS fluku djlwaA jFk eka; ftdk eVdk iM+~;k gk m.kka esa ik.kh ugha gkS tndj.khth *iq"ijkt* uS dS;kS dS rGkc lwa HkjY;kA *iq"ijkt* jS x;k ikNs dj.khth vsd xqekLrs uS iwN;kS fd.khHkh eVds esa FkksM+ks*d ik.kh gS dkabZA xqekLrks crk;kS vsd ?kM+s esa ik.kh gSA dj.khth vkijS ljhj ekFkS ik.kh<ksG.k lk: xqekLrs uS dS;ksA b.k jS ckn ekrkth dj.khth iùklu yxk;*j cSBX;k vj lwjt Hkxoku lkaehns[k.k ykX;kA T;wa gh eVds eka; lwa ik.kh jk Vksik m.kk jS ekFkS iM+~;k] vsd fnO; tksr ijxV gqbZ vj ekrkthm.k tksr eka; lek;X;kA csVks ik.kh ys;*j vk;kS tn xqekLrkS okauS lxGh ckr crkbZA esa vkdklok.kh gq;hdS Fks yksx ikNk nsl.kksd pY;k tkokS] oBS vsd vka/kks [kkrh céks feGSyk m.kjS duS Egkjh ewjr gqoSykA m.kewjr uS Egkjh c.kk;ksM+h xqQk eka; Fkji nhtkSA b.k Hkkar dj.khth vkijS vorkj :i jks dkjt iwjkS dj*j fnO;tksr eka; lek;X;kA

vkt nsluksd eka; tBS iDdks feanj c.;kSM+ks gS oBS xqEHkkfj;S eka; ekrkth jh vk ewjr Fkjfit;kSM+hgSA ewjr flanwj lwa <D;kSM+h jSos b.k dkj.k iwjk njl.k ugha gq; ldSA vk ewjr /kjrh lwa pkj&ikap vkaxG b.kb*bZ Åaph gS vj b.k jS vkxs&ykjS dkck ¼ÅUnjk½ ?kwerk jSosA dSbZ /kksGS jax jk dkck ekrkth jh tksr duS ?kwerkjsoS vj Hkkxhtu uS b*t okajk njl.k gqoSA dkykUrj eka; chdkusj jk ujsl lwjtflagth ekrkth jh xqQk uSiDdh c.kokbZ vj iNS egkjktk xaxkflagth b.k tkxka /kksGS laxeje jh HkkBS jks feanj c.kok; fn;kSA

eku[k nsg vorkj eka; dj.khth 151 cjl fcrk;k vj vkijkS lxGks tho.k yksd dY;k.k jS dkekaesa yxk; fn;kSA dj.khth jS peRdkjka jh fx.krh dksuh] ftrjk ewaMk peRdkjA peRdkjka lwa b*t vkrrkb;kajkS o/k dj~;kS] xk;ka jh fj{kk djh] ihfM+rka jkS HkykS dj~;kSA dj.khth ouizseh] nfyrm/kkjd] U;k; dj.kokGkyksd nsoh gSA jktLFkku jS vykok lxGs fgUnqLrku esa m.kk jh [;kfr gSA dj.khth jh Hkxrh esa v.kfx.krjpukoka fy[khT;kSM+h gS ftdka esa dj.khth jS peRdkjka jks] m.kk jS fnO; :i jkS] m.kk jS fodjkG :i jkS vjm.kk jS yksd nsoh :i jkS oj.ku dj~;kSM+kS gSA vBS jS tuekul esa lnka lwa b ^djuh gj djrkj] tqnk dnSu tkf.k;S* jh Hkkouk fgoM+s eka; cL;kSM+h gSA vks yksd foLokl gS dS HkykbZ vM+lB rhjFkka jh tkrjk djY;kS]i.k oS nsl.kksd njl.k dfj;ka lS v/kwjh gSA b.k ckcr vsd nwgks dSgh tS%&

ijlS iqldj izFke] tdS dfo xaxk tkoSA

153

x;k Ugk; xkseh] volj jkeslj vkoSAijls cnjh iNS] gkM xkGS gsekGSAeFkqjk dklh ekag mnd ns rir ÅukGSA,rGk rhjFk djrka vcl] tdS iki ug tk.kjkAnV tk; iki djrka njl] nsluksd nhok.k jkAA

4- vkbZ ekrk

vkbZ ekrk uonqxkZ ;kfu nsoh jkS vorkj ekuhtSA vkbZ ekrk feu[k tw.k eka; ththckbZ jS ukao lwa chdkukao jS Mkch jktiwr jS ?kjka tye fy;kSA b.kka jkS tye dky foØeh laor 1472 jS vkls&ikls ekuhtS gSAththckbZ tye lwa bZ nsoh jk Hkxr gk vj v.kwrk QwVjk gkA okajS :i jh pjpk lq.k*j ekaMw jkS cknlk egewnf[kyth chdk Mkch uS cqyk;*j thth ckbZ jkS C;ko m.k lwa dj.k okLrS dS;ks vj /kedk;kS dS jkth[kqlh UghadjSyk rks Egwa okauS mBk*j ys vkowaykA fpark esa iM+;kS chdks Mkch ?kjka vk;kS vj lxGh ckr crkbZ rks ththckbZ cksY;k Fks fpark er djkS] m.k ikih uS Egwa vi.ks vki le>k; nslwaA oS vkijS cki uS dS;ks dS Fks ikNkcknlk duS tkvks vj m.kuS dSoks dS EgSa Egkjh csVh jkS C;ko FkkjS lkxs fgUnw jhr jS vuqlkj d:ayk] vj FkkauScjkr ys;*j EgkjS xkao esa vk.kks iM+lhA oka dS;ks dS tks cks vkikauS xjhc le> dha ns.kks pkoS rks vki euk djnhtkSA

chdks Mkch tk;*j cknlk uS vk ckr crk; nhA C;ko jh gqGd eka; gqGL;kSM+ks cknlk ckr eku yhvj cjkr ys;*j vackiqj iwxX;kSA ththckbZ jS dS;ka chdks Mkch cknlk jh cjkr uS rGkc jS fdukjS BSjk;*jdqaokjS Hkkr jkS U;warks fn;kSA ththckbZ vsd NksVh lh >ksaiM+h eka; cSBk cjkr jh [kkrjnkjh lk: ijca/k dj jS;kgkA cknlk jk vkneh vkaork vj the.k jkS lkeku ys;*j iwBk tkaork ijkA cknlk gSjku gq;X;kS dS vsd xjhcjktiwr duS bŸkkS lkeku dBS lwa vk;kSA cks le>X;kS dS vks rks dksbZ nsoh peRdkj b*t gSA vk lksp*j cks [kqn>waiM+h duS iwX;kSA ththckbZ m.kuS le>ko.k lk: >ksaiM+h lwa ckjS fudG;k tn cknlk uS ;wa ykX;kS dS dksbZflag lkeS ÅHkks gS vj ckS MjX;kSA cknlk vsdne gkFk tksM+ fn;k vj dS;kS dS ekrkth Egkalw xGrh gq;xh]Egwa FkkuS fiNk.kX;kS gwa EguS ekQ dj nksA cknlk jh vjnkl lq.k*j ththckbZ m.kuS NksM+ fn;kS vj fgUnqoka ekFkSFkksI;ksM+k dSbZ dj vj yxku gVok fn;kA ththckbZ tn rkabZ vackiqj jS;k gk] cknlk jkst okajk njl.k dj.klk: vkaorkS vj lnk bZ tksr jks leku HkstkoarksA

FkksM+s c[kr eka; ththckbZ jS peRdkj vj cknlk jh lsok jh pjpk P;k:aesj QSyxh vj ?k.kh turkm.kka jk njl.k dj.k lk: vkoa.k ykxhA vkijh riL;k eka; fo?ku iM+rks ns[k*j ththckbZ vackiqj NksM.k jkSfuj.kS dj~;kS vj vkijS eka&cki lkxS esokM+ jS xkao ukjGkbZ vk;X;kA dsbZ fnu vBS js;*j iNS oS Mk;yk.kS xkaovk;k vj Mk;yk.ks lwa lkstr vk;kA lkstr eka; oka jk njl.k dj.k lk: jk.kk dqaHkk jkS csVkS jk;ey vk;kSftdS uS nsl fudkGkS feG;ksM+kS gkSA nsoh oka uS vklhjokn fn;kS dS Hkfol esa rwa esokM+ jh jktxnh ekFkS cSBSykAD;wa*dS nsoh ekrk xqtjkr lwa esokM+ vk;k gk b.k dkj.k yksx okauS ththckbZ jh ^vkbZ eka* dSo.k ykX;k vj b.khdkj.k m.kka jkS ukao vkbZ ekrk ekuhT;kSA

foØeh laor 1521 eka; vkbZ ekrk fcykM+k xkao i/kkj~;kA fcykM+k jkS jktdkt m.k c[kr jkotks/kk jkS csVks Hkkjey ns[k jS;kS gkSA nsoh ekrk m.k c[kr rkabZ ?k.kh mej ys yh gh b.k dkj.k oS fcykM+k eka;gh cl.k lk: fuj.kS dj~;kS vj oBS cS fcyk lhjoh jh <k.kh eka; jSo.k ykxkA Hkkjey jS dkenkj tk.kkSthjS csVs ek/konkl uS ekrkth Mksjks cka/;kS vj vkijkS [kkl psyk c.kk;kS vj ckdh lxGka uS dS;ks dS ek/ko FkkajkSiz/kku gS vj FkS lxGk ba*jh vkX;k ekukSykA ek/konkl tho.k Hkj ekrkth jh lsok djhA m.kka jS nsoyksdxeugq;ka ikNs okajS csVs xksfoUnnkl uS ekrkth vkijkS iz/kku psyk c.kk;kSA xksfoannkl uS vks in foØeh laor 1557jh ek?k lqnh nwt uS feG;kS b.k dkj.k vkt Hkh lhjoh lekt vj Mksjkca/k yksx b.k fnu uS cM+s mPNc lwaeukoSA

154

foØeh laor 1561 eka; vkbZ ekrk vkijS lxGk Hkxrk vj psyka uS HksGk dj~;k dj dS;kS dS vc EgkjSikNkS tko.k jkS c[kr vk;X;kS gS vj vc Egkjh tksr xksfoUnnkl eka; izxVlhA vk ckr dS;*j ekrkthxksfoUnnkl uS vkijS Fkku dkauh ys;X;k vj okauS opu flf/k jh lxrh nhuh vj xqIr ;ksx jh lh[k nhohA iNSvkijS Fkku jk QkVd can dj fy;k vj xksfoUnnkl lkxS lkr fnuka rkabZ can jS;kA lkrosa fnu QkVd [kqY;kSrn yksxka uS vsd rst mtkl nhlh vj cha eka; lwa xksfoUnnklth fudG~;kA lxGk t.kka m.kka jS ixka ekaiM+X;kA xksfoUnnklth lxGk uS ekrkth jk gqde jh tk.kdkjh djkbZA

vkbZ ekrk jkS lSalwa pkokS LFkku fcykM+k b*t gSA vBS okajkS vsd feanj c.k;kSM+kS gS vj vkt Hkh fcykM+seka; b.kk jh xknh vj nh;S jh v[kaM tksr jk njl.k dj.k lk: gtk:a feu[k vkoSA vBS jk iqtkjh nhok.kdghtS vj b.kka jk vuq;k;h ^vkbZiaFk* jk ^Mksjkcan* ekuhtSA vkbZiaFkh nk:&ekal jkS Hkksx uha djS vj ej~;k iNs/kjrh eka; xkMhtSA b.k dkj.k lhjoh yksx vkbZth jS feanj uS njxkg Hkh dSosA

5- th.k ekrk

th.k ekrk ls[kkokVh vapG jk ekuhT;k yksdnsoh gSA b.kka jS lkxS bZ vka jS HkkbZ g"kZ jkS ukao Hkhyksdnork jS :i eka; ekuhtSA vka jS tye jS ckcr bfrgkldkjka jS vsdk er dksuh vj uk gh dksbZ izekf.kdtk.kdkjh bfrgkl vk dSoS dS ls[kkokVh eka; ?kk?kw pkSgku ukao jks jktk gq;ks ftdkS foØeh laor 959 eka; pq:ftys eka; /kk/kw xkao clk;ks ftdk vkt ch ekStwn gSA ?kk?kw pkSgku jS nks jkf.k;ka ghA vsd lwa *g"kZ*] gjdj.kvj th.k iSnk fOg;k vj nwth jk.kh lwa rhu csVk gq;k dkUg] bUnz vj pUnzA opu jS eqtc ?kk?kw pkSgk.k jSnsoyksd gq;ka ikNS dkUg jktk c.k;kSA xksxkth pkSgku b.kh oal eka; tye fy;ksA

*g"kZ* vj th.k HkkbZ&cSu jS izse jh vsd vuwBh xkFkk gS vj ls[kkokVh vapG esa yksx vkt Hkh bZa xkFkkuS vyx&vyx rjS xkoSA g"kZ jkS C;kao gqX;kS gkS vj firk ejrh osGk g"kZ uS dS;kS gks dS EgkjS ej~;k iNS rwath.k jkS iwjkS [;ky jk[khtS i.k g"kZ jh ?kjokGh rstrjkj ghA ok ckr&ckr ekFkS th.k uS rkuk ekjrh jSaorhAvsdj g"kZ ijnsl x;ksM+ks gkS vj ykjS lwa chajh ?kjokGh th.k uS ijslku dj.k lk: dksbZ dlj uha NksMhA raxvk;*j th.k ?kj NksM*j fudGxhA tksx lwa m.kh c[kr g"kZ ikNks vk; jS;ks gkS vj HkkbZ&cSu ekjx esa bZfeyX;kA g"kZ th.k uS ?kj lwa ckjS fudG.k lk: iwN;kS tn ck jksaorh jksaorh lxGh ckr crknhA g"kZ m.kuSikNh ?kjS pky.k lk: dS;kS i.k ok ugha ekuhA th.k laU;kl yso.k jkS ladGi dj fy;kS gks vj chajS ladGilwa g"kZ Hkh bRrkS xGxGks gqX;kS dS okS ch m.kh c[kr cSu jS lkxS b*t laU;kl ys.k jks fuj.kS dj yhuks vj nksU;waHkkbZ&cSu xkao lwa ckjS fudGX;kA

xkao lwa fudG nksU;wa HkkbZ&cSu vyx vyx igkM+ka ij riL;k djhA okajS ri lwa iwjkS [ksrj vkGksfdrgqX;kS vj okajka peRdkjka lwa bykds jk yksx&ckx okajS njl.k lk: vko.k ykX;kA th.k ekrk nsoh jS vorkjjS :i eka; iwtht.k ykxhA okajks feanj lhdj lwa 7 dksl fn[k.kk neka ;igkM+ jh ?kkVh eka; c.;kSM+kS gS vjvk igkM+h th.kekrk jh igkM+h jS ukao lw ekuhtSA b.kh Hkkar g"kZ nwth igkM+h ekFkS cSB*j Hkxokj 'kadj vj HkSa:ajh riL;k djh vj oka lwa ojnku fy;kSA dkykUrj eka; cks g"kZukFk HkSjo jS ukao lwa iwthT;kS vj ok igkM+hg"kZukFk jh igkM+h jS ukao lwa iwthtSA vkt Hkh tu g"kZukFk HkSa:a jh iwtk ?k.kS eku lwa djSA

flykys[kka jS eqtc lhdj ftys jS jk.kksyh xkao eka; foØeh laor 1013 eka; vsd czkã.k vYyVg"kZnso jkS feanj c.kok;kSA vsd vkSj flykys[k jS eqtc foØeh laor 1162 eka; th.k ekrk jkS iSyks feanj c.kuSjkS izek.k feGS gSA gjsd cjl pSr vj vklkst eghus jS ukSjrka eka; th.k ekrk jS feanj eka; cMkS esGks ykxSvj nwj nwj lwa yksx njl.k dj.k lk: vkoSA th.kekrk b.kh yksd jh {k=k.kh gh i.k vkijh R;kx vj riL;klwa yksd nsoh :i eka; iwththA

g"kZ vj th.k jS tho.k ckcr vsd ekfeZd yksdxhr pkoks gS ftdS eka; nksuwa HkkbZ&cSuk jS tho.k jkSvj okajS R;kx vj riL;k jkS oj.k.k dj~;kSM+kS gSA b.k xhr jS eqtc cSu th.k HkkbZ uS dSoS dS%&

ts Egkjh gksrh tqx esa ek;

155

vdu daokjh uS uka; fcMkjrhdq.k iawNs uS.kka ganks uhjdq.k js lSykoS tGrks ghoM+kSdq.k QsjS flj ij EgkjS gkFkA

vsd lokG jS tokc eka; g"kZ chauS dSoS %&

vlh , dGh jks flekn~;wa ?kk?kjksvj] eaxok; n~;wa fn[k.kh phjeksR;ka tM+ok; ns;wa , Fkkjh jk[kM+hghjka tM+kan~;wa Fkkjks gkjfcfN;k ?kM+kn~;wa , ckbZ réS ckt.kkA

tqx chrX;k i.k vka nksU;wa HkkbZ&cSuk jh dFkk vkt Hkh tu&tu jh tcku ij gS vj nksU;wa jh R;kxvj riL;k jk izrhd gSA th.kekrk vj g"kZukFk feanj vkt Hkh vjkoGh igkM+ka jh ?kkfV;ka eka; ekStwn gSA

yksd /kkj.kk gS dS ^ft.k u ns[kh th.k] tx esa vk;*j ds dh.k* b.k jkS vjFkko vks gS dS ftdkSth.k ekrk jk njl.k uha dj~;k okS nqfu;ka eka; vk;*j dkbZ dj~;kSA

14-5 yksd nsoh&nsorkoka jh lekt vj laLÑfr uS nsu

e:/kjk jh lkekftd O;oLFkk uS c.kk;*j jk[k.k esa vka yksd nsoh&nsorkoka jkS egrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;ksgSA b.k ckr jkS lclwa eksVks lcwr gS*dS ?k.kdjk yksd nsoh nsork vsd tkr&lEiznk; folsl lwalEcU/k jk[krk gk] i.k m.kka jS tho.k lwa izsj.kk yso.k eka; gjSd tkr&/kje jk yksxckx lSa lwa vkxS jSaorkA

jktLFkku jS e/; dkG [k.M eka; ?k.kdjka yksd nsoh&nsork tye fy;ks ;k QSj vkSrkj fy;kSA b.kdkG [k.M eka; yksd tho.k ?k.kks lksjks uha gkSA jktLFkku jh ?k.kdjh vkcknh [ksrhckM+h djrh gh vj dei<h fy[kh ghA uhph tkfr;ka jh gkyr rks vkS:a cslh [kjkc ghA jktLFkku jh vk bZ vkcknh vka iq.;kRekokauS vkijk nsoh&nsork eku*j b.kka jh iwtk dj.kh l: dj nhA vsd [kkl ckr vk dS bZ iwtk eka; dksbZ [kklfo/kh&fo/kku jh t:jr dksuh gh vj uka bZ dksbZ dje&dk.Mh fu;eka jh t:jr ghA vks rks Hkxrh jkS cM+kSbZ ljy vj lgy :i gksA Hkxrtu nh;k ckrh dj*j nw/k] ykilh] pwjes jkS Hkksx yxkork vj Hkxrh jS :iesa Hktu dhjru djrk tho.k fcrkorkaA

yksd nsoh&nsork vkijS tho.k vj vorkj dky eka; tkr&ikar jkS Hksn [kre dj~;kS] lkekftddqjhfr;ka uS feVko.k lk: vy[k txkbZ vj ilq /ku jh fj{kk djhA b.kka jh izsj.kk lwa bZ tuekul eka; R;kx]lrdje] cfynku vj bZekunkjh jh Hkkoukoka psrhA b.kka jS iquijrki lwa bZ lekt jkS fo?kV.k gqo.k lwa cP;kSvj lekt eka; vsd uqbZa psruk lejlrk vj HkkbZ pkjks tkX;kSA

lekt eka; b.k cnGko jkS eksVks dkj.k vks jS;ks dS vka yksd nsoh&nsorkoka jh iwtk vj lsok jks ekjxljy vj lgt gksA b.k dkj.k vka jkS tqM+ko vke vkneh lwa OgS X;ks vj b.kk jS tho.k jkS izHkkolh/kS vke vkneh jS tho.k ekFkS iM+~;kSA b.k dkj.k lwa vs yksd nsoh&nsork lekt jS lq/kkj lk: ftdh dksflldjh] m.k jkS iwjks&iwjks vlj gq;kS vj lekt esa izse vj HkkbZpkjs jh Hkkouk jkS fodkl rsth lwa gq;kSA

14-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

jktLFkku jh /kjrh lUrka] HkDrka] ohjk vj ohjkaxukvksa jh olqU/kjk gSA vBS dbZ nsoh nsork ft.kk eikcwth gM+cwth jkenso th] egkth] xksxk th] rstk th tsM+k izfl) yksd nsork gq;k gS ftdk ekuo nsg/kkj.k dj ekuo lsok e ykx x;k vkSj [kqn j ri vj lk/kuk lw [kqn jks uke dek;ks vj tl/kkjh dgh tkAb.kh Hkkr dbZ nsfo;k Hkh gqbZ ft.kk e nsluksd jk dj.kh th ] lhdj jk th.kekrk vj dbZ lkfr;k] tqa>kj]HkksE;kth b.k /kjk /kke e t.ke;k vkSj [kqn jk dhjr lw¡ b.k /kjk u tx pkoh djksA bu bdkbZ esa vk yksdnsoh

156

nsorh jh tlxkFkk gS vj m.kk j ijksidkjh dkeka jh foxr gSA

14-7 vH;kl jk izLu

1- jktLFkku jh /kjrh bfr;kl eka; fd.k dkj.k txpkoh gS \2- jktLFkku jh /kjrh ekFkS Fkku] nsojk] lek/;ka dq.k lh egrkÅ ckrka crkoS \3- jktLFkku esa dq.k dq.k lk yksd nsork tx pkok gq;k gS vj m.kka jkS dkabZa ;ksxnku jS;ks gS\4- fdaonafr;ka] ckrka] iokM+k vj iM+ka jkS lkj :i esa vjFk crkokSA5- xÅ] fcjke.k vj ukjh jh fjNk lk: ikcwth vj xksxkth jkS dkabZa ;ksxnku jS;ksA6- eYyhukFkth dBSjk gk \ cka jkS lekt lk: dkabZ ;ksxnku jS;ks \7- ikcwth vj xksxkth jkS peRdkj jk vsd&vsd mnkgj.k fy[kksA8- nsoth ¼nsoukjk;.kth½ jkS ckyi.kS jkS dkabZa ukao gkS vj cka uS ekj.k lk: dq.k ;kstuk c.kkbZ] vj vkt

fd.k [ksrj eka; iwthtS vj ekuhtSA9- nsoth nsoyksdxeu djrk Fkdka vkijh ?kjokGh uS dkabZ ekjx njl.k fnjk;kS \10- dj.kh ekrk jkS feanj dq.k lS ftyS jS dq.k lS xkao eka; c.;ksM+ks gS \ feanj dkabZa dkj.k txpkokS gS\11- jktLFkku jh /kjrh esa ?k.kdjh yksd nsfo;ka vtS rkabZ iwthtSA cka jkS ukao vj Bkao crkokS \uhpS jk izLuka jkS iMŸkj 500 lcnka eka; fnjkokS %&1- :.khpS jk jktk jkensoth jS tu fgrk; l:i jkS c[kk.k djkS \2- ckck jkensoth m.k cxr jh turk jS Hk; Hkatu vj :[kkGh lk: dkabZa dkabZa dke dj~;k ft.k lwa

m.kkjkS ykSfdd :i txpkokS gq;kS \3- ^ckck jkensoth lekt lq/kkjd lar gq;k gS* & vki b.k ckr uS vkijh Hkklk eka; c[kk.k djkSA4- xksxkth pkSgku jkS thou pfjr lkj :i eka; fy[kks vj m.kka jk peRdkjka jkS l:i crGkokSA5- xksxkth jh ^xksxkesM+h* fd.k tkxka cL;kSM+h gS] tBS xksxkth thor lekf/k ys;*j Hkxrka uS peRdkj

njlk;kS vj lkEiznkf;d lnHkkouk jkS X;ku fnjk;kSA6- ^rstkth* jkS lkj :i eka; ifjpS fnjkokSA7- vkfn lxfr fgaxGkt ekrk jks iwjkS ifjpS vj m.kka jS fBdk.kS jh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr jkS c[kk.k djkS vj

ekrk jS yksd fjNk jS Hkko jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA8- vkoM+ ekrk jkS feUnj dBS cL;kSM+ks gS] m.kka jkS ifjpS vj peRdkj crkoksA9- dj.kh ekrk jkS iwjkS ifjpS fnjkokS A m.kka jS tye] C;ko vj nsoh gqo.k jS peRdkjka jS lkxS&lkxS m.kka

jS yksd fjNk l:i uS mtkxj djkokS A10- tks/kiqj vj chdkusj jh Fkjiuk eka; dj.khth jkS dkabZ ;ksxnku jS;ks] crkokSA11- uhpS fy[kh yksd nsfo;ka eka; lwa fd.kh vsd jh tkudkjh djkoks &

¼1½ vkbZ ekrk ¼2½ th.k ekrk ¼3½ fgaxGkt ekrk ¼4½ dj.kh ekrk

14-8 lanaHkZ xzaFkk jh ikuM+h

1- ia- ukuwjke laLÑrk & yksd lkfgR;A2- MkW- euksgj 'kekZ & yksd lkfgR;A3- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; dk bfrgklA4- MkW- 'kfDrnku dfo;k & laLÑfr jh lkSjeA5- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk bfrgklA6- lkxjeYy 'kekZ & jktLFkku ds yksdnsorkA7- dSyk'k nku mTToy & Hkxorh dj.khth egkjktA8- MkW- ewyflag HkkVh & eka vkoM+ ekrkA9- jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj & ikcwth jh [;krA10- MkW- Hkaojflag lkekSj & jktLFkku jh yksdnsfo;ka

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