DWAN English

8/12/2019 DWAN English

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dwan-english 1/461

ALLAN DWAN

(A DOSSIER)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE VERSION



"#$%"# &'

!"#$! &'()&* + ,$-" .()"/0)$

"&/$) 1234



."5)( 06 70-.(-.*

())*+ #,*+-. /01*) %*)2.

3 %42 (15 06 /25*701840.9. :%42 ;9)2+5 <2190=> ?

3 (+@2). 9+ "A9)2 :%42 ;0B+= <2190=> C?

89:;<=> '=?@A B9>CD?

%42 D1966954 %1*=9590+ EC

ED;? !D@@

%42 F)966 *+= 542 G)B72 E?

59>> F@D;?

%42 (7219H*+ <*.501*) IJ E=<?G)DHI 5DH@J=K

%2+ %4*5 /*K2 ( L01K JC

7;@9C 6HL9M<@<

M2..0+. G01 (1H4952H5. JN

EDCN -=O=C

%42 O+H215*9+5P <19+H98)2 Q?

!<O9P &;=>IC

$+.82H590+ =2. #,*+ R?

*=@J= 5DQD?



"#$%#&&#$ "#'$()) :CRCQ>S

( T052 0+ 542 $+521U595)2. CVC

-D<; .=9:;?=@

* "+'(,$ "-).(&((, :CRCN>S

(=W2+5B12. 9+ G*91X*+K.U;9559+@ CVR

/R (SS=K *M==?=A

/( 0+1() 23 41565$7 :CRC?>S

Y( GB))U;52*72= F079H Z821*[ CCE

!<?9=> 6<9@T>H:

"#$%#$'6(' :CR\I> C\C

6<@@<? -=;S=

4&#7( 4&,-8. :CR\J>S

M*,. 06 ]0.895*)95P C\Q

8<U9S= /=?<HP9?

9%( :,+$ "#). :CR\R>S

D0+2 %42 ;9)2+5 G*H2. CEV

*<V@9?< 8<@WH=C

;28*1*52 &B5 "^B*) _CS 95'( +; <135,( :CR\R> X ,. CEE

"#$ &+ "#$ :CREV>SZ.H9))*590+. CE?

.=P 6=?PK

;28*1*52 &B5 "^B*) _\S 0%#$8() :CREC> ` ,. CIJ

;28*1*52 &B5 "^B*) _ES =6#8. 4%((3 :CREJ> ` ,. CJV

/57% 9($)5+$ :CREQ>S

M*,. 06 (551*H590+ CJJ

8<U9S= /=?<HP9?



>$( "56( ?,+1 /(#@($ :CREN>S

%,0 #,*+. 9+ Z+2 CJ?

.=P 6=?PK

())*+ #,*+ a ;491)2P %278)2S

%42 /*+ *+= %42 /*H49+2 CQI

8<K;9=H 8<:;=@=K

;28*1*52 &B5 "^B*) _IS

A(B(88# +; 4-$$CB,++. ?#,1 :CRE?> ` ,. CQ?

D+)(&&( :CRE?>S

(,K,*1= *+= <10B= 06 $5S b0*+ #*W9. CNE

89:;<=> )9=V=@S<?

?,+$&5(, "#,)%#6 :CRER>S

;4*=0,. 06 #9.01=21 C?\

69>9I= 6H@K<PD

4#56+,E) F#'C :CRIV> C?Q

7H>>=? ,<>><J;=@

G+-$7 H(+36( :CRIV>S L2)6*12 ;5*52 C?RY<:; 7<SIV=>>

9,#56 +; &%( I5756#$&() :CRIV>S ]01.2 ;2+.2 CRQ8<U9S9>9<? )= 7<9?

;28*1*52 &B5 "^B*) _JS A5)( #$' 4%5$( :CRIC> ` ,. \VV

23 5$ "#B(6J) A++1 :CRII> ` K(&&5$7 K(,&5(J) K#,&(, :CRIJ>Sc2H501 /0X9)2. \VJ

!<?9=> F<CS<?

=,(L)&(,J) "5665+$) :CRIJ> ` M,5;&L++' :CRIN>S

Z+ "AH2.. \CI

7<@>DC )DC9>><



A($'(N@+-) L5&% *$$5( :CRIQ>S

%42 ]072 G10+5 \\V

7R 8<CD? B=>>C

0#6($'#, K5,6 :CRIN>S

ZB5.9=21 c9.90+.S #,*+ ,954 * /0W92 F*721* \\J

7;@9CKDI;=@ *S<>>

0#6($'#, K5,6 :CRIN> ` : M,(#1 +; D(#$$5( :CRJ\>S

F)*..9H ` (+59UF)*..9H \\R

!<?9=> F<CS<?

;28*1*52 &B5 "^B*) _QS 9%( :$)5'( 4&+,C :CRI?> ` ,. \J\

4#$') +; :L+ D51# :CRIR>S (. )0+@ *. P0B ,0+d5 X2 601@0552+ \JN

8<@9=G&9=@@= !H;<S=>

4-,,($'(, :CRJV> \NI

7H>>=? ,<>><J;=@

"+$&#$# =(66( :CRJ\> \N?

6=@?<?PD 6R 7@D:=

4L((&%(#,&) +$ H#,#'( :CRJE> \?V!<O= F=;@

O+1#$ 9%(C *61+)& FC$8%(' :CRJE>S

L2)H072 50 <0W215P e0, \?Q

">TD?CD 7@=CID

456@(, F+'( :CRJI>S

Md*A9072 f *6691721 2+ 6*95 =2 X*))25 \RV

"?PA /=:KD@ <?P 59>> F@D;?

H#))5+$ :CRJI>S

T052. 0+ G017 *+= ;8*H2 9+ 542 (7219H*+ L2.5 E\C

,@<;<S *M9?PD>>



0#&&6( P-(($ +; "+$&#$# :CRJI>S

;229+@ #*P)9@45 EE\

,9?< .=><@D>9

<)8#3( &+ =-,1# :CRJJ>S

".H*82 %0 ;22 IVE

"@?<H #9><@Z

H(#,6 +; &%( 4+-&% H#85;58 :CRJJ>S

$+ %42 &2@9++9+@ L*. %42 &2@9++9+@ IV?

&<V>D ,<@:[< 7<?J<

9($$())((J) H#,&$(, :CRJJ>S

$ #9=+-5 "W2+ g+0, ]9. T*72 IC\

*<?K9<JD ,<>>=JD

4657%&6C 48#,6(& :CRJQ>S

ZX.21W*590+. ICJ

ED= 8:(>;<?=A

/+6' =#8. &%( Q57%& :CRJQ> ICR

7H>>=? ,<>><J;=@

9%( A5@(,J) <'7( :CRJN>S

%0 #2.21W2 * G2, %2*1. I\I

8<KK;=M 6><?<J<?

<$8%#$&(' :)6#$' :CRJ?>

:Z1 %42 %*X00)* e*.*> I\R

!<O9P &;=>IC

"+)& M#$7(,+-) "#$ *65@( :CRQC>S

g9.. /2 #2*=)P IJE

7;@9CKDI; 'HV=@

%42 G)*725410,21 *+= 542 G)*72 IJN

!<9CH\= "\<C<\<



8

"##"$ %&"$'( )*+"# ,"#-(

)./0123 42567 &.3895,615831:2; <7 ,2; =25;:

!

,02 "6: 9> )2:[email protected]

A,02 (.325: B26.9;C

"#$ %&'()*+$$, ADEDFC

GH: :1I28 J621: 1K;1/.:7 :9 ;162 :9 <2 952823>LM

N-KJO52 %231/69.PQ -./+0&' Q R15K167 DSQ DTFU

" [email protected] V1J1<95; ;621?8 02 .8 1 0269 .5 :02 =16 &28:Q 81V.5J ;1?8238 .5 ;.8:6288Q @K33.5J

:02? >622 >69? 6K51W17 W1J958 15; <K65.5J 615/028Q W0.32 ?215W0.32Q K5<2I59W58: :9

0.?Q 89?2 8:622: K6/0.58 162 @317.5J W.:0 ?1:/028 15; 82::.5J 0.8 /39:028 95 >.62L ,0.8 15:.X

0269 W09 [email protected] :9 0269./ 2P@39.:8 .8 :02 @69:1J95.8: 9> 1 2$34$+0 5+$&6$+ ADEDDCL H5 :0.8

:61J.X/9?./ W28:265Q "3315 %W15Y8 >.68: 96 82/95; 8096: >.3?Q 952 /15 13621;7 62/9J5.Z2 :02

>.3??1I26Y8 :18:2 >96 @169;7Q .?@268951:.95Q ?.P.5J J25628Q [email protected] :W.8:8N15; ?98: 9> 133Q

?18I2; J1?28L B6.V1:2 96 @69/31.?2;Q :02 ;621? 9> ?98: 9> 0.8 1;V25:K6268 W.33 <2 :9 /015J2

:02.6 .;25:.:7L &02:026 9> 321:026 96 81:.5Q .695 96 V23V2:Q :02 ?18I 018 15 .5:9P./1:.5J [K13.:7\

.: <6.5J8 :9J2:026 @3218K62 15; ;15J26Q .: ]9.58 ;61?1 15; /9?2;7 :9J2:026L



9

"5 H6.80N025/2 69?15:./N8:967:23326Q %W15 39V28 /0161/:268 :01: <93;37 ?9V2 >96W16; 95

:02 /0288<916; 9> 3.>2L 4.8 87?@1:0.28 J9 9K: :9 96@0158 96 699:3288 .5;.V.;K138 25;9W2;

9537 W.:0 :02.6 .?1J.51:.958Q :9 ;621?268 W09 :25; :9 ?.8:1I2 :02.6 ;28.628 >96 6213.:7L

)962 9>:25 :015 59: :027 01V2 :9 /021:Q 15; 89?2:.?28 25; K@ J2::.5J <K652;L ^K: :02.6

>26:.32 .?1J.51:.95 .8 1389 W01: 8@K68 :02? :9 <2 25:[email protected] :9 /015J2 :02.6 W963; .> 59:

:02 W963; .:823>L &01: .8 .?@96:15: .8 59: :9 32: 952823> J2: 8:K/I .5 :02 6932 952'8 <225 <965

.5:9Q <K: :9 62.5V25: 952823>Q :9 :67 95 133 :02 ?18I8Q :9 J.V2 [email protected] :9 133 :02

@988.<.3.:.28 /95:1.52; W.:0.5L ,0282 ?157 .;25:.:.28 162 :02 ;621?26Y8 @6.V.32J2Q :02

621895 02 8:15;8 9K: .5 :02 /69W;L "5; :02 >.3??1I26 .8 13W178 621;7 :9 /232<61:2 0.8

2P@39.:8Q 09W2V26 @6./I37 96 @9.J515:Q /9?./ 96 ;61?1:./L

!" $%& '()*(++, '&(

,02 J2562 :01: <28: 325;8 .:823> :9 ?18I2; J1?28 .8 @69<1<37 :02 /9?2;7 9> ?155268N182P2?@3.>.2; <7 %W15Y8 /9331<961:.958 W.:0 _396.1 (W15895Q 0.8 >1V96.:2 1/:6288L ,02 ?1.5

[email protected]:.95 0262 .8 .5 ;2/2@:.95N96 61:026Q ?962 8@2/.>./1337Q .5 :02 8/02?28 9> 1 ?9;28:

2?@39722 W0982 51.V2:7 2P@9828 026 :9 1 826.28 9> ;.81@@9.5:?25:8L H5 7&0#&0,'$,

ADEàCQ ,288.2Q 1 81328 /326I .5 )1501::15Q :0.5I8 802 /15 28/1@2 026 @98.:.95 <7 @98.5J >96

1 8/K3@:96Q :025 <7 ?9;23.5JL (02 :61;28 :02 81328 61/I 9> 1 ;2@16:?25: 8:962 <182?25: >96

1 0.J0>13K:.5J >180.95 <9K:.[K2 W0262 026 <988 ?1I28 026 @62:25; :9 <2 1 +K88.15

/9K5:288L H5 84&9$ 84+/:; ADE`SCQ R255.2Q 1 W1.:6288 .5 1 ;.526 .5 b.6J.5.1Q >15/.28 026823> 18

:02 52P: (1610 ^265016;:L (02 82/62:37 @K68K28 1/:.5J /9K6828 <7 ?1.3 15; :6.28 :9 .?.:1:2 1

@9@K316 1/:6288 <7 W13I.5J W.:0 026 5982 .5 :02 1.6L 426 >.68: 809W :K658 9K: :9 <2 1

;.818:26\ 802 018 :9 @K: 95 1 099; 15; <9P.5J J39V28 .5 96;26 :9 <2LLL :02 /9?./ >9.3 :9 026

6.V13L H5 <9:0 >.3?8Q :02 .5;.J5.:.28 K5;26J952 <7 :02 0269.52 /K3?.51:2 .5 [email protected][K2

0K?.3.1:.95 W025 802 39828 026 @15:8 ;K6.5J 1 62/2@:.95 96 958:1J2L B317 :02 ;.V1 15; 79K'33

25; K@ :02 /39W5d

H5 1 /9?2;7 9> 266968 :02 /98:K?2 @3178 1 /6K/.13 6932L )962 :015 15 1//288967Q .: .8 1

;.8JK.82L H: ;259:28 1 @98:K62Q 1 @62:2582Q 1 ?.862@62825:1:.95L ,02 <61VK61 82[K25/28 162

:02 9528 .5 W0./0 :02 @9826 J2:8 :15J32; .5 026 16:.>./2Q :02 ?18I8 8:9@ >993.5J 157952Q 15;

?.66968 <2J.5 :9 62>32/: :02 :6K:0\ R255.2 .8 32>: :9 62021682 1 :216X]26I.5J ?239;61?1 .5 >695:

9> 1 >K509K82 ?.6696 :01: ?1I28 026 399I 2V25 ?962 6.;./K39K8L (W15895'8 @98268 1/: [email protected]/28828Q <K: <2:617 :02.6 96.J.58 <7 /02W.5J JK? 1: 1 8:61.J0:X31/2; @16:7 15; 96;26.5J

@15/1I28 1: 1 @6.5/237 <15[K2:L H: .8 K@ :9 026 ?132 @16:526 :9 @K: 15 25; :9 :0282 @K:X958Q :9

62?9V2 :02 ?1I2XK@N3.:261337NW.:0 1 61JL H5 :02 25;Q :02 8K.:96Y8 25:[email protected] [email protected].:

@62V1.38\ R255.2 15; 026 39V2Q 1 /99IQ 9@25 1 8?133 <K8.5288LLL1 @15/1I2 8:15;Q W0./0 W.33 <2

9>> 3.?.: :9 1/:628828d H5 7&0#&0,'$, Q ,288.2 .8 <69KJ0: ;9W5 :9 216:0 <7 026 >.15/e2Q 1 823>X

?1;2 H6.80?15 W09 .8 1<9K: :9 621@ 1 >96:K52 >69? 1 @1:25: 893; :9 :02 1K:9 .5;K8:67L



10

%W15Y8 2J13.:16.15.8? J928 015; .5 015; W.:0 0.8 82582 9> 823>X;2:26?.51:.95Q 1 ;22@X

821:2; >1.:0 .5 W.33@9W26L H5 0.8 >.68: >21:K62 >.3?Q 5&<=, %&+/6 ADEDSCQ :02 @69:1J95.8: .8

13621;7 .?<K2; W.:0 1 V16.2:7 9> 822?.5J37 /95:61;./:967 .;25:.:.28\ 02 .8 1: 95/2 1 09682

:61;26 15; @0.315:[email protected]:Q 1 @K<3./ >.JK62 15; 595/95>96?.8:Q 1 <15I26 15; 1 39/13 15J23 9>

?26/7L " 801@2X80.>:.5JQ K5@62;./:1<32 >.JK62Q 02 .8 ?962 :015 ]K8: 1 J99; 52.J0<96\ 02

2P0.<.:8 J25K.52 0K?15.:7 15; /[email protected] :9W16;8 :0982 W09 W262 <965 95 :02 W695J

8.;2 9> :02 :61/I8L " >3180<1/I 62V2138 :01: 0.8 13:6K.8? J928 <1/I :9 0.8 /0.3;099;\ 32>: :9

>25; >96 0.?823> 1>:26 6K55.5J 1W17 >69? 09?2Q 02 <K.3: 0.8 >96:K52 95 :02 @2557 J.V25 :9

0.? <7 1 J25269K8 /165.2L -V26 8.5/2Q W2 >.5; 9K:Q 02 018 8@25: 0.8 :.?2 [email protected] :02 39: 9>

133 :0982 169K5; 0.?Q ;9W5 :9 :02 ;28:.:K:2 93; <31/I ?15 W09? 02 62J1328 W.:0 1 /.J16 .5

:02 [email protected] ,02 8:695J28: 82[K25/2 /9?28 18 02 @62V25:8 :02 375/0.5J 9> 15 .559/25:

?15L &2 822 :02 8[K162 >.33 W.:0 @29@32 :13I.5J 1<9K: :1I.5J ]K8:./2 .5:9 :02.6 9W5 015;8L

,02 /9??K5.:7 .8 95 :02 V26J2 9> :K65.5J .5:9 1 ?9<L 416K? 8K//22;8Q /K55.5J37Q .5

;2>K8.5J :02 V.9325/2Q <K: :258.958 9> :01: 51:K62 ?.J0: 8:.33 822? [email protected] .5 :02 /95:2P:

9> 8K/0 ]9V.13 "?26./151L &2Y62 59: :99 >16 >69? :02 W.:/0X0K5: 9> 8='<$+ >.,$ ADESaCL

H> :0262 .8 1 G@3K613M 0269Q 952 W09 /15 ?151J2 ?K3:.@32 .5/1651:.958Q .:Y8 59 ;9K<: %9KJ318

=1.6<15I8Q W.:0 W09? %W15 809: 89?2 232V25 >.3?8L =69? :02 8:16:Q :02 >.3??1I26 822?8

:9 01V2 <225 95 :02 81?2 W1V2325J:0 18 :02 1/:96NW09 W18 1389 1K:096 15; ?18:26 9>

:02.6 ]9.5: @69]2/:8L "8 %W15 [email protected]; :9 B2:26 ^9J;159V./0Q G(:K5:8 ?$+ 3$ W262 9> 59

.5:2628: :9 0.? 96 :9 ?2L ,02 9537 :0.5J :01: /9K3; @988.<37 .5:2628: 2.:026 9> K8 W18 1 8W.>:Q

J61/2>K3 ?9V2N:02 :0.5J 1 I.; V.8K13.Z28 .5 0.8 0269LGD H5 8K?Q .: W18 1 ?1::26 9> /9?<.5.5J

@151/02 15; 0K?96Q /9?2;7 15; 1;V25:K62N15; 89 :027 ;28.J52; 1 /0161/:26 >96 W09?

3.>2 W9K3; <2 952 <.J J1?2L -V267 6932 8K.:8 0.?Q 95 :02 /95;.:.95 :01: 02 J2:8 :9 @317 :02

321;L $9:0.5J /15 8:9@ 0.?L )9<.3.:7N@69>288.9513Q 89/.13Q /K3:K613N.8 15 .5:2J613 @16: 9>

0.8 @2689513.:7Q 18 .8 0.8 1@@2:.:2 >96 3.>2L 42 /15 W216 9V261338 96 1 8?9I.5J ]1/I2:Q 1

39.5/39:0 96 8K.: 9> 16?96Q <2/1K82 157 @268951 ?.J0: ?K:1:2 .5:9 159:026\ :02 2?@39722

<2/9?28 1 @6.5/2f :02 <15;.: 1 ;9XJ99;26f :02 79K5J /9K5:67 <97 1 ?9;265

?K8I2:226LLL15; 2V25Q .> 52/288167Q 1 0162? <21K:7d

,02 >1<32 /15 <2 /95:2?@96167 96 ?2;.2V13Q /15 :1I2 :02 >96? 9> 1 W28:265 96 1

8W180<K/I326Q <K: .:8 ?9613 62?1.58 :02 81?2\ >1.:0 W.33 ?9V2 ?9K5:1.58L H5 %$ @.6$3 A?

86='=09 ADEDTCQ R2667 >.68: 1@@2168 :9 K8 18 1: 0.8 <15I :23326'8 /9K5:26Q 1 @6.89526 9> 0.8 ]9<L

,02 8:6.I.5J V.8K13 ?2:1@096Q W96:07 9> "#$ B0:+$,=C'$ 8#+=0;=09 7&0 AR1/I "6593;Q DESgCQ62;K/28 =1.6<15I8 :9 :02 8.Z2 9> 1 ;933L 42 <1315/28 95 0.8 :61@2Z2 3.I2 1 /15167 .5 1 J.15:

/1J2L =.::.5J37Q .:Y8 <7 /018.5J 0.8 <988Y8 /15167 :01: 02 >6228 0.?823>Q 321V28 0.8 G/1J2M 15;

<2/9?28 1 V1J1<95;L ,02 :61?@'8 W15;26.5J8 62@62825: 1 62:K65 :9 51:K613 3.>2 15; :02 ]97

9> 3.V.5J\ 399I 1: 0.? ;15/.5J 3.I2 1 >1W5 W0.32 ?.?./I.5J ,16Z15Y8 1/69<1:./8L ,02

?2:1?96@09828 /95:.5K2\ /015/2 321;8 0.? :9 <9669W :02 /39:028Q 15; 025/2 .;25:.:7Q 9> 1



11

>.515/.13 ?9JK3L H5 59 :.?2 1: 133Q 9K6 "?26./15 ;621?26 .8 :6158>96?2; .5:9 1 W93> 9> &133

(:622: 15; ;28:.52; :9 8:1JJ26.5J 8K//288L

H5 "#$ %&C=4 .( %&??=0$33 ADEDFCQ =1.6<15I8 .8 :02 3.5I <2:W225 :W9 89/.1337 15:.:02:./13

J69K@8L (K557Q 1 ;1;;7Y8 <97Q ;2/.;28 :9 ;.V2 .5:9 :02 G(16J1889 (21 9> 0K?15.:7QM 96Q :9

@K: .: ?962 8.?@37Q :9 80162 .5 :02 3.V28 9> :02 3288 >96:K51:2L =.5;.5J :02? ;2@62882;Q 02

;2/.;28 :9 <998: :02.6 ?96132 :069KJ0 1 62J.?2 9> h>223XJ99;h J7?518:./8 15; ]K./7

8:21I8L ">:26 :K65.5J :02 >39@09K82 .5:9 1 J25:32?25Y8 /3K<Q 02 62:K658 09?2 :9 :67 :9

/0226 K@ 0.8 >1:026 15; 0.8 25:9K61J2N G@1?@262; .;3268M ]K8: 18 <K6;252; <7 :02.6

W213:0 18 :02 @996 W262 <7 :02.6 ;28:.:K:.95L H: ;9285': :1I2 395J >96 0.8 62/.@2N

61J:.?2N:9 :6158>96? :02 <9K6J29.8 09K82093; .5:9 1 @131/2 9> J99; 0K?96L 4.8 8K557

9@:.?.8? .8 89 /95:1J.9K8 :01: .: 62893V28 133 :02 /95>3./:8\ 133 :01: .8 522;2; :9 62/95/.32

:W9 H6.80 /3158N96 :9 8213 :02 133.15/2 9> 1 <988 15; 0.8 W96I268 1J1.58: 1 J15J 9>

61/I2:2268N.8 1 >K557 8:967L

H5 7&0#&44&0 7&,0$33 ADEDFCQ :02 /95:61;./:967 69328 J.V25 :9 =1.6<15I8 @317 95 1

J29J61@0./13 ;.V.;2L ,W9 2P:62?28 /933.;2\ -18: 1J1.58: &28:Q :02 /.:7 ]K5J32 1J1.58: :02

W.;2X9@25 /9K5:67L *Y%162Q 1 /9W<97 >69? $2V1;1Q J928 :9 $2W i96I W0262 0.8 >6.25;8 @K:

0.? :9 :02 :28: <7 ?1I.5J 0.? /95>695: 1 ?18I2; J15JL *537 1>:26 @69V.5J :01: 02 .8 /K:

>69? :02 81?2 >1<6./ 18 1 $./I c16:26Q ;928 *Y%162 ;.8/9V26 :01: 0.8 1;V26816.28 W262

1/:968 0.62; :9 >993 0.?L 4.8 628@9582 .8 :9 :K65 :02 091P 1J1.58: .:8 @26@2:61:968\ 02 @K:8 1

8/16> 9V26 0.8 >1/2Q @69/31.?8 0.?823> ^31/I ^K6I2Q :02 W968: ;28@261;9 .5 :02 +9/I.28Q 15;

I.;51@8 :02 <21K:.>K3 J.63 W.:0 1@@98.:2 >31.6L ,02 ?15 9> :02 =16 &28: 018 :02 318: W96;Q :02

318: 31KJ0Q W0./0 .8 9537 6.J0: J.V25 0.8 J99; 93; H6.80 <399;L

+.J0: 9>> :02 <1:Q :02 @6939JK2 >96 1 7.,$+0 7/3;$4$$+ ADEDgC ]K8:.>.28 .:8 :.:32Q @62825:.5J

$2; 18 :02 62.5/1651:.95 9> ;Y"6:1J515L H58:21; 9> 8W96;X>.J0:.5J .5 1 :1V265Q 02

2P/015J28 <39W8 .5 1 8@21I2187Q <21:.5J K@ 952 :0KJ 1>:26 159:026 18 .> :027 W262

+./023.2KY8 025/0?25L "5; >96 J99; 621895\ 02 1/[K.62; 0.8 :18:2 >96 :02 ?K8I2:2268Y

2P@39.:8 W0.32 .5 :02 W9?<Q 0.8 ?9:026 01V.5J 8@25: 026 @62J515/7 621;.5J "32P15;62

%K?18L ^965 ;K6.5J 1 :9651;9Q $2; /15 9537 <2 1 0K?15 /7/3952L (K>>9/1:.5J .5 0.8 51:.V2

j15818Q 02 321V28 0.8 @1625:8 18 8995 18 02 /15Q ?9K5:8 0.8 8:22; A1 =96; =CQ 15; 021;8 9>>

.5 8216/0 9> W695J8 :9 6.J0:L %95': 133 26615: I5.J0:8 01V2 ;Y"6:1J515 18 :02.6 ?9;23 15;

@1:695 81.5:k %W15 /95>.6?8 18 ?K/0 .5 2#='$ D&+=3 8'$$?3 ADEl`CQ W0262 :02 J99; <97Q51:K61337 51?2; _18/95Q 015J8 1 @./:K62 9> :02 ?K8I2:226 .5 0.8 <2;699?L "@@[email protected]:237Q

0.8 318: >.3? W.:0 =1.6<15I8Q "#$ B+.0 7&3; ADEÈCQ .8 1 <21K:.>K3Q 598:13J./ 09?1J2 :9

%K?18Y 026928L

&2 1J1.5 >.5; :02 :02?2 9> ;9K<32 .;25:.:.28 .5 E.C=0 %.., ADE``CL ^2>962 691?.5J

(026W99; =9628:Q :02 <239V2; <15;.: .8 j.5J +./016;Y8 V18813Q 15; :0262>962 >96/2; :9 1<.;2



12

<7 133 >2K;13 /K8:9?8L 4.8 <15.80?25: 822?8 :9 ;23.J0: 0.?\ 02 .8 ?K/0 ?962 1: 2182 .5 :02

8I.5 9> 15 9K:31WQ 01@@7 :9 :61;2 :02 /18:32'8 /958:61.5:8Q .:8 >61:6./.;13 .5:6.JK28 15;

/9?@3./1:2; /9K6:37 39V2Q >96 1 @6.?96;.13 3.>2 W.:0 0.8 )2667 )25L $9 395J26 ?K8: 02 W216

1 023?2:N1 5K.815/2 W025 79K 8@96: 1 015;32<16 ?9K8:1/02N596 6.8I <2.5J /0182; <7 1

:0695J 9> 078:26./13 ;1?8238Q :0982 /0226321;268 9> ?2;.2V13 :9K651?25:8L =1.6<15I8 .8 59:

1>61.; :9 /015J2 <9:0 0.8 1@@21615/2 15; @2689513.:7 ?.;W17 :069KJ0 :02 >.3?L ,02 021V7X

0216:2; I5.J0: :K658 .5:9 1 ?13./.9K8 B2:26 B15Q 15 23K8.V2 "6.23 W0982 >1/2:.9K8

1;V25:K628 [email protected] %W15 ?962 :015 :02 01Z16;8 9> :02 c6K81;28 96 :02 V.325288 9> 16/0X

V.331.58 AW09 13W178 ?1I2 :02 ?.8:1I2 9> :1I.5J :02?823V28 :99 826.9K837CL H:Y8 <2::26 :9

31KJ0 :015 :9 /67\ :0.8 .8 1 J93;25 6K32 >96 9K6 8:967:23326Q 13W178 01@@7 :9 89>:25 :02 8:.5J

9> ?239;61?1 15; 25]97 1 0216:7 JK>>1WL

i2: :02 .6957 9> /95:61;./:967 .;25:.:.28 /15 1389 325; .:823> :9 ;61?1L ,02 ;K13.:7 .8

89?2:.?28 2?<2;;2; .5 :02 :.:32 .:823>Q 3.I2 "#$ F.., *&, 7&0 ADEDFCQ 15 9P7?9695 :01:

?.J0: 1@@37 :9 1 J99; 5K?<26 9> %W15Y8 31:26 @69:1J95.8:8Q >69? :02 >2?132 @6.89526 .52=:;$, ADElDC :9 :02 @69>288.9513 J1?<326 .5 "$00$33$$G3 D&+40$+ ADESSCL =1.6<15I8'

B188.5J ,069KJ0 .5 "#$ F.., *&, 7&0 /9K3; <2 1 ;28/25;25: 9> +9<.5 499;L ^K: :0.8

9K:31W W09 ;2>25;8 W.;9W8 15; 96@0158N96 61:026Q :2251J2 ?9:0268 15; .332J.:.?1:2

/0.3;625 W09 62?.5; 0.? 9> 0.8 9W5 ;28:.57NV.2W8 0.8 W15;26.5J8 18 1 /K682\ G,0262Y8 59

@31/2 >96 ?2 95 :0.8 216:0L H 01V2 01; 59 >1:026LM ,0K8 02 018 62?1.52; 1 /0.3;Q 0916;.5J

9537 0.8 @.3>262;Q @2::7 :6218K628\ 1 >.62/61/I26Q 1 W0.8:32Q 1 ?1J./.15Y8 8/16>m =1.6<15I8Y

/[email protected] /15 9537 <2 89?2952 2[K1337 .33X>1:2;\ ^288.2 #9V2Q W09 398: 026 .559/25/2 :99

8995 3.I2 952 9> _6.>>.:0Y8 <69I25 <39889?8L ,02 :W9 V./:.?8 9> 89/.2:7 /15 9537 >622 21/0

9:026 15; 28/1@2 :9J2:026 :9W16;8 1 ;.8:15: 096.Z95L

GH 01V2 01; 59 >1:026LM ,0.8 /67 ?.J0: 01V2 <225 K::262; <7 :02 ?.P2;X61/2 /0161/:26 .5 "#$

%&'()*+$$, ADEDFCQ 1 ;61?1 9> .5:932615/2L " ;61?1Q <2/1K82 :0.8 :.?2 :02 0269 018 59 09@2

9> 9V26/9?.5J :02 015;./1@ 9> 0.8 <.6:0L +1.82; <7 1 W0.:2 51:K613 8/.25:.8: 1>:26 0.8

?9:026Y8 ;21:0Q ;62882; 18 1 :61@@26 W025 02 .85Y: >.80.5J 51I2; .5 :02 6.V26Q ([email protected]

&1:26 .8 15 9K:/18: .5 2V267 82582 9> :02 W963;L 4.8 ;9?1.5 .8 :02 ;22@ >9628:f 0.8 09?2 :02

09339W :6K5I 9> 1 82[K9.1L c.V.3.Z1:.95 /15 9537 :21/0 0.? G:02 <.::265288 9> <2:61713LM ,02

8026.>> @K68K28 0.? W.:0 K562325:.5J 61/.8: 01:62;Q W.:09K: 8K8@2/:.5J :01: 02 .8

@2682/K:.5J 0.8 9W5 895L ,02 @18:96 @K:8 0.? .5 0.8 @31/2 W.:0 :02 /95;9325/2 :01:Q G1>:26

133Q 79KY62 9537 15 H5;.15LM H5:2J61:.95 .8 9K: 9> :02 [K28:.95N2V25 .5 :02 -P/238.96 813995Q1 ?23:.5J @9: 9> W0.:28Q <31/I8Q 15; c0.5282L ,02 9537 H5;.158 1339W2; :9 25:26 162 :02

/.6/K8 W96I268Q 1 :6.9 ;2<1K/02; <7 13/9093Q W0982 J69:28[K2 ].J .8 .5:266K@:2; <7 ([email protected]

&1:26 18 02 25:621:8 :02? :9 62/9V26 :02.6 @6.;2L

,02 3.5I <2:W225 82PK13.:7 15; 61/.8? .8 28:1<3.802; W.:0 K52P@2/:2; 1K;1/.:7L ,02

W9?15 W09 .J5.:28 :02 >31?2Q :02 8:967Y8 #.3.:0Q .8 $233.2Q :02 @18:96Y8 ;1KJ0:26Q 1 /9[K2::2



13

.5 W09? :02 013>X<622; [email protected] <9:0 ;28.62 15; [email protected] (02 @69V9I28 0.?Q 2V25

.5.:.1:28 1 I.88Q 15; 825;8 0.? <1/I :9 :02 >9628:L "//K82; 9> :9K/0.5J 1 W0.:2 W9?15Q

([email protected] &1:26 .8 2P@982; :9 @K<3./ /95;2?51:.95L $233.2 2P95261:28 026823> <7 @62:25;.5J

:01: 802 9537 W15:2; :9 :21/0 623.J.95 :9 :02 @1J15L $1:K62 .8 133 :01: 62?1.58 :9 :02 59<32

81V1J2Q W0262 159:026 K5:9K/01<32 ]9.58 0.?Q 1 @698:.:K:2 A15; 4.8@15./ :9 <99:C\ ,26281Q 1

?9;265 )16.2 )1J;13252Q :02 I.5; 39V2; <7 ^96Z1J2 15; _6.>>.:0 AW09 [email protected]; :02

>.3?CL ,02.6 3.>2 :9J2:026 .5 :02 c16[K.52Z &99;8 018Q 1: :.?28Q :02 ?.8/0.2V9K8 376./.8? 9>

952 9> ^96Z1J2Y8 69?15/28L ^23.2V.5J :01: :02 013>X<622; W.33 1<K82 026 :02 81?2 W17 :02

W0.:28 01V2Q 802 .8 628.J52; :9 K531/.5J 026 <9;./2Q <K: 02 62188K628 026Q 15; :027 J9 :9

8322@ K5;26 :02 8:168L &025 02 <6.5J8 026 <1/I 1 ;6288 :01: 02 8:932 >69? :02 >3.6: .5 :02

/.:7Q 02 018 :0282 18:95.80.5J W96;8\ G4262Y8 89?2:0.5J :9 ;.8JK.82 79K6823> W.:0LM $233.2Y8

;6288 .8 59 395J26 1889/.1:2; W.:0 ;28.62Q <K: W.:0 ;K@3./.:7L

-),. '&/0,1(+ $, '23+4)(5&)+

"#$ %&'()*+$$, 15:./.@1:28 "$00$33$$G3 D&+40$+ Q [email protected]; <7 :02 81?2 1K:096Q @92: 15;

59V23.8: ^62: 416:2L H5 ?157 W178Q 09W2V26Q .: .8 1389 1 &1380.15 >.3? &<&04 '& '$44+$Q 18 .:

8I2:/028 9K: :02 K5.V2682 9> "#$ *=9 "+&=' ADElUC 15; 2=', F=+' ADEl`Q 1389 1;1@:2; >69?

416:2C\ :02 >9628: 9> 82[K9.18 18 815/:K167Q :02 59<.3.:7 9> ?25 95 :02 9K:8I.6:8 9> 89/.2:7Q

:02 /9??K5.95 9> 9K:/18:8Q :02 .5:932615/2 9> BK6.:15 /9395.8:8Q :02 815/:.?95.9K85288 9>

:02 @18:96Q 15; 2V25Q 1: :02 25;Q :02 ;2@16:K62 9> :02 /9K@32 :9W16;8 :02 K5I59W5L "8 .5

&1380Q 21/0 809: 9> 51:K62 :2338 K8 :01: .: <2395J8 :9 :02 @K62 9> 0216: 15; W.33 13W178 <2

:02.6 K3:.?1:2 62>KJ2L &.:5288 :02 8K./.;2 9> :02 H5;.15 (.3V26 =1W5Q :02 013>X<622;Y8

?9:026Q W09 :069W8 026823> 9>> 1 @69?95:967 9V26399I.5J 15 .??2582 2P@1582 9> >9628:8

15; @61.6.28L H5 1 <21K:.>K3 .5:26513 607?2Q W2 822 =1.6<15I8Y8 @69>.32 .5 :02 81?2

/9?@98.:.95 18 0.8 ?9:026 W025 .: .8 0.8 :K65 :9 <2 <15.802;L %W15 801628 :0.8 J.>: >96

:9@9J61@07 W.:0 0.8 >6.25; +19K3L *<826V2Q >96 .58:15/2Q 09W 02 82:8 K@ 1 JK5>.J0: 95

2.:026 8.;2 9> 1 J.J15:./ :622 :6K5I :01: V26:./1337 ;.V.;28 :02 8/6225Q 18 &1380 W.33 ;9 .5 :02

>.5132 9> "#$ *=9 "+&=' L #95J <2>962 &1380Q %W15 W18 .58/6.<.5J 0.8 026928 .5 [email protected]

315;8/1@28Q 2P@39.:.5J .662JK316.:.28 .5 :02 315;8/1@2 :9 ;61?1:./ 25;8Q 15; .5:26/K::.5J

0.J0 15; 39WX15J32 809:8 .5 :02 /3.?1/:./ ?9?25:8 9> 0.8 1/:.95 82[K25/28L "8 21637 18 "#$

D.=3.0$, H'/6$ ADEDDCQ 02 W18 8:73.8037 /[email protected] 1 325J:07 8099:X9K: 169K5; 1

W99;25 1[K2;K/: :01: W9K3; 826V2 18 :02 /6.?.513'8 0.;29K: 15; >.51337 :9?<L "5; .5 "#$

D.I$+ .( >.<$ ADED`CQ 1 /3.>> >96?8 :02 <9K5;167 3.52 <2:W225 :02 /9W<978 15; :02>.8026?25Q ;2:26?.5.5J 133 :02 :W.8:8 15; :K658 9> 1 ?K6;269K8 V25;2::1L ,02 51:K613

82::.5J8 162 ?1J5.>./25:37 0.J03.J0:2; .5 1 7.,$+0 7/3;$4$$+ Q >96 W0./0 %W15 1J1.5

/9331<961:2; W.:0 b./:96 =32?.5JQ 0.8 ;.62/:96 9> @09:9J61@07 95 "#$ F.., *&, 7&0L ,02

_615; c15795Y8 J29J61@07Q .5 @16:./K316Q ;./:1:28 <21K:.>K3 /015J28 9> 8/132\ <7 13:2651:.5J

/3982 K@8 15; 395J 809:8Q :02 8.309K2::28N89?2:.?28 :.57Q 89?2:.?28 J.15:N8:15; 9K: 96

?23: .5:9 :02 /7/39@215 @15961?1L ,02 8.J0: 9> 15 H5;.15 <K6.13 J69K5; 09339W2; 9K: .5



14

:02 69/I 0.J0 1<9V2 :02 V13327 >3996 @62/2;28 :02 952 .5 &1380Y8 @.'.+&,. "$++=4.+J

ADEaECL

-382W0262Q %W15 6.V138 :02 &1380 9> "#$ "#=$( .( *&9,&, ADEà K 96 2V25 :02 _6.>>.:0 9>

B04.'$+&0:$ ADEDFCL H5 E.C=0 %.., 15; "#$ B+.0 7&3; Q >96 2P1?@32Q >61.3 0K?15 >.JK628

?9V2 1: :02 >99: 96 95 :9@ 9> /9398813 /18:328 :01: 89?2:.?28 62;K/2 :02? :9 :02 8.Z2 9>

15:8L B6.5/28 15; 79I238Q 59<328 15; /9??95268 162Q [K.:2 ;2?9/61:./1337Q 133 .5 :02 81?2

<91:L $2V26:023288Q :015I8 :9 :02 ;2@:0 9> >.23;Q 952 /15 >9339W :02 J28:K628 9> :02 1/:968

15; :02 2P:618 ?9V.5J 95 82V2613 @31528 A61?@16:8Q /625238Q W13IW178C 1: 95/2L ,02 8@1/2

.8 9537 W1.:.5J :9 <2 .5V1;2; 15; /95[K262;L "8 ?188.V2 18 .: .8Q :0262 .8 59 82: :01: :02

0269 /1559: /3.?<Q 59 51:K613 9<8:1/32 02 /1559: 9V26/9?2L +9<.5 ;2?958:61:28 18 ?K/0

W025 02 /3.?<8 >69? 952 32V23 :9 159:026 ;K6.5J :02 1::1/I 95 :02 >96:6288Q 133 95 0.8 9W5Q

>69? :02 ;61W<6.;J2 :9 :02 <13/957 9> :02 :9W26 W0262 )16.95 ?K8: <2 628/K2;L

=96 %W15Q W09 ;2138 W.:0 8K/0 1/69<1:./8 W.:0 :02 231:2; @62/.8.95 9> 1 /09629J61@026Q:02 ;.62/:.95 9> 1 >.3? <2/9?28 :02 ;.62/:.95 9> 8@1/2L H:'8 0262 :01: 952 >.5;8 :02 82/62: 9>

0.8 ;61?1:K6J7 15; @2601@8 2V25 9> 0.8 @92:./8L *52 /15 822 .:Q & :.04+&+=.Q .5 :02 (W15895

/9?2;.28Q .5 W0./0 :02 0269.52Y8 ?.8>96:K528 162 3.5I2; :9 /95>.52?25:L R255.2 .8 8:K/I

<2:W225 :02 /9K5:26 15; :02 8:9V2 A84&9$ 84+/:; CQ W0.32 ,288.2 28/1@28 :02 /31K8:69@09<.1

9> 026 <182?25: 9537 :9 <2 @1/I2; 3.I2 1 816;.52 .5 15 9V26/69W;2; 8K<W17

A7&0#&0,'$, CL ^7 /95:618:Q .5 =1.6<15I8Y 1;V25:K628Q :02 0269Y8 .5:62@.;5288 8KJJ28:8 1

@69;.J.9K8 1J.3.:7 :01: ;2>.28 J61V.:7 .:823>L 4.8 /95:693 9V26 8@1/2 [email protected] 1?95J 9:026

?16V239K8 8:K5:8Q :02 395J /95:.5K9K8 809: .5 W0./0 :02 ?K8I2:226 9> j15818 /3.?<8Q .5

952 <9K5;Q :9 :02 :9@ 9> 1 /0K6/0 8:22@32 :9 ?.?./ 1 0K?15 W21:026V152f +9<.5 499;Y8

J61/2>K3 83.;2 ;9W5 :02 0KJ2 /K6:1.5 :01: /9V268 :02 /18:32'8 W133f 96 :02 [email protected];2 W0262

;Y"6:1J515 :1I28 1;V15:1J2 9> 1 [email protected] 8:1.6/182 :9 ;.8@982 9> 1 096;2 9> /K:X:0691:8L 4262Q

>622;9? 9> ?9V2?25: <2/9?28 1 ?1::26 9> 3.>2 15; ;21:0L &025 0.8 /[email protected] 162

@.552; .5 15 K5;26J69K5; @1881J2Q B96:098 81/6.>./28 0.?823>Q <39W.5J 2V267:0.5J K@ W.:0

1 <16623 9> JK5@9W;26L ,02 /95V./: c98:1K; W.33 ;9 :02 81?2 :9 81V2 0.8 ;1KJ0:26 1: :02

25; 9> 2#='$ D&+=3 8'$$?3L

%W15'8 69?15:./ V93K5:16.8? 621/028 .:8 1@9J22 W.:0 L&34 8=,$M 2$34 8=,$ ADE`gCL _296J2

*Y^6.25 @3178 R905 ^6225Q 1 <16J2?15 15; .332J.:.?1:2 /0.3; W09 61.828 0.?823> K@ <7 :02

8W21: 9> 0.8 <69WL 42 1@@2168Q .5 :K65Q 18 1 61J1?K>>.5Q 1 <9P26Q 1 >962?15Q 15 25J.5226Q 15;1 <K.3;26L H?1J.52 _25:32?15 R.? ;2/.;.5J :9 <2/9?2 16/0.:2/: 49W16; +916I >69? "#$

H./04&=0#$&, ADEaECL 4.8 ?9;23k c016328 #.5;<26J0L R905Y8 6.82 .8 @3172; 9K: 95 82V2613

>695:8Q >69? -18: :9 &28: 9> /9K682Q <K: 1389 >69? :02 216:0 :9 :02 8I7L H: <2J.58 .5 :02

?K6I7 W1:268 9> :02 -18: +.V26Q /95:.5K28 :069KJ0 :02 ;.JJ.5J 9> :02 8K<W17 :K55238 A0.8

>.68: /958:6K/:.95 8.:2CQ 15; /K3?.51:28 95 :02 @25:09K82 9> 1 >K:K6.8:./ 8I78/61@26L ,02

<6./IQ W0./0 62@62825:8 0.8 ;621? 15; @988.<37 0.8 V267 /0161/:26Q .8 :02 @./:K62'8



15

62/K6625: ?9:.>L H: .8 .5:69;K/2; 21637 95Q W025 R905 @./I8 952 K@ 95 :02 <16J2 15; 8228 .:Q

W.:0 :02 023@ 9> 1 8K@26.?@98.:.95Q :6158>96?2; .5:9 1 8I78/61@26 .5 :02 @13? 9> 0.8 015;Q

18 .>Q .5 15 .58:15:Q 02 /9K3; 8K<]KJ1:2 6213.:7 :9 0.8 W.33L

=96 %W15Q :02 /.:7 .8 1 J.J15:./ >9K5;67L =16 >69? /6K80.5J @29@32Q .: 8@K68 15; 62@178 :02.6

1?<.:.958L ^K: .: .8 1 @31/2 W0262 79K ?17 01V2 :9 >.68: 3982 79K6823> .5 96;26 :9 >.5;

79K6823>L &18 :01: 59:Q 1: .:8 0216:Q :02 328895 9> 7&0#&0,'$, k R905 <16237 8K6V.V28 :02

<16J2Y8 8.5I.5J 1>:26 1 J.15: /16J9 80.@ 0.:8 .:Q <K: >.5;8 0.?823> ?.61/K39K837 62<965 95 :02

-18: (.;2 W0262 2V25 ?962 2P:61V1J15: 1;V25:K628 1W1.: 0.?L 41V.5J 398: 2V267:0.5JQ R905

<2/9?28 15 -V267?15Q 1<32 :9 :61V2682 133 ?.3.2K8 15; /318828L "8 1 ?1::26 9> >1/:Q 9K6

79K5J H6.80?15 .8 :1I25 .5 <7 1 :1.396 W09 9>>268 0.? 1 <1:0Q >.:8 0.? >96 15 *P>96; 8K.: 15;

62X<1@:.Z28 0.? GR905 #.@V.:/0LM H: .8 1?95J :02 .??.J615:8 9> 1 R2W.80 J02::9 :01: 02 W.33

K5;26J9 <9:0 0.8 89/.13 1@@625:./280.@ 15; 0.8 825:.?25:13 2;K/1:.95L H695./1337Q :0.8

)9828 81V2; >69? :02 W1:268 .8 /1332; K@95 :9 <2/9?2 :02 ?7:0./ (1?895 W025 02 093;8

K@ 95 0.8 809K3;268 :02 <21?8 9> 1 ?.52 801>: :0621:25.5J :9 /9331@82L

B1:26513 1<825/2 1J1.5 @3178 1 ;2/.8.V2 6932L #.I2 :02 G413>X^622;M 15; :02 G_99; ^1; )15QM

R905 822:028 W.:0 61J2 1: 52V26 01V.5J I59W5 0.8 >1:026Q 1 &28: (.;2 <3K2 <399; W0982

25:9K61J2 @62V25:2; 0.? >69? ?1667.5J :02 826V15: 02 .?@62J51:2;L "5; 72:Q :0.8 >1:026

W09? 02 8W962 02'; I.33 W.33 2V25:K1337 :67 :9 023@ 0.? 8K//22;L H5/9J5.:9Q :02 ?.33.951.62

628/K28 0.? >69? :02 W963; 9> <9P.5J 15; 251<328 0.? :9 @K68K2 0.8 ;621?8 9> <6./I 15;

8:223L R905 W95Y: 01V2 :9 I.33 0.?\ @92:./ ]K8:./2 W.33 :1I2 /162 9> :0.5J8L RK8: 18 :02 ?9:026

;69W58 026823> .5 :02 -18: +.V26 W025 :02 <16J2 .8 J9.5J ;9W5Q :02 >1:026 @18828 1W17

W025 0.8 9/215 3.526 0.:8 15 ./2<26J 15; 8.5I8 3.I2 :02 ,.:15./L ": :02 25; 9> :02 8:967Q :02

<18:16; 895 018 <2/9?2 0.8 >1:026Y8 2[K13Q 1 ?2?<26 9> :02 23.:2 W09 162 <K.3;.5J :02 /.:7

9> :02 >K:K62Q 952 9> :02 ?18:268 9> :02 52W )2:[email protected]

&025 .: /9?28 :9 39V268' :678:8Q %W15 ?.J0: 2V25 ?1:/0 &1380L H5 %W15'8 >.3?8 :99 .: .8

9>:25 :02 W9?15Q 16;25: 15; 8016@Q W09 :1I28 :02 .5.:.1:.V2 A822Q 18 21637 18 DED`Q :02

W28:265 J13315:6.28 9> @/?=, "#+./9# D&,'.:;3CQ 2V25 W025 802 @178 1 02>:7 @6./2Q 18 .5

7&=,$0 &0, 7$0 ADED`CQ 1 ;67 15; /6K23 >1<32 62?.5.8/25: 9> )1K@18815:L ,0622

@69V9/1:.V2 8/2528 8:15; 9K: .5 L&34 8=,$M 2$34 8=,$Q <2J.55.5J W.:0 :02 952 W0262 :02

:1.396Y8 ;1KJ0:26 ^2/I1 Ab.6J.5.1 b133.C :1I28 026 :.?2 ;67.5J 15; 015J.5J 026

K5;26J16?25:8 .5 :02 <1:0699? W0262 R905 .8 W1.:.5J :9 J2: K5;62882;L 42 W.33 522; :939/I :02 ;996 :9 @69:2/: 0.8 ?9;28:7L #1:26Q 802 2P@9828 026823> <7 /3.?<.5J 1 31;;26L

A,0262Y8 2V25 15 .5;.8/622: ?.6696 @98.:.952; .5 :02 <1/IJ69K5; :9 ;K@3./1:2 :02

8@2/:1/32LC &025 802 /9?28 ;9W5Q 802 32:8 R905 J61< 093; 9> 026 15; .5 1 <93; ?9V2 n

@2601@8 <9669W2; >69? c016?1.52Q :02 79K5J =625/0 J.63 .5 2#&4 D+=:$ F'.+JN ADE`FC n

>2238 0.8 <./2@8\ G_22Q 79KY62 8:695JdM RK8: 18 :6158@1625: .8 :02 ?2:957?7 9> :02 8?133



16

>93;.5J <2; 802 @62@1628 >96 0.? W.:0 39V.5J /162Q <K: W0982 83.J0:37 /9?./13 51669W5288 .8

/26:1.5 :9 ?1I2 :02 ;28.62; >693./ K5/9?>96:1<32Q :9 817 :02 3218:L

^2/I1Y8 15:1J95.8: .8 [email protected] ARK52 c933726CQ 1 79K5J 859< W09 /166.28 026823> W.:0 ]K8: 18

?K/0 1K;1/.:7L "5 .5:26513 607?2 3.5I8 :02 :W9 6.V138\ W025 [email protected] 82;K/28 R905Q W2

59:./2 1 <.J >9K6X@98: <2; <20.5; :02? :01: .8 :02 16.8:9/61:./ /9K5:26@16: :9 :02

@6932:16.15 >93;.5J <2;L H5 <9:0 82[K25/28Q :02 I.88 J.V28 W17 :9 :02 ,$ +=9$/+ 233.@82Q <K:

:02 <2;Y8 @62825/2 .5 :02 >61?2 321V28 59 ;9K<: 1<9K: :02 01@@7 9K:/9?2 9> :02 >3.6:1:.95L

B0 (=0$Q :02 <16 J.63 W.58 9K: 9V26 :02 @1?@262; 8W233L (1/6.>./.5J 026823> 89 802 W95Y:

0.5;26 R905Y8 /16226Q 802 :K658 9K: :9 <2 0.8 W96:07 /[email protected] W026218 :02 @9826

;.8/62;.:8 026823> <7 026 823>.805288L ,01: W18 :02 /95/3K8.95 9> "#$ %&'()*+$$, Q W0262 :02

W.3; J.63 :K652; 9K: :9 01V2 ?962 ;.J5.:7 :015 :02 @18:96Y8 ;1KJ0:26L ,0.6:7 72168 31:26Q .:

W.33 1389 <2 :02 /95/3K8.95 9> 8='<$+ >.,$ 15; "$00$33$$G3 D&+40$+ Q %W15'8 @161;9P./13 ?9613

:1328 W0262 >2?132 9K:/18:8 @69V2 :9 <2 :02 813: 9> :02 216:0L

(9/.13 >628/9k B./1628[K2 /9?2;7k )239;61?1k L&34 8=,$M 2$34 8=,$ .8 133 9> :0282Q 25:.6237

.5 [email protected] W.:0 :02 8:732 9> .:8 823>X?1;2 ?15 15; 0.8 /K6.9K8 ;28:.57L ,02 /015J28 .5 :952

162 32J.95 15; ]K8: 18 K5>9628221<32L ,0.8 J928 >96 :02 ;61?1 9> :02 ,.:15./N62/621:2; .5 1

015;>K3 9> ;621?3.I2 15; 2P:62?237 /95/.82 809:8N:069KJ0 :9 :02 62V2682 :61/I.5J 809:

:01: >9339W8 :02 26615: @1:0 9> 1 013>X;1Z2; ?15 >96 59 9:026 621895 :015 0.8 @6./23288 ?KJL

,069KJ09K: :02 >.3?Q %W15 1::28:8 :01: :02 2>>2/: 9> G8K<]2/:.V2 V.8.95M /15 <2 2[K13 @16:8

/9?./ 15; ;61?1:./\ 1 j*Y; <9P26 .?1J.528 :02 0.316.9K8 &?+O3)6=,= ,P/0 (&/0$Q W026218

R905 8228 ^2/I1'8 >1/2 .5 1 ?1552[K.5 W216.5J 1 W2;;.5J ;6288 .5 1 8:962 W.5;9WL "8 .5

)K651KY8 8/0+=3$ ADE`gCQ :02 ;28.62 .8 8995 >K3>.332;Q .:8 9<]2/: ?1J./1337 ?1:26.13.Z.5JL "5;

18 9>:25 .5 %W15'8 ?9V.28Q /39:0.5J 325;8 .:823> :9 1 V16.2:7 9> J1J8Q >69? _296J2 *Y^6.25Y8

2?<166188?25: W0.32 :67.5J 95 @15:8 :9 RL =166233 )/%9513;Y8 /39W5.5J 169K5; W0.32 /6988X

;6288.5J 18 1 /016W9?15L

$9 W95;26 :0282 80.>:.5J .;25:.:.28 ?1I2 :02 0269 ;.ZZ7L ,02 /.:7 :01: 02 82: 9K: :9

/95[K26 .8 1389 :02 /1@.:13 9> <2:61713 15; ;2/2.:L H58:21; 9> <K.3;.5JQ 809K3;5': 02 <2

;28:697.5J 2V267:0.5Jk R905Y8 /95>K8.95 [email protected] :02 [K18.X8K66213.8: 2P/28828 9> :02 >.513

1/:L H5 1 ?9?25: 9> ;.816617Q 02 ;2/.;28 :9 81<9:1J2 0.8 /16226\ 02 W.33 ?1I2 :0282 $2W

i96I268 @17 ;21637 >96 :02.6 ;K@3./.:7 <7 /9??.::.5J :02 ?98: 8@2/:1/K316 8K./.;2L 42

;628828 K@ 18 1 GJ25:32?15QM A;.8JK.828 0.?823>Q "#$ %&'()*+$$, W9K3; 817CQ 15; 62:K658 :9W0262 0.8 81J1 <2J15Q ;2:26?.52; :9 K532180 V.9325/2 15; /0198 1/6988 :02 25:.62 -18:

(.;2L &2 822 0.?Q .5 :02 39WXI27 3.J0:.5J 9> 15 "@1/02 <16Q J2: W18:2; W0.32 399I.5J 1: 0.8

62>32/:.95N>18/.51:2; <7 :0.8 13:26X2J9 .5 1 8?9I.5J ]1/I2: W09? 02 <16237 62/9J5.Z28N

:025 6K5 >69? 952 ;.V2 :9 :02 52P: W0.32 >.J0:.5J 8/9K5;6238 9> 133 8:6.@28 W.:0 1

?2:09;./13 >269/.:7Q W96:07 9> 1 ;Y"6:1J515d R905 25;8 K@Q ?962 ;21; :015 13.V2Q 1: :02

;996 9> ^2/I1Y8 8@21I2187Q ]K8: .5 :.?2 :9 89<26 K@ 15; 81V2 026 >69? 61@2L H: .8 1



17

J615;.982 628/K2Q 1 >.::.5J /3.?1P :9 15 K5/3188.>.1<32 W96I :01: .8 18 25/015:.5J 15;

<621:0:1I.5J 18 1 693326/918:26L

*K6 _25:32?15 R905 @1V28 :02 W17 >96 _25:32?15 R.?L 4.8 ?K3:.@32 .;25:.:.28 162 <9K5; :9

;.896.25: 0.?Q <K: 59:0.5J 839W8 0.? ;9W5L =69? 952 6932 :9 :02 52P: 0.8 <93;5288 J69W8

18 02 >.5;8 .5 0.?823> :02 1K;1/.:7 :9 6213.Z2 0.8 W.3;28: ;621?8L &2 52V26 ;9K<: >96 15

.58:15: :01: :02 W963; <2395J8 :9 0.?f :01: 02 .8 /1@1<32 9> /6988.5J :02 (16J1889 (21 15;

621/0.5J :02 02.J0:8 02Y8 82: >96 0.?823>L H> L&34 8=,$M 2$34 8=,$ 018 1 ?2881J2Q .: .8 8.?@32

15; 1@@3.28Q K5;9K<:2;37Q :9 ?98: 9> %W15Y8 >.3?8\ .: .8 32>: :9 21/0 .5;.V.;K13 :9 /621:2

0.?823>Q <7 >.8: 96 <7 8W96;Q <6./I <7 <6./I 96 .5 952 >233 8W99@Q W.:09K: >216 96 >1382

?9;28:7Q 1?.;8: <K68:8 9> 15J26 15; 69168 9> 31KJ0:26L -V267 ?15 /15 >96J2 0.8 ;28:.57 15;

<2/9?2 1 0269 .> 02 ;9285Y: 1339W 0.?823> :9 <2 ;2>21:2; <7 1;V268.:7L 41;5': :0.8 13621;7

<225Q .5 DEDDQ :02 59<32 [email protected]:.95 9> :02 2$34$+0 5+$&6$+ k

D B2:26 ^9J;159V./0Q "#$ >&34 D=.0$$+ A$2W i96I\ B612J26Q DEgDCQ a`L



18

!!

"5J238 .5 -P.32

A,02 (9K5; B26.9;C

GH 01V2 1 0216: 15; H .5:25; :9 ;9 W01: .: :2338 ?2LMN"63252 %103Q 8'=9#4'J 8:&+'$4

=223.5J8 162 :9 /95V25:.95 W01: :02 0216: .8 :9 621895\ :027 13W178 >.5; 1 W17 9> .J596.5JQ

<[email protected] 96 :K65.5J .: K@8.;2 ;9W5L (K/0 .8 :02 /62;9 9> "3315 %W15Q 1 69?15:./ 8?KJJ326

W09 <6.5J8 <21K:7 :9 3.J0: .5 :02 ?98: K53.I237 @31/28 15; 8.:K1:.958L ,02 >1?9K8 G;2:9K6M

.5 "$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ ?17 ;2>.52 0.8 @92:./ 16:\ :W9 28/1@228 AR905 B1752Q +9513;

+21J15CQ @K68K2; <7 1 J69K@ 9> >K6.9K8 61<<32Q 162 1<9K: :9 <2 375/02;Q <K: >96J2::.5J :02.6

.58:.5/: >96 823>X@62826V1:.95Q 62:K65 :9 J.V2 1 >162W233 I.88 :9 :02 G%K/0288QM :02.6 JK16;.15

15J23 A+095;1 =32?.5JCL =16 >69? :02 :61;.:.9513 .5Je5K2Q :02 31::26 .8 1 0.J0X/3188

1;V25:K6288 W0982 J1?<3.5J 813995 8023:268 1 <69:023 I59W5 2K@02?.8:./1337 18 G,02

)166.1J2 )16I2:LM c9K3; :02 G%K/0288M <2 1 J99; >1.67k o5;9K<:2;37L H8 59: 026 >.2>;9? 15

25/015:2; @131/2k &.:0 0.8 /K8:9?167 8.?@3./.:7Q :02 >.3??1I26 8KJJ28:8 :0.8 <7

;2/961:.5J :02 82: W.:0 15 1<K5;15/2 9> ?1J5.>./25: 8/1632: >39W268L o52P@2/:2; .5 1 ;2826:

J93;X:9W5Q :0282 <9K[K2:8 162 25;9W2; W.:0 :02 81?2 ?78:26.9K8 J61/2 18 9K6 :0622

/0.V1369K8 9K:8.;268\ ?962 <21K:7 :015 79K W9K3; 2V26 2P@2/: .5 :02 @6.?.:.V2 &28: 9> :02

@698@2/:968L &09 9:026 :015 %W15 W9K3; ;621? 9> K8.5J 69828 15; J31;.93. :9 3.5I :02 >1:2

9> 0.8 @69:1J95.8:8 15; .5V.:2 :02? :9 3.8:25 9537 :9 :02 ;./:1:28 9> :02 0216:k

6,.("$14 7()(8,9&+

%W15 .8 1<9V2 133 1 8:967:23326L H5 :0.8 02 .8 /3982 :9 &1380Q <7 W09? 02 018 395J <225

9V26801;9W2; A]K8: 18 #1 c1V1 W18 <7 c1@61CL H5 1;;.:.95 :9 J621: J252698.:7Q :027 80162

:01: :18:2 >96 69?15:./ @161;9P28 W0./0 822?8 51:K613 :9 _6.>>.:0'8 @69J257L ^9:0 W96I2;

W.:0.5 1 @69;K/:.95 3.52 878:2?Q <K: :02.6 8:61:2J.28 W262 18 ;.>>2625: 18 :02.6

:2?@261?25:8L &026218 &1380 J1339@2; 1: <621I52/I 8@22; :9W16;8 :02 2V26X62/2;.5J

096.Z95Q %W15 016;37 32>: :02 @1;;9/IQ /95:25: :9 :61/2 /.6/328 W.:0.5 1 51669W37

/.6/K?8/6.<2; @26.?2:26L H> :02 >.68: W18 <25: 95 G82::.5J /.52?18 95 >.62QM 9V26:K65.5J

J25628Q V.931:.5J /2589680.@ /9;28Q /1@:K6.5J :02 89K5; 15; :02 >K67 9> :02 /25:K67Q :02

82/95;Q 2V26 8K<:32Q 13W178 8?.3.5JQ /95:.5K2; 95 0.8 J99;X51:K62; W17Q ?1I.5J :02 <28: 9>

W01:2V26 /958:61.5:8 02 25/9K5:262;Q <2 :027 51661:.V2Q :2/05./13 96 >.515/.13L ,0.8 ?215:

8:17.5J 18 >16 18 @988.<32 >69? :02 K@021V138 9> 0.8 :.?2L &0252V26 02 /9K3;Q %W15 5K;J2;

0.8 @69]2/:8 :9W16;8 :02 >1<32Q 1@939JK2 96 @161<32Q 2V25 W025 02 @96:6172; 0.8:96./13

>.JK628 A=26;.515; ;2 #2882@8 .5 8/$Q Q &71:: -16@ .5 H+.04=$+ 7&+3#&' CL 4.8 92KV62 .8 :0K8

;2:1/02; >69? 157 /95:2?@96167 6213.:7 X 822?.5J37 [email protected] :9 :02 Z2.:J2.8:L



19

,0.8 .8 /321637 1@@1625: .5 :02 @98:W16 @26.9;Q %W15'8 @26.9; 9> ?1:K6.:7L H'=9#4 R/+3$ 15;

%.', *&:; 4#$ R=9#4 >21:K62 :02 j96215 &16 18 <1/I;69@Q <K: :0282 162 87?<93./ 8:96.28Q

/25:262; 95 1 :13.8?15 96 1 >2:.803.I2 9<]2/: A1 :K<2 9> 3.@8:./IQ 1 <9::32 9> (/9:/0CQ W0./0

/9K3; <2 82: .5 9:026 @31/28 96 /95>3./:8L H5 8='<$+ >.,$Q 02 8?KJJ328 .5 15 133K8.95 :9 :02

W.:/0X0K5:8Q <K: .5 :02 JK.82 9> 1 W28:265 W0262 :02 0269'8 52?28.8 .8 15 .?@98:96 <7 :02

51?2 9>LLL )/c16:7 A8./CL "5; :02 >.3?'8 ;61?1:./ /628/25;9 .8 96/028:61:2; <7 /6988/K::.5J

<2:W225 :02 >96/28 9> J99; 15; 2V.3 :01: .8 @K62 _6.>>.:0.151L "3:09KJ0 7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0

1'=<$ 2V9I28 :02 5K/3216 :0621:Q .: .8 W.:0.5 :02 >61?2W96I 9> 15 1@939JK2 :01: 016I258 <1/I

:9 :02 <.<3./13 <K65.5J <K80 61:026 :015 :9 :02 c93; &16L )98: 9> :02 >.3?8 ;.62/:2; <7 %W15

;K6.5J :02 >.>:.28 162 89?209W :.?23288\ :027 /9K3; 01V2 <225 /95/2.V2; 9> .5 :02

@.95226.5J 261 W025 02 188.8:2; G)6L _6.>>.:0M 95 B04.'$+&0:$Q W96I2; >96 :02 ,6.15J32

c9?@157Q 15; /9331<961:2; W.:0 %9KJ318 =1.6<15I8 15; _396.1 (W15895L AH8 :0.8 W07

:027'V2 1J2; 89 W233kC

(9?2:.?28Q %W15'8 >.3?8 ?.6696 952 159:026 1/6988 82V2613 ;2/1;28Q 8K/0 18 "#$ %&'()

*+$$, ADEDFC 15; "$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ ADESSCQ <9:0 [email protected]; <7 ^62: 416:2 8:96.28L -;?K5;

#9W2 .5 *'&:; 8#$$? ADElSCQ >96 W0./0 %W15 W69:2 :02 8:967Q .8 :02 @69:9:7@2 9> :0982 <.JX

0216:2; @69>288.9513 J1?<3268 W09 1@@216 .5 89 ?157 9> 0.8 31:26 W96I8Q 15; .5 @16:./K316

.5 "$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ Q W0982 8/6.@: 02 /9X1K:0962;L %$=,= ADElgC 15; 5+=(4I.., ADEagC

2/09 21/0 9:026Q <9:0 >1.67 :1328 W0262 :02 1;K3:8 01V2 ?962 :9 32165 >69? :02 /0.3;625

:015 V./2XV2681L ,02 ./959J61@07 9> G@161;.82 398:QM 9> 1 @62/.9K8 J16;25 ;2V18:1:2; <7 :02

.5.[K.:7 9> ?25Q 3.5I8 "=,$ .( L6?=+$ ADEÈC 15; @&44'$ S/$$0 .( 7.04&0& ADESaCQ 1?95J

9:0268L H5 8='<$+ >.,$ ADESaCQ R905 B1752 .8 81V2; >69? 1 375/0.5J <7 1 >1I2 :232J61?Q <K:

:02 81?2 ;61?1:./ ;2V./2 A1395J W.:0 :02 59:.95 :01: :02 25; 89?2:.?28 ]K8:.>.28 :02

?2158C 01; 13621;7 1@@2162; .5 7&0 4. 7&0 ADElUC .5 W0./0 _615: ).:/0233 .8 81V2; >69?

@6.895 <7 >1I2 2V.;25/2 J.V25 <7 0.8 >6.25;8L b./:96 )/#1J325Q :02 /95V./: .5 2#='$ D&+=3

8'$$?3 ADEl`CQ .8 ?9;232; 1>:26 >$3 7=3T+&C'$3Y R215 b13]215Q W0.32 &13:26 ^625515Q :02

8026.>> .5 8/++$0,$+ ADESUCQ .8 .;25:.>.2; W.:0 R1V26: 15; %255.8 *'j22>2Q :02 @18:96 .5 B4P3

1'I&J3 8/0,&J ADESSCQ 62/1338 :02 2V15J23./13 >.JK62 9> )J6L )76.23L ,02 :.:32 9> 1 DEDF

@./:K62 W.:0 %9KJ318 =1.6<15I8Q "#$ F.., *&, 7&0Q /9K3; <2 1@@3.2; :9 ?157 9> %W15'8

>.3?8\ :02 1?<.JK9K8 /0161/:26Q 83.J0:37 9>>X<1315/2Q :965 <2:W225 J61/2 15; 8.5Q .8 13W178

?962 .5:2628:.5J :015 :02 @K62 0269 96 :02 8:61.J0:>96W16; V.331.5L ,02 69JK2 W09 ?25;8

0.8 W178Q :02 1669J15: ?15 W09 809W8 0K?.3.:7Q :02 /6.?.513 W09 W15:8 :9 62;22? 0.?823>Q:0282 162 :02 >.JK628 :01: 162 3.I237 :9 [email protected] 9K6 69?15:./L

=69? 0.8 >.68: @26.9; A822 .5 @16:./K316 5&<=, %&+/6Q DEDSC ;1:28 %W15Y8 @62;.32/:.95 >96

8?133 :9W5 3.>2Q :02 62?9:2 @69V.5/2Q :02 ?./69X/9??K5.:.28 W0./0 >96?2; :02 :61;.:.9513

>61?2W96I 9> G"?26./151M\ :02 <1/IW1:268 9> :02 &28: 96 $2W -5J315;Q ;.31@.;1:2; J098:

:9W58 96 /966K@: <96;26 :9W58Q c13.>965.15 96 )2P./15 615/028Q 15; 89?2:.?28 2V25 15



20

25/31V2 .5 :02 0216: 9> :02 <.J /.:7 A3.I2 :02 _6225W./0 b.331J2 9> @&'$0,&+ F=+' Q 15 16:.8:8'

@161;.82CL ,02 39/1:.95 ?.J0: <2 1 ?7:0./13 @31/2 A,9?<8:952 .5 H+.04=$+ 7&+3#&' C 96 @K6237

1332J96./13 A).88.95 .5 "#$ E$34'$33 *+$$, CQ <K: W01: 2P/.:28 %W15 .8 :02 .5:26?.5J3.5J 9> ?25

15; [email protected]/28Q :02 W213:0 9> ;.V2682 2?9:.958 .5 1 /9?@1/: 8@1/2L ,02 8?133 :9W5 95 :02

8:K;.9 <1/IX39: .8 @69<1<37 59:0.5J ?962 :015 1 J1?<3.5J 0133Q 1 09:23Q :W9 8:622: /965268Q

?17<2 1 /0K6/0Q <K: .:'8 1 3.::32 :021:26 W0262 133 :02 1/:968 9> :02 0K?15 /9?2;7 .5:26?.PL

,02.6 /9?.5J8 15; J9.5J8Q :02.6 /958:15: .5:261/:.95Q 253.V25 1 >61?2 :01: %W15 @62>268 >K33Q

;2582Q 2V25 @1/I2;L " 8I.332; ?18:26 9> :02 16: 9> 4+.6?$)'P.$=' Q 02 /15 /9K5: 9537 95 0.8

.5J25K.:7 :9 /09629J61@0 8K/0 1 69W;7Q /9396>K3 <K5/0L ,02 @69;K/:.95 .8 8096: 9> ?9527k

$9 @69<32?L ,02 ?962 3.?.:2; :02 <K;J2:Q :02 ?962 02 K828 2P:618 .5 0.8 /69W; 8/2528N15;

<9K[K2:8 9> 69828 .5 0.8 .5:.?1:2 9528L A$9 W95;26 %W15 ;2:28:2; c.52?1(/9@2Q 1 >96?1:

:01: ?1;2 8K/0 832.J0: 9> 015; ?962 /98:37 15; 2V25 ?962 /9?@3./1:2;LC

*52 809K3; 2P@2/: >69? %W15 52.:026 :02 @[email protected]: ?7:0939J7 9> 1 c1@61Q 596 b.;96'8 376./13

/232<61:.95 9> :02 315; 15; .:8 V.6:K28L &.:0 0.?Q :02 @./:K62 .8 /95V.V.13 .5 1@@21615/2 9537L,02 @69V.5/28 /133 >96 81:.62\ >69? .:8 0K?K8 [email protected] :02 W22;8 9> ?2155288Q 07@9/6.87Q 15;

51669WX?.5;2; /95826V1:.8? AU./09 D$.?'$M E$0,$Q<./3 I=4# 100=$M 5+=(4I..,M "#$ B03=,$

84.+J CL i9K /26:1.537 ;95': W15: :9 3.V2 :0262 95/2 :02 V25226 9> /.V.3.:7 >31I28 9>>L

"$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ @.3396.28 :02 W233X:9X;9 <9K6J29.8 15; :02 @698@2/:968 @9882882; <7

J93; >2V26L H5 8='<$+ >.,$Q :9 /232<61:2 H5;2@25;25/2 %17Q 1 ]K<.315: /9??K5.:7 ;.8@3178 :02

(:16X(@15J32; ^15526 2V267W0262Q @95:.>./1:28 1<9K: :02 c958:.:K:.95'8 >.52 @6.5/.@328Q <K:

.5 62]2/:.5J 952 9> :02.6 9W5Q W09? .: @628K?28 JK.3:7Q 62V26:8 .5 :02 8@1/2 9> 1 >2W 09K68

:9 :02 @6.?.:.V2 81V1J267 9> :02 31W3288 &28:L =96 :02 8?133:.?2 :9W5 .8 59 918.8 9>

:615[K.3.:7L H:'8 ?962 3.I2 1 /61Z2; /096K8f 96 1 ?./69/98? .5 1 8:1:2 9> 2>>26V28/25/2Q W0262

952 /15 2V13K1:2 21/0 .5;.V.;K13'8 V28:2; .5:2628:8Q @188.958 15; 62825:?25:8L =96 %W15Q

:02 .;213 8:967 .8 15 2582?<32 @.2/2Q 952 W0262 02 /15 J.V2 1 V9./2 :9 2V267 /.:.Z25Q >69?

:02 0K?<328: :9 :02 ?98: @9W26>K3L ^2::26 8:.33Q :02 /096K8 .33K8:61:28 9K6 ?K:K13

.5:26;2@25;25/2 X 18 W.:0 :02 /01.5 9> ;2<:8 :01: 3.5I 133 :02 /0161/:268 .5 "#$ B03=,$ 84.+J L

4262 .8 1 W963; W0262 21/0 018 1 6932 :9 @317Q 2V25 :02 /95 ?15Q 2V25 :02 <99:32JJ26f 15; .:

.8 K5;268:99; :01: :0.8 6932 809K3; 52V26 <2 8225 18 .??K:1<32L

,02 /18:.5J 9> 69328 822?8 82::32; 95/2 15; >96 133k %95': :6K8: 1@@21615/28d *<826V2Q 61:026Q

:02 62?16I1<32 /95:.JK.:7 9> J99; 15; 2V.3Q V./2 15; V.6:K2L "33 .: :1I28 :9 /133 2V267:0.5J .5:9

[K28:.95 .8 :9 :06K8: 1 8:615J26 .5:9 :02 ?./69/98?Q <2 02 .559/25: A 5+=(4I.., C 961?<.JK9K8 A"#$ E$34'$33 *+$$, CQ 1 >96/2 >96 J99; A"$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ C 96 >96 2V.3 A8='<$+

>.,$C\ :02 6.J0:29K8 62V213 :02?823V28 :9 <2 07@9/6.:28f ;2/25: >93I8 :K65 .5:9 1 375/0 @1/If

:02 8026.>> 15; :02 9K:31W ?1I2 >6.25;8f :02 ]K8: ;.8/9V26 :027 522; 9K:/18:8f 15; :02

@16.108 >.5; .5 :02?823V28 15 K58K8@2/:2; J61/2L ,0.8 ;751?./ /15 <2 8225 8I2:/02; 9K: .5

H+.04=$+ 7&+3#&' ADElECQ W0262 :02 8:16 /9K@32'8 69?15/2 .8 J61;K1337 9V26801;9W2; <7 :02

:96?25:8 9> :02 :W9 G?16I2;M /0161/:268 W09 162 01K5:2; <7 :02.6 @18:L %W15'8 87?@1:07



21

3.28 W.:0 :02 8@3252:./ %9/ 4933.;17 Ac2816 +9?269C 15; R2667 :02 <16 098:288 A^.55.2

^16528CQ <9:0 >16 ?962 69?15:./ :015 :02 .5>32P.<32 &71:: -16@ A+15;93@0 (/9::C 15; 0.8

>.15/e2 (1610 A$15/7 j2337CL "5; :02 8:615J2 <95; 9> <69:026099; <2:W225 -16@ 15;

4933.;17 X 39V2 1: >.68: 8.J0: <2:W225 :W9 8:615J268 W09 ;.8/9V26 :027 80162 1 /9??95

39523.5288 X >962801;9W8 :01: 9> ,25528822 15; c9W@9I2 .5 "$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ Q W0./0 W.33

<2 >96?2; 2V25 ?962 8.?@37Q 95 1 8.?@32 <25/0 15; .5 952 395J 8:1:./ 809:L

">:26 :02 W16Q W025 02 W25: :9 W96I 1: +2@K<3./ B./:K628Q 9K6 /61>:8?15 W18 8.P:7 72168

93;Q W.:0 >96:7 89K5; >21:K62 >.3?8 :9 0.8 /62;.:L 42Y; I59/I2; 169K5; 133 :02 49337W99;

89K5; 8:1J28Q <K: .: W18 :02 ?21J26 6289K6/28 9> B9V26:7 +9W :01: 1W1.:2; 0.? 1: +2@K<3./

A>.>:225 >.3?8CQ >9339W2; <7 1 8:.5: W.:0 ^252;./: ^9J21K8' .5;2@25;25: @69;K/:.958 A:25

>.3?8CL 42 01; 9537 3.?.:2; /95:693 9V26 0.8 61W ?1:26.138Q /18: 15; 8/6.@:L H> 952 <23.2V28

0.8 .5:26V.2W8 W.:0 (.?95 ).Z610. A.5 D+T3$0:$ ,/ @=0T6&Q >133 DEFFC 15; B2:26

^9J;159V./0 A 1''&0 5I&0 V "#$ >&34 D=.0$$+ Q DEgDCQ 0.8 @2689513 .5/3.51:.95 W18 :9W16;8

/9?2;.28L ^K: :0282 W262 1<9K: :9 ;.81@@216 >69? 0.8 62@26:9.62L 42 ?1;2 0.8 >162W233 :9:02 J2562 W.:0 E$0,$Q<./3 I=4# 100=$M 1 <.::268W22: >1<32 :01: W18 18 .5;2<:2; :9 B4P3 &

2.0,$+(/' >=($ A=615I c1@61C 18 :9 "#$ 7=+&:'$ .( 7.+9&0P3 @+$$; AB628:95 (:K6J28CL H5;22;Q

.: W18 :02 @26.9; W025 /0161/:26 8:K;.28 :99I @62/2;25/2 9V26 @39: ?2/015./8L #1KJ0:26

J1V2 W17 :9 2?9:.95Q W0./0 W18 025/2>96:0 :9 <2 0.8 9537 15; 1<.;.5J /95/265L %W15'8

/621:K628 W262 :9882; 169K5; 3.I2 @K@@2:8 .5 0.8 >16/28 9> :02 >96:.28f 59W :027 W262 :9

<39889? .5:9 0K?15 <2.5J8L ,9 62V213 :02.6 0.;;25 59<.3.:7 96 :02.6 @2/K3.16 ;.J5.:7 W18

:02 1?<.:.95 9> :0.8 9:026W.82 1//9??9;1:.5J ?9613.8:L 42 015;32; 0.8 8:9673.528 18 02 ;.;

0.8 82:8Q W0./0 ?98: 9>:25 W262 G<9669W2;M >69? ?962 9@K325: @69;K/:.958L o51<32 :9

/621:2 0.8 8:96.28 >69? 8/61:/0Q 02 /9K3; 1: 3218: 25;9W :02? W.:0 1 52W >62805288 15;

V.J96 X 2P@6288 1 82/62: <21K:7 :01: 01; <225 :99 9>:25 9<8/K62; <7 /3./0e8 15; 8:2629:7@28L

,0262'8 1 >.52 2P1?@32 9> :0.8 13/02?7 .5 8&0,3 .( BI. -=6&Q 1 W16 >.3? :01: ?.J0: 01V2 <225

.58.@.; .> %W15 ;.;5': >9/K8 95 :02 0269'8 :96?25:8 61:026 :015 95 0.8 1/:8 9> 0269.8?L $9

J2526./ 16/02:7@28 162 1V9.;2;Q <K: 952 1>:26 159:026 :027 162 K5;26?.52; <7 :02 J61;K13

62V231:.95 :01: R905 &1752 .8 ?K/0 ?962 VK35261<32 :015 :02 _H8 .5 0.8 /016J2L ,02 ;6.33

826J215:'8 016805288 /15': ?18I :02 81;5288 9> 0.8 @2689513 3.>2L ,027 162 .5 >1/:

.582@161<32\ (26J215: (:67I26 2P26:8 95 0.8 79K5J 62/6K.:8 :02 @1:26513 1K:096.:7 02 018

52V26Q 18 1 /.V.3.15Q <225 1<32 :9 188K?2 W.:0 0.8 9W5 895L -V267 :.?2 02 8:2@8 9K: 9> 0.8

6932 18 .58:6K/:96Q %W15 809W8 0.? .5 15 25:.6237 ;.>>2625: 3.J0:Q 3.I2 1 W9K5;2; 15.?13Q5K?<2; <7 13/9093Q 01K5:2; <7 0.8 @2689513 W21I528828L H5 :02 ?98: 18:95.80.5J [email protected];2Q

9K6 V2:2615 ?22:8 1 <16 098:288Q 18 398: 18 0.?823>Q W09 :K658 9K: :9 01V2 :02 81?2 51?2 18

0.8 2PXW.>2L (02 :1I28 0.? <1/I :9 026 @31/2Q W0262 02 ;.8/9V268 802 .8 <6.5J.5J K@ 1 /0.3;

<7 026823>L cK: :9 :02 [K./IQ :02 /25:K6.95 <201V28 3.I2 1 J25:32?15L $9 [K28:.95 59W 9>

.5;K3J.5J .5 :02 893;.26'8 :61;.:.9513 62/621:.95L R905 &1752 83.@8 1W17 1>:26 :02 J.63Q

[email protected]; <7 :0.8 ;23./1/7 9> >223.5JQ 018 @69?.82; :9 G@617M >96 0.?L " 3.>2 81/6.>./2; /1338



22

>96 1 81;Q 825823288 ;21:0\ (:67I26 >1338 5216 )9K5: (K6.<1/0. ]K8: 18 :02 V./:967 >31J .8 <2.5J

K5>K632;L 4.8 318: W96;8\ GH'V2 <225 1 >1.3K62 .5 ?157 W178LM

,02 :952 9> %W15'8 >.3?8 .8 59: ;2>.52; <7 :02.6 1;02625/2 :9 157 952 @16:./K316 J2562L

%K6.5J :02 :0.6:.28Q 02 /9?<.52; :W9 96 :0622 9@@98.:2 J25628 .5 :02 81?2 >.3?Q @16:./K31637

/9?2;7 15; ?239;61?1 A*'&:; 8#$$?M W0$ 7='$ (+.6 %$&<$0CL #1:26Q 02 :6.2;Q 3288

8K//288>K337Q :9 @169;7 >96?K318 :01: 01; W965 :0621;<162 A"#$ "#+$$ 7/3;$4$$+3M "+&=' .(

4#$ X=9='&04$3CL ": +2@K<3./Q 89?2:.?28 02'; 826V2 K@ 1 /61Z7 /9/I:1.3Q 8K/0 18 ?.P.5J

+K88.15 9@262::1 W.:0 :02 W28:265 AR.+4#I$34 W/4?.34 CL %W15Q K53.I2 0.8 @2268 =96;Q

&1380Q 96 &233?15Q W185': /95/2652; W.:0 [email protected] 8:62:/0.5J 96 [email protected] 9K: 49337W99;

J25628L 42 W185':Q >96 .58:15/2Q @16: 9> :02 @98:W16 :625; :9 62V.:13.Z2 :61;.:.9513 >.3?

J25628 W.:0 15 .5/62182; 6213.8?L 42 W25:Q 61:026Q .5 :02 9@@98.:2 ;.62/:.95Q :61V23.5J :02

0.J0 691;8 9> ?239;61?1 W0./0Q 3.I2 B69V.;25/2Q W96I .5 ?78:26.9K8 W178L H: W18 :02

0216:<621I.5J :W.8:8 9> >1:2 :01: 8:.?K31:2; 0.8 .?1J.51:.95L ,0.8 8K6>1/2; .5 :02 j1>I1X3.I2

:61J./9?2;7 E$0,$Q<./3 I=4# 100=$ A15 .5V93K5:167 ;2826:26 @178 5.J0:?16.80/9582[K25/28 >96 1 5.J0: 9> 39V2 W.:0 0.8 W.>2CQ 18 W233 18 .5 :02 ?K8./13 <.9J61@07 B 5+$&6

.( -$&0=$ A?K8./.15 (:2@025 =98:26 ;.8/9V268 :02 <3K28 W025 02 @./I8 K@ 15 .5]K62; <31/I

/0.3;CL H: @26V1;2; :02 69?15:./ 2>>K8.958 9> 8K/0 @82K;9 W28:2658 18 8/++$0,$+ 15; *$''$ '$

F+&0, L H: W18 1: W96I .5 1 @.2/2 9> G"?26./151M 3.I2 5+=(4I.., A:02 :6.<K31:.958 9> :02

96@015 $1:13.2 &99;CQ 1 J15J8:26 >.3? 3.I2 8'=9#4'J 8:&+'$4 A:02 :61K?18 9> 57?@09?15.1/

"63252 %103CQ W16 /0695./328 8K/0 18 8&0,3 .( BI. -=6& 15; "#$ 2=', *'/$ U.0,$+ A:02

@1:098 9> :02 15:.X0269 62;22?2; <7 :02 K3:.?1:2 81/6.>./2CQ 15; 2V25 7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0

1'=<$Q W0262 %W15 ;.8/16;2; :02 8/.25/2X>./:.95 @39: .5 >1V96 9> 1 c06.8:37 ?2:1@096 A:02

?15 2P@982; :9 5K/3216 61;.1:.95 [email protected]:28 0.8 8.58 18 W233 18 ?15I.5;'8CL

:%& ;)(4& ,< $%& =0$4(+$+

^2/1K82 2?9:.95Q 3.I2 <21K:7Q .8 <28: 62@62825:2; <7 1 W9?15'8 >1/2Q %W15 .8Q W.:0 &1380Q

952 9> :02 >.68: :9 >2?.5.Z2 :02 1;V25:K62 >.3?L 42 0.J03.J0:8 0.8 0269.528 .5 :61;.:.951337

?18/K3.52 J25628Q >69? :02 W28:265 :9 :02 /6.?2 >.3?L (02 .8 :02 952 ;28.J51:2; <7 :02 V267

:.:32 .5 5+=(4I.., 15; 109$' =0 LY='$Q *$''$ '$ F+&0, 15; 7.04&0& *$''$Q D$&+' .( 4#$ 8./4#

D&:=(=: 15; @&44'$ S/$$0 .( 7.04&0&L $9 >.23; 9> 1/:.95 .8 <1662; :9 026\ 802 :06.V28 18 1

/1::32X<622;26 96 18 1 /9395.13 @315:1:.95 9W526Q 18 1 31;7 9> 32.8K62 96 18 1 <16I22@26Q .5

?.3.:167 826V./2 96 .5 :02 <9K;9.6Q 1: :02 J1?<3.5J :1<32 96 .5 :02 /1<.5 9> 1 <9?<26 @3152L^9:0 9K:31W A^2332 (:166C 15; 095I7X:95I [K225 AG:02 _.3;2; #.37MCQ R152 +K88233 W.58 9K:

95 133 /9K5:8 A7.04&0& *$''$CL ,0.8 .8 1389 :02 /182 W.:0 b261 +138:95Q W09 @K68K28 1

:09K815; .5:6.JK28Q 8@2/K31:28 95 :02 8:9/I 2P/015J2 15; 89W8 8/15;13 <7 K8.5J 133 :02

W21@958 1: 026 ;.8@9813Q 8:16:.5J W.:0 82P A8/++$0,$+M *$''$ '$ F+&0, CL ,02.6 2P/28828 162

>96J.V25LLL 18 395J 18 :027 ;95': 3982 :02.6 >2?.5.5.:7L " 69K:.52 >.3? 95 :02 8K6>1/2Q H'=9#4

R/+3$ .8 [K.:2 96.J.513 .5 809W.5J W16 >69? :02 @9.5: 9> V.2W 9> 1 5K682 W09 .8 18 /9?237 18



23

802 .8 J25269K8L =16 >69? 0.;.5J 026 /016?8 K5;26 :02 K5.>96?Q 802 809W8 :02? 9>> :9

18826: :02 6.J0: :9 3.>2 15; <21K:7L %W15 :0K8 ?1I28 1 I.5; 9> 269:./ 6.:K13 9> 026 1@@37.5J

?1I2XK@Q @16:./K31637 3.@8:./I\ R915 #283.2Q .5 2?@1:07 W.:0 026 W9K5;2; @1:.25:8Q I59W8

:01: 026 82P 1@@213 @69V.;28 >16 ?962 /9?>96: :9 :02? :015 026 ?2;./13 1::25:.958L H5

;28.6.5J 026Q :027 /9??K52 W.:0 :02.6 W.V28 96 J.63>6.25;8L &025 .: /9?28 :9 0213.5JQ

;28.62 .8 J615:2; :02 81?2 @9W26 18 @61726L

=69? H+.04=$+ 7&+3#&' 95Q W2 >.5; :01: /[email protected] 15; 8258K13.:7 J9 015; .5 015; .5

%W15'8 W96IL &025 802'8 59: >.J0:.5J 1: 0.8 8.;2Q .: .8 :02 0269.52 W09 628/K28 026 ?15 .5

;.62 8:61.:8L %9/ 4933.;17Q <2:W225 3.>2 15; ;21:0Q .8 W1:/02; 9V26 <7 <9:0 0.8 31W>K3 W.>2

15; 0.8 ?.8:6288L R905 c166933 .5 *$''$ '$ F+&0, <252>.:8 >69? :02 81?2 :621:?25:L H5 8='<$+

>.,$Q R905 B1752 /15 6237 9537 95 0.8 W.>2 A#.Z1<2:0 (/9::C 15; 0.8 >96?26 ?.8:6288

A%939628 )9615CQ W09 ]9.5 >96/28 .5 1 ?98: K5K8K13 133.15/2L ,0.8 :25;26 893./.:K;2 .8 >K337

62/.@69/1:2; <7 :02 ?132 /0161/:268\ "5:0957 pK.55 62/95/.328 W.:0 %2<61 B1J2:Q 0.8

K5>1.:0>K3 W.>2Q :9 81V2 026 >69? J15J6252 A"#$ E=<$+P3 L,9$CQ W0.32 +9<26: +715 1<15;958133 628.8:15/2 W025 02 6213.Z28 :01: ^16<161 (:15W7/I 018 <225 W9K5;2; .5 :02 >.J0:.5J

AL3:&?$ 4. */+6&CL H5 0.8 >.513 >.3?8Q W2 822 %W15 ;2>7 :02 /258968 15; /232<61:2 :02

<93;28: J28:K628Q 133 :02 >.526 >96 <2.5J 8@95:1529K8L ,02 0269.52 W09 3.8:258 9537 :9 026

0216: 809W8 1?1Z.5J ;16.5JQ 3.I2 (:15W7/I :1I.5J :02 >KJ.:.V2 W09 2?26J28 >69? :02

]K5J32 .5:9 026 09?2 AL3:&?$ 4. */+6&CQ R152 B9W233 K5;9.5J 026 3&+.09 :9 K82 .: 18 1 81.3

AL0:#&04$, B3'&0, CQ "552 ^15/69>: 6K55.5J :9 ]9.5 (/9:: ^61;7 .5 0.8 09:23 699? .5 ;2>.15/2

9> 133 @[email protected]:7 A"#$ E$34'$33 *+$$, CQ 96 15 13?98: 51I2; -31.52 (:2W16: :6158?.::.5J 026

V.:13 W16?:0 :9 +95 +15;233Q W09 018 <225 2P@982; :9 1:9?./ 61;.1:.95Q <7 37.5J 9V26 0.?

A7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0 1'=<$CLLL

H: .8 13?98: 13W178 >2?132 ;28.62 :01: /1338 :02 :K52L %W15'8 69?15:./ .5:6.JK28 162

8:6K/:K62; 169K5; :W9 @6.V.32J2; >.JK628Q :02 15J23./ W9?15 15; :02 ($66$ (&4&'$L ,027

162 87??2:6./13 >.JK628Q 15; 8:615J237 6231:2;Q 8.5/2 :027 162 ?962 9>:25 :015 59: :W9

8.8:268L #.I2 :0982 .5 *$''$ '$ F+&0, \ :02 @K62 15; .559/25: 8.5J26 A)K6.23 #1W625/2C 18

1J1.58: :02 1;V25:K6288 W.:0 1 ?K6I7 @18: Ab261 +138:95CL H5 B 5+$&6 .( -$&0=$Q 69328 162

.5V26:2;\ :02 13:6K.8:./ .5Je5K2 A-.3225 c06.8:7C 18 1J1.58: :02 2J9:.8:./13 ?+=6& ,.00&

A)K6.23 #1W625/2CL H5 8/++$0,$+ 15; 8'=9#4'J 8:&+'$4 Q :02 @1:.25/2 9> :02 W233X<1315/2;

8.8:26 A)16.1 B13?26Q +095;1 =32?.5JC .8 ?1:/02; <7 :02 @69V9/1:.958 9> :02 52K69:./ 952

W09 I22@8 @317.5J W.:0 >.62 Ab261 +138:95Q "63252 %103CL H5 7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0 1'=<$Q :02/95:618: <2:W225 :02 :W9 W9?25Q <2:W225 3K8: 15; 39V2Q .8 28:1<3.802; :069KJ0 :02.6 269:./

<201V.96\ %2<61 B1J2: @69V9I28 +95 +15;233 <7 [email protected] >.68: 952 32JQ :025 :02 9:026Q :9

.5/.:2 0.? :9 62?9V2 :02 628: 9> 026 >.5267Q W026218 -31.52 (:2W16: J25:37 /K638 K@ 1J1.58:

0.? :9 188K62 0.? :01: 02'8 8:.33 0K?15 X :01: 02 /15 8:.33 >223 15; 8:.6 2?9:.95L ,02

;2?16/1:.95 3.52 <2:W225 :02 G>1:13M 15; :02 G15J23./M <2/9?28 83.J0:37 <3K662; .5 2.6&0

"#$J 1'6.34 >J0:#$, \ 0262 W2 822 :02 >61.3 R915 #283.2Q 1 ;23./1:2 >39W26 >69? :02 -18: c918:Q



24

:K65 .5:9 1 813995 J.63 :9 8K6V.V2 .5 :02 &28:Q W0.32 "K;627 ,9::26Q :02 /6K23 ?K82 9> :02

pK15:6.33 J15JQ <2/9?28 /.V.3.Z2; 15; 0K?15.Z2; 1>:26 <2.5J 8@162; <7 026 6.V13L

%.8/9V26.5J :027 8:15; K5.:2; .5 :02 >1/2 9> ?25'8 V.9325/2 15; /95/[email protected]/25/2Q :02 :W9

W9?25 9K:;9 21/0 9:026 .5 1/:8 9> 59<.3.:7 15; 2V25:K1337 023@ 21/0 9:026 9K:L

%W15 W185': :02 I.5; 9> >.3??1I26 :9 9@2537 8K<V26: :02 8:96.28 02 W18 J.V25L H:'8 259KJ0

>96 0.? :9 .33K?.51:2 15 15:.:028.8 0262 96 15 .5:26513 6.?2 :0262Q :9 ?1I2 :02 ;61?1 7.23; 1

6./0 ?9613.:7 96Q 2V25 <2::26Q 1 ?9613 <21K:7L &025 @69@2637 ;.8:.332; 15; 62>.52;Q 1 69K:.52

8/6.@: /15 :1I2 95 :02 >96? 9> 1 >1<32L "5; :02 <31/I 15; W0.:2 /26:1.5:7 :01: W18 ,$ +=9/$/+

.5 1882?<37X3.52 @69;K/:.95 .8 69K5;37 :69K5/2;L H5 %W15Y8 >.3?8 9> :02 >.>:.28Q :02 ;.V.;.5J

3.52 <2:W225 :02 J99; 15; :02 <1; .8 59: 823>X2V.;25:f .: .8 8K8/2@:.<32 :9 K52P@2/:2;

/9?<.51:.958 96 ;23.J0:>K3 @26?K:1:.958L ^2::26 :015 157 ;.8/9K682Q >./:.95'8 :W.8:8 15;

:K658 /9?2 :9 .33K8:61:2 :02 .515.:7 9> /95V25:.95Q :02 16<.:616.5288 9> @62]K;./2Q :02

6231:.V.:7 9> :02 ]K;J?25:8 W2 @188 95 9K6 >2339W ?25L ,027 62?.5; K8 :01: 2V13K1:.5J

@29@32'8 1/:.958 .8 6.8I7Q :01: .: 62[K.628 @1:.25/2Q 0K?.3.:7Q 15; 09528:7L %W15 89?2:.?28;232J1:28 1 82/95;167 /0161/:26 :9 >K3>.33 :0.8 V267 @K6@982L 425/2 :02 @62825/2 9> :02

79K5J R2882 R1?28 .5 2.6&0 "#$J 1'6.34 >J0:#$, \ :02 >.JK62 9> 1 8995X:9X<2X32J25;167

<15;.: .8 8K>>./.25:37 25J1J.5J :9 ;2826V2 1 395J ;.139JK2 82[K25/2 .5 :02 8:1J2/91/0Q

13:09KJ0 .: 826V28 59 51661:.V2 >K5/:.95L A*52 ?17 1389 822 .: 18 1 59; :9 :02 >.68: 9> :02

GJ99; <1; ?25QM %W15'8 <239V2; +9<.5 499;LC

&01: W2 62/9J5.Z2 0262 .8 :02 /[email protected] :9 _6.>>.:0Q :02 V2:2615 9> B04.'$+&0:$Q W09 >9K5;

?962 59<.3.:7 1?95J8: 9K:/18:8 :015 1?95J8: [email protected]: /.:.Z258 :01: 01V2 52V26 ;2V.1:2; >69?

:02 8:61.J0: 15; 51669WL ,02 398: 8022@Q :02 318:X?.5K:2 023@268 .5:6.JK2 0.? ?962 :015 :02

6.J0:29K8L #99I 1: :02?Q /95 ?25Q 9K:31W8Q :69K<32?1I268Q 0.J0 6933268Q 1;V25:K6268 82/62:37

:96:K62; <7 :02.6 398: .559/25/2L ,02 /75./.8? :027 >31K5: ?23:8 18 8995 18 1 39V2; 952 .8 .5

;.8:6288 96 1 >6.25; 522;8 023@L ,025 :027 162 /1@1<32 9> 6.8.5J :9 :02 K3:.?1:2 81/6.>./2L (K/0

:K65169K5;8 /95>26 15 1K61 9> ?78:267Q .> 59: 1 89K3Q :9 1/:968 W09 9:026W.82 822? 8096: 95

/016.8?1L (22 0.8 GV20./328M >96 R905 c166933 15; b261 +138:95Q +2@K<3./'8 G09K82M 8:168L ,027

[email protected] 89?2:.?28 ;23.J0: K8Q <2/1K82 :02 [email protected] .8 95 :02 @69:1J95.8:8' 1?<.V1325/2\

:027 52V26 ;9 W01: W2 2P@2/: :02? :9L " 016;252; /6.?.513 6.8I8 133 :9 @67 0.8 <28: >6.25;

1W17 >69? :02 /3K:/028 9> 15 1;V25:K6288f 02 W.33 25; K@ ;7.5J >96 1 /6.?2 02 0185':

/9??.::2; A8/++$0,$+ CL " W022326X;21326 W09 1@@2162; :9 <2 K::2637 6K:03288 6.8I8 0.8 3.>2

J9.5J ;9W5 1 <K65.5J ?.52 :9 81V2 V./:.?8 :01: 01V2 <225 J.V25 K@ >96 ;21; A *$''$ '$ F+&0, CL=.526 8:.33Q :02 .:.526167 9> :02 :0.2> W09Q /9?.5J :9 /9332/: 0.8 <99:7 .5 1 @996 @K2<39Q .8 :1I25

>96 1 G?.61/32 ?15fM :015I8 :9 :0.8 81.5:37 0139Q 02 /9?28 :9 <201V2 18 1 [email protected].:K13 021326 15;

;2/.;28 :9 J.V2 :02 J93; 1W17 :9 0.8 >39/I A 109$' =0 LY='$CL

&01: ;928 :02 2V26X9@:.?.8:./ @6.28: .5 B4P3 1'I&J3 8/0,&J :233 K8k ,9 ;.816? :02 <6.J15;

W09'8 @3155.5J >K6:026 ?.8/0.2>Q 325; 0.? 79K6 /16Q 825; 0.? 95 79K6 26615;8Q :6K8: 0.?Q



25

15; 79K W.33 621@ W01: 79K 01V2 89W5L ,0.8 2V15J23./13 /016.:7 1//9K5:8 >96 :02 ;61?1:./

16/ 9> 89 ?157 9> %W15'8 @./:K628L "3?98: 59<9;7 .8 <2795; 62;2?@:.95L c958.;26 :02

GJ99; <1; J.63QM 1 >2?132 /9K5:26@16: :9 :02 GJ99; <1; ?15LM &025 G)95:151 ^2332M J928 9>>

>96 1 @./5./ W.:0 026 >95; <15I26Q 802 >96J2:8 :9 69< 0.? 15; 1<15;958 026823> W.:0

.589K/.15/2 :9 :02 ;23.J0:8 9> 1 J16;25 8W.5J .5 >695: 9> 1 @1.5:2; <1/I;69@d ";?.62 09W

:02 GB2163 9> :02 (9K:0 B1/.>./QM 1 @698:.:K:2 W09 @18828 026823> 9>> 18 1 ?.88.95167Q 62V2138

026 :6K2 51:K62Q 8K/0 18 026 62@62882; ?1:26513 395J.5J8Q W025 802 8.5J8 G,25 #.::32

H5;.158M >96 :02 .8315; /0.3;625L b.6J.5.1 )179'8 1//96;.95 .8 ?1:/02; <7 %939628 )9615'8

?K8./ <9P .5 8='<$+ >.,$\ :0262'8 59:0.5J 3.I2 1 >1?.3.16 ?239;7 :9 8KJJ28: :02 <252>./25:

6932 62826V2; >96 1 @16:./K316 /0161/:26L A$9:./2 1389 09W %W15 1889/.1:28 ^.33 (0.6327 W.:0

:02 >3K:2 .5 B 5+$&6 .( -$&0=$ 96 +9513; +21J15 W.:0 :02 016?95./1 .5 "$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ LC

=96 0.?Q :0262 .8 59 8K/0 :0.5J 18 1 G398:M W9?15L -V267952 .8 W96:07 9> 39V2L "5;

89?2:.?28 2V25 809W5 :9 <2 15 2P1?@32 :9 9:0268L H5 2.6&0 "#$J 1'6.34 >J0:#$, Q R915

#283.2 ;9285': <23.2V2 802'8 ;2?215.5J 026823> .5 32165.5J :9 6K5 1 09K82 9> .33 62@K:2f 026

/95/265 .8 :9 2;K/1:2 15; @69:2/: 026 J.638 18 :02 G%K/0288M .5 "$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ ;928 89W233L " ;25 9> .5.[K.:7 /15 :0K8 <2/9?2 1 815/:K167Q 15 .832: 9> ;23./1/7 .5 :02 ?.;8: 9> 15

9/215 9> 07@9/6.87L

%W15 62>61.58 >69? /013325J.5J .58:.:K:.958Q <K: 52V26 028.:1:28 :9 <615; :02

815/:.?95.9K85288 9> ;9XJ99;268 96 ;2@3962 :02 /K@.;.:7 9> :02 6./0L 42 >9339W8 .5 :02 <28:

15:.X@K6.:15 :61;.:.95Q :01: 9> _6.>>.:0 15; ^96Z1J2Q &1380 15; &233?15L c958.;26 09W :02

<16 098:288 W09 8/9>>8 1: /95V25:.95 /15 :21/0 :02 G;2/25:M W9?15 1 :0.5J 96 :W9L 41V.5J

59:0.5J :9 3982Q 802 018 :02 /9K61J2 :9 9@@982 .5]K8:./2L +2/133Q .5 H+.04=$+ 7&+3#&' Q :01:

&71:: -16@ W18 81V2; 1: :02 *j c96613 <7 :02 .5:26V25:.95 9> R2667 :02 :61?@L H5 8='<$+

>.,$Q %9337 1//2@:8 %15 ^13316;Q :02 1//K82;Q 18 02 .8f 802'; 8K@@96: 0.? 2V25 .> 802 I52W

02 W18 JK.3:7Q G2V25QM 802 8178Q G.> 79K 01; I.332; ?7 >1:026dM (02 .85': 1>61.; :9 /95>695:

07@9/6.:28 9> 133 I.5;8Q .5:266K@:.5J :02 621;.5J 9> 1 @1:6.9:./ 8@22/0Q 02/I3.5J 1 078:26./13

?1:695\ G+28@2/:1<32k #99I.5J 1: 79KQ H'? ]9337 01@@7 59: :9 <2 628@2/:1<32dM (02 W.33 <2

:02 J99; 15J23 W09 81V28 ^13316; <7 /1]93.5J :02 :232J61@0 9@261:96 .5:9 W6.:.5J 1 >1I2

:232J61?L H5 :02 [email protected] .: .8 %9337Q :02 ?98: ;[email protected]; @16.80.9526Q 15; 72: :02 ?98:

W96:07 9> 1;?.61:.95Q W09 8.5J8 1 V.<615: G013323K]10M :069KJ0 :02 2?@:7 8:622:8L ,6K2

?9613.:7Q 3.I2 :6K2 <21K:7Q .8 :01: 9> :02 0216:L

H: .8 /26:1.537 59: :01: 9> :02 <9K6J29.8 15; 59:1<328Q :02 823>X6.J0:29K8 15; 9:026 _9;>216.5J :7@28Q W09 /95;2?5 ^13316; 6.J0: >69? :02 9K:82:L ^.J9:8 162 :02 3218: 3.I237 :9

@61/:./2 /016.:7L b259?9K8 8062W8 /18: R915 #283.2 .5 :02 /1?@ 9> 89X/1332; K5;28.61<328

A2.6&0 "#$J 1'6.34 >J0:#$, CL ^16<161 (:15W7/I .8 :621:2; 18 1 @16.10 >96 87?@1:0.Z.5J

W.:0 15 H5;.15 /0.2> A@&44'$ S/$$0 .( 7.04&0&CL -V25 :02 3.::32 J.63 .5 5+=(4I.., /9?28 K@

1J1.58: :02 .5:932615/2 9> :02 @6.V.32J2; 6./0L %2/2.:Q 01:62;Q 61@1/.9K85288 162 @62825: .5

%W15'8 8:96.28Q <K: 02 J.V28 :02? 59 ?962 8@1/2 :015 :027 ;2826V2\ :027'62 8225 18



26

.661:.9513 <201V.96Q W21I528828 9> /0161/:26Q >1K3:7 ]K;J?25: 61:026 :015 18 51:K613 96

.551:2 :25;25/.28L -V.3 .8 59: 1 /K682Q <K: 15 1<2661:.95 n 1 ;.8:61/:.95Q :02 0216: 96 [email protected].:

<2.5J 32; 18:617L *52 59:1<32 2P/2@:.95\ :02 318: >.3?Q 7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0 1'=<$Q W0262 :02

/95:1?.51:2; >KJ.:.V2 .8 62]2/:2; 18 1 G?958:26LM 42 .8 0K5:2; ;9W5 <7 :0622 J69K@8 X

J15J8:268Q @93./2Q 893;.268 X W.:0 133 :02 /6K23:7 9> :02.6 628@2/:.V2 :2/05939J.28Q :9 W.:\

232/:6./ 809/I8Q :216J18Q 15; >.51337 >31?2X:069W268L GH'V2 J9: :9 6.@ :01: 69::25 W963; 1@16:

:9 :02 W.5;8QM 809K:8 +95 +15;233 95 0.8 _93J9:01 1<9V2 :02 :9W5L " 801::26.5J @161;9P

/95/3K;28 0.8 96;213\ 2?<61/.5J 0.? >96 :02 318: :.?2Q 0.8 J.63>6.25; ;.8/9V268 :01: :02 ?15

9> 8:223 .8 398.5J <399;L ,02 ?958:26 :02 >31?2X:069W268 162 1<9K: :9 <K65 13.V2 .8 59 395J26

1 ;15J26 :9 :02 @K<3./Q <K: 8.?@37 1 ?15LLL

": :02 25; 9> :0.8 [email protected] %W15'8 ;16I28: W96IQ 1 8K@26.?@98.:.95 ;.8893V28 :02

>KJ.:.V2'8 ?96:13 62?1.58 15; :02 /1?261 62?1.58 >.P2; 95 :02 W.5; :01: 8W22@8 1W17 :02

18028 1/6988 :02 [K1667L ,0.8 62:K65 9> :02 <9;7 :9 ;K8: 62?.5;8 K8 9> :02 ;21:0 9> (26J215:

(:67I26Q >1/2 ;9W5 1J1.58: :02 89.3 95 )9K5: (K6.<1/0. ABI. -=6&CQ 96 9> :02 >628037 ;KJJ61V2 9> c9W@9I2 1: :02 25; 9> "$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ L ,02 :233K6.15 376./.8? 9> 8K/0

82[K25/28 ?17 62?.5; K8 9> b.;96 A5/$' =0 4#$ 8/0C 15; &1380 A@.'.+&,. "$++=4.+J CQ <K:

%W15 .8 1V2682 :9 .662@161<32 /95>3./:8Q .662V268.<32 8.:K1:.958L =16 >69? <2.5J @9882882;Q

;[email protected]; 9> :02.6 >622 W.33Q 0.8 /0161/:268 162 >133.<32 <2.5J8Q /95>695:2; W.:0 /09./28Q :0K8

628@958.<32 >96 :02.6 >1:2L "5; :02.6 <6.2> 2P.8:25/2 ?K8: /[email protected] <9:0 1 ?9613.:7 15; 1

82582 9> 09@2L ,02 J1:28 9> @161;.82 616237 62?1.5 /3982; 18 :027 ;9 1: :02 25; 9> 8/++$0,$+ Q

W0262 :02 8026.>>'8 ]K;J?25: /9?28 ;9W5 3.I2 1 <93: 9> 3.J0:5.5J\ G42 W09 3.V28 <7 :02

8W96; W.33 @26.80 <7 :02 8W96;LM ,02 /1?261 2P@628828 :0.8 V.8K1337 <7 ?9V.5J <1/I :9 6.82

1<9V2 :02 :W9 8.55268 Ab261 +138:95Q R905 c166933CQ >13325 15J238 W09 3.2 52P: :9 21/0 9:026Q

18 .> @2:6.>.2; 96 >988.3.Z2; .5 :02 /15795 69/IL A%W15 01; 8K/0 3.::32 :18:2 >96 :61J2;7 :01:

02 ;.89W52; :0.8 8@325;.; GK501@@7 25;M .5 0.8 .5:26V.2W W.:0 ^9J;159V./0LC

>,)(?1$3 7?(3+

"3:09KJ0 02 ;9285': 13W178 :1I2 :02 @39::.5J 9> 0.8 :1328 826.9K837Q %W15 52V26 39828 8.J0:

9> :02 28825:.13\ :02 813K:167 51:K62 9> :02 96;213Q :02 :6158>96?1:.95 9> :02 1>>3./:2;Q 15;

:02 ;2V239@?25: 9> :02.6 /958/.9K85288L -V25 .5 1 >.3? 18 <1;37 G8:.:/02; :9J2:026M 18 D$&+'

.( 4#$ 8./4# D&:=(=:M b.6J.5.1 )179'8 ]9K6527 .8 /321637 8.J5@98:2;\ :02 @161<32 9> :02 <3.5;

?15 15; :02 B016.822 .8 :0262 :9 8.J5.>7 :01: 802 :99 W.33 <2 1<32 :9 >.5; :02 @1:0 :962J25261:.95L pK.:2 9>:25Q :02 51?28 9> @31/28 15; /0161/:268 8@21I >96 :02?823V28L H5

D&33=.0Q :02 62>KJ2 .5 W0./0 c96523 &.3;2 6259K5/28 0.8 [K28: >96 V25J215/2 .8 /1332; G:02

_99; (1?16.:15fM 2V25 :02 :.:32 9> :02 >.3? 809K3; <2 :1I25 .5 :02 623.J.9K8 82582L H5

G).88.95QM :02 >695:.26 :9W5 9> "#$ E$34'$33 *+$$, W0262 (/9:: ^61;7 018 /9?2 :9 1V25J2 0.8

>1:026Q :02 /0.3;625 :1I2 0.? >96 15 G16/015J23fM :02 79K5J W9?15 02 >1338 .5 39V2 W.:0 .8

/1332; "5J23.:1L H5 7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0 1'=<$Q :02 89K3 ?1:2 .8 /1332; c1631 "5J239f :02



27

V.331.5Q %1?95L c95V268237Q ;2/2@:.V2 51?28 8K/0 18 b.932: 15; %1.87 ?17 /95/213 1

@9.8959K8 >39W26 8K/0 18 b261 +138:95 .5 8/++$0,$+ 15; *$''$ '$ F+&0, L ,02 <1; <97 .5

8'=9#4'J 8:&+'$4 J928 <7 :02 51?2 9> _61/2Q 15; 02 W.33 .5 >1/: 62/2.V2 15 9@@96:K5.:7 :9

62;22? 0.?823> <7 8:15;.5J K@ :9 0.8 1889/.1:28L ,02 .559/25: /9W<97 .5 "$00$33$$P3

D&+40$+ .8 /1KJ0: .5 :02 :9.38 9> :02 1@:37 51?2; :16:Q _93;.2L 42 0.?823> J928 <7 :02 J2526./

51?2 9> c9W@9I2\ 02 .8 :02 16/02:7@2 9> :02 96.J.513 &28:26526Q 1 MV15.80.5J "?26./15M

;99?2; :9 ;.81@@216 1395J W.:0 :02 B61.6.2L GH 52V26 2V25 I52W 0.8 51?2QM 31?25:8

,25528822 1: :02 J61V2 9> :02 >6.25; W09 81/6.>./2; 0.8 3.>2 >96 0.?L H5 :02 8:K55.5J @6939JK2

:9 5+=(4I.., Q W0./0 15:./.@1:28 :02 @K6.:15 [email protected]? 9> "#$ R=9#4 .( 4#$ %/04$+ Q %W15

1;9@:8 :02 [email protected]: 9> 1 W.3; /0.3;Q 61.82; .5 1 ?.88.95 9K: .5 :02 8.26618Q W09 I59W8 9537

:02 *3; ,28:1?25:\ 15 1.6@3152 .5 >31?28 <2/9?28 G^23Z2<K:0QM 1 8?133 $2V1;1 :9W5

G(9;9? 15; _9?96610QM 15 15.?13 31<961:967 G$910'8 "6IMLLL -V267W0262Q 79K5J R2557 8228

:02 015; 9> B69V.;25/2L "5; %W15 ;9285': >1.3 :9 @69V2 026 6.J0:L

(.?.31637Q .5 109$' =0 LY='$Q 1 /95:2?@96167 G?78:267QM :02 .5Je5K2 .8 15 G15J23QM :02 <15;.:8162 G826@25:8QM 15; 2V267:0.5J W96I8 :9W16;8 :02 813V1:.95 9> :02 J99; 8/9K5;623Q 15

.?@98:26 W09 .8 <23.2V2; :9 <2 @69:2/:2; <7 :02 V.331J2'8 @1:695 81.5:Q :02 G^3K2 #1;7LM ,02

.6957 .8 :01: 02 .8 @69:2/:2;L (9 .8 :02 /0.3; 9> c96523 &.3;2Q 8@162; <2/1K82 0.8 ?9:026 0.;

0.? .5 15 961:967 ;2;./1:2; :9 :02 b.6J.5 AD&33=.0CL (9 162 :02 >KJ.:.V28 .5 L3:&?$ 4. */+6&Q

W09 >.5; 81>2:7 .5 1 @1J9;1 1: :02 >99: 9> 1 ^K;;01L "5; :025 :0262'8 R905 B1752 .5 8='<$+

>.,$\ W025 2V267952 1<15;958 0.? 15; 02 6K58 :9W16;8 :02 /0K6/0Q 0.8 >.513 62>KJ2Q 1

>15:18:./ 31:2613 :61/I.5J 809: >9339W8 0.8 021;395J /9K682Q 18 :09KJ0 :02 /1?261Q W0982

?9V2?25:8 01V2 0.:026:9 <225 13?98: .?@26/2@:.<32Q .8 59W JK.;.5J :02 >KJ.:.V2 :9W16;8

:02 815/:K167L H: 1@@2168 :01: 0.8 >1:2 59 395J26 ;2@25;8 95 0K?15I.5;L "5 13?98: V26:./13

0.J0X15J32 809: >69? :02 699> /95>.6?8 .:Q >61?.5J :02 8026.>>'8 /9>>.5 18 .: ?1I28 .:8 W17

:069KJ0 :02 375/0 ?9<L A" 8.?.316 G_9;'8 @9.5: 9> V.2WM 809: 621@@2168 5216 :02 /3.?1P 9>

"$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ W025 :02 :W9 >6.25;8 J1339@ :9W16;8 :02 >1:2>K3 ?.52LC B69V.;25/2'8

;2/.8.V2 .5:26V25:.95 :1I28 @31/2 W025 :02 ;.816?2; ^13316; .8 1: :02 ?26/7 9> )/c16:7 .5

:02 <233 :9W26L ,02 ?9?25: 9> :02 ?98: @69>9K5; ;2623./:.95 1389 <2/9?28 :01: 9>

]K;J?25:L H: .8 )/c16:7'8 :K65 :9 621@ W01: 02 89W2;\ 0.8 <K332: 6./9/02:8 9>> :02 <695Z2

<233 15; 0.:8 0.? 8:61.J0: .5 :02 0216:L

,9K652K6'8 ;.825/015:?25: ?17 <2 >962.J5 :9 %W15Q <K: 18 W.:0 :02 >96?26Q 1;V25:K62 .8

[email protected]/2; 18 1 <K6;25\ .: .8 25;K62;Q .5 59 W17 89KJ0: 1>:26Q 18 .: .8 W.:0 b.;96 96 &1380LH: .8 ?98:37 15 96;213 18 :02 0269 8228 W01: .8 ;21628: :9 0.? :1I25 1W17L "5; .: .8 .?@982;

K@95 0.? 1: :02 V267 ?9?25: 02 >.5;8 :02 01V25 02 018 89KJ0: >96 89 395JL R.? ^62/15Q

W2167 9> W15;26.5JQ 018 016;37 ;.8/9V262; 0.8 ;621? @315:1:.95 W025 02 .8 ;6.V25 9K: 15;

0K5:2; ;9W5 .5 :02 ^K6?282 ]K5J32L ": :02 ?9?25: W025 :02 >9K6 8:615J2 09682?25 25:26

(.3V26 #9;2Q %15 ^13316; .8 ]K8: 1<9K: :9 ?1667 :02 /9K5:7'8 ?98: /9V2:2; 02.6288f .5 :02

8@1/2 9> 1 >2W ?9?25:8Q 02 .8 98:61/.Z2; >69? 89/.2:7 15; @K68K2; 3.I2 1 ;15J269K8 <218:L



28

,02 /1::32 [K225 <23.2V28 802'8 621/02; :02 B69?.82; #15;Q <K: .5 952 5.J0: 39828 026

>1:026Q 026 026; 15; 026 <21K:.>K3 )95:151 V13327L &025Q 1>:26 1 395J 1<825/2Q /1::32

<622;26 RK15 *<62J95 /9?28 :9 ]9.5 0.8 >1?.37Q :027 162 13?98: .??2;.1:237 I.332; .5 :02

16895 >.62 :01: ;2V18:1:28 0.8 615/0 AD&33=.0CL ,02 >.528: 82[K25/28 9> %W15'8 2P9:./ :1328

162 W.:09K: ;9K<: :0982 .5 W0./0 02 62V2138Q 15; ?1I28 K8 ;28.62Q :0.8 :0621:252; @161;.82Q

398: 18 8995 18 .: .8 /1KJ0: 8.J0: 9>\ :02 8:6933 .5 :02 @K2<39 9> 109$' =0 LY='$Q :02 <.V9K1/ .5

@&44'$ S/$$0 .( 7.04&0&Q :02 /9K@32'8 62K5.95 .5 D&33=.0Q :02 >.68: 2V25.5J 1: :02 @315:1:.95

.5 L3:&?$ 4. */+6&Q :02 52W37W2;8' /1592 ]9K6527 :9 :02 L0:#&04$, B3'&0, LLL =96 1 <6.2>

?9?25:Q :.?2 822?8 :9 8K8@25; .:8 /9K682 :9 1339W :02 @69:1J95.8:8 :9 ;621? 139K;L

H:'8 1 @161;.82 :027 89?2:.?28 62/9J5.Z2 :99 31:2 X 96 :01: :027 :0621:25 W.:0 :02.6 V267

@62825/2L 41V25': :027 /9?2 :9 ;282/61:2 51:K62k B3K5;26 .:8 :6218K628k *5 :02.6 W17 :027

9>:25 /9?2 1/6988 1 <132>K3 K5;26J69K5; 8.:2 :01: 826V28 18 1 52W B15;961'8 <9PL " J93; ?.52

A"$00$33$$P3 D&+40$+ C 96 1 8.3V26 ?.52 A*$''$ '$ F+&0, CQ 1 W233 W0262 <99:7'8 <225 0.;;25

A 109$' =0 LY='$CQ 1 31J995 >K33 9> <31/I @21638 AD$&+' .( 4#$ 8./4# D&:=(=:CQ 1 [K1667 W0262 :028:223 ?15 W.33 ;.2 A7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0 1'=<$CLLL H5 L3:&?$ 4. */+6&Q R.? ^62/15'8 6213 /6.?2 .8

0.8 9<8288.95 W.:0 2P:61/:.5J 6K<.28L ,0.8 :6158J6288.95 @69V9I28 :02 @6.5/2'8 ;21:0 >69? :02

@31JK2 15; :K658 :02 W0.:2 0K5:26 .5:9 :02 @627L ,02 @161<32 .8 /95V272; 893237 :069KJ0 :02

?.82 25 8/O52L &025 +9<26: +715 :1I28 9K: 0.8 @62/.9K8 8:9528 :9 /95:2?@31:2 :02? .5 :02

@13? 9> 0.8 015;Q :02 /3982XK@ 9> :02.6 J39W.5J 62; <6.33.15/2 15; :02 62V2682X15J32 809: 9> :02

188188.5 W09'8 W1:/0.5J :02 8/252 <20.5; :02 W.5;9W .?@16: :02 .;21 :01: 2V.3 018 .5V1;2;

:0.8 @31/2 9> @21/2 15; 016?957L =69? :025 95Q :02 G/K682M 822?8 :9 >9339W +715 W0262V26

02 J928\ 1 61V1J2; @315:1:.95Q 1 @1J9;1 .5 6K.58Q 1 J098: V.331J2 :01: :02 51:.V28 01V2

1<15;952; :9 :02 [email protected].:8MLLL 42 /15 9537 >622 0.?823> <7 62:K65.5J :02 6K<.28 :9 :02 ^K6?282

@29@32Q 3.I2 R905 c166933 1<15;95.5J 0.8 J93; :9 :02 V.331J268 A 109$' =0 LY='$C 96 8.;.5J W.:0

:02 ?.5268 61:026 :015 :02 80162093;268 A*$''$ '$ F+&0, CL

,02 96.J.513 :6158J6288.95 .8 9>:25 6231:2; :9 1 @18: :01: @62/2;28 :02 51661:.V2Q 3.I2 :02

/0.3;099; :02>: 9> 1 ?1:26513 <61/232: :01: 018 8.5/2 :K652; "63252 %103 .5:9 1

I32@:9?15.1/ A8'=9#4'J 8:&+'$4 CL =69? *$''$ '$ F+&0, :9 "#$ E=<$+P3 L,9$Q :02 @69:1J95.8:8'

@1:0939J7 .8 3.5I2; :9 :02 62:K65 9> :02 62@62882;L ,0.8 G8.5M :027 ?K8: [email protected]:2 .8 :9 01V2

/9V2:2; 9537 ?1:26.13 W213:0Q :9 01V2 W18:2; :02.6 3.V28 .5 :02 @K68K.: 9> .33K8967 J99;8Q :9

01V2 81/6.>./2; 1: :02 13:16 9> )1??95L ,0.5I 1J1.5 9> ^13316;Q :02 W695J37 1//K82; 0269 .5

8='<$+ >.,$L &01: 018 ?16I2; 0.? 9K: >96 :02 W61:0 9> 021V25k ,W9 72168 2163.26Q W025 02W18 1 ?262 JK583.5J26Q 02 I.332; 0.8 1;V268167Q )/c16:7'8 <69:026Q ;K6.5J 1 @9I26 J1?2L

&.:0 0.8 W.55.5J8Q 02 W18 1<32 :9 82::32 ;9W5Q /16V2 0.?823> 1 @31/2 .5 :02 8K5L ,0.8 8K//288

.8 W01: <69KJ0: )/c16:7 <1/I 95:9 0.8 :61.3\ :02 V.331.5 .5:25;8 59: 9537 :9 1V25J2 0.?823>

<K: 1389Q 1<9V2 133Q :9 62/31.? :02 ?9527L ^13316; .8 :0K8 1 >1382 .559/25:\ 02 @178 :02 :933 9>

1 <61Z25 @698@26.:7 :01: 018 169K82; :99 ?K/0 25V7L "5; W025 0K5:2; ;9W5Q 02 <2/9?28

95/2 1J1.5 :02 JK583.5J26 9> 0.8 @18:Q 18 R905 B1752'8 :2582 @26>96?15/2 .5:.?1:28 89 W233L



29

#.I2W.82 W.:0 7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0 1'=<$\ :02 V./:.? 9> 1 >61?2XK@Q +95 +15;233 .8

5952:023288 JK.3:7 9> ?1I.5J 1 @1/: W.:0 :02 ;2V.3L _K.3:7 :99 9> 28/[email protected] 9537 :9 :1I2

62V25J2 15; 32::.5J G01:62;M 9V26/9?2 0.?L ,0982 W09 W15: :9 @K68K2 :02.6 9W5 ]K8:./2 ;9

59:0.5J <K: 8@621; ?962 2V.3L ,02 W0932 9> 8='<$+ >.,$ .8 @K: :9 :02 >.62 15; :02 8W96;

<2/1K82 ^13316; >.J0:8 W.:0 :02 81?2 W21@958 18 0.8 252?.28Q 321V.5J 1 @.32 9> /96@828 .5

0.8 W1I2L &025 02 /9?28 ;9W5 >69? :02 <233 :9W26 15; :02 V.331J268 1/I59W32;J2 02 W18

6.J0:Q 0.8 .8 1 <.::26 V./:967\ Gi9K >96/2; ?2 :9 I.33 :9 ;2>25; ?7823>dM H5 D&33=.0 18 .5 "#$

E$34'$33 *+$$, Q :02 ;25.13 9> ]K8:./2 018 :02 81?2 2>>2/:Q 18 .: @K8028 :02 ;28@261:2 ?15 :9

62:621: >69? :02 /9??K5.:7Q :9 @31/2 0.?823> 9K:8.;2 :02 31WQ K5:.3 02 .8 59 ;.>>2625: >69?

:0982 W09 W695J2; 0.?L ,02 .6957 9> D&33=.0 .8 18 8:6.I.5J 18 :01: 9> 8='<$+ >.,$\ :02

1V25J26 /1559: 016? :02 /6.?.513f 02 ?K8: 8@162 0.? 89 :01: :02 0.;29K8 /6.?2 /15 <2

/95>2882; :9 :02 1K:096.:.28L RK8: <2>962 :02 I.3326'8 /95>288.95Q %W15 83.@8 .5 1 /K:1W17

809: :9 :02 /6K/.>.P :9 W0./0 RK15 *<62J95 1;;628828 1 8.325: @2:.:.95L 4.8 @61726 .8 8W.>:37

J615:2;L ,02 1>>3./:2; 018 <225 :28:2; 259KJ0 >96 0.8 c621:96 :9 K5:.2 :02 :61J./ I59: 15;628:962 0.? 0.8 0K?15.:7L

(/9:: ^61;7 .5 "#$ E$34'$33 *+$$, .8 952 9> :0282 G8:615J268 .5 @161;.82M W09 01K5: %W15'8

>.513 >.3?8L 42 /9K3; <2 <69:026 :9 :02 @698@2/:96 .5 L3:&?$ 4. */+6&Q :02 ;2826:.5J 81.396 .5

L0:#&04$, B3'&0, Q :02 K581V967 :6.9 .5 D$&+' .( 4#$ 8./4# D&:=(=:L =16 >69? <2.5J 15

16/015J23Q 02 .8 :02 :2?@:26Q :02 /966K@:26L Ac9K3; c3.5: -18:W99; 01V2 01; "#$ E$34'$33

*+$$, 95 0.8 ?.5; W025 ?1I.5J %=9# D'&=03 5+=(4$+ kC ,9:1337 /1KJ0: K@ .5 V25J215/2Q 02

1V9.;8 ?188f 02 2P@2/:8 59:0.5J >69? :02 @16895 1@16: >69? :02 015; 9> 0.8 ;1KJ0:26Q

"5J23.:1Q G013>X15J23Q 013>XW9?15LM +2@21:2; .5826:8 9> J39W.5J /39K;8 1//9?@157 :02 W.3;

6.;2 9> :02 I.33268 [email protected] :9 /95>695: 0.?L H: .8 1 @K6237 @92:./ @.2/2 9> @K5/:K1:.95 :01:

822?8 :9 /133 021V25 18 1 W.:5288Q 62?.5;.5J K8 :01: 21/0 .5;.V.;K13 W.33 01V2 :9 1//9K5:

>96 0.8 1/:.958L "8 .: 809K3; <2 .5 15 "3315 %W15 ;61?1Q B69V.;25/2 I22@8 W1:/0Q ;.V26:.5J

:02 0269 1W17 >69? V.J.315:.8?Q @62V25:.5J 0.? >69? >9339W.5J :069KJ0 95 0.8 #/C+=3\ 1:

:02 ;21:0 9> :02 8026.>>Q 02 .5026.:8 :02 <1;J2 W0./0 32J.:.?.Z28 :02 >.513 JK5>.J0:L ^K: .: .8

9537 .5 :02 318: 809: :01: 02 .8 ;23.V262; >69? 0.8 9<8288.95Q 321V.5J 0.8 /93: 15; JK5 <23: .5

:02 ;K8: 18 02 2?<61/28 "5J23.:1L AR905 B1752Q .5 8'=9#4'J 8:&+'$4 Q >6228 0.?823> >69?

/966K@:.95 <7 :069W.5J 1W17 0.8 W21@95 15; 32::.5J 0.?823> <2 6.;;32; <7 ,2; %2 c968.1'8

<K332:8 3.I2 1 ?9;265 (1.5: (2<18:.15LC

*> 133 :0282 ?9613.:7 @3178Q :02 ?98: 239[K25: .8 "#$ E=<$+P3 L,9$L "5; 1?95J 9K6 G8:615J268

.5 @161;.82QM +17 ).3315; .8 8K6237 :02 ?98: .5/95J6K9K8L &.:0 0.8 W0.:2 8K.:Q 0.8 813?95X

@.5I ,0K5;26<.6;Q 15; 0.8 13K?.5K? <6.2>/182 8:K>>2; W.:0 <15I 59:28Q $16;9 .8 :02

;.1<93./13 :2?@:26 :01: .8 J9.5J :9 ;61J :02 /9K@32 ^25 15; )2J c1?2695 A"5:0957 pK.55Q

%2<61 B1J2:C 1W17 >69? :02.6 315;L )2JQ W09 W18 >96?2637 0.8 ?.8:6288 15; 1//9?@3./2Q

8228 $16;9 2?26J2 9K: 9> :02 @18: ]K8: 1>:26 01V.5J >9K5; 1 521:37 87?<93./ 8/[email protected] .5 026



30

<61L H5 1 >2W ?9?25:8Q ^25 W.33 3982 2V267:0.5J\ :02 615/0Q 0.8 W.>2Q 0.8 823>X628@2/:LLL ,02

<.<3./13 8.?@3./.:7 9> :02 :132 ?.J0: 01V2 [email protected]; -;J16 o3?26Q :01: 9:026 8?KJJ326 .5

62;2?@:.95L H: K5>93;8 1@@[email protected]:237 .5 1 ?&?=$+)6Z:#T /1V2Q :02 ?98: <18./Q @6.?96;.13

82::.5JL ,0262Q 18 .5 o3?26Y8 "#$ R&;$, 5&I0Q 1 61::32851I2 1@@2168 1?.;8: :02 :0622

@69:1J95.8:8L H5 I.33.5J .:Q )2J 82V268 :02 @26V2682 @1/: :01: :.2; 026 :9 $16;9L ,02 /9K@32

/15 I5.: :02?823V28 :9J2:026 1J1.5Q 15; :02 0K?.3.1:2; 0K8<15; /15 3.2 ;9W5 1: 0.8 W.>2'8

8.;2 :9 <6.5J 026 <1/I :9 3.>2L (13V1:.95 /9?28Q 95/2 1J1.5Q :069KJ0 625K5/.1:.95\ ^25 3.J0:8

1 >.62 W.:0 :02 8:9325 ;933168 :9 <9.3 W1:26 15; ;.8.5>2/: )2J'8 W9K5;L H: .8 1 <15I 59:2 .5

:02 <21I 9> 1 VK3:K62 :01: .5;./1:28 :02 ;21:0 9> $16;9L G42 ;2826V28 1 >2W :2168QM 8178 ^25

<7 W17 9> >K52613 961:.95Q ;.8/9V26.5J :01: 0.8 52?28.8 01; K5/0161/:26.8:./1337 J952 9>> :9

822I 023@L ,02 >.68: J99; 1/:.95 9> 0.8 3.>2 018 I.332; 0.?d "8 >96 :02 /9K@32Q :027 ?K8: 01V2

321652; 89?2:0.5J >69? :02.6 :6.13 18 :027 /09982 59: :9 J9 15; @./I K@ :02 ?9527 :01:

3.::268 :02 315;8/1@2Q @933K:.5J 51:K62L

"3:09KJ0 .: .8 13W178 :0621:252;Q :0262 .8 59:0.5J 1<8K6; 1<9K: ?15Y8 2P.8:25/2L ";V268.:7]K8: ?1I28 .: 133 :02 ?962 V13K1<32Q 18 .: >96/28 21/0 .5;.V.;K13 :9 622P1?.52 0.8 96 026

@6.96.:.28L &0./0 .8 :9 817 :01: 1;V25:K62 018 1 +&=3.0 ,P[4+$L ,01: 8K>>26.5J 15; W15;26.5J

162 59: K5@69;K/:.V2L ,01: 1: :02 25; 9> :02 ]9K6527Q :02 @69:1J95.8: 809K3; <2 8:6.@@2; 9>

:02 >1382 6./028 02 <23.2V2; .5;.8@2581<32 :9 0.8 01@@.5288Q 96 ;.V28:2; 9> :02 W21@958 :01:

;61JJ2; 0.? ;9W5 .5:9 1 ?1238:69? 9> V.9325/2L ,0.8 .8 1 813K:167 ;[email protected]:.95Q W0./0

<6.5J8 0.? 1 52W ;.J5.:7 15;Q @2601@8Q 1 ;2J622 9> :615[K.3.:7L 42 .8 32>: W.:0 :02 9537

:6218K628 W96:0 /026.80.5J\ :02 W16?:0 9> >6.25;80.@Q :02 8W22:5288 9> /[email protected].@Q :02

016?957 9> 1 /9K@32LLL %W15'8 W963; <2395J8 :9 :0982 W09 25;21V96 :9 ?1I2 .: <2::26 X

:0982 W09 162 /95:25: W.:0 :02 28825:.13 15; 162 .5:25: 95 ?1I.5J :02 J16;25 <216 >6K.:8L

"8 :02 ?95I 15; :02939J.15 ,09?18 )26:95 81.;\ GH> 79K 79K6823> 162 1: @21/2Q :025 :0262 .8

1: 3218: 89?2 @21/2 .5 :02 W963;LM H> 59:k ,02 J16;25 W9K3; <2/9?2 1 0233Q 3.I2 :02 [K1667 9>

18028 15; ;K8: W0262 :02 7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0 1'=<$ .8 /6K/.>.2;L



31

,4- _+H==H,4 ,+"%H,H*$D

R905 %966

b261 +138:95 .5 *$''$ >$ F+&0, ADESDC

,02 >.68: 8:61.5 9> :02 "?26./15 >.3??1I.5J :61;.:.95 J62W ;.62/:37 >69? :02 133X@26V2682

.5>3K25/2 9> :02 21637 W96I 9> %L&L _6.>>.:0L ,0.8 28825:.1337 51:.9513.8:./ :61;.:.95 9>

;61?1:./ 51661:.V2 W18 699:2; .5 :02 8.?@32Q ;.62/: ?95:1J2 @6.5/.@328 :01: _6.>>.:0 2V93V2;

.5 0.8 ^.9J61@0 952X 15; :W9 6223268L H5 DEDSQ "#$ *=+4# .( & R&4=.0 <2/1?2 :02 9>>./.13

32P./95 9> :0282 @6.5/.@328L

,02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 W18 :02 ;9?.515: 8:732 9> :02 8.325: "?26./15 >.3? 15; W18 2V93V2;

:9 1 /3188./13 @26>2/:.95 <7 :02 ?.;X,W25:.28L #1:26Q 2?18/K31:2; <7 :02 :6158.:.95 :9 89K5;Q

:0.8 :61;.:.95 <2/1?2 1 62/288.V2 1@@691/0 :9 ;.62/:.95 <28: 8K.:2; >96 [email protected] :61/I 9>

K5/9?@3./1:2; 51661:.V28 9V26 W0./0 1 @26>96?26Y8 @2689513.:7 /9K3; 218.37 ;9?.51:2L H: .8

;9K<:3288 <2/1K82 :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 3.5J262; W233 .5:9 :02 ,0.6:.28 :01: :02 8:16 878:2?

/1?2 :9 @62V1.3 9V26 :02 16: 1@@691/0 9> :02 ;.62/:96L &025 .5 :02 31:2 ,0.6:.28Q 1 82/95;



32

1@@691/0 :9 >.3??1I.5J A:02 )K651K ,61;.:.95C <2J15 :9 K5.>7 :02 @9:25:.13 9> :02 89K5;

?2;.K?Q :02 32J1/7 9> :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 <2/1?2 :02 0.8:967 9> :02 ^X@./:K62NK5:.3 .:8

:6158>26 :9 :232V.8.95 .5 :02 =.>:.28L -V25 :9;17Q W025 1 ;.62/:96 W15:8 :9 15137Z2 8.?@37

15; [K./I37 :02 ;61?1:./ /95:25: 9> 1 8:61.J0:>96W16; 51661:.V2Q 02 W.33 >133 <1/I K@95

:0282 @6.5/.@328Q 59W 62>2662; :9 18 G:232V.8.95 8:732LM

,02 J3967 15; :02 3.?.:1:.95 9> :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95Q 18 [email protected]; <7 _6.>>.:0 0.?823>Q W18

:01: GH;218 162 136.J0: >96 8:1J2 @29@32Q <K: @./:K628 @62>26 8.?@32 8:61.J0: 8:96.28 9> >1/:LM

H5 :02 ?95:1J2 :61;.:.95Q 21/0 809: <2/9?28 1 >1/: W0982 ?215.5J .8 ;2:26?.52; <7 .:8

]KP:1@98.:.95 :9 159:026 >1/:L (.5/2 :02 >.68: J913 9> :0.8 :61;.:.95 W18 2>>2/:.V2 8:967:233.5JQ

.: W18 1 V.6:K2 :01: 21/0 809: 62:1.5 .:8 8.5JK316.:7 9> ?215.5JL

,02 2V93K:.95 9> :0282 ?95:1J2 @6.5/.@328 W18 :0.8 1 @69;K/: 9> 52/288.:7L ,02 /1?261

/1?2 :9 <2 @31/2; 1: V167.5J ;.8:15/28 >69? :02 1/:.95 >96 @K6237 K:.3.:16.15 @K6@9828N

51?237 /9?@620258.<32 51661:.95L ,02 628K3:.5J ?2:09; 9> ;61?1:./ 151378.8 W18 152/959?./13Q 61:.9513Q 15; 1<9V2 133 K51?<.JK9K8 628@9582 :9 :02 /013325J2 9> :233.5J 1 8:967

W.:0 1 ?9V.2 /1?261L

"?26./1 1: :0.8 :.?2 W18 59: 1 @16:./K31637 [email protected]:./1:2; /9K5:67L )188 /9??K5./1:.95 W18

3.?.:2; :9 :02 @6.5:2; W96;Q 15; 8:967:233.5J W18 :02 >93I 16: ?98: 1//288.<32 :9 1 51:.95 9>

.??.J615:8 .5 522; 9> 1 52W 026.:1J2 95 W0./0 :9 62<K.3; :02.6 823>X.;25:.:7L ,02 [K13.:.28

.502625: .5 :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 2?<61/2; 8K/0 <18./ "?26./15 V.6:K28 18 8.?@3./.:7Q

@61/:./13.:7Q 61:.9513.:7Q 8:61.J0:>96W16;5288Q 15; 595V26<13.8?L ,02 8.325/2 9> :02 8.325:

>.3? W18 59: :02 @69<32?Q <K: 1 V.6:K2Q <2/1K82 .: W18 K5.V2681337 /9?@620258.<32L

H: W18 :0K8 :01: :02 /.52?1 <2/1?2 :02 61337.5J ?2;.K? 9> 1 ;.8:.5/:37 "?26./15

?7:0939J./13 026.:1J2L "8 15 .5;.J259K8 "?26./15 >93I 16:Q :02 /.52?1 @69V.;2; 1 >96? 15;

82: 9> /95V25:.958 @26>2/:37 8K.:2; :9 :02 [email protected] 9> "?26./15 :02?28Q >93I3962Q 15;

315;8/1@2L _6.>>.:0 01; >K82; :02 :61;.:.958 9> "?26./15 3.:261:K62 :9 :0982 9> "?26./15

@1.5:.5JL &.:0 :02 1;;.:.95 9> @1613323X1/:.95 /K::.5J 15; :02 628K3:15: :2/05.[K28 9>

8K8@2582 A1;;2; :9 :02 <18./ 15137:./8 V9/1<K3167 9> :02 395J 809:Q ?2;.K? 809:Q 15; /3982X

K@CQ :02 /.52?1 W18 >K337 2[K.@@2; :9 2V9I2 :02 >K5;1?25:13 2?9:.958 9> :02

?239;61?1:./ 15; 1/:.95X1;V25:K62 J25628L

,02 _6.>>.:0 :61;.:.95 <2/1?2 :02 ?2;.K? 9> :02 J25628N.;213 >96 51661:.V2 <182; 95

61:026 8:6./: /95V25:.958 15; 15.?1:2; W.:0 ?7:0939J.28 9> :02 "?26./15 026.:1J2 15;

"?26./15 ;621?L ,0282 51661:.V28 <2/1?2 6.:K138 321;.5J :069KJ0 @078./13 /95>695:1:.958

15; /9?@3./1:.958 :9 :02 9<3.J1:967 /1:016:./ 25;.5J8L ,02 ?95:1J2 :61;.:.95 W18 1

?9613.8: :61;.:.95 15; :02 621;7 .58:6K?25: 9> /K3:K613 @69@1J15;1N.5 :01: /26:1.5 W178

9> 3.>2 W262 @96:6172; 18 V.6:K9K8 96 >13325 W9?25L ,02 /3188./13 8:1<.3.:7 9> :0.8 ?2;.K?



33

?K8: 01V2 <225 1 8K8:1.5.5J .5>3K25/2 [email protected] 96;26 .5 :02 /K3:K613 /0198 :01: >9339W2;

:02 =.68: &963; &16L =96 .: W18 :02 ;2/1;2 9> DEDT :9 DE`T :01: W18 :02 _93;25 -61 9> :02

_6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95L

H5 62J16;.5J :02 8.325: >.3? 18 1 >93I 16: A18 /95:618:2; W.:0 @2689513 16:CQ W2 1/I59W32;J2

:02 2P.8:25/2 9> /26:1.5 <21K:.28 .502625: .5 :02 ?2;.K? .:823>Q /9??95 :9 :02 [email protected]

9> 133 :0982 16:.8:8 W09 W96I2; .5 :0.8 ?2;.K?Q 15; ,.6=0&04 9V26 :02 @2689513

.;.9875/618.28 9> :0282 9:026W.82 ;.V2682 16:.8158L "8 .5 :02 /3188./13 @26.9; 9> _622I 16:Q

:0262 2P.8:2; .5 :0.8 /3188./13 @26.9; 9> 8.325: >.3??1I.5J 1 >96?13 .;213 A1 /316.:7 9>

51661:.V2C :9W16; W0./0 133 9> :02 W96I8 8:69V2L "389Q 3.I2 /3188./13 _622I 16:Q :02 16:.8158 9>

:02 _6.>>.:0 :61;.:.95 V13K2; 96;26Q <1315/2Q J61/2>K3 @69@96:.958Q 87??2:67N.;2138 9>

8:6K/:K62 15; J29?2:67L ,0262 W262 1 3.?.:2; 5K?<26 9> 232?25:8 A:7@28 9> 809:8C W.:0

W0./0 :9 <K.3; 1 51661:.V2L ,0K8 .: W18 .5 :02 J61/2>K3 96;26.5J 9> :0282 232?25:8 :01: :02

8I.33 9> 1 ?18:26 ;.62/:96 W18 2V.;25/2;L

B2601@8 <2/1K82 ?157 9> :02 21637 /1?261?25 01; :02.6 96.J.58 .5 @./:96.13.8: 8:.33X

@09:9J61@07Q 1 :25;25/7 :9W16; @./:96.13.8? W18 1;;2; :9 :02 6K;.?25:8 9> :0.8 ?95:1J2

8:6K/:K62L ,02 4.J0 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 ?9V.2 <2/1?2 1 826.28 9> 316J237 >695:13Q 316J237

8:1:./Q 809:8Q 21/0 /3188./1337 W233 /9?@982; 15; <1315/2;L ,02 9V26133 ?9V.2 01; 1 >96?13

J61/2 :01: ;.8:15/2; :02 V.2W26 >69? :02 /0161/:268 15; :02 1/:.95Q ?7:0939J.Z.5J :02

51661:.V2L #.I2 :02 89552:Q :02 4.J0 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 W18 1 6.J.; >96?f <K: .: W18 :02 >96?

.:823> :01: 325: <21K:7 15; ;.J5.:7 :9 :02 W96I 9> :0982 W09 1;9@:2; .:L

H: 018 <225 W233 ;9/K?25:2; 2382W0262 :01: 13?98: 133 "?26./15 ;.62/:968 W09 <2J15 :02.6

/162268 @62V.9K8 :9 DEÙ 2.:026 W96I2; ;.62/:37 K5;26 _6.>>.:0Y8 @2689513 [email protected] 96

9@2537 96 9@2537 1/I59W32;J2; :02.6 >96?13 ;2<: :9 0.?L "?95J :0982 W09 @268951337

1@@625:./2; W.:0 _6.>>.:0 W262 R905 =96;Q +19K3 &1380Q -6./0 V95 (:6902.?Q "3315 %W15Q

(.;527 =615I3.5Q 15; %9513; c6.8@Q W0.32 /26:1.537 3288 .5>3K25/2; W262 j.5J b.;96 15; c2/.3

^L %2 ).332L H5 :02 21637 W96I 9> :0282 ;.62/:968 /15 <2 ;2:2/:2; 59: 9537 :02 _6.>>.:0 >96?Q <K:

?157 9> :02 _6.>>.:0 ?15526.8?8 ;K:.>K337 /[email protected]; >69? :02 ?18:26Y8 2P1?@32L H: W18 :069KJ0

:02 W96I 9> :0282 A15; ?157Q ?157 9:026C ;.62/:968Q 15; 0.4 :069KJ0 _6.>>.:0 0.?823>Q :01: :02

_6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 >39K6.802; 15; 2V93V2; .5:9 .:8 /3188./13 >96?L H: .8 .5:2628:.5J :9 59:2 :01:

;K6.5J :02.6 8.325: /162268Q =96; 15; &1380Q .5 @16:./K316Q W262 I59W5 ?962 18 /9?@2:25:

J2562 ;.62/:968 A.L2LQ >93I 16:.8:8C :015 18 .559V1:.V2 @2689513 ;.62/:968L "5; W025 ^K8:26j21:95 W15:2; :9 :.2 0.8 J1J8 .5:9 /902625: >21:K62 51661:.V28Q 02 W9K3; 0.62 1 J61;K1:2 9>

:02 _6.>>.:0 8/0993 18 /9X;.62/:96 :9 8K@@37 :0.8 ;61?1:./ K5.:7L ,0262 W18 1 8.5J32Q 1//2@:2;

1@@691/0 :9 ;61?1:./ 51661:.V2Q 15; :0.8 W18 :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95L

^2/1K82 :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 W18 1@@[email protected]:2 :9 :02 [email protected] 9> 1 V.8.95 8K.:2; :9 :02

522;8 9> 1 ?188 "?26./15 1K;.25/2 A.L2L <2/1K82 :0282 >.3?8 ?1;2 623.1<32 ?9527CQ



34

49337W99;Q 18 :02 >.3? =0,/34+J Q K5;26:99I :02 .58:.:K:.9513.Z1:.95 9> :01: :61;.:.95L ,0.8

@69/288 9> .58:.:K:.9513.Z.5J >96/2; :02 /678:133.Z1:.95 9> :02 >96?Q 1: 95/2 23.?.51:.5J 26696

15; 8:.>3.5J 2P@26.?25:1:.95L ^7 :02 ?.;X,W25:.28Q :02 9537 2P@3961:967 16: 9> :02 _6.>>.:0

,61;.:.95 W18 :9 <2 >9K5; .5 :02 62>.52?25: 9> :02 8:K;.9X<9K5; :2/05.[K28L

H5 :0282 ?.;X,W25:.28Q 1 82/95; 8:61.5 9> :02 "?26./15 51661:.V2 /.52?1 <2J15 :9 2P26: .:8

@62825/2L ,0.8 W18 :02 )K651K ,61;.:.95Q W0./0 6133.2; 169K5; :02 61:026 1;V15/2;

[email protected] 9> =L&L )K651KY8 "#$ >&34 >&/9# A.?@96:2; .5 DE`SC 15; 8/0+=3$ ADE`gCQ .:

W9K3; 59: <2 .51@@[email protected]:2 :9 /133 :0.8 8:61.5 :02 )K651K ,61;.:.95L ,0.8 .8 :02 :61;.:.95

98:258.<37 9> :02 ?9V.5J /1?261Q <K: ?962 <691;37 A18 ;2>.52; <7 "5;62W (166.8C :02

128:02:./ W0./0 [email protected] :02 /95:.5K9K85288 9> 1 V.8K13 >.23; 9K:8.;2 9> :02 >61?2 9> :02

/1?261LM &026218 :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 :.034+/:43 15 2?9:.95Q :02 )K651K ,61;.:.95

+$:.+,3 .:f 15; W026218 :02 _6.>>.:0 15137Z28 ;61?1Q :02 )K651K 875:028.Z28L

^7 W17 9> /316.>./1:.95Q .: 809K3; <2 @9.5:2; 9K: :01: :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 .8 1 8@2/.>./;2V239@?25: 9> :02 ?962 J252613 /1:2J967 9> :02 ?95:1J2 128:02:./L =96 2P1?@32Q

-.8258:2.5Y8 K82 9> ?95:1J2Q W0.32 59: K56231:2;Q W9K3; 59: <2 ;28/6.<2; 18 @16: 9> :02

_6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95Q W0./0 W18 8@2/.>./1337 1 ;2V239@?25: 9> :02 "?26./15 /.52?1L *5 :02

9:026 015;Q .5 :02 /95:2P: 9> :02 0.8:967 9> :02 "?26./15 /.52?1Q :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 018

<225 69KJ037 875957?9K8 W.:0 :02 ?95:1J2 128:02:./ 18 V16.9K837 2P@62882; 9V26 :02

72168L A(22 "5;62W ^1Z.5Y8 G,02 -V93K:.95 9> :02 #15JK1J2 9> c.52?1LMC

">:26 :02 ,0.6:.28 A2P/2@: .5 ^X@./:K628Q W0262 :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 62?1.52; 6231:.V237

@K62CQ .: <2/9?28 .5/6218.5J37 ;.>>./K3: :9 .8931:2 :02 ?95:1J2 128:02:./ >69? :02 ?9V.5JX

/1?261 128:02:./ f <9:0 /92P.8:2; .5 :02 /9331<961:.V2X1;1@:.V2 :61;.:.95 :01: @62;9?.51:2;

.5 49337W99;Y8 @69;K/:.95 >69? :02 31:2 ,0.6:.28 :069KJ0 :02 (.P:.28L "389Q .5 ;2>.5.5J :02

)K651K ,61;.:.95 18 62@62825:1:.V2 9> :02 ?9V.5JX/1?261 128:02:./ .5 :02 2V93K:.95 9> :02

"?26./15 51661:.V2 >96?Q W2 62>26 ?962 :9 1 @9.5: 9> V.2W A1 W17 9> 822.5JC :015 :9 157

8@2/.>./ 82: 9> ;.62/:96.13 :2/05.[K28L ,W9 ;.62/:968 ?.J0: ?1I2 K82 9> :02 81?2 :2/05.[K28

W.:0 @9316 128:02:./ .?@3./1:.958L

,0K8Q :09KJ0 W2 ?.J0: @9316.Z2 :02 :W9 :61;.:.958 18 :02 <1::32 9> :02 /K: V268K8 :02 809:Q

W2 W9K3;5Y: 1::6.<K:2 1<893K:2 ?215.5J8 :9 2.:026 :02 /K: 96 :02 809:L " [email protected].:K13.8: ;.62/:96

3.I2 =615I ^96Z1J2 /K:8 >62[K25:37Q <K: 89 .?@26/2@:.V237 18 :9 .?@37 /95:.5K.:7 .58:21; 9>;.8]K5/:.95L ^96Z1J2Y8 /K:8 W.:0.5 1 8/252 W.33 .5V93V2 9537 83.J0: /015J28 9> /1?261 15J32

96 ;.8:15/2 >69? 8K<]2/:Q 8K/0 18 :9 1V9.; :0282 316J2 2?9:.958 [email protected]; <7 :02 K8K13 _6.>>.:0

,61;.:.95 V9/1<K3167 9> 395J 809:Q ?2;.K? 809:Q /3982XK@L *5 :02 9:026 015;Q 1 >96?13.8:

3.I2 =6.:Z #15J W.33 ?1I2 2P:258.V2 K82 9> :02 ?9V.5J /1?261Q 72: 59: 3982 :01: 82582 9> 15

.8931:.5J ;28:.57 :01: @62;9?.51:28 :02 ?95:1J2 2:0./L H58:21; 9> >9339W.5J 0.8 /0161/:268Q

#15JY8 /1?261 @K68K28 :02?L



35

i9K5J ;.62/:968 25:26.5J :02 /.52?1 .5 :02 ?.;X,W25:.28 399I2; :9 )K651KQ 15; 59: :9

_6.>>.:0Q 18 :02 ?9;23 95 W09? :9 <K.3; :02.6 V.8K13 8:732L =96 .58:15/2Q 49W16; 41WI8Q .5

0.8 :0.6; >.3?Q "#$ @+&,'$ 80&4:#$+3 ADE`FCQ 822?8 /9?@32:237 9<3.V.9K8 :9 :02 _6.>>.:0

,61;.:.95 V9/1<K3167L 41WI8 .8 /321637 1 89K5; ;.62/:96 ?1I.5J 1 8.325: >.3?L ,02 :.:328 162

59: ;28/6.@:.V2Q <K: :6158/6.@:8 9> ;.139JK2L ,02 @1/2 .8 >18:f <K: :02 8@22; .8 .5 :02 @078./13

1/:.95Q 18 62/96;2; .5 >K33 809:8Q @158Q 15; ;933.28Q 59: .5 :02 8@22; 9> /K::.5JL

,02 :2/05939J./13 ;2V239@?25: 9> 875/0695.Z2; 89K5; >K3>.332; :02 )K651K ,61;.:.95Q <K:

W18 8K@26>3K9K8 :9 :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95L ,02 2V26X?K3:[email protected] /9?@32P.:7 9> ?9;265 3.>2

/9K3; <2 /1@:K62; A.5 1 @92:./ 82582C W.:0 2182 :069KJ0 :02 )K651K ,61;.:.95Q W026218 :02

>615:./ @1/.5J 9> :0982 W95;26>K3 8@2/.13 ?95:1J2 82[K25/28 9> :02 31:2 ,W25:.28 15; :02

,0.6:.28 ;2?958:61:2; :02 2V26X.5/6218.5J ;.>>./K3:7 9> ;61?1:./ 151378.8 :9 ;213 W.:0

/9?@32P.:7L ^7 :02 31:2 ,0.6:.28Q 8/6225W6.:268 01; 321652; :01: 1 8.5J32 W233X/09825 3.52 9>

;.139JK2 /9K3; [K./I37 15; 3288 9<:6K8.V237 2P@6288 1 @1881J2 9> :.?2 :015 :0282 ?95:1J28L

,02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 W18 1 59<32 :61;.:.95 W025 :02 ;61?1:./ 151378.8 [email protected]; 96;26 .5

:02 K5.V2682L ,02 1//23261:.95 9> ?95:1J2 A-.8258:2.5 59:W.:08:15;.5JC W18 15 2V26 3288

81:.8>7.5J 1::2?@: :9 >.5; 1 @1::265 9> 96;26 .5 1 /9?@32P.:7 9> 2V25:8 :01: W262 2V93V.5J

>18:26 :015 ?15 /9K3; I22@ K@ W.:0L "8 ?95:1J2 @61/:./28 <69I2 1W17 >69? :02 8:1<.3.:7 9>

:02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95Q :02 >615:./ 2526J7 9> :02 /K::.5J 62>32/:2; ?15Y8 .5.:.13 .51<.3.:7 :9

/9@2 W.:0 :02 /9?@32P.:.28 9> ?9;265 3.>2L

,0.8 28825:.1337 52K69:./ K82 9> ?95:1J2 621@@2162; .5 :02 (.P:.28 18 15 [email protected] 9>

?15Y8 V.9325: ;[email protected] 1: 0.8 .51<.3.:7 :9 /958:6K/: ?215.5J .5 0.8 25V.695?25:L

=61J?25:.5J ?95:1J28 .8931:2; ;.V2682 232?25:8 :01: 62>K82; :9 K5.>7Q 62>K82; :9 9>>26 157

09@2 9> 96;26L ,02 61:.9513 :9938 9> 151378.8 W262 59: 1;2[K1:2 .5 [email protected] :02

@0259?251 9<826V2;L c166.2; :9 .:8 39J./13 2P:62?2 .5 8K/0 >.3?8 18 +K88 )2726Y8 *$J.0,

4#$ X&''$J .( 4#$ 5.''3 ADEgUC 15; "#$ 8$<$0 7=0/4$3 ADEgDCQ :02 3.5J26.5J @62825/2 9> :02

_6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 018 <225 V.2W2; 18 621/:.95167 15; [email protected]:./f 15; 72: :02 328895 9> :02

>K:.3.:7 9> :0.8 2P:62?2 15137:./ V.9325/2 ;928 1@:37 15; 16:>K337 @[email protected]: :02 39J./13 /6.8.8 9>

15 K5<25;.5J37 61:.9513 1@@691/0 :9 ?9;265 3.>2L



36

@??(" AB("

*> 133 :02 ;.62/:968 9> :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 W09 ?1.5:1.52; /162268 W233 .5:9 :02 89K5;

@26.9;Q "3315 %W15 W18 :02 3218: 1>>2/:2; <7 :02 2?26J25/2 9> :02 )K651K ,61;.:.95N

@2601@8 <2/1K82 0.8 :02?2 9> :2?@9613 628.J51:.95 W18 89 K51881.31<32 <7 2.:026 89/.13 96

/K3:K613 2V93K:.958L %W15Y8 V.8K13 8:732 W18 :02 @K628: [email protected] 9> :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95f

15; .: W18 /26:1.537 :02 @K6.:7 9> :0.8 8:732 A15; .:8 :02?1:./ .?@3./1:.958C :01: 8K8:1.52;

%W15Y8 /621:.V2 2526J7 :069KJ09K: 1 395J ^X?9V.2 /16226L H5 %W15Y8 31:26 W96I :02

?1:02?1:./13 @26>2/:.95 9> 0.8 V.8K13 8:732 <28: .33K8:61:28 :02 @6.?13 @9W26 .502625: .5 :02

_6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95L H: .8 @62/.8237 :0282 >.3?8Q <K6;252; W.:0 :02 ?98: 09@23288 8/6.@:8 15;

@9@K31:2; <7 :02 ?98: /6.@@32; @26>96?268 A@69]2/:8 .5 W0./0 G@2689513 .5V93V2?25:M

822?2; 9K: 9> :02 [K28:.95C :01: %W15 623.2; ?98: 2P/3K8.V237 15; 1<8:61/:37 95 :02

<21K:.28 9> :02 >.3??1I.5J :61;.:.95 .:823>Q 15; @69V2; 0.?823> :02 ?18:26 /61>:8?15 9> :02

_6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95L

(K/0 >.3?8 18 *$''$ >$ F+&0, ADESDCQ B 5+$&6 .( -$&0=$ ADES`CQ 15; L0:#&04$, B3'&0, ADESTC

<2/9?2 :2P:<99I 2P26/.828 .5 :02 "?26./15 ?95:1J2 :61;.:.95L ,0282 >.3?8 162 6213.Z2;

W.:0 1 /.52?1:./ @62/.8.95 18 .5:K.:.V237 @26>2/: 18 -.8258:2.5Y8 ?95:1J28 W262 /13/K31:2;37

1//K61:2L %W15Y8 .?1J28 162 <21K:.>K3 59: 89 ?K/0 18 >96?13 25:.:.28 K5:9 :02?823V28Q 18 .5

:02.6 2P.8:25/2 18 /.52?1:./ K5.:8L ,02 W963; /1@:K62; .5 :02 >61?2 .8 52V26 18 .?@96:15: 18

:02 6231:.9580.@ 9> 952 809: :9 :02 52P:L H5 96;26.5J :0282 K5.:8Q %W15 .8 /95/2652; W.:0

:0982 [K13.:.28 /25:613 :9 :02 ?95:1J2 :61;.:.95 61:026 :015 :01: ;2/2@:.V2 @./:96.13.8:

@62::.>./1:.95 9> .5;.V.;K13 809:8 :01: <2/9?2 >180.951<32 .5 :02 31:2 8.325: 261L H> :02 /61>: 9>

;.62/:.5J /15 <2 /9?@162; :9 :01: 9> W6.:.5JQ :025 %W15 .8 :02 ?18:26 9> /.52?1:./ 875:1PL

-/959?7Q 8.?@3./.:7Q 15; ;.62/:5288 /0161/:26.Z2 :02 %W15 1@@691/0L -1/0 .?1J2 .8

8232/:2; 18 1 K:.3.:16.15 628@9582 :9 1 51661:.V2 /013325J2L c9?@162; W.:0 %W15Y8

8:61.J0:>96W16; ;2/.8.958Q :02 /.52?1 9> 49W16; 41WI8 399I8 ?155262; 15;

[email protected]:./L ,02?1:./1337 15; V.8K1337Q %W15 .8 952 9> :02 3218: 52K69:./ 9> 133

>.3??1I268N2V25 .5 0.8 V.8K13.Z1:.95 9> 8K/0 1 :9:1337 52K69:./ 8K<]2/: 18 8'=9#4'J 8:&+'$4

ADESFCL

,9 K5;268:15; :02 /K6625: 598:13J./ 628@9582 :9 49337W99; ^X@./:K628N15; :9 :02

;K<.9K8 @2689513.:.28 W09 1/:2; 9K: :02 6.:K138 9> :0282 >.3?8N952 ?K8: K5;268:15; :0982@69@26:.28 9> :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 18 <69KJ0: 9K: .5 :02 @K6.:7 9> %W15Y8 K82 9> :0282

@61/:./28L ,02 @26>96?268 .5 ^X@./:K628 W262 61:026 K52P:6196;.5167 @29@32 .5 <.JJ26X

:015X3.>2 69328Q K51<32 :9 8K??95 K@ 2?9:.958 18 ?7:0./ 18 :0982 8KJJ28:2; <7 :02

/0161/:268 :027 @3172;L ^K: :02 /95V25:.958 9> :02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95 A15; :02 /95V25:.9513

628@95828 2V9I2; <7 :0282 /3./0e8C W262 9<3.V.9K8 :9 :02 .5/9?@2:25/2 9> :0282

@26>96?268L " /K:X.5 :9 1 316J2 /3982XK@Q 96 1 /K:X<1/I :9 1 395J 809:Q .5 :02 @6.?13 @9W26 9>



37

:02 /015J2 .5 .?1J2 8.Z2 13952Q 8KJJ28:8 1 59<.3.:7 9> 2?9:.95 :01: .8 ;.62/: 15; 2>>2/:.V2L

=K6:026?962Q :02 87?@1:02:./ .5/9?@2:25/2 9> :02 ^X@26>96?26 8KJJ28:8 :02 28825:.13

.559/25/2 9> :02 0K?15 /95;.:.95L b261 +138:95Y8 /3982XK@8 .5 *$''$ >$ F+&0, 162 1?95J :02

?98: ?9V.5J .?1J28 .5 :02 "?26./15 /.52?1Q 15; 72:Q 8.?K3:1529K837 162 1 ?9/I267 9> :02

:61;.:.9513 @69/288 9> ?.?28.8 W2 /133 1/:.5JL

,02 .559/25/2 9> "3315 %W15Y8 628@9582 :9 8K/0 <31:15: .5/9?@2:25/2N0.8 :9:13

1//2@:15/2 9> .5152 8.:K1:.958 15; @26>96?268N:6158/25;8 9K6 /95V25:.9513 2V13K1:.958

9> :02?2 15; /0161/:26L %W15Y8 8:732 .8 /0161/:26.Z2; <7 1 <25.J5 J61/2 :01: 1339W8 0.8

/1?261 :9 9<826V2 15; 15137Z2 W.:09K: @188.5J ]K;J?25:L ^2/1K82 02 .5:69;K/28 59

232?25: 9> :258.95 <7 :67.5J :9 2V9I2 @26>96?15/28 9> W0./0 0.8 1/:968 162 .5/1@1<32Q 96 :9

.5826: ;22@26 ?215.5J .5:9 8/6.@:8 :01: W262 59: 8:6K/:K62; :9 8K8:1.5 ?K/0 ?215.5J 1: 133Q

%W15 1V9.;8 :02 82582 9> 16:.>./.13.:7 :01: /15 09V26 9V26 :02 1?<.:.9K8 [email protected]:.958 9>

:1325:2; ;.62/:968 /95:25;.5J W.:0 .5/9?@2:25: /9331<961:968L "8 >93I 16:Q %W15Y8 <28:

>.3?8 162 0.8 ?98: ;61?1:./1337 @K6@982X3288L ,027 <2/9?2 9<]2/:8 9> ?2;.1:.95L

D -P/26@:2; >69? %966'8 h,02 _6.>>.:0 ,61;.:.95Qh H='6 @.66$04M DUL` ADEgaC\ aTXSaL BK<3./

%9?1.5L



38

,4- c#H== "$% ,4- =#o)-

^.33 j6905

%$+$ 2$ F. 19&=0 ADEa`C

5$,=:&4$, 4. 4#$ 6$6.+J

W( 8.' 2/+4Q$'M L,I&+, 86&''M %$+C$+4 -\ U&4$3 &0, *$0$,=:4 *.9$&/3

2#. 3/??'=$, 4#$ (+&6$

H5 0.8 232J7 >96 "3315 %W15 A@&#=$+3 ,/ :=0T6& ll`C R215Xc31K;2 ^.2::2 /1332; 0.? G1 J621:

8:967:23326M 15; G1 J621: @92: 9> 8@1/2LM "5 152/;9:2 %W15 :93; B2:26 ^9J;159V./0 1<9K:

0.8 21637 ;178 809W8 09W :0282 /9?@3.?25:8 162 3.5I2;\ 8/9K:.5J >96 .;218 W.:0 0.8 /18:

15; /62W 5216 #1I28.;2Q c13.>965.1Q :02 79K5J ;.62/:96 81W 1 /3.>> 15; >.3?2; 1 >.J0: :01:25;2; W.:0 :02 0269 :069W.5J :02 V.331.5 9V26 .:L (:.33 .5 8216/0 9> 1 8:967Q 02 :025 81W 1

>3K?2 G3.I2 1 J621: <6.;J2M W0./0 /166.2; W1:26 >69? 952 615/0 :9 159:026L +28K3:\ 1 :W9X

6223 ?239;61?1 .5 W0./0 :02 V.331.5 @9.8958 :02 >3K?2 :9 I.33 0.8 52.J0<96Y8 /1::32 15; .8

@K5.802; <7 <2.5J :069W5 9>> :02 /3.>> 1: :02 25; 9> :02 >.3?L



39

,02 8:967 018 15 16/02:7@13 [K13.:7L *5 :02 952 015;Q :02 82::.5J A:02 /3.>>C [email protected] :02

1/:.95 :01: :1I28 @31/2 .5 .: AW.:09K: ;2:26?.5.5J .:\ 9:026 1/:.958 /9K3; 218.37 01V2 <225

25V.8.952;Cf 95 :02 9:026 015;Q 1 ;.V.8.95 9> 8@1/2 A:02 :W9 615/028C 15; :02 @1881J2W17

W0./0 3.5I8 :02? A:02 >3K?2C J25261:2 1 8:967 :9 ]K8:.>7 :02 1/:.95 A "#$ D.=3.0$,

H'/6$ qDEDDrCL ,0282 51661:.V2 @161;.J?8 /15 1389 <2 K82; 82@161:237Q 18 W2 /15 822 >69?

:02 @39:8 9> :W9 9:026 398: %W158\ "#$ >.<$ E./4$ ADEDaC\ G" 52W 61.3691; 3.52 ;.86K@:8 1

J.63Y8 615/0Mf @#$&4=09 @#$&4$+3 ADEDEC\ G#.V.5J 8.;2 <7 8.;2Q :W9 J69K@8 9> /699I8

.?@268951:2 6./0 @29@32Q 21/0 @3155.5J :9 69< :02 9:026LM

";]9.5.5J 8@1/28 162 :02 ?98: /9??95 8@1:.13 @161;.J? >96 %W15Y8 @39:8\ 1 <15I 15; 1

<16<26 809@ A7&0 4. 7&0 qDElUrCQ :W9 1.6>.23;8 A>..; 2#.G3 >&/9#=09 qDEaDrCQ :W9 09:238

A%$+$ 2$ F. 19&=0 qDEa`rCQ 52.J0<96.5J >16?8 AE$C$::& .( 8/00JC+..; H&+6 qDElTrCQ

<K.3;.5J8 :01: 399I 9K: 95:9 :02 81?2 /9K6:716; A@&'$0,&+ F=+' qDEagrCQ 1 09K82 15; 1 8:1<32

AB 5+$&6 .( -$&00=$ qDES`rCQ :W9 8.3V26 ?.528 A*$''$ >$ F+&0,$qDESDrCQ :W9 615/028 A@&44'$

S/$$0 .( 7.04&0& qDESarCQ :W9 81V1J2 :6.<28 AL0:#&04$, B3'&0, qDESTrCL #288 >62[K25:37Q:02 8:967 /15 16.82 >69? 1 /9552/:.95 <2:W225 :W9 @31/28Q 59:1<37 .5 E$0,$Q<./3 I=4#

100=$ADEaFC W0262 1 893;.26 95 15 "6?7 <182 .5 -5J315; 82/62:37 J928 "&*# 15;

.?@62J51:28 0.8 W.>2 .5 $2W R26827Q :025 018 :9 /95V.5/2 :02 W963; :01: 02 .8 :02 >1:026 9>

026 /0.3;L

%W15 :02 25J.5226 W18 51:K61337 1::61/:2; :9 8:96.28 1<9K: <K.3;.5J <6.;J28 <2:W225

@31/28 82@161:2; <7 J29J61@07\ :02 493315; ,K5523 .5 %=9# 1=+ ADESSC :02 ^XÈ 395JX615J2

<9?<26 .5 "#$ 2=', *'/$ U.0,$+ ADESDC 15; :02 (K2Z c1513 .5 8/$Q ADElTC W0982 0269 .8

:93; <7 1 >96:K52 :23326 :01: 0.8 ;28:.57 .8 :9 G;.J ;.:/028LM ,0982 W96;8 :K65 9K: :9 <2 <9:0

15 .695./ @69@02/7 9> :02 0269Y8 6932 18 16/0.:2/: 9> :02 /1513 15; 1 ?2:1@096 >96 :02 9>:25

;K<.9K8 @93.:./13 ?1/0.51:.958 :01: W.33 ?1I2 .: @988.<32L ": >.68: #9K.8 $1@93295 62>K828 :9

>.515/2 :02 @69]2/: >96 >216 :01: .: W.33 /1K82 :02 +2; (21 :9 >399; :02 )2;.:26615215Q

.5K5;1:.5J :02 @96: /.:.28 9> :02 )2;.:26615215 <18.5Q 15; :01: .8 ]K8: W01: 01@@258 W025

:02 ?.8JK.;2; 0269 822I8 :9 ?1I2 @21/2 <2:W225 :02 $1:.9513 "882?<37 15; #9K.8Q W09

82.Z28 :02 9@@96:K5.:7 :9 16628: 0.8 9@@9525:8 15; @69/31.? 0.?823> -?@2696Q 1>:26 W0./0

02 1J6228 :9 >.515/2 :02 /1513L

*5 :02 9:026 015;Q %W15 W18 59: @16:./K31637 [email protected]; <7 :02 @161;.J? 9> :02 V971J2

A 1+./0, 4#$ 2.+', qDEalrQ L3:&?$ 4. */+6& qDESSrCQ K53288 .: W18 ]9.52; :9 1 82/95;@161;.J?\ :02 <96;26 :01: 018 :9 <2 /69882; .5 "#$ E=<$+G3 L,9$ ADESgC 96 :02 :W9X@695J2;

62:621: .5 %.', *&:; 4#$ R=9#4 ADESFCQ W0./0 399I8 95 1 ?1@ 3.I2 :02 0.J0X15J32 809: 9> 1

@K68K.: 1395J >96I.5J :61.38 .5 "$00$33$$G3 D&+40$+ ADESSCL H5 *'&:; 8#$$? ADElSCQ 1 8:967 02

/95/9/:2; :9 628:16: 0.8 ;.62/:.5J /16226 .5 :02 21637 YlU8Q :02 /0161/:268 :61V23 >69?

c026<9K6J :9 $2W i96I 95 1 80.@ W.:0 82@161:2 32V238 >96 >.68: 15; 82/95;X/3188 @18825J268Q

:W9 @161;.J?8 W0./0 /9?<.52 W.:0 1 :0.6;N1 8:9325 52/I31/2 W0982 @98828896 /15 9537



40

321V2 :02 80.@ <7 @188.5J :069KJ0 /K8:9?8 N:9 @69;K/2 1 ;23.J0:>K3 /9?2;7X;61?1 9>

/6.88/6988.5J ;28:.5.28 :01: /9?2 :9J2:026 15; 62893V2 :02?823V28 95 :02 ;9/I8 9> $2W

i96IL AH:Y8 :99 <1; %W15 W185Y: 1<32 :9 ?1I2 0.8 >.3? 9> ,0965:95 &.3;26Y8 *+=,9$ .( 8&0

>/=3 E$J LC

$9: 133 9> %W15Y8 >.3?8 J69W 9K: 9> 8@1:.13 @161;.J?8Q <K: .: /9K3; <2 16JK2; :01: :02 <28:

9528 ;9L (9?2952 W18 :67.5J :9 8I2:/0 .5 1 8@1:.13 8.:K1:.95 1: :02 <2J.55.5J 9> R.+4#I$34

W/4?.34 ADEagC >96 2P1?@32Q <K: 59: ?K/0 /1?2 9> .:L B2601@8 :01: .8 W07 :02 ?1; 8:2W 9>

232?25:8 >1.32; :9 /90262Q W026218 :02 2[K1337 9K:62 2.6&0 "#$J 1'6.34 >J0:#$, ADESlC .8

952 9> %W15Y8 <28: >.3?8Q .5 @16: <2/1K82 9> .:8 8@1:.13 @62?.82\ %K6.5J :02 c.V.3 &16Q 1 :9W5

<.82/:2; <7 :02 <96;26 <2:W225 $96:0 15; (9K:0 .8 I2@: 52K:613 <7 1 W213:07 ?1:695

W0982 /95:693 9> :02 62J.95Y8 321; ?.528 J.V2 026 @9W26 9V26 :02 W166.5J 8.;28 15; :02

:9W5Q W0262 802 .?@9828 15 .695 31W 9> 595XV.9325/2Q 25>96/2; <7 >62[K25: 375/0.5J8L

&01: 8:16:8 9>> 18 1 @169;7 9> =96; <2/9?28 .5/6218.5J37 @26V2682\ ,02 [email protected] 9>V.9325/2 /621:28 1 82/95; ;.V.8.95Q @26@25;./K316 :9 :02 >.68:Q <2:W225 :02 ;9?1.5 9> ?25 A1

813995C 15; :02 ;9?1.5 9> W9?25 A:02 ?.5.5J /9?@157Q W0262 :02 ?1:695 093;8

8W17CL ,025 :0.8 <.Z1662 V16.1:.95 95 :02 8:15;16; 49337W99; ;.8@31/2?25: >69? @93.:./8 :9

82P .8 J.V25 15 2V25 ?962 @26V2682 :W.8: W025 :02 813995 .8 .5026.:2; <7 1 W9?15Q 321;.5J

:9 :02 >1?9K8 809W;9W5 <2:W225 >2?132 JK583.5J268 15; :02 0269.52Y8 5216X375/0.5JL

%W15Y8 8@1:.13 .?1J.51:.95 89?2:.?28 :99I 0.? :9 8:615J2 @31/28\ H5 8&='.+G3 >&,J ADEaUC

15 253.8:2; ?15 /9?28 09?2 :9 J2: ?166.2;Q 9537 :9 ;.8/9V26 :01: 0.8 W.>2 018 1;9@:2; 1

<1<7 15; <9KJ0: 1 09K82 .5 1 52.J0<96099; .501<.:2; 893237 <7 :02 >1?.3.28 9> 51V13

9>>./268L &025 026 >.15/eY8 69W;7 >6.25;8 81<9:1J2 1 @16:7 W.:0 :02 <6188 .5 1::25;15/2Q :02

79K5J W9?15 62:13.1:28 <7 @315:.5J :02 <1<7 95 :02.6 <1::3280.@ 18 .: 81.38 9>> :9 25J1J2 .5

?16.:.?2 W16 J1?28L

-V25 ?962 ;.ZZ7.5J V16.1:.958 162 @3172; 95 :02 ;.8]K5/:.95 <2:W225 G/95:1.526M 15;

G/95:1.52;M ;K6.5J :02 >.68: :25 ?.5K:28 9> W0$ 7='$ (+.6 %$&<$0 ADElgCL (25: 95 1 W.3;

J9982 /0182 <7 026 /9?@2:.:968Q 1 <395; J.63 62@96:26 >.5;8 026823> .5 15 133X<31/I

52.J0<96099;Q W0262 026 1::25:.95 .8 1::61/:2; <7 :02 ;1ZZ3.5J 8I.338 9> 1 :1@X;15/26 W09 .8

@317.5J B.2; B.@26 :9 :02 52.J0<96099; /0.3;625L *52 9> :02 /0.3;625 .8 W0.:2 15; V267

<395;Q :99Q 2V25 :09KJ0 026 ?9:026 .8 <31/IL A,0.8 25.J?1 8K@@3.28 :02 <18.8 >96 :02 @39:LC

(02 01@@258 :9 <2 /1667.5J 1 <.6;/1J2 W.:0 1 /1: .5 .:L A$9:0.5J .8 2V26 81.; 1<9K: :0.8LC ">.513 [email protected]\ &025 :02 :1@ ;15/26 @K:8 95 0.8 /91:Q 02 :K658 9K: :9 <2 1 V267 [email protected]

399I.5J @93./2?15L

c0.5282 <9P /958:6K/:.95Q 1 ?962 :61;.:.9513 K828 9> :02 /95:1.526s/95:1.52; @161;.J?Q

82:8 :02 8:1J2 >96 "#$ B03=,$ 84.+J ADEaTC W0./0 .8 :93; .5 >3180<1/I .58.;2 1 <15I V1K3:Q

.58.;2 1 8?133 :9W5 W0./0 W18 13?98: ;28:6972; <7 :02 _621: %[email protected] .58.;2 1



41

;2V18:1:2; /9K5:67 :01: W2 822 .5 5.J0:?16.80 V.8.958 8K@26.?@982; 9V26 1 /3982XK@ 9> :02

8:967:23326L %K6.5J :0982 ;16I ;178Q W2 32165Q DUUU ;933168 /1?2 :9 :9W5 15; W18 @31/2; .5

1 81>2Q 9537 :9 28/1@2 15; /.6/K31:2 >69? /0161/:26 :9 /0161/:26Q 1>:26 W0./0 .: 32>: 18 .: 01;

/9?2Q 3.I2 :02 0269 9> 1 W28:265Q 01V.5J @K: :02 :9W5 95 :02 691; :9 62/9V267L

,K65.5J :9 :02 G/3.>>M @16: 9> %W15Y8 ?2:09;Q 0.8 K82 9> 82::.5J8\ ^.2::2Y8 ;28/6.@:.95 9> 0.?

18 1 @92: 9> 8@1/2 016I8 <1/IQ H <23.2V2Q :9 -6./ +90?26Y8 DEaT 16:./32 G#2 /.52?1Q K5 16: ;2

3Y28@1/2M [email protected]:2; .5 >$ 9./4 ,$ '& C$&/4T CQ W0./0 ;.8:.5JK.8028 [email protected] K82 9> /.52?1 :9

2P@6288 @87/0939J./13 8:1:28 >69? j21:95Y8 K82 9> .: >96Q 3.:261337Q :02 <21K:7 9> :02 J28:K62Q

.58/6.<2; W.:0.5 G1 /9?@32:237X>.332; 62/:15JK316 8@1/2 9//[email protected] 1 6231:.V237 628:6./:2;

@96:.95 9> :02 V.8K13 >.23;LM "?95J :02 2P1?@328 9> >.3?8 G62V213.5J 1 82582 9> 8@1/2 :01:

?157 1V15:XJ16;2 >.3?8 ?.J0: 25V7M +90?26 /.:28 G:02 >.3?8 9> %9KJ318 =1.6<15I8Qh W.:0

W09? %W15 /9331<961:2; >.V2 :.?28 ;K6.5J :02 8.325: 261L

^K: :02 >1/: :01: %W15 15; =1.6<15I8 W262 ?1I.5J 1 ;.>>2625: I.5; 9> >.3? :015 [email protected] A/>:02 152/;9:2 1<9K: [email protected] ]9I2 95 :02 82: 9> E.C=0 %.., qDE``rC ;9285Y: ?215 :01: :027

3.I2 :02 ;2/1;25: 8/K3@:96 .5 7&0#&0,'$, ADEàC 89KJ0: 15 16: 9> G@K62 @318:./.:7LM %K6.5J

:02 >.68: 013> 9> E.C=0 %.., Q W0262 J28:K628 162 8:6.@@2; 9> @87/0939J./13 8.J5.>./15/2 <7

.??2582 8@1/28 :01: ;W16> :02 0K?15 >.JK62Q =1.6<15I8 .8 W2.J02; ;9W5 <7 16?96 15;

6.:K13L H5 :02 82/95; 013>Q W025 02 :1I28 62>KJ2 .5 :02 >9628: W.:0 0.8 9K:31W8Q 02 3.<261:28

:02 /18:32 >69? .:8 [email protected] ?18:26 W.:0 :02 I.5; 9> 2P:61V1J15: 1/69<1:./8 :01: ?1;2 "#$

7&+; .( ].++. A=62; $.<39Q DEÙC 1 ]97 >69? 8:16: :9 >.5.80L ^K: .5 "#$ B+.0 7&3; ADEÈCQ

=1.6<15I8Y 8W15X895JQ $1:K62 .8 1<825:Q 15; :02 801;9W7 ?1Z2 9> 31V.80 82:8 .5 W0./0

;Y"6:1J515 15; 0.8 /9?61;28 <1::32 1 K8K6@26 .?@16: 1 09339W 6.5J :9 :02 :.:32 /16;

1559K5/.5J :01: 952 /0161/:26 1>:26 159:026 018 ;.2; G>96 :02 J3967 9> =615/2LM

%W15 62?1;2 E.C=0 %.., .5 :02 89K5; 261 W.:0 (0.6327 ,2?@32\ ,02 0269.52

9> %$=,= ADElgC .8 :1I25 >69? :02 ?9K5:1.5:9@ W0262 802 3.V28 W.:0 026 J615;>1:026 15;

[email protected]; .5 1 J621: 09K82 .5 :02 ?.;8: 9> 1 J621: /.:7Q W0262 802 02138 1 /6.@@32; /0.3;

;28@.:2 :02 .5:6.JK28 9> 72: 159:026 2V.3 K8K6@26Q =61K32.5 +9::25?2.26L A*K:8.;2 :02 W1338

9> :02 G/18:32MQ :0622 <318:8 95 1 /91/0?15Y8 0965Q W0./0 42.;. ?.8:1I28 >96 :02 0965 9>

B2:26 :02 _91: ^97Q 62/133 :02 8.J513 "315X1X%132 <39W8 <2>962 =1.6<15I8 .8 628/K2; 1: :02

25; 9> E.C=0 %.., LC "5 96J15XJ6.5;26Y8 ?95I27 @26>96?8 =31.6<15I8Y 1/69<1:./8Q 15; 42.;.

026823> 62@21:8 0.8 >1?9K8 83.;2 ;9W5 15 .??2582 :1@28:67 W025 802 83.;28 ;9W5 :02<15.8:26 9> :02 J621: 09K82 :9 ?1I2 026 J2:1W17L

,02 @9328 9> :0.8 8:967 W262 62V2682; .5 ,2?@32Y8 8W15X895J 1: =9PQ :02 ;23.J0:>K3 U./09

D$.?'$ ADEaUCQ W0262 1 >1?.37 9> V1K;2V.33.158 >69? :02 <.J /.:7 W09 01V2 62:.62; :9 1

)1.52 V.331J2 162 :621:2; 0966.<37 <7 :02 V.331J268Q K5:.3 :027 >.51337 8K//22; .5 [email protected]

:02.6 9@:.?.8:./ @268@2/:.V2 95 :0282 6K613 621/:.9516.28L ^28.;28 J.V.5J ,2?@32 026 9537



42

/015/2 :9 @317 026823>Q U./09 D$.?'$ @62@162; :02 W17 >96 5+=(4I.., ADEagC 1 <21K:.>K3 >.3?

%W15 ?1;2 1: +2@K<3./ W.:0 $1:13.2 &99; 18 1 81.5:37 96@015 51?2; R2557L ">:26 :02

;21:0 9> 026 @621/026 J615;>1:026Q R2557 321V28 ^K33>69J (@6.5J8Q :02 J098: :9W5 W0262 802

J62W K@Q >96 B15<K/I2:Q 1 /95826V1:.V2 V.331J2 W0./0 802 /1338 G(9;9? 15; _9?96610M K5:.3

026 K5/9?@69?.8.5J :6K:0>K35288 :6158>96?8 .: .5:9 G421V25LM

H: 822?8 :01: %W15 W18 59: :02 +9K8821K.8: 02 .8 89?2:.?28 ?.8:1I25 >96N.: W9K3;

/26:1.537 <2 016; :9 015J :01: 31<23 95 D$&+' .( 4#$ 8./4# D&:=(=: ADESSCQ W0262 :02 8/6.@:Y8

@1215 :9 )15 .5 :02 8:1:2 9> $1:K62 .8 /958:15:37 K5;26/K: <7 :02 J16.80 16:.>./2 9> R905

"3:95Y8 /93968 15; b15 $28: B93J3182Y8 82:8L RK8: <2>962 :02 25; %W15 :K652; :01: :K6I27 95

.:8 021; .5 L0:#&04$, B3'&0, Q W0./0 /9?28 18 /3982 18 157952 ;162; .5 DEST :9 62:233.5J

426?15 )23V.332Y8 "J?$$\ " 62>KJ22 >69? /.V.3.Z1:.95 3.V.5J 1?95J ,10.:.15 81V1J28

;.8/9V268 :01: :02 81V1J28 01V2 I.332; 0.8 <28: >6.25;Q :01: 02 .8 :02.6 @6.89526Q 15; :01: :027

162 /155.<138 A9537 0.5:2; 1: .5 :02 >.3?CL )1;2 95 39/1:.95 .5 )2P./9N3.I2 0.8 318: >.3?Q "#$

7.34 5&09$+./3 7&0 1'=<$ ADEF`CQ >96 W0./0 :0262 W18 59 ?9527 :9 <K.3; 82:8NL0:#&04$,B3'&0, 62:K652; %W15 :9 :02 /95;.:.958 .5 W0./0 02 ?1;2 0.8 >.68: :W9X6223268Q W0./0

8@1W52; 15 16: W0262 :02?28 3.I2 $1:K62 15; c.V.3.Z1:.95 W262 3288 .?@96:15: :015 :02

@318:./ .5V25:.95 :01: @317.5J V16.1:.958 95 :02? ?1;2 @988.<32L

_.V25 %W15Y8 >96?13 /95/2658Q .: .8 1: >.68: [email protected] :9 822 09W 9>:25 ?1@8 .5 0.8 >.3?8 n

8/132 ?9;238 9> :02 51661:.V2 :2661.5N@317 :02 6932 9> :02 G<1; 9<]2/:M A_26:.2Y8 J16:26Q

)1<23Y8 83.@Q :02 pK225Y8 52/I31/2 .5 "#$ "#+$$ 7/3;$4$$+3 qDElEr :02 @2163 52/I31/2

.5 *'&:; 8#$$?CQ 952 W0982 ?262 @988288.95 8:.J?1:.828 :02 @98828896\ ,02 W9?15 W.:0

:02 ?1@ .5 2.6&0 "#$J 1'6.34 >J0:#$, Q >96 2P1?@32Q .8 @628K?2; :9 <2 1 :61.:96Q W0.32 :02

?15 W.:0 :02 ?1@ .5 "$00$33$$G3 D&+40$+ .8 1 ?K6;2626L

)9629V26Q ?1@8 ;9 59: 13W178 /316.>7 :02 1/:.95N:02 952 K82; :9 @315 :02 >.68: 093;XK@

.5 7.04&0& *$''$ADES`C .8 59:./21<37 .51//K61:2L &2 52V26 822 :02 126.13 ?1@ /958K3:2; <7

-;J16 ^26J25 .5 >..; 2#.G3 >&/9#=09N9537 1 V.2W 9> :02 :2661.5 <239W :01: .8 18

K5.5:233.J.<32 18 :02 126.13 V.2W8 .5 "#$ 2=', *'/$ U.0,$+ L A,0982 2P:62?2 0.J0 15J328 :K65

9K: :9 <2 18 K823288 :9 :02 ^XÈ /62W8 18 :027 162 :9 K8N<9?<.5J >69? `SQUUU >22: K@Q 9K6

026928 162 ?.88.5J ?962 :16J2:8 :015 :027 0.:LC L3:&?$ (+.6 */+6& 9@258 W.:0 1 ?1@Q <K:

<2>962 W2 /15 621; .:Q :02 /1?261 ?9V28 .5 95 1 ;61W.5J 9> :02 @131/2 9> (1I16Q :025

;.8893V28 :9 809W K8 :02 :06952 699?Q ]K8: 18 :02 @[email protected] 126.13 V.2W 9> &.8:>K3 b.8:1.5 >..; 2#.G3 >&/9#=09 ;.8893V28 :9 J.V2 K8 9K6 >.68: 399I 1: :02 .58.;2 9> =.<<26 )/_22Y8

09K82L

H58:21; 9> 1 ?1@Q *$''$ >$ F+&0,$ 9@258 W.:0 1 V267 W.;2X15J32 809: 9> 1 /9K6:699? 8225

>69? :02 ]K67 <9P :01: :K658 9K: 95 /3982 .58@2/:.95 :9 <2 1 @1.5:.5JL (2/95;8 31:26Q 1 395JQ

J96J29K837 /9?@982; ;9337 809: >9339W8 :02 ;2V18:1:2; 0269.52Q ]K8: 9K: 9> ]1.3Q 18 802



43

839W37 ?1I28 026 W17 1395J 1 8:622: :01: 321;8 :9 1 >6.25;Y8 09?2L ,6158.:.958 3.I2 :0282

:01: 25;9W 1 >31: .?1J2 W.:0 ;2@:0 251/: :02 8:6KJJ32 1: :02 V267 0216: 9> :0.8 /.52?1Q

W0./0 .8 >.332; W.:0 82::.5J8 W0982 :9@9J61@07 W2 I59W .5:.?1:237 A:02 09K82 .5 "#$

F.+=''&qDElErQ :02 :255.8 /9K6: .5 8/$Q qDElTrCQ W0262 W.5;9W8 15; ;9968 13W178 9@25 95 1

<K87 W963; <2795;L ,02 :9W5 .5 H+.04=$+ 7&+3#&'' ADElEC .8 133 952 82:Q 15; 1: :02 25; 9>

:02 >.3?Q W025 %W15 ;933.28 .5 95 %9/ 4133.;17Y8 :9?<8:952Q 02 :1I28 /162 :9 @K: 1 :.57

W1J95 :61.5 021;.5J W28: .5 :02 <1/IJ69K5; 9> :02 809:L

)1@8 162 G<1; 9<]2/:8M <2/1K82 :027 :0621:25 :02 .33K8.95 9> ;2@:0Q 18 .5 %.', *&:; 4#$

R=9#4 Q 952 9> :02 >2W >.3?8 W0262 1 ?1@ 1/:K1337 W96I8N:02 W0932 >.68: @16: .8 @3172;

1J1.58: K5;.8JK.82; <1/I @69]2/:.958Q 89 :01: :02 395J ?16/0 9> :02 62:621:.5J )16.528 .8

1389 1 ;.>>./K3: ]9K6527 <1/I :9 :0622X;.?258.9513 8@1/2L (.?.31637Q .5 F$44=09 F$+4=$G3

F&+4$+ ADEaSC :02 1/:968 162 J69K@2; .5 :W9X;.?258.9513 /9?@98.:.958 K5:.3 5.J0: >1338Q

W025 ?9;23.5J W.:0 3.J0: 15; 801;9W A%W15Y8 @62>2662; @132::2C <2J.58 :9 /621:2 ;61?1:./

@268@2/:.V28 87?<93.Z.5J :02 J69W.5J /9?@32P.:7 9> :02 1/:.95L ,02 80.>: .8 ?16I2; <7 9529> :0982 DTUX;2J622 /K:8 %W15 >62[K25:37 K828 :9 809W :02 .?1J2Y8 <1/I8.;2Q 3.I2 :02

@09:9J61@0 .5 >..; 2#.G3 >&/9#=09 :01: 809W8 .:8 8K<]2/:8Y <1/I8 W025 79K :K65 .: 169K5;L

%W15 5952:023288 >3.6:2; W.:0 :02 :2?@:1:.95 :9 :6158>96? :02 .?1J2 .5:9 1 ?1@ .5 H+=$0,'J

L0$6=$3 ADEa`C 1 ].5J9.8:./ &963; &16 H ;61?1 02 W18 9>>262; W0.32 W1.:.5J :9

?1I2 *+$I34$+G3 7=''=.03 ADEaSCL &025 02 >.3?2; A.5 5.52 ;178dC :0.8 8:967 9> :W9 _26?15

.??.J615:8Q 952 9> W09? 8.;28 W.:0 "?26./1Q :02 9:026 W.:0 _26?157Q 02 62@3./1:2; :02

>96? 9> :02.6 [K166238Q 13W178 809W5 .5 :W9X809:8Q <7 [email protected] 133 0.8 /0161/:268 .5

87??2:6./13 /9?@98.:.958 K5:.3 :02 :0.6; 1/:Q W025 :02 39713 _26?15 321658 :01: 0.8 895 018

]9.52; :02 "?26./15 "6?7L ">:26 :01: :02 [email protected] <2/9?2 K5<1315/2;Q K5:.3 15 [email protected]

9> W16 .?1J28 628:9628 .5 :02 318: 809: :02 016?957 :01: 62.J52; .5.:.1337 ;28@.:2 /95>3./:.5J

39713:.28L

42 8K<82[K25:37 1;1@:2; :0.8 >96?13 .5V25:.95 .5 *+$I34$+G3 7=''=.03 :9 @96:617 :02 .695./

>1:2 9> 1 ?15 W09 018 :W9 ?95:08 :9 8@25; 1 ?.33.95 ;933168L 4262 :02 <1315/2 <2:W225

187??2:6./13 /9?@98.:.958 A:02 ;28.62; 8:1:2C 15; 87??2:6./13 9528 A:02 8:1:2 :9 <2

1V9.;2;C .8 2V26 80.>:.5JQ 18 :02 0269Y8 1::2?@:8 :9 @61/:./2 W01: _296J28 ^1:1.332 /1338 :02

J252613 2/959?7 A.?@69;K/:.V2 2P@25;.:K62C 162 62@21:2;37 <69KJ0: .5:9 3.52 W.:0 :02

628:61.52; 2/959?7 A1 62:K65 95 952Y8 .5V28:?25:C W0./0 0.8 >.15/e 15; >6.25;8 /958.;26596?13L *+$I34$+G3 7=''=.03 .8 1 >.3? :01: [email protected] :9 :02 V9.;\ H:8 >.68: 809: A1 <31/I 826V15:

V.8K1337 26182; <7 :02 891@ 02 018 1@@3.2; :9 1 W.5;9WC J.V28 W17 :9 15 .?1J2 :01:

J61;K1337 >.338 K@ W.:0 @693.>261:.5J <9;.28Q K5:.3 :027 162 133 23.?.51:2; .5 :02 318: 809:\

159:026 2?@:7 >61?2L



44

&1:/0.5J 1 ?.5.?13.8: 2P@26.?25: 3.I2 H+=$0,'J L0$6=$3 8258.:.Z28 K8 :9 :02 8@1:.13 16:

%W15 @K:8 :9 8K<:326 K828 .5 >.3?8 3.I2 *+$I34$+G3 7=''=.03 96 :02 15:.X)/c16:07

W28:265 8='<$+ >.,$ ADESaC W0262 15 .?1J2 :01: ?9V28 .5 15; 9K: 9> :W9X;.?258.9513.:7 .8

K82; :9 J61@0 80.>:.5J 1332J.15/28 15; 3.528 9> >3.J0: .5 1 8?133 :9W5 W0982 321;.5J /.:.Z25

018 <225 1//K82; 9> ?K6;26 <7 1 823>X8:732; ?168013 >69? 1 :9W5 ÙU ?.328 1W17L A,02

:9W58@29@32 01V2 59 W17 9> I59W.5J :02 :6K:0 <2/1K82 :02 :232J61@0 3.52 /9552/:.5J :02

:9W58 018 <225 /K:LC

%W15 01; SU 72168 9> K52[K1332; @69;K/:.V.:7 :9 2P@3962 :02 @69@26:.28 9> 15 16: W0./0 02

023@2; .5V25:Q 15; 02 W18 1W162 9> 133 .:8 @161;9P28L o53.I2 1 8:1J2Q :02 62/:15J32 9> :02

8/6225 /15 /621:2 :02 .33K8.95 9> 1 W963; :01: 2P.8:8 .5 ;2@:0 15; /95:.5K28 <2795; :02

2;J28 9> :02 >61?2L H5 %$=,= 1 /K: :1I28 K8 >69? :02 09K82093; 8.5J.5J G(.325: $.J0:M :9 :02

<K8:3.5J 8:622: 9K:8.;2Q W0262 2V267952 822?8 :9 <2 8.5J.5J :02 81?2 895J n 1 39V237

2P1?@32 9> :02 I.5; 9> 8.;2395J J315/2 :01: 21652; %W15 0.8 62@K:1:.95 18 1 /95:2?@31:.V2

>.3??1I26L ^K: V.9325/2 /15 1389 <2 ;.8/3982; <7 1 @15 n :069KJ0 :02 W133 9> 1 09K82Q >962P1?@32Q W0262 1 W9?15 .8 8.5J.5J :9 026 <1<7Q 15; .5:9 :02 /69W;2; 8:622: 9K:8.;2Q W0./0

.8 8K;;2537 :069W5 .5:9 :K?K3: <7 15 26K@:.95 9> JK5>.62 AH+.04=$+ 7&+3#&' CL -V25 ?962

;.8/95/26:.5JQ 1 8K;;25 @15 .5 1C+.&, I=4# "I. U&0;3 ADEaaC 62V2138 1 ?.6696 .5 :02 9>>X

8@1/2 :01: 62>32/:8 9K6 :W9 026928 A13621;7 .5 ;61JC 18 J69:28[K237 ;.8:96:2; 151?96@0./

.?1J28 A1 ;2V./2 %W15 >.68: 2P@39.:2; .5 84&9$ 84+/:; qDE`Sr W.:0 _396.1 (W15895CL

,02 ;15J268 3K6I.5J ]K8: <2795; :02 >61?2 :01: ?251/2 :02 ?1J./ 62/:15J32 AW0./0 #9K.8

(2JK.5 018 2P@3962; .5 >G$3?&:$ ,/ :=0T6&C 162 8K??2; K@ .5 1 V267 31:2 15; V267 W2.6;

W28:265Q "#$ E$34'$33 *+$$, L H: <2J.58 W.:0 15 2P@98.:.95 8/252 :01: ?1I28 /958.;261<32 K82

9> :02 ?98: K823288 ?1@ .5 133 9> %W15Y8 /.52?1L G*K6 .5V28:.J1:968Y 62@96: 018 J.V25 K8 1

V267 J61@0./ @./:K62QM 8178 :02 /0161/:26 W09 .8 015;3.5J :02 2P@98.:.95Q @9.5:.5J

2?@01:./1337 1: :0622 8@9:8 95 :02 ?1@ :01: 01V2 59:0.5J :9 ;9 W.:0 157:0.5JL 4.8 /95>.;25:

18826:.95 .8 :025 K5;26?.52; <7 1 826.28 9> >3180<1/I8 W0./0 .5:69;K/2 K8 :9 :02 82::.5J 9>

:02 >.3?Q 1 3.::32 :9W5 /958.8:.5J ?98:37 9> W.5;9W8Q J1:28 15; ;9968 :01: .8 023; :9J2:026

9537 <7 :02 J1Z28 9> :02 /0161/:268L ,027 W.33 8@25; 15 .596;.51:2 1?9K5: 9> :.?2 [email protected] 95

952 159:026Q <K: :9 59 1V1.3N:02 :9W5 52V26 28/1@28 >69? :02 [K1J?.62 9> 8@1:.13

.5/902625/2 .5:9 W0./0 .: 018 <225 @3K5J2; <7 :01: >.68: GJ61@0./M 1//9K5:L "#$ E$34'$33

*+$$, ADESgC .8 :02 /.52?1:./ 2[K.V1325: 9> )13316?eY8 Go5 /9K@ ;2 ;e8 ]1?1.8 5'1<93.61

3'01816;mQM W0262 :02 :2P: .8 ;.8?2?<262; <7 :02 8@1/28 <2:W225 :02 W96;8Q 15; 72:%W15Q 3.I2 )13316?eN01V.5J >.5.802;Q .5 <9:0 825828 9> :02 W96;Q :02 W96I 9> SU 72168

W.:0 :0.8 18:95.80.5J >.3?N?.J0: 1389 817Q 399I.5J <1/IQ :01: G59:0.5J W.33 01V2 :1I25 @31/2

2P/2@: q:02r @31/2LM



45

"#$%&'"( )"*+,%"-

./012-345 63478/9+701:;09/< => 6?;; @73A1

!"#$ BCDEFG

+A/ '010<?01 ";;01 HI01J IA3 K0L/ 93 9A/ M*" 0: 0 KA?;< 01< :90>/< N37 0;L3:9 A?: /19?7/

K07//7J =/;318: ?1 9A/ K3L501> 3N <?7/K937: :4KA 0: O7?NN?9AJ P0;:A 01< Q37< 709A/7 9A01

9A09 3N '479?RJ H?/9/7;/J 37 -018S T?: 10L/ ?: 3N9/1 0::3K?09/< I?9A 9A/ 8/17/ U13I1 0:

V"L/7?K010VJ 13:90;8?K 0KK3419: 3N 0 7470; 01< 970<?9?310; "L/7?K0 BN73L Q37<W: &"'(# )*+#,-

BCDEXG 93 ";9L01W: .//0+#1, 2/*-"3# BCDDDGGJ 01< :/Y/70; 3N A?: N?;L:W A/73/: 07/ A?:937?K0;

N?847/: 37 "L/7?K01 ;/8/1<:J :4KA 0: 9A/ :A/7?NN P>099 $075 ?1 2*/3-+#* 45*,657 BCDEDG 37

9A/ L4:?K?01 *9/5A/1 Q3:9/7 B8 9*#5: /; &#533+# BCDZ[GGS $Y/1 :3L/ 3N 9A/ L3:9 7?8A9;>

N0L34: 9?9;/:J ;?U/ 9A/ 5/7?3< N?;L: </=+3 >//' BCD[[G 37 !"#$ BCDEFGJ 90U/ 4: 0I0> N73L

"L/7?K0 ?1 055/0701K/ 31;>J :?1K/ 9A/> 5;0K/ 87/09 /L5A0:?: 31 9A/ 50:9370;S



46

+A/ ?L08?107> I37;< 3N 9A/ 50:9370; ://: ?1 9A/ (/I P37;< 0 7/<?:K3Y/7/< 807</1 3N $</1J

IA/7/ 139 31;> I?;< =/0:9: 01< <3L/:9?K09/< 01?L0;:J =49 0;:3 K3;31?:9: 01< &1<?01:J ;?Y/

5/0K/N4;;> 938/9A/7J N4;N?;;?18 &:0?0AW: Y?:?31 3N 9A/ )/0K/0=;/ @?18<3LS HI01W: N?;L: 0=341<

?1 :K/1/: 3N 9A?: U?1<J IA?KA 4:40;;> N/0947/ I09/7 01< Y/8/909?31S M1;?U/ 9A09 3N '479?RJ

HI01W: </=+3 >//' 90U/: 9A/ N37L 3N 0 <?59>KAS +A/ N?7:9 5079 ?: 01 ?L57/::?Y/ L/<?/Y0;

7/K31:974K9?31J IA3:/ :/9: 01< K3:94L/: I/7/ </:?81/<J 7/:5/K9?Y/;>J => P?;N7/< 64KU;01<

01< #?9KA/;; -/?:/1J H/#?;;/W: 7/84;07 K3;;0=370937:J 01< IA3:/ A?/709?K :9>;/ 57/N?847/:

-018W: 9+# ?+=#7"3(#3 BCD[XGS &1 9A/ :/K31< 5079J %3=?1 01< A?: L/1J N7//< N73L 9A/?7 A/0Y>

07L37J 5701K/ 9A7348A 9A/ I33<:J 01< ;?Y/ ?1 01 /1Y?731L/19 N/0947?18 N37/:9J I09/7N0;;: 01<

873993/:S +A/ ,;< P37;< 3N 9A/ #?<<;/ "8/: ?: :4KK//</< => 9A/ 109470; (/I P37;<J IA?KA ?:

0;:3 01 07KA/9>50; I37;<J L4KA 3;</7 9A01 IA09 57/K/</< ?9S &1 .653@#, BCDECGJ 9A/ ;3Y?18

K345;/ /:K05/: 9A/ <?:0:9/7: 3N I07 => /\KA018?18 7?18: 01< 90;?:L012537970?9:J L077>?18 31

0 =/0KA 9A09 K34;< =/ ?1 9A/ *349A */0:S &1 !"#$ J N3;;3I?18 0 A?:937?K0; 573;384/ :/9 ?1 )07?: ?1

CFZ]J $8>59 055/07: => K31970:9 0: 0 ;01< =39A ?LL/L37?0; 01< 1/IJ 0 </:/79 01< 01 30:?:J

01 $</1 01<J ?1 9A/ "L/7?K01 :/1:/J 0 Q7319?/7S +A/ A/73 B+>731/ )3I/7G L//9: 9A/ 70Y?:A?18I?;< KA?;< B"110=/;;0G IA/1 :A/W: =09A?18 10U/< ?1 0 ;?99;/ ;0U/^ :A/ I?;; =/ A?: ?1:5?709?31

01< ?: :/9 ?1 3553:?9?31 93 9A/ I3L01 A/ ;3Y/:J 9A/ =/049?N4; =49 3Y/72K?Y?;?R/< '3419/::

$48_1?/ </ #319?`3 B-37/990 a3418GJ IA3 ;/9: A/7:/;N =/ :/<4K/< => -34?: (053;_31S &1 0

KA07L?18 7/Y/7:0; 3N 9>5/2K0:9?18J ?9 ?: 9A/ "L/7?K01 0K97/:: B-37/990 a3418G IA3 /L=3<?/:

9A/ N0;:/ Y0;4/: 3N $4735/01 K4;947/J IA?;:9 9A/ Q7/1KA 0K97/:: B"110=/;;0G 5;0>: 0 V93L=3>W

IA3:/ L0:K4;?1/ 099?7/ 01< K0:40; L011/7J 01< A/7 0::3K?09?31 I?9A I09/7J K;/07;> ;?1U A/7 93

#07U +I0?1W: T4KU;/=/77> Q?11S

+A?: 3=:/7Y09?31 A3;<: N37 9A/ VI?;< KA?;<V KA070K9/7: 5;0>/< => *A?7;/> +/L5;/ ?1 >#+'+

BCDEbG 01< (090;?/ P33< ?1 9*+;-A//' BCDXbGS +/L5;/ /1<3I: T/?<? I?9A KA070K9/7?:9?K:

IA?KA 07/J :3 93 :5/0UJ "L/7?K01J 01< IA?KA 9A/ :/K31< N?;L I0: 93 L0U/ /\5;?K?9S -?U/ T/99>

?1 Q/1?L37/ '335/7W: B6# 9##*,75C#* J ./11> B(090;?/ P33<G ?: 9A09 "L/7?K01 KA070K9/7 507

/\K/;;/1K/J 9A/ 'A7?:9?01?R/< I?;< KA?;<J IA3 A0: 01 01:I/7 N37 /Y/7>9A?18 9A01U: 93 9A/ 6?=;/

Y/7:/: 9048A9 A/7 => 9A/ 87/0928701<N09A/7250:937 IA3 70?:/< A/7S +A/ ;?1U?18 3N 9A/ 50:9370;

I?9A 9A/ :/\40; ?: 0L=?Y0;/19S &1 .653@#, 01< !"#$ J 9A/ 109470; :/99?18 01< 9A/ 57/:/1K/ 3N

I09/7 07/ 5735?9?34: N37 0L3734: /1K3419/7:S *?L?;07;> ?1 D3@653-#' 8,753' BCDZFGJ IA/1 9A/

a01U// :0?;37 "=1/7 L0U/: A?: </K;0709?31 93 Q0>0I0>J 9A/ )3;>1/:?01 $Y/J 0L?<:9 I09/7N0;;:

01< 87//1/7>J K3L507?18 9A/ >3418 I3L01W: =/A0Y?37 93 VI09/7 IA?KA 741: ?1 0 ;?99;/ (/I

$18;01< :97/0LJV IA?KA K31N?7L: 9A/ 573N341< :?L?;07?9> =/9I//1 9A/ 9I3 50:9370;:J 9A/"L/7?K01 01< 9A/ /\39?KS $;:/IA/7/J A3I/Y/7J 9A/ 50:9370; K31`47/: 45J ;?U/ #07Y/;;W: 807</1J

0 87//1 01< KA?;<2;?U/ I37;< N73L IA?KA I3L/1 07/ /\K;4</<S %3=?1 T33< <?Y/: ?193 9A/

K0:9;/ L309 93 /:K05/ 9A/ K70R> I3L/1 IA3 07/ 0N9/7 A?L ?1 0 N07K?K0; :K/1/ IA?KA 57/N?847/:

@/0931 B!#E#3 .653@#, I0: L0</ ?1 CD[ZGS " :?L?;07 A4;;0=0;33 055/07: ?1 B6# 8*/3 45,0

BCD[DGJ ?1 IA?KA 9A/ I3L/1 ?1N;?K9 0 =74?:?18 </N/09 31 9A/ L4:U/9//7:J 01< ?1 D3@653-#'

8,753' J IA/1 9A/ +0A?9?01 I3L/1 <708 "=1/7 3NN 93 =09A/ A?L N37K?=;>S



47

V"L/7?K010V ;/1<: ?9:/;N /c40;;> I/;; 93 :09?7/ 0: 93 9A/ 5070=;/S F/"3( )#/G7# BCDX]G 3NN/7:

01 /\0L5;/ 3N 9I32I0> K4;9470; :09?7/S ,1/ 9078/9 ?: 9A09 3N Y04</Y?;;/J ?1 9A/ "L/7?K01

:/1:/ 3N VL4:?K2A0;;Vd 0 K4;947/ 3N 7339;/::1/::J /\4=/701K/ 01< 9A/ 8?N9 3N 9A/ 80=J 3Y/72

K31N?</19 01< 10?Y/;> ?</0;?R?18 9A/ 5070<3\?K0; 7470; Y0;4/: 3N (/I $18;01<S -0K31?KJ

?1A3:5?90=;/ 01< A>53K7?9?K0;J 9A/ 547?901 K34197> N3;U </K/?Y/ 9A/ 93I1:N3;U IA3WY/ K3L/

93 ;?Y/ 0L318:9 9A/LS +A/ :09?7/ ?: 13 ;/:: K31Y/19?310; 9A01 9A/ <_134/L/19d 0 109470;

K090:9735A/ /10=;/: 9A/ :973;;?18 5;0>/7: 93 573Y/ 9A/?7 K34708/ 01< 3Y/7K3L/ 9A/

:4:5?K?31 3N 9A/ 109?Y/ ?1A0=?9019:^ /0KA ;/071: 93 7/K381?R/ 01< 7/:5/K9 9A/ 39A/7 ?1 A?:

39A/71/::S +A/ 833< A4L37 ?: ?1N/K9?34:J 9A01U: 93 9A/ /1/78> 01< 9A/ <>10L?:L 3N 9A/ 97?3

5;0>/< => .0KU ,0U?/J 'A07;399/ O7//1I33< 01< *A?7;/> +/L5;/S

": 01 /\0L5;/ 3N 5070=;/J K31:?</7 9*+;-A//' 01< H3(#7 +3 DI+7# BCDXFG ?1 5079?K4;07S

+A/:/ N?;L: ?;;4:9709/ ./NN/7:31W: </K;0709?31 9A09 83?18 P/:9 0L3419/< 93 83?18 =0KU ?1

9?L/S +A/ /\39?K ?: :A3I1 0: 0;; 9A/ L37/ :97018/ N37 =/?18 K;3:/ 93 4:J 0 U?1< 3N 67?80<331IA/7/ 9A/ N3::?;?R/< 50:9 3N "L/7?K0 :47Y?Y/:S PA/1 A/ K3L/: 349 3N 57?:31J 9A/ =01<?9 ?1

H3(#7 +3 DI+7# I019: 93 K3;;/K9 9A/ 83;< A/ A?< ?1 01 0=01<31/< L?1/S T/ K3L/: 0K73::

0139A/7 =47?/< L?1/J =49 9A?: 9?L/ 3N 0 :5?7?940; 10947/J 0 #/\?K01 L?::?31 IA?KA :9?;;

;?Y/: ?1 9A/ '3;31?0; 50:9J I?9A ?9: 10?Y/ N0?9AJ 'A7?:9?01 =/:9?07> B<31U/> 01< :A//5GJ =49

0;:3 I?9A ?9: 53?:31/< I/;;S +3 8/9 9A/ 83;< 349 3N 9A/ L?1/J A/ L4:9 L0U/ 349 A/W: `4:9

N341< ?9 9A/7/J 9A4: 055/07?18 93 =/ 0 L?70K;/ I37U/7J =/N37/ 0K940;;> =/K3L?18 31/J

IA/1J L?70K4;34:;>J A/ :935: 0 9>5A3?< /5?</L?KS +A/ 0K9?31 41N3;<: ?1 "7?R310J 31 9A/

'0;?N371?0 =37</7:J ?1 CDEDJ 01< 31/ K01 :// ?9 0: 01 0;;/837> 3N 57/:?</19 %33:/Y/;9 01<

A?: (/I H/0; 53;?K>S +A/ #319010 :/99?18 IA?KA 35/1: 9*+;-A//' ?: 9A09 3N 0 8A3:9 93I1

<09?18 =0KU 93 9A/ O3;< %4:AS +A/ P/:9J "L/7?K0W: 50:9J ?: 5/35;/< I?9A 07KA/9>50;

KA070K9/7: B5;0>/< 1390=;> => TS 6S P071/7J IA3 I0: 'A7?:9 ?1 J+3( /; J+3(,J #07807/9

T0L?;931J 9A/ I?9KA ?1 B6# K+$5*' /; L$ J 01< Q701K?: Q37<J .3A1W: /;</7 =739A/7J IA3 3N9/1

5;0>/< <741U07< 73;/:G IA3 8/9 31 I31</7N4;;> I?9A >3418 ./11> B(090;?/ P33<GS ,1K/

080?1J 9A/ P/:9 055/07: 0: 0 I37;< ?LL/L37?0;J Y/7> >3418 01< Y/7> 3;<J 7/:?:9?18

L3</71?9>S

649 :A34;< I/ N37 0;; 9A09 7/807< HI01 0: V9A/ L3:9 %34::/04?:9 3N "L/7?K01 N?;LL0U/7:JV

0: 6/79701< +0Y/71?/7 549 ?9e & I34;<1W9 =/ :3 :47/S HI01W: 50:9370;?:L 0<059: Y/7> I/;; 93

</K3709?Y/ 3Y/7;30<J 9A/ 5?K947/:c4/J <?:84?:/S )7?L?9?Y?:L 01< /\39?K?:LJ 4:40;;>K3L=?1/<J =/;318 93 "L/7?K01 L0:: K4;947/S &1:5?7/< => P0;9/7 *K399J %3=?1 T33< ?: 5079 3N

0 N;347?:A?18 L/<?/Y0;?:9 970<?9?31 B7/L/L=/7 9A09 #07U +I0?1J 31;> A0;N `3U?18J L0</ 9A/

*K399?:A 13Y/;?:9 7/:531:?=;/ N37 9A/ '?Y?; P07J N37 N?;;?18 '31N/</709/ L?1<: I?9A 0;; 9A3:/

?L08/: 01< KA?Y0;734: ?</0:GS "139A/7 /\39?K?:L ?: 37?/190;?:LJ IA?KA ?1 9A/ M*" 9/1<:

7/0<?;> 93 :/;N25073<?K A4L37J 0::3K?09?18 0 5/1KA019 N37 <?:84?:/ 01< 7/Y/;7> I?9A /739?K

N0190:>S .4:9 0: ?9 ?1:5?7/< P0;:AW: B6# B6+#; /; M5('5' J 9A?: 37?/190;?:L ?1:5?7/< 0 833<



48

5079 3N !"#$ J I?9A 9A/ KA070K9/7 3N 9A/ I?;< KA?;< +31? BI/07?18 =088> 5019: 01< 0 N/RGJ 01<

9A/ ;0R> 01< 3=/:/ K73I1 57?1K/ *0?<J 0 50193L?L/ N?847/S +A/:/ /\39?K?:L: 07/ ;078/;>

?19/7KA018/0=;/d 9A/ 049A37 3N 9A/ 37?/190;?:9 N0190:> J+,:#- J $<I07< @13=;3KUJ I0:

V0<Y?:37V 31 9A/ B6+#; /; M5('5' BCD[XG 01< V;?9/707> 0<Y?:37V 31 </=+3 >//' S " 9A?7< L3</J

)3;>1/:?01 /\39?K?:LJ K3L=?1/: 9A/ /739?K N0190:> 3N 0Y0?;0=;/ +0A?9?01 I3L/1 I?9A 9A/

9A7/09 3N K011?=0;?:LS D3@653-#' 8,753' 3=Y?34:;> :57?18: 93 L?1<J 0: <3/: O;37?0 *I01:31

5;0>?18 9A/ 4U4;/;/ ?1 453653'7#' BCD[XGd 9A/ T0I0??01 ?1:974L/19 ?1<?K09/: 9A/

V5354;07VJ A/1K/ :?1K/7/J 10947/ 3N 9A/ A/73?1/W: K4;947/J ?1 3553:?9?31 93 9A/ VA?8AVJ A/1K/

0NN/K9/<J K4;947/ 3N A/7 :/\40; 57/<0937:S "139A/7 /\0L5;/ 3N :>1K7/9?K /\39?K?:L ?: "=1/7

01< Q0>0I0>W: L077?08/ ?1 D3@653-#' 8,753' d K3Y/7/< ?1 807;01<:J 9A/ K345;/ :/9 3NN ?1 0

K013/J 0K73:: 0 ;08331 N4;; 3N I09/72;?;?/:J 01< 9A/ :K/1/ :4<</1;> ://L: 93 L3Y/ N73L 9A/

:937>W: #07c4/:0: &:;01<: 93 9A/ L37/ N0L?;?07J K;3:/72932A3L/ /\39?K?:L 3N f3KA?L?;K3

B1/07 #/\?K3G IA/7/ 9A/ N?;L I0: :A39S *?L?;07;>J ?1 B#33#,,##1, )5*-3#* BCDZZG /;/L/19: 3N

*349A/71 N3;U;37/ B50<<;/ =309: 09 <0I1GJ 07/ I37U/< ?193 9A/ I/:9/71 K319/\9J 01< 9A/

*349A ?: 0;:3 ?L5;?K?9;> /Y3U/< => 9A/ 57390831?:9W: 10L/S +A/ ;/\?K31 L0> 139 =/"L/7?K01J =49 9A/ :>190\ 0;I0>: ?:J /NN379;/::;> ?19/8709?18 K;0::?K0; L39?N:d N37 ?1:901K/J

IA/1 #0?< #07?01 ?1 </=+3 >//' J <70I?18 9A/ 573N?;/ 3N A/7 =/;3Y/< 31 9A/ I0;; => IA?KA

93 7/L/L=/7 A?L IA/1 A/ 83/: 31 9A/ '74:0</J 7/K7/09/: 9A/ 8/:947/ 3N 9A/ >3418

'37?19A?01J 6490</:W: <048A9/7S

(3 ;/:: 7/Y/0;?18 ?: 9A/ K3LL?18;?18 3N 8/17/:S &1 B6# 8*/3 45,0 J <W"7908101W: :0Y?18 01<

U?<1055?18 %?KA/;?/4 ?: 0 547/ I/:9/71 :K/1/ B9A/ 0990KU 31 9A/ :908/K30KAGS &1 .653@#,J 0

:97318;> 018;35A?;/ I07 L/;3<70L0J 9A/ L3:9 :5/K90K4;07 0K9?31 :/c4/1K/ A0: 9A/ L3419/<

079?;;/7> 80;;35?18 93 9A/ N7319 ;?1/J IA?KA K34;< K3L/ N73L 0 %/L?18931 50?19?18 37 0 N?;L

31 9A/ '?Y?; P07J 01< 7/L?1<: 4: B0: <3 :/Y/70; /c40;;> VP/:9/71V :/c4/1K/: ?1 !"#$ G 9A09

9A/ /5?K <?L/1:?31 ?: ?1 13 I0> 0=:/19 N73L HI01W: 3/4Y7/S '31Y/7:/;>J ?1 !7+(6-7C !@5*7#- J

0 CDZg N?;L 13?7J KA070K9/7: 01< :?9409?31: 7/5;?K09/ 9A3:/ 3N B6# 8*/3 45,0 d '07<?10;

%?KA/;?/4 01< Q09A/7 .3:/5A /KA3 9A/ L0>37 .01:/1 01< A?: 0<Y?:37 #07;3I/^ 9A/ 970?937

%3KA/N379 ?: L?7737/< => 9A/ 8018:9/7 '0:507 B+/< H/ '37:?0G^ 9A/ 0;;47?18 :?:9/7: 7/57?:/

9A/ 7/:5/K9?Y/ 73;/: 3N '31:901K/ 6310K?/4\ B%A31<0 Q;/L?18J /739?K =49 KA0:9/G 01<

#?;0<> B"7;/1/ H0A;J 0 K3L54;:?Y/ K7?L?10;GS 6/1 O70K/ B.3A1 )0>1/G 5;0>: 0 K377459

<W"7908101J </Y3?< 3N Q0?7=01U:W ?113K/1K/S +A/7/ ?: 9A4: 0 7/K?573K0; =;/1<?18 3N 109?310;

970?9:d 9A/ L4:U/9//7: /L=3<> 9A/ Q7319?/7W: /1/78> 01< </L3K70K>J IA?;:9 9A/ *01

Q701K?:K3 8018:9/7: 7/K7/09/ 9A/ 53;?9?K0; 37801?R09?31 01< L47</734: L/9A3<: 3N 9A/"1K?/1 %_8?L/S

HI01W: N?;L: A0Y/ K;3:/ 9?/: 93 "L/7?K01 ;?9/70947/J =49 07/ 41K31K/71/< I?9A N0?9AN4;

9701:53:?9?31S D3@653-#' 8,753' ?: 0 N7// 01< 41/Y/1 0<05909?31 3N BCG##J 9A/

0493=?38705A?K0; 0KK3419 IA?KA L0</ #/;Y?;;/ N0L34:J 01< 9A/ 9?9;/ 3N 9A/ N?;L L?:;/0<?18;>

/KA3/: V$1K0190<0:V => 9A/ :0L/ I7?9/7J 0 :/9 3N /::0>: 31 9A/ ?1A4L01 01< V=/I?9KA/<V



49

O0;05083: ?:;01<:J I?9A 139A?18 V/1KA019/<V 0=349 9A/LS ";318:?</ 14L/734: I/0U1/::/:

01< :3L/ ?1K3A/7/1K/J D3@653-#' 8,753' 3NN/7: =/049?N4; ?L08/: =3773I/< N73L #47104

01< Q;0A/79>W: B5=//d 9A/ K31KA2=;3I/7J #/A/Y?J :?99?18 ?1 573N?;/ ?1 9A/ $8>59?01 L011/7J

9A/ +0A?9?01 I3L/1 =09A?18S "139A/7 0<05909?31J B#33#,,##1, )5*-3#* N;/:A/: 349 9A/ =7?/N

:A379 :937> => 67/9 T079/J 01 049A37 3N I/:9/71: IA3 I0: Y/7> :4KK/::N4; ?1 9A/ CD9A

K/1947>S HI01 7/90?1/< 31;> 9A/ O3;< %4:A :/99?18J KA018/< KA070K9/7: 0: I/;; 0:

:?9409?31:J 01< /19?7/;> ?1Y/19/< VH4KA/::VJ 9A/ N;0L=3>019;> :/\> =739A/; U//5/7 B%A31<0

Q;/L?18GS ,1 9A/ 39A/7 A01<J ?1 9A/L/ 01< 931/ H3(#7 +3 DI+7# /Y3U/: Y07?34: 90;/: =>

T0I9A371/ 01< #/;Y?;;/S +A/ K3L5;/\ 077018/L/19: 93 7/K>K;/ 9A/ :93;/1 83;<J IA?KA

7/Y?90;?R/: 9A/ Y?;;08/ IA?;:9 53;;49?18 ?9J 9A/ /\5;?K?9 =49 0L=?8434: ?731> 01< :>L=3;?:L

7/K0;; T0I9A371/W: 5070=;/: BV%0550KK?1?W: H048A9/7VG 01< 9A/ #/;Y?;;/ <?59>KA V+A/

)070<?:/ 3N 60KA/;37:V 01< V+A/ +079074: 3N #0?<:JV IA?;:9 9A/ L4940; N0:K?109?31 =/9I//1

9A/ =01<?9 01< 9A/ >3418 #/\?K01 I3L01 7/K0;;: 9A/ 09L3:5A/7/ 3N V+A/ h/701<0VJ 0

#/;Y?;;/ :937> IA?KA 5;0>: 31 9A/ 0L=?84?9> 3N 5/7K/59?31 B7/0; 37 ?L08?1/<G 01< 3N ;?9/707>

K31Y/19?31 B7/0;?:9 37 N0190:9?KGS

&1 K31K;4:?31J K31:?</7 9A/ c4/:9?31 3N 9A/ 7/;09?31:A?5 =/9I//1 ?</3;38> 01< 0/:9A/9?K:S

P?9A H/#?;;/J 0/:9A/9?K K31:/7Y09?:L 83/: A01< ?1 A01< I?9A K31:/7Y09?:L 5;0?1 01<

:?L5;/S +A?: I0: 139 9A/ K0:/ I?9A HI01S ": I0: 139/< => .3A1 ";931 BIA3 :A39 9A/ :45/7=

+/KA1?K3;37 3N B#33#,,##1, )5*-3#* 01< !7+(6-7C !@5*7#- GJ 9A/ N?;LL0U/7W: :9>;/ 7/L0?1/<

41KA018/< N73L 9A/ 9I/19?/: 93 9A/ N?N9?/:J 01< 9A/ :A0<3I: K0:9 => 9A/ 8018:9/7: ?1 !7+(6-7C

!@5*7#- N0?9AN4;;> 7/573<4K/ 9A/ '070Y088?32;?U/ :A0<3I: 3N B6# 8*/3 45,0 S 649 HI01W:

57387/::?Y/ :901K/ ?: 13 ;/:: K31:9019S F/"3( )#/G7# 7/N/7: /\5;?K?9;> 93 9A/ (/I H/0; 01<

/1`3?1: 31 9A/ (/I $18;01< K3LL41?9> 01< ?9: 5073<> 3N </L3K70K> 9A/ 1//< N37

7/`4Y/109?31 ?L5;?/< => 9A/ 9?9;/ 01< /L=3<?/< => *A?7;/> +/L5;/ 01< O/378/ #31983L/7>S

+A/ L370; 3N 9*+;-A//' ?: L37/ K3L5;/\S " 57387/::?Y/ 7/:/07KA/7J H7S *9/Y/ BH/01 .088/7G

3553:/: 9A/ 9>7011?K0; 01< K31:/7Y09?Y/ 93I1 L0>37J 419?; 9A/ 4935?01 K3L573L?:/ IA?KAJ

=> 8?Y?18 A?L 9A/ L/01: 93 547:4/ A?: 7/:/07KAJ 7/L3Y/: A?: </:?7/ 93 K31<4K9 ?9d

0=01<31?18 A?: 5;011/< </507947/ N37 *01 Q701K?:K3J A/ </K?</: 93 7/L0?1 0 K34197>

<3K937S +A/ ;/::31 ?: I379A> 3N $L/7:31 37 +A37/04d 31/ L4:9 :0Y/J 139 A4L01?9>J =49 9A/

K3LL41?9> 93 IA?KA 31/ =/;318:S +A/ :0L/ 0L=?84?9> 3KK47: ?1 !"#$ J IA?KA K;/07;>

:>L509A?R/: I?9A 9A/ %/54=;?K01: 080?1:9 -34?: (053;_31J =49 0;I0>: :A3I: 9A/L

K31:970?1/<J N37 Y07?34: <?NN/7/19 7/0:31:J => 9A/ I?;; 3N 9A/ 9>7011?K0; B37 :?L5;>

#0KA?0Y/;;?01eG )7?1K/S +A/ K31:974K9?31 3N 9A/ V57387/::?Y/V K010; ?: K077?/< 349 => :;0Y/;0=37 09 9A/ /\5/1:/ 3N 87/09 :4NN/7?18 01< 14L/734: A4L01 ;?Y/: IA?KA 7/K0;;: B6# B#3

./::53':#3-,S &9 ?: <?NN?K4;9 139 93 9A?1U 3N 9A/ L0`37 I37U: 41</790U/1 => 9A/ %33:/Y/;9

0<L?1?:9709?31 B+/11/::// h0;;/> "49A37?9>G^ HI01 A/7/ 53:?9: 0 <?;/LL0 IA?KA I0: 93 =/

09 9A/ A/079 3N @0R01W: K+7' <+E#* BCDg]GS



50

+A/1 9A/7/ ?: !+7E#* N/'# BCDZXGJ IA3:/ 019?2#K'079A> :>L=3;?:L ?: 3=Y?34:S VQ347 :97018/

A37:/L/1JV 93 c439/ 9A/ Q7/1KA 9?9;/ 3N 9A/ N?;LJ 7/?1K07109?18 9A3:/ 3N 9A/ "53K0;>5:/J

/19/7 9A/ 5/0K/N4; K3LL41?9> 3N *?;Y/7 -3</ 31 9A/ 109?310; X9A 3N .4;> A3;?<0>J IA/1 9A/

93I1 ?: N/:9331/< I?9A 97?K3;37/< /L=;/L: 01< N?N/: 01< <74L: 5;0> ?1 K/;/=709?31 3N 9A/

011?Y/7:07> 3N &1</5/1</1K/S +A/> ?1973<4K/ 139 31;> Y?3;/1K/ 01< L0::0K7/ 93 9A?:

L?1?0947/ "L/7?K0J =49 0;:3 <?::?L4;09?31 B:?1K/ 9A/> 4:475 9A/ ?</19?9> 3N Q/</70; 53;?K/

3NN?K/7:G 01< N0U/ /Y?</1K/ 080?1:9 9A/ ?113K/19S +A/ ;099/7 B.3A1 )0>1/G N?1<: 7/N48/ ?1 9A/

KA47KAJ IA?;:9 9A/ 8018W: ;/0</7 BH01 H47>/0 i V(/< #K'079>VG ?: U?;;/< IA/1 A?: 3I1

=4;;/9 7?K3KA/9: N73L 9A/ KA47KA2=/;;J 0 A3;> 3=`/K9J =49 0;:3 0 109?310; :>L=3; 3N ;?=/79> 01<

?1</5/1</1K/S -4UjK: 0784/< 5/7:40:?Y/;> 9A09 ?1 60;R0KJ 9A/ 13Y/;?:9?K <>10L?K

K31970<?K9: 9A/ I7?9/7W: 53;?9?K0; K31:/7Y09?:L^ HI01 ?1 0 I0> /\/L5;?N?/: 0 5070;;/;J =49

?</3;38?K0;;> 3553:?9/J K0:/J 9A09 3N 0 K31N?7L/< ;?=/70;?:LJ IA?KAJ N07 N73L =/?18 L3</71?:9

01< 9/KA13;38?K0;J <70I: 31 0 13:90;8?KJ 970<?9?312=0:/< Y?:?31 3N 50:9370; "L/7?K0S



51

"#$ "%&" '&(# & )*+(

,-./0 123/45.5

+56 '/77589 /8 !"# %&'#()* +,-# :;<=>?

"-@ 9/AA/B27C6 DA C57E/8F 5GD2C H458 2025776 0C5.C0 4/C- C-@0@ I2@0C/D80J /0 H458 58 52C-D.K

HD -/0 LMMNO720 A/7P0Q C-@8Q BD80C/C2C@ 5 4D.EQ 5 0/8F7@ 4D.EK RA 0DQ 4-5C P5E@0 C-@P 5

4D.EK

S@C 20 B2C CD C-@ B-50@T "-@ [email protected] 5.@J 6@0U 6@0U 589 C-@ AD77D4/8FJ

;? "-@ [email protected] DA 5 [email protected]/8 .-@CD./B /8 C-@ O.@0@8C5C/D8 DA [email protected] C-5C @85G7@0 H458 CD

[email protected]@ GDC- C-@ 9@A/B/@8B/@0 589 C-@ 02BB@00@0 DA -/0 B50C0T R8 C-@ CD2B-/8F 589 B-5.P/8F

./01- 2#/34# :;<LM?Q /C C5E@0 8D @AAD.C AD. C-@ V/@4@. CD G@7/@V@ C-5C W5BE *5E/@ 589

,-5.7DCC@ X.@@84DD9 5.@ @Y5BC76 4-D C-@6 O2.OD.C CD G@U D8 C-@ DC-@. -589Q /8 5#44# 6#

7(81, :;<=;? 589 2#8(4 /9 :"# ;/0:" 28<&9&< :;<==?Q I2@0C/D85G7@ B50C/8F O2C0 H458 5C 8D

9/059V58C5F@J -@ /0 5G7@ CD 02.PD28C /C 0/PO76 G6 /F8D./8F /CT ./01- 2#/34# P56 G@ ZG@CC@.

5BC@9[ C-58 5#44# 6# 7(81, Q G2C 8@/C-@. A/7P /0 -2.C :D. 0/F8/A/B58C76 @7@V5C@9? G6 /C0 5BC/8FJ

C-@ 5BCD.0 /8 GDC- A/7P0Q 589 C-@ [email protected] C-@6 O756Q 5.@ 8D G@CC@. D. 4D.0@ C-58 4-5C C-@6

5.@T

\? ]C.5/F-CAD.45.98@00Q .@A2057 DA @[email protected]/D8T #Y5PO7@0J C-@ BD8A.D8C5C/D8 G@C4@@8 C-@

0/[email protected] /8 5#44# 6# 7(81, U 1D..@0C "2BE@. 589 ]BDCC ^.596 FD/8F CD C-@/. 9@5C-0 /8 =/1:818

5#44# :;<=\?T RC /0 @8D2F- AD. H458 CD 0-D4J C-@.@ /0 8D 8@@9 CD 9/0CD.C 586C-/8F AD. C-@

05E@ DA 0@CC/8F 2O 58 @AA@BCT ]D P586 F.@5C PDP@8C0 /8 H458 A/7P0 0@@P CD G@ -5897@9 /8



52

C-@ 0/PO7@0C 456 OD00/G7@J +56 '/77589 C5E/8F C-@ DC-@. .D59 5C C-@ @89 DA !"# %&'#()* +,-#

:;<=>?U H585 &89.@40 32PO/8F DAA C-@ 0-/O CD 05V@ W58@ _D4@77 5C C-@ @89 DA +1<"81:#,

>*481, :;<=`?T ^2C ZC-@ 0/PO7@0C 456 OD00/G7@[ /0 58 /859@I25C@ @YO.@00/D8T )@ -5V@ CD C.6

CD 9@A/8@ 589 B-5.5BC@./a@ C-/0 456T )-5C 9D@0 H458 9DK )-5C 9D@0 -@ [email protected]/8 A.DP 9D/8FK

b? H458 0-D40 PD.57/C6 589 BD80B/@8B@ /8 [email protected] DA C-@ PD0C P28958@ 589 C-@ PD0C

5G0D72C@ O-60/B57 .@57/C6Q A.5P@9 5G0D72C@76c/T@TQ F/V@8 @Y/0C@8B@cG6 C-@ A/7P A.5P@T "-@

0-DC DA C-@ 0/F8OD0C 8@5. C-@ @89 DA !"# %&'#()* +,-# /0 C-@ /9@57 /7720C.5C/D8 DA C-/0 P@C-D9T

H458d0 B/8@P5 /0 /8 5 G7/00A27 0C5C@ DA 0@P/DC/B @I2/7/G./2PQ 577 P@58/8F0 O.@0@8C 589

5BBD28C@9NAD. 589 @[email protected] @YO.@00/D8 [email protected]@ CD /C0 P@58/8FT

L? )5CB-/8F [email protected]/8 H458 A/7P0 D8@ F@C0 C-@ /PO.@00/D8 C-5C @[email protected] 0-DC /0 P@.@76 59@I25C@

589 8D PD.@U 570D 8D 7@00J C-/0 /0 4-6 D8@ C-/8E0 DA C-@ 4D.9 Z0/PO7@0CT[ ^2C /C /0 8DC C.2@

C-5C H458 9D@0 8DC-/8F PD.@ C-58 C-@ P/8/P2P 8@[email protected] 586456Q -D4 BD279 4@

E8D4 C-/0KT *. C-5C H458d0 OD/8C DA V/@4 /0 C-@ G50/BQ C-@ P@.@76 8@[email protected] D8@c589 5F5/8C-@ 05P@ I2@0C/D8Q -D4 CD E8D4 C-/0K :H@0O/C@ +5D27 )570-d0 [email protected]/D8 C-5C C-@.@ /0 D876

D8@ 456 CD 0-D4 5 P58 457E/8F C-.D2F- 5 9DD.?T

H458 DAC@8 O2C0 5 O.D8D28B@9 @PO-50/0 D8 A.5P/8FcBAT C-@ 0C5F/8F C-.D2F- 4/89D40 /8

[email protected] A/7P0Q =/1:818 5#44# 589 ;&4'#( 6/,# :;<=L? CD 85P@ 320C C4DQ C-@ /80/0C@8C

@[email protected]/8F 0C.2BC2.@0 /8 02B- A/7P0 50 !"# %#*:4#** 5(##, :;<=>?T &F5/8 589 5F5/8Q H458

0C5F@0 589 OD0/C/D80 5BC/D8 /8 .@75C/D8 CD 5 [email protected][email protected] /8C@./D. A.5P@T ]/8B@ /Cd0

B7@5. C-5C C-/0 0C.5C@F6 /0 /8 8D 456 ZP@.@76 8@[email protected][ AD. 0-D4/8F C-@ 5BC/D8Q /Cd0 /8BD..@BC

CD 9@0B./G@ H458d0 0-DC0 50 Z320C C-@ ./F-C [email protected]@BC/V@[ D. ZC-@ G@0C [email protected]@BC/V@Q[ 50 /A -@

-59 0DP@ P60C/B57 E85BE DA A/89/8F C-@ 85C2.57 7/8E G@C4@@8 586 5BC/D8 589 C-@ 456 DA

0-D4/8F /CT

)/C- H458Q 4-5Cd0 B.2B/57 /0 8DC 320C 58F7@Q [email protected]@BC/V@Q D. 9/0C58B@ DA 02G3@BC CD [email protected]

G2C 5 A.5P/8F 0C.5C@F6 C-5C 0C.2BC2.@0 C-@ 5BC/D8Q G2/790 5 -DP@ AD. /CU D. G@[email protected] C-5C C-@

0B5AAD79/8F /0 7@AC C-@.@ 5AC@. C-@ BDPOD0/C/D8 -50 G@@8 G2/7CU /Cd0 C-/0Q CDDQ C-@ P5E/8FQ C-@

0C.2BC2./8FQ C-5C H458 458C0 CD 0-D4Q 8DC 320C C-@ 5BC/D8 /C0@7AT "-@ [email protected] A5P/7/5./C6 DA C-@

0/C25C/D80 589 [email protected] /8 H458d0 0B./OC0 /0 C.580AD.P@9Q 289@. -/0 9/.@BC/D8Q /8CD 5

0C.2BC2./8F CDD7T & BD/8B/9@8B@ /8 !#11#**##)* 28(:1#( :;<==?Q 4-@8 &8C-D86 ,5.20D O@@.0

/8 C-.D2F- 5 4/89D4 5C 320C C-@ ./F-C PDP@8C CD B5CB- 0/F-C DA WD-8 _568@ BD8B@57/8F 5P5OQ 0C./E@0 4/C- 577 C-@ /8@V/C5G/7/C6 DA [email protected] 0D C-5C /C /0 C-@ /8@V/C5G/7/C6 C-5C

.@F/[email protected] :C-/0 /0 0DP@C-/8F C-5C "8, :/ "833#1? PD.@ C-58 C-@ G5857/C6 DA C-@ 0B./OCd0

BD8C./V58B@T "-@ G@52C/A27 F@0C2.@ DA +D8579 +@5F58d0 ,D4ODE@Q 5AC@. G@5C/8F _568@Q F@8C76

CD2B-/8F C-@ [email protected] 0-D279@. /8 C-@ 05P@ A/7P B.@5C@0 8@/C-@. 02.O./0@ 8D. C-@ @AA@BC DA

0DP@C-/8F C-5C P/F-C 1/: -5V@ -5OO@8@9U 589 6@C /C /0 5 E/89 DA P/.5B7@T



53

=? R8 H458Q 8DC-/8F /0 -/99@8T &77 A5B@0Q F@0C2.@0Q O75B@0 5.@ 8DC-/8F PD.@ C-58

[email protected]@0 DA C-@P0@7V@0T H458d0 C-@5C./B57/C6 -50 C4D 0/9@0J D8@Q C-5C @[email protected]/8F

O.@0@8C0 /C0@7AU C4DQ C-5C @[email protected]/8F O.@0@8C0 /C0@7A O.@B/0@76 50 /C /0 .@O.@0@8C@9 /8 C-@ A/7PT

"-/0 P@580 C-5C @[email protected]/8F [email protected] 8DC D876 /8 C-@ 0O5B@Q G2C 570D 5C C-@ C/P@Q C-5C G@7D8F0

CD /CT RA 8DC-/8F /0 -/99@8 /8 0O5B@Q 8DC-/8F /0 9@756@9 /8 C/P@U @[email protected]/8F 9@7/[email protected] /C0@7AQ /A

ZG6 BD/8B/9@8B@[ :50 /8 C-@ 5AD.@P@8C/D8@9 0B@8@ /8 !#11#**##)* 28(:1#( ?Q 5C C-@ ./F-C

PDP@8CT "-/0 @Y5BC76 C/P@9 0@7ANO.@0@8C5C/D8 DA O@DO7@ 589 C-/8F0 9@P5890 58 5.C DA

A.5P/8F 589 BDPOD0/C/D8 C-5C /0 @00@8C/5776 5OO.@B/5C/V@T "-@ A2895P@8C57 F@0C2.@ /8

H458d0 4D.E /0 C-@ G@0CD4/8F DA V572@T "-20 C-@ PD.57 .@9@POC/D8 DA C-@ P5/8 [email protected]

/8 ?1-#4 &1 +@&4# :;<L`? 589 2#8(4 /9 :"# ;/0:" 28<&9&< -50 58 5@0C-@C/BQ 50 4@77 50 @C-/B57Q

0/F8/A/B58B@T ,D8C@PO75C/8F -/0 A754@9 O.DC5FD8/0C0Q H458 458C0 C-@P CD G@BDP@ /9@57

[email protected]/D80 DA C-@P0@7V@0c5 9@0/.@ C-5C BD..@0OD890 4/C- C-@/. D48 /PO270@0 589 C-@

O.DF.@00/D8 DA C-@ O7DC0T

e? "-@ 9/AA/B27C6 DA 9/0B200/8F H458d0 4D.E /8 C-@P5C/B [email protected] /0 DGV/D20T ]C/77Q /C B58 G@5CC@POC@9Q 4/C- C-@ O.DV/0D C-5C 4-5C B-5.5BC@./a@0 H458 /0 8DC 5 0@C DA C-@P@0 G2C 5

[email protected]/8 5CC/C29@ CD45.9 -/0 C-@P@0Q 589 C-@ A2.C-@. O.DV/0D C-5C C-@ [email protected] /8 4-/B- C-/0

5CC/C29@ -50 PD0C DAC@8 G@@8 9@0B./G@[email protected] 02B- 50 0@.@8/C6 589 G2D658B6c5.@

O.DG7@P5C/BQ A277 DA 5002POC/D80 C-5C 8@@9 CD G@ 58576a@9T &86456Q 4-5C /8C@.@0C0 P@ PD0C

5.@ 8DC C-@ C-@P@0Q D. @V@8 C-/0 5CC/C29@Q 4-5C@V@. /C /0Q G2C C-@ PD.57 [email protected] DA H458d0

A/7P0T

;0#A :;<b`?Q ?1-#4 &1 +@&4#Q 5#44# 6# 7(81, Q ;&4'#( 6/,#Q 2#8(4 /9 :"# ;/0:" 28<&9&<Q +1<"81:#,

>*481, 5.@ 577 A/7P0 5GD2C F/V/8F 2O :5 A570@ /9@8C/C6Q BD..2OC V572@0Q 5 [email protected]/V@ BD2.0@ DA

5BC/D8?T &74560 F.@@9 [email protected] 0DP@Q 4-/7@ [email protected] A.@@ C-@P0@7V@0 A.DP /CT &89 574560

C-@.@ /0 5 [email protected] [email protected]@ +200@77d0 ^@77@ ]C5.. :=/1:818 5#44#?Q [email protected] +570CD8d0 ^@77@

S@ X.589Q WD-8 ,5..D77 50 C-@ ?1-#4 &1 +@&4#Q f/.F/8/5 '56D /8 2#8(4 /9 :"# ;/0:" 28<&9&<Q H585

&89.@40 /8 +1<"81:#, >*481, Q WD-8 _568@ /8 ;4&-":4B ;<8(4#: :;<=e? 589 ;&4'#( 6/,#c4-D

O500@0 G5BE 589 AD.C- G@C4@@8 C4D 4D.790 :B./P/857/C6gC-@ 754Q B/V/7/a5C/D8gC-@ O./P/C/V@?T

"-@ B.2B/57 F@0C2.@ /0 C-5C 4-/B- [email protected]/C0 C-@ D2C0/9@. CD @8C@. C-@ BDPP28/C6J ^@77@ ]C5..

G@/8F 5BB@OC@9 G6Q D8 C-@ D8@ -589Q C-@ B./P/857 F58FQ 589 D8 C-@ [email protected] 754N5G/9/8F

0DB/@C6U C-@ B-/@A0 /8 2#8(4 /9 :"# ;/0:" 28<&9&< 589 +1<"81:#, >*481, 5BB@OC/8FQ .@0O@BC/V@76Q

C-@ f/.F/8/5 '56D 589 H585 &89.@40 [email protected] "-DP50 XDP@a 5BB@OC/8F ,5..D77 /8 ?1-#4

&1 +@&4#U C-@ BDPP28/C6 A/85776 5BB@OC/8F C-@ *5E/@gX.@@84DD9g]-/.7@6 "@PO7@ A5P/76 /8./01- 2#/34#U &8C-D86 h2/88 AD.F/V/8F [email protected] _5F@C /8 !"# %&'#()* +,-#T

>? &7C-D2F- C-@ @7@P@8C0 C-5C P5E@ 2O C-/0 [email protected] 5.@ 289D2GC@976 [email protected] CD H458Q

C-@6 5.@ 570D 0-5.@9 CD 0DP@ @YC@8C G6 P586 DC-@. 9/[email protected] 589 /8 5 [email protected] F@[email protected] 0@80@

G@7D8F CD C-@ G50/B F.5PP5. 8DC 320C DA %D7764DD9 B/8@P5 G2C DA 577 [email protected] )-5C



54

9/0C/8F2/0-@0 H458 589 0@C0 -/P 5O5.C A.DP C-@ [email protected] 8D.P0 C-5C -@ [email protected] CD .@O.@0@8C

[email protected]@BC76 /0 0DP@C-/8F C-5C -50 CD 9D 4/C- C-@ O@B27/5. B/.B2P0C58B@0 DA -/0 B5.@@.T

H458d0 +@O2G7/B A/7P0 /8 O5.C/B275. 0@@P CD 0C589 5O5.C 50 98&4#, %D7764DD9 A/7P0J 8@/C-@. ^

A/7P0 8D. P53D. A/7P0Q G2C ZG59[ /P/C5C/D80 DA P53D. A/7P0Q A5E@ P53D. A/7P0Q 5 0DP@4-5C

8@F7@BC@9 [email protected] /8 A/7P -/0CD.6T :WD-8 ,5..D77 589 [email protected] +570CD8J C-@ ODD. P58d0 ,75.E

X5G7@ 589 %@96 S5P5..T? C(&9:D//, :;<L>?Q !"# >1*&,# ;:/(B :;<L`?Q ?1-#4 &1 +@&4#Q 5#44# 6#

7(81, Q ;0((#1,#( :;<=M?Q > C(#8E /9 F#81&# :;<=\? 577 DBB2O6 C-/0 0C.58F@ P/997@ .58F@T

"-@0@ A/7P0 GD..D4 C-@ BD9@0 DA C-@ %D7764DD9 & A/7P G2C 9D8dC 4D.E 50 &N7@V@7 B7500/B0J

C-@.@ /0 574560 0DP@C-/8F C-5C G.@5E0 9D48Q 0C.2BC2.5776Q /8 C-@ 0B.@@8O756Q /8 .@57/a5C/D8

G@B520@ DA G29F@C 7/P/C5C/D80Q D. /8 B50C/8F 589 [email protected]@Q 589 C-/0 A5/72.@ /0 C-@ OD/8C 5C

4-/B- C-@ A/7P 9/[email protected]@0 A.DP C-@ %D7764DD9 8D.P 589 G@BDP@0 0DP@C-/8F @70@Q 9D@0

0DP@C-/8F @70@Q 0DP@C-/8F 9/AA@.@8CT "-/0 0DP@C-/8F @70@ B58 G@ 9@A/8@9 50 5 [email protected]/8 456 DA

5OO.D5B-/8F C-@ P5C@./57 0D C-5C C-@ A2895P@8C57 /PO7/B5C/D80 DA C-@ P5C@./57 G@BDP@

@V/9@8Cc/PO7/B5C/D80 C-5C 5.@ -/99@8 :589 O.DC@BC@9 A.DP -5V/8F CD 320C/A6 C-@P0@7V@0? /8ZG@CC@. .@57/a@9[ [email protected]/D80 DA 0/P/75. 0CD./@0T H458d0 )@[email protected] A@5C2./8F 4DP@8 /8 0C.D8F

.D7@0c5#44# 6# 7(81, Q =/1:818 5#44#Q G/E81 !"#B ?4E/*: 6B1<"#, :;<=b?Q 589 H8::4#

I0##1 /9 =/1:818 :;<=L?cA28BC/D8 [email protected] /8 C-/0 P588@. G@B520@ C-@ F@89@. DA C-@

O.DC5FD8/0C G@BDP@0 58 @7@P@8C C-5C 9/0.2OC0Q [email protected] .@[email protected] V/0/G7@ 589 C-@.@AD.@

I2@0C/D85G7@Q C-@ 5002POC/D80 5GD2C PD.57/C6 C-5C [email protected]/@ C-@ C.59/C/D857 )@[email protected] A/7PT

`? "-@ ^@8@9/BC ^[email protected]@9 A/7P0 5.@ 9/AA@.@8C A.DP C-@ +@O2G7/B D8@0J 5F5/8

DGV/D2076 8DC & A/7P0Q C-@6 9@B75.@ C-@P0@7V@0 4/C-D2C 5OD7DF6 50 4D.E0 DA @0B5O/0P 589

@YDC/B/0PQ CDC5776 /0D75C@9 A.DP C-@ 0@./D20 [email protected] DA OD0C45. %D7764DD9Q 4/C- C-@

@YB@OC/D8 C-5C C-@ A/.0C DA C-@ 0@./@0Q ;&4'#( 6/,#Q [email protected] /8A72@8B@9 G6 J&-" K//1 589 B58

G@ C5E@8 50 58 [email protected] 5GD2C 'B,5.C-6/0P :8DC C-5CQ 8@@97@00 CD 056Q @/C-@. DA C-@0@

@7@P@8C0 .@O.@0@8C0 4-5C /0 PD0C /8C@.@0C/8F 5GD2C C-/0 F.@5C C./2PO- DA H458/58 @[email protected]

589 AD.P57 /8V@8C/D8?T #YB@OC AD. C-@ 750C D8@Q C-@ ^DF@520NH458 A/7P0 5.@ 570D /8 BD7D. 589

B2C @V@8 C-@ P/8/P57 C/@0 CD .@57/0P C-5C G75BE 589 4-/C@ 0C/77 DAA@.@9 /8 C-@ +@O2G7/B A/7P0

:@TFTQ ?1-#4 &1 +@&4#Q 4/C- /C0 -/F-7/F-C/8F DA [email protected] 589 [email protected]@V@7DOP@8C?T RA H458Q C-@8Q

9/.@BC0 5 ZA/7P 8D/.[ /8 C-@ ^DF@520 O@./D9Q /C P20C G@ 5 ZA/7P 8D/. /8 BD7D.[ :;4&-":4B ;<8(4#: ?Q

0@C /8 5 4D.79 8D 7@00 @YDC/B/a@9 589 0@57@9NDAA C-58 C-5C DA +*<83# :/ 50(E8 :;<==?T

R8 577 O@./D90Q H458d0 A/7P0 0C589 5O5.C A.DP C-@ %D7764DD9 8D.P 589 A.DP C-@/. D48D0C@80/G7@ B7500 589 G@BDP@ 28B5C@FD./a5G7@Q DBB50/D85776 @PG5..500/8F :PD0C DA C-@

+@O2G7/B A/7P0Q C-@ P/7976 ./0I2i dLLNdLe BDP@9/@0Q C-@ +/Ca ^[email protected] PDV/@0?Q 4-/7@

@PGD96/8F C-@/. D48 *#38(8:# C.2C-c9D48 CD C-@ 0C.58F@8@00 DA H458d0 A/857 C4D

O.D3@BC0Q +1<"81:#, >*481, 589 =/*: C81-#(/0* =81 ?4&'# :;<e;?Q 4-/B- .@5B- 5 E/89 DA

[email protected]@C/B/0P /8 C-@/. 9D48N589ND2C [email protected]/57/0PQ 50 /A /C 4@.@ OD00/G7@ AD. 5 A/7P CD G@ 0D

.@92B@9 589 C-.@59G5.@ 5 F@8.@ O/@B@ 50 CD G@BDP@ 58 5.C A/7P :589 /C /0Q DA BD2.0@Q PD.@



55

C-58 OD00/G7@?T ^DC- +1<"81:#, >*481, 589 =/*: C81-#(/0* =81 ?4&'# -59 75402/C0

C-.@5C@8@9 /8 BD88@BC/D8 4/C- C-@/. O.D92BC/D8Q 50 /A 5 A/7P 8D4 -59 CD A@@9 D8 589 [email protected]

/C0@7AQ C-@.@ G@/8F 8DC-/8F 7@AC D2C0/9@ /C0@7Ac8D 0C29/DQ 8D A/7P B27C2.@Q 8D 529/@8B@T :"-@

8/-/7/0P DA =/*: C81-#(/0* =81 ?4&'#c+D8 +589@77d0 .59/D5BC/V@ #99/@ ,589@77

C-.@5C@8/8F CD Z./O C-@ 4D.79 5O5.C[c/0 [email protected]/876 0-DBE/8FQ G2C C-@ A/7P P5E@0 O75/8 C-5C

C-@.@d0 57PD0C 8D 4D.79 7@AC AD. -/P CD B-577@8F@T?

"-@ 0C5.E8@00 DA =/*: C81-#(/0* =81 ?4&'# /0 020C5/8@9 G6 5 BDPO7@C@ 75BE DA 288@[email protected]

0-DC0Q @V@8 4-@8 C-@6 4D279 5OO@5. 8@[email protected] :C-20 C-@ A/7P O20-@0 CD45.9 5 8@4

9@A/8/C/D8cG6 /8C@8C/D8K 586456Q G6 &1'#1:&/1cDA B/8@P5C/B AD.P?T "-/0 -D..D. A/7P :PD.@

C-58 0B/NA/? /0 G2/7C D8 C-@ @8BD28C@. 4/C- C-@ [email protected] 9@F.@@ DA -2P58/C6J C-@ GD.9@. G@C4@@8

-2P58/C6 589 /8-2P58/C6 @YO@./@8B@9 4/C-/8 5 0/8F7@ G@/8FT &F5/8 /8 5 H458 A/7P C-@.@ /0

C-@ /8@V/C5G/7/C6 DA C-@ [email protected] CD C-@ 754 :-@.@ 9D2G7@9 /8CD C4D A/F2.@0Q D8@ [email protected]/V@Q

D8@ BDPO500/D85C@?Q C-@ C-@P@ DA C-@ /POD00/G7@ 0/C25C/D8 DA C-@ @Y/7@Q @[email protected]/8F /8 5

C@../G7@ 0C5C@ DA 020O@80/D8 AD. 50 7D8F 50 C-@ [email protected] /0 8@/C-@. P58 8D. A2776 8DCNP58T ,58 C-@BDPPD8O75B@0 5GD2C H458d0 0@.@8/C6Q -/0 @V@88@00 DA CD8@Q -/0 -5.PD86Q 0C/77 G@ 5OO7/@9 CD

C-/0 0C.5/8@9 589 G.2C57 A/7PK :*. @V@8 CD /C0 G7@5E 589 CD.C2.@9 O.@9@[email protected] C-@ 02G7/P@

;4&-":4B ;<8(4#: 589 H458d0 ;<=e "f [email protected] J&-" ?&( K?

<? RA !"# %&'#()* +,-# 0C5890 5O5.C A.DP H458d0 75C@ A/7P0 :G2C 577 C-.D2F- -/0 B5.@@. C-@.@

5.@ @YB@OC/D80J -/0 BD279 G@ B577@9 5 B/8@P5 DA @YB@OC/D80? AD. 5 82PG@. DA .@50D80

:,/8@P5]BDO@Q C-@ 0C5C2.@ DA C-@ C4D P57@ 0C5.0Q C-@ ./FD. DA C-@ 0B./OC?Q /C /0 570D 5 A/7P

0/C25C@9 5C C-@ [email protected] DA H458d0 B/8@P5Q 4/C- /C0 C-@P@0 DA AD.F/V@8@00 589 .@9@POC/D8Q /C0

0B@8/B 829/C6 :4/C-/8 4-/B- H458 0C/77 P585F@0 CD A/89 4560 CD /8V@8C -/0 G@7DV@9 F5C@456

BDPOD0/C/D80Q @V@8 /A C-@ F5C@ /0 D876 5 BD2O7@ DA .DBE0 D8 @/C-@. 0/9@ DA 5 .D59?Q '@Y/BD 50

/9677 :50 /8 ?1-#4 &1 +@&4#?T RC /0 5 A/7P 0C.2BC2.@9 @8C/.@76 D8 C-@ C./58F7@Q H458 BD8C./V/8F CD

E@@O -/0 C-.@@ P5/8 [email protected] /8 C-@ 05P@ 0-DC :C-@ G./77/58C 0@I2@8B@ /8 C-@ B5V@? D. CD

[email protected]/8@ C-@ BD88@BC@98@00 DA C-@ C-.@@ 4/C- B2C54560 :/8 C-@ B5V@ 0@I2@8B@Q C-@

B2C54560 CD +56 '/77589 0@C 2O 589 P5E@ BDPO.@-@80/G7@cOD@C/B5776 /A 8DC

O06B-D7DF/B5776c-/0 A/857 9@B/0/D8 CD -@7O &8C-D86 h2/88?T

"-@ 754 P20C A/85776 G@ A5B@9 :h2/88 589 [email protected] _5F@C 5C C-@ @89?T "-@ FD79@8 .27@ DA

%D7764DD9 289@. C-@ _.D92BC/D8 ,D9@Q C-@ .@BDF8/C/D8 DA C-@ 754Q /0 5 O./V/7@F@9 C-@P@ /8

H458d0 B/8@P5Q 50 02B- 4D.E0 50 ?1-#4 &1 +@&4#Q =/1:818 5#44#Q 589 28**&/1 :;<=L? C@0C/A6TR8 !"# %&'#()* +,-#Q C-@ 754 /0 45.9@9 DAA 589 9/[email protected] AD. C-@ 7@8FC- DA 5 3D2.8@6Q G2C

C-@8 G@BDP@0 /[email protected]/a@9Q 0D C-5C C-@ O.DC5FD8/0C0 @89 2O 9@0/./8F /C 589 [email protected]/8F CD /CT

H458d0 B/8@P5 /0 ODO275C@9 G6 D2CB50C0 589 .@G@70Q 0@7ANP59@ [email protected]@0 589 [email protected]/8@0 :DA

4-DP 15/.G58E0 589 ]4580D8Q H458d0 F.@5C 0/7@8C 0C5.0Q 5.@ C-@ O.DCDC6O@0? 4-D C.6 AD. 5

4-/7@ CD 7/V@ G6 C-@/. D48 .27@0 D2C0/9@ C-@ 754 D876 CD @89 2O @YO@./@8B/8F 5 8D0C57F/5 AD.

C-@ 754T



56

;M? "-@ ^DF@520 A/7P0 C-.D2F- !"# %&'#()* +,-# G./8F H458d0 B5.@@. A277 B/.B7@T :"-@ C4D

A/857 A/7P0 4D.E 9/AA@.@8C76Q +1<"81:#, >*481, @89/8F /8 C-@ 45C@. G@C4@@8 C4D 4D.790Q 589

=/*: C81-#(/0* =81 ?4&'# @89/8F 4/C- 588/-/75C/D8T? "-@ P5/8 PDV@P@8C DA H458d0 4D.EQ

4-/B- BD80C/C2C@0 5 [email protected]@C257NPDC/D8 P@PD./57 CD C-@ D./F/80 DA %D7764DD9 50 5 B/8@P5 DA

D2C0/[email protected] /0 C-@ D2C0/9@ BDP/8F /80/9@T RCd0 C-@ A5C57/C6 G2C 570D C-@ -DO@ 589 C-@ B-58B@ DA

C-@ D2C0/9@. CD BDP@ /8Q 0DP@4-@.@Q 289@. C-@ B20CD96 DA C-@ 754Q DA 0DP@ 754T H458d0

0@.@8/C6 BDP@0 A.DP -/0 0@80@ DA C-@ /PP/8@8B@ DA C-/0 [email protected] 50 7DF/B5776 BDPO7@C/8F C-@

BD2.0@ DA C-@ D2C0/[email protected] ]D -/0 /0 8DC 5 B/8@P5 DA .@VD7C :C-D2F- C-/0 /0 DGV/D20Q /C /0 8DC 50

DGV/D20 50 /C P/F-C 5C A/.0C 5OO@5.?Q G2C 5 B/8@P5 DA C-@ [email protected] DA C-@ @Y/7@ 589 C-@

5BB@OC58B@ 58 @PG.5B@ DA -DP@T



57

!"##$%# '$( )(*+,-"*-#./0 )!!)% 12)%

3456 %7875

-9:;5<:=7> ?@ 1:8A> BC7<D5

E,FG 5499@ 5H77=C7:9=I 04J K4= =4 D<:@ A= =C7 H:@ =C7 L:9>5 M:<<INO%:9>4 17;;A;KP

E-C797F5 ;4=CA;K G497 ?7:J=AMJ< =C:; G:=C7G:=AL:< D79M7L=A4;O:5 A; :9LCA=7L=J97IN

O)<<:; 1H:;Q

RRR

$;7 >:@. , G7= : M7<<4H :9LCA=7L= HC4 H:5 D97D:9A;K : MA<G 579A75 4; :9LCA=7L=J97I +75C4H7> G7 =C7 <A5= 4M MA<G5 =C:= C7 C:> D94K9:GG7> :;> =C:= 577G7> :DD94D9A:=7 =4 G7.?J= , :5S7> CAGT U2C@ >4;V= @4J !"#$ 5C4H =C7 MA<G5 4M )<<:; 1H:;WU '94G =C7 ?7KA;;A;K4M LA;7G:. =C797 C:87 ?77; G:;@ HC4 C:87 :>>97557> =C7 97<:=A4;5CAD ?7=H77; MA<G :;>:9LCA=7L=J97. ?J= =C7 :MMA;A=@ 577G5 75D7LA:<<@ D94;4J;L7> A; 1H:;F5 H49SI );> := 7879@5=7D =C94JKC CA5 <AM7V5 H49S H7 MA;> =C7 G45= 8:<J:?<7 <7554;5 =C:= GAKC= 57987 :;>

5=AGJ<:=7 =C7 H49S >4;7 ?@ :9LCA=7L=5I

#4G7 4M =C757 <7554;5 GAKC= AGG7>A:=7<@ ?7 M4J;> A; =C7 H:@ =C:= 1H:;. 5C44=A;KL4;=A;J4J5<@ M94G PXYZ =4 PX[P. H4J<> =9:L7 CA5 D:=C M49H:9>I +797 :97 54G7I

)LL7D=A;K L4GGA55A4;5 4M :<< SA;>5. 1H:; H4J<> H49S HA=C :<< =@D75 4M 5=49A75.=7LC;ALA:;5. :L=495. ?J>K7=5. L4;87;=A4;5. L4>75. :;> 975=9AL=A4;5O49 UC:;>LJMM5.U\ :5 C7



58

L:<<7> =C7GI /J= C7 H4J<> 5DJ9; ;4;7 4M =C757 A; 49>79 =4 K7= =C7 G45= 4J= 4M =C7G A; CA5MA<G5I +7 H4J<> MA<G HA=CA; =C7 KA87; D455A?A<A=A75 ]J5= :5 :; :9LCA=7L= >475I '49 =C7 G497A;L4;K9J4J5 =C7 MJ;L=A4;:< 97^JA97G7;=5. =C7 G497 ?:;:< =C7 5A=7. =C7 =AKC=79 =C7 ?J>K7=.:;> =C7 G497 :?5J9> =C7 54_L:<<7> U97KJ<:=A4;5.U ;7879=C7<755 M49 :; :9LCA=7L=. =C7L4;5=9:A;=5 GJ5= ;4= ?7 AGD7>AG7;=5 `49 7aLJ<D:=A4;5b ?J= KA87;5 HA=C HCALC =4 H49SI1H:;V5 MA<G5O:;> =C7A9 C79475OMJ<< 4M :J>:LA=@ :;> 5797;A=@ :<AS7. =7<< J5 =C7 5:G7 =CA;K:?4J= CA5 H49S :5 '9:;S !<4@> 29AKC= J57> =4 5:@ :?4J= CA5 4H;T U!AGA=:=A4;5 :97 :;:9LCA=7L=V5 ?75= M9A7;>IU

#AGA<:9<@. =C94JKC 5JLL755A87 JDC7:8:<5 A; LA;7G:=AL =7LC;4<4K@O54J;>. L4<49. :5D7L=9:=A45O1H:; H4J<> MAKJ97 4J= C4H =4 :LL4GG4>:=7 :<< 5JLC ;487<=A75 `=4>:@. 4?8A4J5<@.C7 H4J<> H49S HA=C >AKA=:<b. HCA<7 5=:@A;K :?54<J=7<@ M:A=CMJ< =4 : G4>7 4M H49SA;K :5 4<>:5 =C7 L9:M= =C:= C7 CAG57<M C:> C7<D7> A;87;=I !AS7 :; :9LCA=7L= HC4 S;4H5 =C:= =C7H49>5 4M cA75 8:; >79 (4C7OU)9LCA=7L=J97 A5 =C7 HA<< 4M :; 7D4LC =9:;5<:=7> A;=45D:L7UdO:;> =C7 H49>5 4M (4?79= /97554;OU%487<=@ A5 ;7A=C79 49AKA;:<A=@ ;49

G4>79;A=@UeOG:@ ?7 4;7 :;> =C7 5:G7I

U$;7 4M =C7 D94?<7G5 HA=C >A97L=495 A5 =C:= =C7@ G:S7 : ?AK DAL=J97OHCALC GAKC= ?7 :CA=O:;> =C7; =C7@ =9@ =4 =4D A=I );> =C7@ J5J5:<<@ M:<< M<:= 4; =C7A9 M:L75I #4 , =9@ =4 G:S7 A=:5 : 9J<7T AM , G:S7 : ?AK DAL=J97 HCALC A5 : CA= , >4 : LC7:D DAL=J97 ;7a=IU [ ,= A5 34C; '49>HC4 =CJ5 97MJ575. A; PX\[. : L79=:A; A>7: 4M UK94H=C.U :;> 54 :;=ALAD:=75 =C7 M:G4J5 5=49@=C:= /JfJ7< H4J<> <:=79 97L4J;=. C499AMA7>. :?4J= : G77=A;K A; HCALC %ALC4<:5 (:@ H4J<>:>GA= =4 CA5 :;KJA5C := ;4= ?7A;K :?<7 =4 5=4D G:SA;K G48A75 =C:= H797 A;L97:5A;K<@7aD7;5A87. g : 5=49@ <:=79 97=4<> ?@ 37:;_c:9A7 #=9:J? :;> 1:;Ah<7 +JA<<7= A; : MA<G ?@

B7>94 *45=:IZ

1H:; H4J<> G:S7 54G7 4M =C7 G45= 7aD7;5A87 :;> M:G4J5 MA<G5 4M CA5 =AG7:5 H7<< :5 54G7 4M =C7 LC7:D75=. G45= ^JALS<@_G:>7. :;> G45= 4?5LJ97I !AS7 :; :9LCA=7L=HC4 S;4H5 C4H >7LA5A87 A= A5 =4 >75AK; : CJ= :M=79 C:8A;K >75AK;7> : L:=C7>9:AMM797;L75 =C:= 7aA5= ?7=H77; 1H:;V5 H49S5 `: ULA;7G: 4M 7aL7D=A4;5.U:LL49>A;K =4 *C9A5 'J]AH:9:Xb L:; 4;<@ ?7 >J7 =4 =C7 M977>4G 4MM797> ?@ =C7 G:5=79@ 4M :L9:M= :;> =C7 D<7:5J97 4M 7a79LA5A;K A=I

/J= =C7 L<7:975= <7554;5 H7 :9LCA=7L=5 L:; <44S M49 A; =C7 MA<G5 4M 1H:;OHC4G 37:;_*<:J>7 /A7==7 :D=<@ <:?7<7> : UK97:= D47= 4M 5D:L7UPYOGAKC= ?7 M4J;> A; =C7 :9LCA=7L=J97

HA=CA; =C7A9 MA<G5I -C7 K4:< 4M =C757 ?9A7M ;4=75. =:SA;K JD %&' )*+',-. /01' `PXegbO4;7 4M=C7 <:5= M4J9 MA<G5 =C:= )<<:; 1H:; H4J<> G:S7 :;> =C7 <:5= H49S 4M :9LCA=7L= :;> 57=>75AK;79 i:; %75= B4<K<:57OA5 =4 L:<< :==7;=A4; =4 =H4 49 =C977 879@ AGD49=:;= :;>M49K4==7; =CA;K5. A; ?4=C :9LCA=7L=J97 :;> LA;7G:. HCALC 1H:;V5 MA<G5 D795A5=7;=<@ 97L:< ?@ !7HA5 cJGM49>. =C:= U+JG:; <AM7 5HA;K5 ?7=H77; =H4 D4<75TG487G7;= :;> 57==<7G7;=UPP KA875 4;7 4M =C7 5AGD<75= :;> G45= D97LA57 >7L<:9:=A4;5 =4A<<JGA;:=7 =C7 H:@5 H7 4LLJD@ =C7 H49<>O4M HCALC LA=A75 :97 =C7 L<7:975= 7aD9755A4;I

,; %&' )*+',-. /01'. =C7 =9:]7L=49@O=C7 :>87;=J97O4M 17?9: B:K7= `c:9K:97=b. );=C4;@jJA;; `/7;b. :;> (:@ cA<<:;> `%:9>4b D9:L=AL:<<@ :84A>5 =C7 LA=@ :<=4K7=C79. HCA<7=9:8795A;K : 8:5= =799A=49@. :<G45= 7;=A97<@ HA=C4J= CJG:; L4;5=9JL=A4;5I -C7A9 75L:D7.HCALC =:S75 JD ;7:9<@ =C7 7;=A97 MA<G. M94G jJA;; :;> B:K7=V5 9:;LC =4 =C7 c7aAL:;_)G79AL:; ?49>79 `:; A;8A5A?<7 CJG:; G:9S 4;=4 =C7 K94J;>b. D:5575 =C94JKC CA<<5 :;>8:<<7@5. =C:= A5. =C94JKC :<< =C7 MJ;>:G7;=:< =@D75 4M =4D4K9:DC@ 4M :;@ =799A=49@ HCALC :97?7M497. =C:= A5 ?7<4H. =C7 LA=A75T =C7 D<:A;5 `L48797> ?@ L49;MA7<>5. L9A55L94557> ?@ <4;K5=9:AKC= 94:>5. :;> HC797 jJA;; C:5 57==<7> CA5 5G:<< 9:;LCb. =C7 G4J;=:A; 9A>K75 `HC797=C7 LC:9:L=795 H:<S :;> 9J<7 =C7 <:;>5L:D7. <AS7 CJ;=795b :;> =C7 H:=79 94J=75 `=C7 ,*+',-.

'01' 4M =C7 879@ =A=<7 4M =C7 MA<G. 5C4H; A; =C7 L97>A=5 := =C7 5=:9= :;> =C7 D<:L7 HC7977879@4;7 975=5 ?@ =C7 7;>O<A8A;K 49 >7:>bI ,; 7879@ D<:L7 L4;MAKJ97> ?@ =C757 =799:A;5.=CA;K5 C:DD7;I );> 7879@=CA;K C:DD7;5 ?7L:J57 =C757 =@D75 4M =4D4K9:DC@ :<<4H 49>7G:;> A=I !7=V5 L4;5A>79 =C7 9:8A;75 A; =C7 MA<GI

-C797 :97 =C977 9:8A;75 =C:= 49K:;Ak7 =C7 A=A;79:9@ 4M =C7 =C977 LC:9:L=795 Ù"879@=CA;K ,>A> H:5 =9A:;K<75 HA=C G7III 04JF97 4;<@ 97<:=7> =4 D74D<7 =C94JKC =9A:;K<75 49 <A;75.UPQ 1H:; 7aD<:A;7> =4 B7=79 /4K>:;48ALCb :;> =C:= >7=79GA;7 =C7 =9:;5M49G:=A4;5 :;>97<:=A4;5CAD5 ?7=H77; =C7G =C:= =C7@ HA<< J;>79K4 =C94JKC4J= =C7 MA<GT

PI

-C7 MA95=. =C7 ?<JMM 4879 HCALC =C7 8:; :;> =9:A<79 =C:= J;>79=44S =C7 MA95= D:9= 4M =C7]4J9;7@ :97 =4557>. G:9S5 =C7 5=:9=A;K D4A;= 4M =C7 ]4J9;7@ 4; M44=O;4H J;D94=7L=7> M94G;:=J97V5 8A4<7;L7 :;> M977 M94G =C7 CA79:9LCA75 :;> >A5=A;L=A4;5 =C:= G:;_G:>7 5D:L7 HA<<:<H:@5 >7=79GA;7 49 >7;@I l;=A< ;4H. );=C4;@ jJA;; C:5 >9A87; CA5 L:9 HA=C CA5 ?:LS=J9;7> :H:@ M94G =C7 5G:<< =9:A<79 HC797 (:@ cA<<:;> :;> 17?9: B:K7= C:87 ?77; <@A;K.57D:9:=7> M94G CAGI '94G ;4H 4;. 4; M44=. =C7 D:=C HA<< >7D7;> 4;<@ 4; =C7A9 GJ=J:<:MMA;A=A75 :;> :8795A4;5. HCALC HA<< 45LA<<:=7 :G4;K =C7G. >7D7;>A;K 4; 7:LC 4;7V5 97<:=A875=97;K=C. A=57<M >7=79GA;7> ?@ =C7A9 D455755A4; 4M : S;AM7 49 KJ;I



60

QI

-C7 57L4;>. =C7 L<AMM =C:= (:@ cA<<:;> =9A75 D:A;5=:SA;K<@ =4 L<AG?. HCA<7 :==:LC7> =4 : 94D7C4A5=7> ?@ );=C4;@ jJA;;. 4MM795 =C7 G7:;5 ?@ HCALC =C7 5JA=L:57 4D7;5 M49 =C7 MA95= =AG7.:;> =C7 GA<<A4; >4<<:95V H49=C 4M ?A<<5 MA95= K4 M<J==79A;K =4 =C7 HA;>I )5 : 975J<=. (:@ cA<<:;>SA<<5 =C7 4<> D945D7L=49. 17?9: B:K7= =J9;5 :H:@ M94G CAG. :;> jJA;;V5 >75A97 M49 9787;K7K94H5 AGG7:5J9:?<@I

\I

-C7 =CA9>. MA;:<<@. A5 =C7 9:8A;7 HC797 =C7 5A<879 5JA=L:57 HA<< 4D7; :;> =C7 G4;7@ >94D 4;L7

:K:A;. =CA5 =AG7 =4 ?7 M497879 <45=. :5 A= ]4A;5 =C7 M:<<7; ?4>@ 4M (:@ cA<<:;>I

,M A; 2*#+', 3!0' `PXedb. `: K97:= 7a:GD<7 4M =C7 97<:=A4;5CAD. A; LA;7G:. ?7=H77; ?4>A75 :;>=C7 5D:L7 4M : LA=@b =C7 49>797> G487G7;= 4M =C7 L94H> DJ95JA;K 34C; B:@;7. 4;7 G4G7;=: 5:A;= :;> =C7 ;7a= : >78A<. 4D79:=75 :5 : D94L755A4; ?7=H77; =C7 C4J575 4M =C7 =H4 H4G7;HC4. ?7L:J57 =C7@ :97 A; <487. 577 :;> D79L7A87 7879@=CA;K. :;> =C7 ?JA<>A;K5 4M =C7GJ;ALAD:< A;5=A=J=A4;5O=C7 L4J9=. =C7 =4H; C:<<. =C7 D9A54;. =C7 LCJ9LC. =C7 =7<7K9:DC 4MMAL7.=C7 5:<44;. =C7 5=:?<7. :<< M75=44;7> M49 =C7 C4<A>:@O=C7 G487G7;= A; %&' )*+',-. /01' A5<AS7 : DA<K9AG:K7 =:S7; ?@ =C757 =C977 D74D<7 HC4 C:87 97MJK7 4;<@ A; L<7:9A;K5. L:875. :;>=C7 ?7> 4M : 5=97:GI

,; =C7 LA=@ :5 A; =C7 HA<>79;755. ?4=C G:;G:>7 L4;5=9JL=A4;5 :5 H7<< :5 ;:=J9:< 5A=75 =C:=C:87 ?77; G:>7 CJG:; ?@ :L=5 4M LC4AL7 `:5 (:@ cA<<:;> 5:@5. HC7; 5J9D9A57> ?@ jJA;;:;> B:K7= 7G?9:LA;K A;5A>7 =C7 L:87T Uc:@?7 , 5C4J<> C:87 S;4LS7> IIIUb. :97 =C7 :;LC495HA=CA; 97:LC 4M =C757 ?4>A75 =C:=. 5=:=A4;:9@ 49 :>9AM=. H49SA;K L4<<7L=A87<@ 49 :<4;7.L:5J:<<@ 49 9A=J:<A5=AL:<<@. :97 L4;5=:;=<@ := 9A5SI



61

+-).% )'* /0%

,; %&' )*+',-. /01'. ;:=J97. M977 4M :;@ CJG:; =9:L75. 577G5 =4 C:87 ?77; L4;L7A87> =4:LL4GG4>:=7 =C7 =C977 LC:9:L=795. AI7I. =C7A9 K75=J975. <44S5. :;> H49>5I -C7 MA95= AG:K7 H7:97 KA87;O=C7 5A=7 HC797 B:K7=. cA<<:;> :;> jJA;; LC4457 =4 975= =C7 MA95= ;AKC= HA=C4J=787; : 944MOA5 =C7 AG:K7 4M : SA;> 4M 5=:K7I

-C7 ?:LSK94J;> A5 : ]JG?<7 4M 94LS5 <4457<@ 4D7;A;K 4;=4 : D:=C =C:= HA<< 4;<@ ?7 577;L<7:9<@ <:=79 4;. HC7; );=C4;@ jJA;; =:S75 A= =4 K4 H:<SA;KOU,V<< C:87 : <44S :94J;>IU -C7M<449 A5 G:>7 4M >A9= :;> 5=4;75 =C:= C:87 GAa7> =4K7=C79 =4 5CA7<> : 5G:<< MA97. HCALC>A8A>75 =C7 5C4= MA9G<@ A;=4 =H4 5A>75T 4; 4;7. (:@ cA<<:;> :;> 17?9: B:K7=. :;> 4; =C74=C79. : ?A= 97G4=7. jJA;;m ?7CA;> 7:LC 4M =C7A9 ?4>A75. 7:LC 577; A; A=5 7;=A97=@. =C797 A5 :=9J;S 4M : =977 4; HCALC =C7 D45A=A4; :;> G487G7;=5 4M 7:LC 4;7 4M =C7G 97<@I

2C7; jJA;;. :<4;7 4; : ;7:9?@ 94LS. 5775 =C7 4=C79 =H4 :5 =C7@ SA55. ;4= 4;<@ C:87 =C7 =9775LC:;K7> D45A=A4;. ?J= =C7 =977 4; HCALC jJA;; H:5 <7:;A;K C:5 >A5:DD7:97> :<=4K7=C79 M94GHC797 A= H:5 D<:;=7> ?7M497I -C7 MA97 C:5 :<54 LC:;K7> D45A=A4; A; 49>79 =4 L4;=A;J74LLJD@A;K =C7 GA>><7 4M =C7 5C4= :;> =4 57987 ;4H :5 =C7 L7;=79 4M =C7 MAa7> LA9L<7 4M <AKC=HCALC >7G:9L:=75 =C7 5D:L7 4M =C7 L<7:9A;KI `!:=79. =C7 4;<@ =977 4; =C7 ?:;S 4M =C7 9A879HC797 =C7 MA<G 7;>5 577G5 =4 ?7 =C797 =4 5:M7KJ:9> =C7 5J98A8A;K L4JD<7bI



62

,; 1H:;V5 MA<G5. H7 L:; 577 L<7:9<@ =C:= :L=A4;5 :97 ;4= >7=:LC7> M94G 5D:L75 :;> =CA;K5I-C7 :L=A4; 456'. 7#58'. A; LA;7G: :5 A; <AM7. :;> A= A5 =C7 5C:D7 4M =C757 D<:L75 =C:=. A; <:9K7D:9=. D948A>7 =C7A9 ;7aJ5I /J= := ;4 D4A;= >4 =C7 57=5 4M 1H:;V5 MA<G5. 4M=7; ^JA=7 8A8A>.5D7:S =44 <4J><@ 49 48795C:>4H =C7 ?4>A75 :L=A;K 4; =C7GI -C7 U7a=97G7 5AGD<ALA=@U :;>=C7 U7L4;4G@ 4M =C7 <A;7.UP\ A; 1H:;V5 4H; H49>5. HCALC KJA>7 :<< :5D7L=5 4M CA5 :9=. :<54>7=79GA;7 C4H <4L:=A4;5 57987 =C7 :L=A4;. 49 9:=C79. C4H =C7 <4L:=A4;5. D:55A;K ?@J;;4=AL7> `:5 GJLC ?@ J5 H:=LCA;K =C7 MA<G :5 =C7 LC:9:L=795 HA=CA; A=b. 9"*4' HA=C =C7:L=A4;I

,; <AM7 :5 H7<< =C797 7aA5=5 : L79=:A;. 5=9:;K7 :?5=9:L=7>;755. <AS7 =C:= 4M M:LA;K =C7 97:<A=@ 4M =C75D:L75 :94J;> J5 =C:= :<<4H5 J5 =4 <A87 A; =C7GI );> AM =C757 5D:L75. := ?75=. 577G =4 C:87 ?77;=C797 M497879. <AS7 =C:= L<7:9A;K :;> =C7 =9775 A; %&' )*+',-. /01'. =C7 L4;MAKJ9:=A4; 4M =C7575D:L75. =C7 =CA;K5 =C:= D4DJ<:=7 =C757 D<:L75. :;> =C7 7<7G7;=5 ?@ HCALC =C7@ :97 L4;5=A=J=7>=9:;5M49G =C7G57<875 :5 H7<< :;> LC:;K7 49 577G =4 LC:;K7 <4L:=A4; HA=C =C7 J57 H7 4MM79

=C7GOG45= 4M :<< =C94JKC 4J9 G7G49A75 :;> 4J9 >97:G5I

123./&0()'.% )'* 1#'(%4(

(:97<@ L:; H49S5 4M :9LCA=7L=J97 ?7 G487> `<7=V5 ;4= L4;MJ57 =C7G HA=C =C7A9 AG:K75. HCALCLA9LJ<:=7 HA>7<@bI 249S5 4M :9LCA=7L=J97 C:87 944=5. :97 ?JA<= A; D<:L75 =C:= 7aA5=7> ?7M497=C7G :;> =C:= :97 =9:;5M49G7> ?@ =C7A9 D9757;L7I

,; %&' )*+',-. /01'. =C797 :97 ;4= 4;<@ =C7 AG:K75 4M =C7 <:;>5L:D75. 4M =C7 D<:L75 :;> =C75D:L75 =C:= 4LLJD@ =C7 5L977;. ?J= :<54 4M 4=C79 =CA;K5 =C:=. 7A=C79 ?7<4;KA;K =4 =CA5 L4;=7a=

49 L<:5CA;K HA=C A=. ?7L4G7 :554LA:=7> HA=C 7:LC K75=J97T : C:<M : >4k7; 5G:<< 4?]7L=5O=C75G:<< LA9LJ<:9 GA9949 C:;KA;K 4879 jJA;; :;> B:K7=V5 ?7>5. HCALC :97 :99:;K7> <AS7 :; U!Um=C7 5G:<< 487; =C:= 7aD<4>75m =C7 A94; M49 ?9:;>A;K L:==<7 :;> =C7 S;AM7 M49 SA<<A;K =J9S7@5mKJ;5 :;> ?J<<7=5m =C7 G7=:< 5JA=L:57 :;>. A;5A>7 A=. =C7 =7; =C4J5:;> ?A<<5 4M 4;7 CJ;>97>>4<<:95 7:LC =C:= HA<< ?7 5H:DD7> M49 : 94D7. : MA97?9:;> 49 : >7:> L4H. :;> =C:= HA<< ?7 57;=M<@A;K =C94JKC =C7 :A9 =HAL7. =C:= HA<< ?7 J57> =4 SA;><7 ?4;MA975. :;> =C:= HA<< 7;> JDL9JGD<7> A; =C7 ?7:S5 4M ?A9>5 :;> M<4:=A;K A; =C7 H:=795 4M : ?944SI B<J5 =C977 :;AG:<5I

,; =C977 >AMM797;= 5L7;75. 17?9: B:K7= HA<< M:L7 =C757 =C977 :;AG:<5. 7:LC >A5=A;L= M94G =C7

4=C795T =C7 4a =C:= ?97:S5 =C7 M7;L7 4M =C7 L499:< 9:;LCm =C7 5L49DA4; =C:= :==7GD=5 =44LLJD@ =C7 A;5A>7 4M 4;7 4M C79 <:L7 5<ADD795m :;> =C7 5;:S7 A;5A>7 =C7 L:87 =C:= =C97:=7;5=C7 =H4 MAKC=A;K G7;. :;> HCALC 5C7 SA<<5I



63

) <:9K7 D:9= 4M =C7 L4;L97=7 L4;>A=A4;5 M:LA;K : H49S 4M :9LCA=7L=J97 7G79K7 4; 5A=7I -C757L4;>A=A4;5 :97 :<H:@5 8:9A:?<7. M94G D<:L7 =4 D<:L7. :;> 4M=7; M<77=A;Km :;> 54. =C7 D94D79:==7;=A4; =4 =C7G :;> =C7 :?A<A=@ =4 975D4;> =4 =C7G :DD94D9A:=7<@ :97 =C7 >J=A75 4M : ]4?=C:= >475 ;4= <7;> A=57<M =4 J;A8795:< 54<J=A4;5I ,; 54G7 L:575. HC:= G:==795 A; =C757 D<:L75

4LLJ95 :5 ;:=J9:<<@ :5 =C7 879GA; 4M %&' )*+',-. /01' 577G =4 5D9A;K JD HA=C 5J9D9A5A;K 7:57`=C7 =C97:= :9A5A;K M94G : 5D7LAMAL 5A=7 =C:= 4;7 ;7879 97:<Ak75 A5 =C797bm A; 4=C79 L:575. =C77;L4J;=795 =C:= 975J<= :97 54G7=CA;K <AS7 HC:= C:DD7;5 ?7=H77; =C7 >7579= :;> %:9>4V5DA;S '49> -CJ;>79?A9> =C:= =9:879575 A= `: L4<<A5A4; =C:= 577G5 =4 L<:9AM@ 7879@=CA;KbI

")((%3 )'* *23%.(2#'0

)9LCA=7L=J97 A5 ;4= 7a7LJ=7>O:;> ;7879 H:5OM49 =C7 57;57 4M 5AKC= :<4;7I c497 =C:; 7879.A= A5 AGD49=:;= =4 97D7:= =CA5 4?8A4J5 =9J=CT :<< =C7 57;575. AM =C7@ :97 G497 49 <755 :H:S7;7>

A; J5. :97 := D<:@ HC7; A= L4G75 =4 A;C:?A=A;K =C7 97:<A=@ 4M : 5D:L7m :;>. A; =C7 L:57 4M8A5A4;. 4;7 4M A=5 :5D7L=5 =C:= L4J;=5 =C7 G45= A5 =C7 L:D:LA=@ 4M D79ADC79:< 8A5A4;. HA=C4J=HCALC H7 H4J<> ;4= ?7 :?<7 =4 M77< :5 =C4JKC H7 H797 *".*0' : 5D:L7I

#JLC :97 =C7 4H;. H4;>79MJ< <AGA=:=A4;5 4M =C7 :9= 4M LA;7G:OD79L7D=A4; 4M : MA<G A5<AGA=7> =4 =H4 4M =C7 MA87 57;575T 8A5A4; `=H4_>AG7;5A4;: C7:9A;K `54J;> H4J<> =:S74879 =H7;=@ @7:95 =4 7G79K7 :M=79 1H:; C:> G:>7 CA5 MA95= MA<GbO=C:= := 7879@ G4G7;= A;%&' )*+',-. /01' H7 :97 G:>7 :H:97 4M 4J9 4=C79 57;575I 2C7; 17?9: B:K7=. >97557>



64

M49G:<<@. K475 >4H; =C7 5=:A95 4M =C7 C4=7< =4 G77= (:@ cA<<:;>. =C7 G4;4LC94G:=AL=7a=J975 4M =C7 H:<<5. =C7 5=:A95. =C7 >4495. :;> C79 >9755 `=C7 :J?J9; :;> 4LC79 4M =C7 >A9=.=C7 H44>. :;> 787; =C7 H:=79 4M =C7 MA95= D:9= 4M =C7 MA<G. 977G79K7 C797. ?:97<@ 5:=J9:=7>b<7:87 J5 M77<A;K. <AS7 n47=C7. =C:= U=C7 C:;>5 H:;= =4 577. =C7 7@75 H:;= =4 L:9755IU Pd

+4H G:;@ G48A75 :97 G:>7 =C:= 5=:;> JD =4 D:=A7;= :;> :==7;=A87 <44SA;K :;> <A5=7;A;KW+4H G:;@ 944G5. C4H G:;@ ?JA<>A;K5 :;> LA=A75 :97 ?JA<= M49 =C7 :MM7L= :;> A;=7<<AK7;L7 4M=C7 57;575W

1#'(2'/2(5

34C; 1499 C:5 ;4=7> =C:= A; 1H:;V5 H49S. U=C7 H49<> L:D=J97> A; =C7 M9:G7 A5 ;7879 :5

AGD49=:;= :5 =C7 97<:=A4;5CAD 4M 4;7 5C4= =4 =C7 ;7a=IUPe -4 J;>795=:;> =CA5 ?7==79. <7= J597=J9; =4 =C7 5L7;7 HC797 B:K7= 5C44=5 =C7 5;:S7 HCA<7 jJA;; :;> (:@ cA<<:;> :975=9JKK<A;K HA=C 4;7 :;4=C79. 54 =C:= H7 L:; 97L:<< =C7 >:9S7;7> L:8A=@. :<H:@5 8A5A?<7. := =C75A>7 4M =C7 L:87V5 <AKC=7> 7;=9:;L7. ?J= HCALC H7 4;<@ ;4=AL7 :M=79 =C7 L4?9: 9A575 JD A;5A>7m49 4M =C7 =H4 G7;V5 5=9:;K7. 5=:=AL 7G?9:L7m 49 4M B:K7=V5 M4<>7>. A;>AMM797;= ?4>@. 5ALS.HCA<7 <AM7 :;> >7:=C D<:@ 4J= ?7M497 C79I

,; : H49S 4M :9LCA=7L=J97 :5 H7<<. =C7 7<7G7;=5 L4;5=A=J=A;K A= :97 ;7879 :5 AGD49=:;=. A; 4M=C7G57<875. :5 =C7 97<:=A4;5CAD ?7=H77; =C7GI );> =CA5 L:; ?7 879AMA7>. ;4= 4;<@ ?@ =C7 879@

;:=J97 4M :9LCA=7L=J97O=:SA;K D:9=. :?487 :<<. A; =C7 5=9JL=J97 4M G:;G:>7 L4;5=9JL=A4;5.A=V5 =C7 5D:L7 ?7=H77; =CA;K5 =C:= L4J;=5 G497 =C:; =C7 =CA;K5 =C7G57<875O?J= G4974879.M49 =H4 4=C79 97:54;5 :5 H7<<T 4; =C7 4;7 C:;>. A; : H49S 4M :9LCA=7L=J97 :;@ 7<7G7;= A5 A;M:L= 4;<@ L4GD97C7;5A?<7 HC7; L49975D4;>A;K =4 =C7 4=C79 7<7G7;=5 HA=C HCALC A= M49G5 :HC4<7m 4; =C7 4=C79 C:;>. =C7 <AGA=5 4M : H49S 4M :9LCA=7L=J97 :97 ;7879 =C7 <AGA=5 4M A=5A;=7;>7> >75AK;. 49 9:=C79. : H49S =9J<@ 7aA5=5 4;<@ A; 97<:=A4; =4 =C:= HCALC. 4;7 H:@ 49:;4=C79. A5 L<457 =4 A= :;> HA=C HCALC. :K:A;. A;78A=:?<@. A; 4;7 H:@ 49 :;4=C79. A= M49G5L4;=A;JA=A75IP[



65



66

/J= A= A5 ;4= 4;<@ =CA5 ;4=A4; 4M L4;=A;JA=@O: ;4=A4; 97M799A;K =4 =C7 5C:D7 :;> 5=9JL=J97 4M=C7 H49S5 =C7G57<875OHCALC A5 M4J;> A; 1H:;V5 G48A75I +A5 MA<G5 D:9=:S7 :5 H7<< A;:;4=C79 D9A;LAD<7 4M L4;=A;JA=@ =C:= 37:;_!JL n4>:9> C:5 5D4S7; 4M. HC7; 5=:=A;K =C:= U:MA<G A5 ;4= : H49S A; :;> 4M A=57<MI ,= A5. := =C7 5:G7 =AG7. : D:9= 4M : HC4<7I 2C:= 4;7 5=:9=5

4MM 57:9LCA;K A; 4;7 MA<G 7;>5 JD ?7A;K M4J;> A; 4=C79 MA<G5IU 1H:;V5 H49S :<54 G:S75 A=L<7:9 =C:= =CA5 57:9LC >475;V= C:87 =4 ?7KA; :;> 7;> A; =C7 H49S 4M : 5A;K<7 :J=C49I 2C:=54G74;7 5=:9=5 4MM 57:9LCA;K M49 A; : H49S 7;>5 JD ?7A;K M4J;> A; =C7 H49S 4M 4=C795I -C77;=A97<@ :G?A=A4J5 G4>75=@ =C:= 5JLC : D94L755 5JDD4575O:;> =C:= ?7<4;K5 :5 GJLC =45LA7;=A5=5 :5 =4 D47=5OA5 =C7 D9A>7 4M : L9:M=5G7;I ,= H:5 nA:;L:9<4 >7 *:9<4 HC4 5:A> 4M CA5M49G79. M7<<4H =97:=A57_H9A=795. )<?79=A :;> '9:;L75L4 >A nA49KA4T U-C7@ H4J<> 5D7:S 4M =C75AGD<7 =7LC;A^J75 =C7@ C:> <7:9;7> M94G =C7 G:54;5I #4 =C7@ H797 ;7L755:9A<@ G4>75=I/7L:J57 AM @4J ?7KA; =4 >AK JD =C7 944=5 4M =C7 LJ<=J97 =C:= A5 :<< :94J;> J5. A= A5 L<7:9 =C:=@4J :97 5:M7 M94G =CA5 :==A=J>7 4M 97G4=7;755. :994K:;L7. L4;=7GD= 4M M:L=. =C:= A5 =C7 ?:5A5

4M AGG4>75=@. HCALC A5 =4 ?7<A787 @4J957<M =4 ?7 A; :;4=C79 5DC797. :;4=C79 <787< ÌIIb UPg

2C7; =C797 :97 M7H79 :;> M7H79 :<=79;:=A875 ?7=H77; =C7 5=:;>:9>Ak7> D94>JL=5 4M =C75JD79G:9S7=5 :;> =C7 G497 49 <755 7a4=AL >7<AL:LA75 4M 1!9,:'4 5C4D5. A= A5 <7M= =4 J5 =4 5=:9=:;7H. :5 /97LC= 5:A>. HA=C =C7 U?:> ;7H =CA;K5U :;> ;4= =C7 UK44> 4<> 4;75U A; 49>79 =497A;87;= =C7 5G:<<. ;7AKC?49C44> 5C4D5I B79C:D5 =CA5 A5 =C7 ?75= 4M :<< D455A?<7 H:@5 =C:=H7 C:87 =4>:@ =4 97A=79:=7 =C7 G45= AGD49=:;= =CA;K =C:= :;@ G:;G:>7 H49S GAKC= 97L:<<TU%4H H7 :97 :<A87IU



67

P )<<:; 1H:;. %&' )*+',;. /01'. PXeg

Q )<<:; 1H:;. ,;=798A7H HA=C B7=79 /4K>:;48ALC. <##5" =>5"? %&' 35.4 @*!"'', `!4;>4;T#=J>A4 iA5=:. PXgPb. QeI \ ,?A>I P[\I d

BCA<AD 34C;54;. A*'. +5" 0', )!&' `%7H 049ST cJ57JG 4M c4>79; )9=. PXdgb. PZXI e (4?79= /97554;. B!4'. .9, #' 8*"C:54!1,57&'. PXgeI `B:9A5T n:<<AG:9>. PXZZb. PQ\I [ 34C; '49>. ,;=798A7H ?@ BCA<AD 37;SA;54;. PX\[. A; n79:<> B7:9@ `7>Ib. D!&" E!,0? F"4',+*'>. `l;A8795A=@ B9755 4M cA55A55ADA. QYYPb P\X_PdYI g !Jo5 /JfJ7<. A!" 0',"*', .!97*, `B:9A5T ">A=A4;5 (4?79= !:MM4;=. PXZQb Q\d_Q\eIZ B7>94 *45=:. G"0' D5H ! %'9 2!,,*.! `!A5?4:T )55o9A4 p )<8AG. QYYdbIX *C9A5 'J]AH:9:. U-7; -C:= c:S7 ) 249S.U A; 1:8A> BC7<D5 :;> nA;: -7<:94<A `7>Ib. <##5"=>5"? < =!..*', `!JGAh97. QYP\b ddIPY 37:; *<:J>7 /A7==7. El; A;87;=7J9 5:;5 97L4GD7;57T )<<:; 1H:; 4J <7 LA;7G: ;:=J97N.I5&*',. 09 8*"C:5 \\Q `M689A79 PXZQbIPP !7HA5 cJGM49>. %&' I*4$ *" J*.4!,$? *4. !,*1*".K *4. 4,5".L!,:54*!".K 5"0 *4. 7,!.7'84.. PX[P`cA>><757aT B7;KJA;. PXZdb P\IPQ /4K>:;48ALC. 4DI LA=I. Q[IP\ ,?A>I. \QIPd 3JC:;A B:<<:5G::. %&' /$'. !L 4&' 26*" `275= #J557aT 2A<7@ )L:>7G@. QYYeb PdIPe 34C; 1499. E-C7 n9AMMA=C -9:>A=A4;N. E*#: I!::'"4 `c:9LCq)D9A< PXgdb ePIP[ *MI '79;:;>4 -r849:. =5 G,15"*H5MN! 0! /.75M!. PX[Q `B49=4T BJ?<AL:st75 ')lB. QYYZbI Pg nA:;L:9<4 >7 *:9<4. ,;=798A7H HA=C /9J;4 jJ7@5:;;7 :;> (7;6 /499J7@. E";=97=A7; :87L

nA:;L:9<4 >7 *:9<4N. A; (7;6 /499J7@ 7= :<I. <,8&*4'849,' '4 :!0'.4*'? <84'. 0' #5 ,'"8!"4,'4'"9' 59 I!9+'"4 0' #5 %!9,'44'. *7;=97 -C4G:5 c497. <75 Z 7= X ]JA; PXX[. `!7L^J75T-C66=h=7 u>I. PXXXb \XI



"#

$%& '()&*$+,($- .*,(),./&01 +234567148 95 &:;<=5>4 ?@AA461948

B=392 .<4CD8

+EF34G ! #$%&'( #)*+&,&&' HIJIKL -,./& -,')0+ HIJMNLO

#$(,.(. 1&22& HIJP#QIJNMLO 324/5, 6)'*& HIJNRL



"J

S+CC TF1 F54 =52 6UF TF1 T934VS

W75& 75'&& #)*+&,&&'* HIJRJL

SX<@ 2F5Y6 @F7 D146452 6<=6 ,YA Z=64 [7=5619CC\]]] ^=@E4 , ;=5 6=_4 <41 DC=;4]S

W Z=64 [7=5619CCO 8$9.( 75&: !29$*, ;:(05&% HIJNRL

```

?4CTaT=8<9F542 F5C@ 95 6<491 214=A8O BF7>C=8 b=91E=5_8 =52 cCF19= ?U=58F5 1=984 d79:F698A

6F = _952 FT =CCa1F752 +A419;=5 ;142F] $<4 T=56=8948 6<=6 D14T=;4 ! #$%&'( #)*+&,&&'

HIJIKL =52 -,./& -,')0+ HIJMNLWb=91E=5_8e (42 $<=;_41 T9>7195> <9A84CT =8 = AF394 <41F

Be+16=>5=5f ?U=58F5e8 8A=CCa6FU5 U=961488O g45594 %=>45O 14;=8695> <4184CT =8 =5 =;61488

=;;C=9A42 TF1 <41 ?=CFA4WEF6< 844A 6F 614=6 )F5695456=C .14869>4 =8 =5 456914C@ +A419;=5

B14=AO 6<F7>< 6<4 hF_4 ;FA48 1461F=;6934C@G =8 .=198 2988FC348 6F Z=58=8O 6<4 XF1C2e8 ?6=>4

6F X486 i91>959=O 6<4 AF3948 6715 F76 F5C@ 6F E4 D=1F2948 FT 6<491 FU5 >4514 ;F5;4968O 6<491

FU5O 4:61=a=;;4567=642 ;1=T6 =8 8U=8<E7;_C418] (43416<4C488O =8 DC=6TF1A8 TF1 T=56=8@O

6<484 21=EE41 14=C96948 =14 95 = U=@ 6<4 >14=641 ;F58617;6O U4912 DC=;48 U<414 EF6<

b=91E=5_8 =52 ?U=58F5 =14 1929;7C42 TF1 6<491 AF86 9AD1FE=EC4 d7=C96@O 6<491 ($'9.20: f 95

BU=5Y8 14=C96@O 95 U<9;< =CAF86 4341@F54 A9><6 6715 F76 6F E4 =5 =;6F1 DC=@95> = 3=19=EC4

1FC4O (42 $<=;_41 844A8 6F 214=A FT E4;FA95> 5FEF2@ F6<41 6<=5 BF7>C=8 b=91E=5_8O =52

g45594 %=>45 FT E4;FA95> 5FEF2@ F6<41 6<=5 cCF19= ?U=58F5] $<4 T=E7C=1 8617;6714 FT EF6<

T9CA8W;<=1=;6418 5=39>=695> 6<491 27CC C9348 =8 >4514aD94;48 6<=6 6<4@ U9CC T95=CC@ 45=;6 95

6<4 452W=14O 95 = U=@O 89ADC@ 86F1948 FT 6<4 86=18 E4;FA95> 6<4A84C348]

j, TF752 96 U=8 = >FF2 924= 6F C46 6<4 =;6F18 <=34 = CF6 FT T144 DC=@k + 2914;6F1e8 hFE

8<F7C25e6 E4 6F 64=;< =;695>Ol BU=5 UF7C2 8=@] j)<9C2145 =14 >14=6 =;6F18 E4;=784 6<4@e14=CU=@8 A=_95>aE4C9434]lI bF752 FEh4;68 FT = 8F16O b=91E=5_8 =52 ?U=58F5 E4;FA4O C9_4

BU=5e8 T9186 CF;=69F58O AF693=695> D=1=A46418W6<4 1=98F5 2em614 FT = T9CAe8 DCF6O 6<4 17C48 FT

968 >=A4] +8 n9CC Z1F<5 5F648 <FU BU=5Y8 8D=69=C =:9FA8 E4;FA4 5=11=6934 D=1=29>A8OM 75&

<$4*$(&% 32)9& HIJIIL UF7C2 E4 ;F58617;642 =1F752 = TC7A4 BU=5 <=2 8DF6642f =42 =(

7'$)>2& 8.,&'* HIJIRL =1F752 6<4 F9C U4CC8 FTT ?7AA41C=52f -,./& -,')0+ =1F752 6<4

4561=5;4 FT = 19341EF=6 956F 6<4 6FU5 U<414 BU=5 U=8 8<FF695>] &345 C=64O 7&((&**&&?*

<.',(&' HIJNNL U9CC 844A 6F E4 =884AEC42 F76 FT C966C4 AF14 6<=5 6<4 696C4 =52 T9186 6UF C9548

FT n146 %=164Y8 86F1@O =8 9T BU=5 =52 8;1445U196418 <=2 >F6645 5F T716<41 6<=5 6<98

=;;7A7C=69F5 FT IL ;<=1=;641 H$45548844 =52 <98 .=16541LO ML 29=CF>74 HS, 2F 5F6 6<95_ U4

4341 _54U <98 14=C 5=A4OS 671542 956F 6<4 T9CAY8 T95=C C954LO =52 RL CF;=69F5 H?=52@ n=1O )+LO

=52 <=2 24;9242 89ADC@ 6F 1424DCF@ 8FA4 3=19=56 FT 6<4 DCF6 FT !(/&2 4( @A42& 95 F1241 6F D76

6<4 D94;48 6F>46<41]R BU=5Y8 U<FC4 5=11=6934a=486<469; =DD1F=;< A9><6 E4 87AA42 7D =8

8FA4 TF1A FT ;F554;6a6<4a2F68G 89A9C=1C@O 6<4 b=91E=5_8 T9CA8 844A D<@89;=CC@ ;F58617;642

=1F752 6<491 86=1Y8 =E9C96948 =52 C9A96=69F58 =C9_4 95 h7AD95> E46U445 8D=;48O =8 6<4

DC=6TF1A8 FT 6<4 846 =14 DF8969F542 E@ 6<4 4:=;6 2986=5;4 b=91E=5_8 ;F7C2 C4=D E46U445

6<4A 4=89C@ 45F7>< 6F 87>>486 6<=6 6<414 U414 5F >=D =6 =CC] + A4;<=59;8 FT T=56=8@G 96 6=_48



Ko

=5 4:=;6 2986=5;4 6F A=_4 96 844A =8 6<F7>< b=91E=5_8 ;F7C2 <=34 3=7C642 =8 T=1 =8 <4

U98<42f TF1 BU=5O 6<414 98 4345 = 8;945;4 FT 24T@95> >1=396@]

BU=5G

Sn76 4341@6<95> , 292 U=8 619=5>C48 U96< A4] ,T , ;F58617;642 = 86F1@ =52 , <=2 TF71;<=1=;6418 95 96O ,Y2 D76 6<4A 2FU5 =8 2F68 =52 9T 6<4@ 2925Y6 <FF_ 7D 956F 619=5>C48O 9T

=5@ FT 6<4A U414 C4T6 2=5>C95> F76 6<414 U96<F76 = 87TT9;9456 14C=69F58<9D 6F =5@ FT6<4 1486O , _54U , <=2 6F 298;=12 6<4A E4;=784 6<4@Y2 E4 = 29861=;69F5] +52 @F7Y14F5C@ 14C=642 6F D4FDC4 6<1F7>< 619=5>C48 F1 C9548] ,T ,YA 14C=642 6F = 6<912 D418F5 =52@F7Y14 5F6O 6<414Y8 8FA46<95> U1F5> 95 F71 14C=69F58<9D 6F>46<41] 054 FT 78 982=5>C95>] ?F , 8=@O YY%FU 2F , 694 6<=6 D418F5 6F @F7\ %FU 2F , ;FADC464 6<=6 C954\Y+52 , <=34 6F UF1_ 6<4 86F1@ 8F , ;=5 ;FADC464 6<=6 C954] ,5 F6<41 UF128O ;14=64 =14C=69F58<9DO =5 95;92456O 8FA46<95> 6<=6 U9CC E195> 78 956F 6<4 46415=C 619=5>C4] $<=6U=8 6<4 U4=_5488 FT 3F5 ?61F<49AO TF1 9586=5;4] X96< =CC <98 86145>6<O 6<=6 U=8 <98>14=6 U4=_5488] %4 UF7C2 >46 T=8;95=642 E@ 8FA4 4:61=54F78 ;<=1=;641 =52 >F FTTF5 = 6=5>456O 2434CFD = 86F1@ =CC =1F752 6<=6 F6<41 ;<=1=;641O =52 6<4 86F1@ UF7C2 E4298hF95642]SP

/F5> =T641 n9F>1=D< =52 $19=5>C4O BU=5Y8 T9CA8 869CC 844A 6F =8_ 6<4 d74869F5 =6 6<4 86=16 FT

6<4 T9CA FT h786 <FU A=5@ U=@8 = 846 841948 FT D4FDC4 =52 CF;=69F58 A=@ E4 14C=642W=52

6<45 >4541=64 >4FA4619; 86F1@C9548 6F =88714 6<4 14C=69F5 FT 4=;< 45696@ 6F 4=;< F6<41] +

AF24C TF1 =5 9527861@ 869CC 9AD1F39895> 968 D1F27;6 95 )=C9TF159= TF14868 =52 (4U g4184@ E=18

95 6<4 4=1C@ IJIo8O BU=5 UF7C2 ;<=554C 6<4 64589F5 E46U445 9AD1FAD67O F5aCF;=69F5

8<FF68 =52 <98 E4CF342O 29=>1=AA=69; D=1=EC48 956F FD45 5=11=6934 D1FEC4A8 6F E4 148FC342

E@ 6<4 86F1@ 9684CTW8FA4 @4=18 869CC E4TF14 6<4 861=69T9;=69F5 FT D14a8;19D6934 ST9;69F5S =52

4:64ADF1=54F78 S2F;7A456=1@S 956F 9524D452456 F56FCF>948 FT ;954A= =52QF1 DCF@8 FT

A=1_4695>] )FAA7596@ 8@AD<F5948 FT = 8F16O T9CA8 T1FA #.(5.,,.( #.%(&** HIJI"L =52@.*, -4%&B 8&*, -4%& HIJMKL 6F -C&&,5&.',* $( <.'.%& HIJNRLO =52 4345 -24/5,2: -0.'2&,

HIJN"L 4ADCF@ 14;F5;9C9=69F5 DCF68 =8 = U=@ FT 8;<4A95> 29=>1=AA=69; ;F7DC48 956F ;F56=;6

U96< 6<491 ;FAA7596948 =52 F54 =5F6<41f 6<4 AF86 >45419; 1FA=5;4 E4;FA48 = 6FFC TF1

BU=5 6F ;=6=CF>74 =CC 861=6= FT = UF1C2] n76 96Y8 b=91E=5_8 U<F84 D<@89;=C 4:D416984 =6

;1F8895> EF752=1948 =52 EF12418 95 = 895>C4 C4=D E4;FA48 = 8F16 FT 64AD41=A456=C

64ADC=64 TF1 =CC BU=5Y8 <41F48O =8 6<4 7C69A=64 6FFC TF1 C95_95> =CC 6<4 8D=;48 FT = 6FU5G

D& E$9&* FG -9424(/ HIJI#LO 74%& $H @9G4'& HIJMJL



KI

+C14=2@O 95 6<4 b=91E=5_8 AF3948O 6<414 98 6<4 87>>4869F5 6<=6 ;FAA7596@ 98 89ADC@ 6<4

;91;7C=69F5 FT ;<=1=;6418 =AF5> = T4U 846 D94;48O 4=;< 24641A9595> 6<491 1FC48] + D195;9DC4

=6 UF1_ =8 4=1C@ =8 !29$*, . 3'4.' H=_= #.(?* E.224(/O IJIMLG = A=5 _5FU8 <98 C9T4 ;=5 E4

24641A9542 E@ 6<4 2p;F7D=>4 FT AF395> 19><6 H956F 6<4 8<F6 FT = CF395> UFA=5LO C4T6 H956F

6<4 8<F6 FT = 19341E42 TF1 ;F564ADC=69F5LO F1 956F 6<4 E=;_>1F752 HU<414 6<414 =U=968 6<4

AF5=8641@ FT <98 95645242 D1FT4889F5O E76 8FF5 6F E4 U42295> 8964 95 F54 FT BU=5Y8 T9186I#o 24>144 8D=69=Ca1FC4 8<9T68L] +8 95 8F A=5@ C=641 BU=58O 6<4 95969=C D195;9DC4 FT S14=C98AS

95 #)*+&,&&' F1 #.%(&**O 6<=6 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 A786 =887A4 6<4 1FC48 E4T96695> 6<491 CF;=C48O

=52 A=@ 4345 <=34 6F 8U=D 9245696948 =6 4=;< 8;454 ;<=5>4O 61=58A7648 956F = D195;9DC4 FT

T=56=869;=C AF;_a<41F98A E@ 6<4 452G 96Y8 D14;984C@ E@ =887A95> =52 8U=DD95> 1FC48 6<=6 6<4

;<=1=;6418 ;=5 =6 C=86 24641A954 6<491 8;454 95864=2 FT 39;4a3418=] ,6Y8 = 298;F341@ 6<=6 U9CC

C=641 E4 A=24 E@ ?<91C4@ $4ADC4 95 I&>&00. $H -)((:>'$$+ 3.'9 HIJR#L =52 g=54 *7884CC 95

#$(,.(. 1&22& HIJP#QIJNML U96< U95_95> =8871=5;4 6<=6 6<484 >91C8Y D41TF1A=5;48 =14

45F7>< 6F 1486F14 6<491 759341848 6F ;FCC4;6934 ;<F17848 F5 =5 FD45 86=>4] &341@F54

E4;FA48 D=16 FT 6<4 8<FU]

S$<98 F768924a95 8617;6714 =CCFU8 BU=5 =52 b=91E=5_8 6F D=1F2@ >4514 ;F248 U<9C4 =C8F

T7CT9CC95> 6<491 E=89; 54;48896948OS 8=@8 *] &AA466 ?U4454@ =EF76 #)*+&,&&' ]N $<4 ;<=1=;6418

1434C 95 6<491 UF1C2 =8 = >4514 ;F58617;6 =8 A7;< =8 BU=5G #)*+&,&&' 4528 U96< b=91E=5_8

E4;FA95> 6<4 =;69F5 <41F FT <98 214=A8f #.%(&** U96< b=91E=5_8 619;_42 E@ = 6<4=641

61F7D4 956F 6<95_95> <4 98 F54] -,./& -,')0+ 4345 87>>4868 6<4 BU=5ab=91E=5_8 =;69F5 T9CA

=8 = >4514 6F E4 D=1F2942 E@ 6<4 D=C61941 14=C96@ ;14=642 95 968 9A=>4G E=14C@ =EC4 U=C_

7D19><6 =1F752 = 1FFAO cCF19= ?U=58F5 <=6;<48 = DC=5 6F U95 <41 CF34 E@ D41TF1A95> 95 =

EF:95> A=6;< 6<=6 U9CC 1=CC@ 6<4 6FU5 6F>46<41] %41 CF>9;O 8714C@O 98 BU=59=5WF5;4 <4 6FF 98

;FADC9;96 95 <41 D41TF1A=5;4O =8 4341@F54 95 6<4 b=91E=5_8 T9CA8 E4;FA48 ;FADC9;96 95 <9886=>4;1=T6 E@ 6<4 452O 8<4 ;=5 64=1 FTT <41 A=8_ =52 C46 6<4 DFU41 FT <41 D41TF1A=5;4

61=58;452 6<4 8F;9=C E9528 FT DF3416@ =52 8;<C4A94C AF6F1 8_9CC8 6<=6 <=34 ;F5861=9542 <41

TF1 T=1 6FF CF5>] n76 FT ;F7184 <41 A=8_ 298>79848 6<4 UF1C2 T1FA <41 =8 A7;< =8 96 298>79848

<41 T1FA 6<4 UF1C2O =52 8<4 E7AEC48 =1F752 6<4 195>O )<=DC95aC9_4O E1=UC95> =6 6<4 4AD6@

=91] ,5 ;F561=86 6F b=91E=5_Y8 24=6<a24T@95> 4=84O <98 95=E9C96@ 6F T=CC 95 6<4 T=;4 FT =5@

<712C4O <41 <41F9; =664AD68 5F6 6F 6FDDC4 F341 =8 8<4Y8 U=C_95> E4;FA4 2FFA42O

E4=769T7CC@O <414 =52 95 #.(5.(%2&% HIJMPLO E@ <41 FU5 F341E7124542 FD69A98A] /9_4

)<=DC95O <41 D=6<F8 844A8 6F <=34 E445 T=E19;=642 =;1FE=69;=CC@ 95 = 6F6=C >1=;4 FT

>1=;4C4885488] ^=19F5 B=3948O 8617>>C95> 6F D1484134 <41 84CTa9A=>4 =>=9586 = UF1C2 6<=6 <=8

F6<41 1FC48 TF1 <41 6F DC=@O 98 FTT4142 = 89A9C=1 DF9>5=5;@ 95 J&,,4(/ #.': #.''4&% HIJIJLO

E76 6<414Y8 D1FE=EC@ 5F6 A7;< D=1=CC4C TF1 96 =T641 6<4 8F752 41=G 6<4 61=>9; ;FA42@ FT = >91C

248D41=64C@ 61@95> 6F E4 =5@F54 E76 <4184CT >9348 U=@ 6F = 298DF8969F5=C EC=5_5488O 95 6<4

C=86 T9CA8O FT ;<=1=;6418 U<F 8U=D 456914 D418F5=C96948 =6 4341@ ;F867A4a;<=5>4O U<F ;=5

F5C@ =;6 =8 6<4 ;<=1=;641 6<4@Y34 T96642 6<4A84C348 6F DC=@] $<4 E95=1948 FT 14=C96@ =52

T=56=8@ E4;FA4 14DC=;42 E@ E95=1948 FT 8FA46<95> C9_4 T=56=8@ =52 T=56=8@O 6<4 DF896934 =52

54>=6934 8FC769F58 TF1 BU=5Y8 ;<=1=;641 3=19=EC48]



KM

```

n@ 6<4 8F752 41=O 6<4 1FC4 98 5F6 8F A7;< = TF1A FT 84CTa4:D14889F5O =8 95O 8=@O 6<4 89A9C=1C@

D193=64aD7EC9; D41TF1A=5;48 FT )7_F1f U<414 )7_F1 FEC9>=648 <98 =;6F18 6F 43=24 6<4

=;;78=69F58 FT 4=;< F6<41Y8 86=148 E@ ;F9C95> 6FU=128 <98 D78<95>aD7CC95> ;=A41=O 6<4 F5C@

F76C46 956F U<9;< 6<4@ A9><6 =169;7C=64 6<491 T44C95>8O ;<=1=;6418 95 BU=5 CFF_ 8d7=14C@ =6

4=;< F6<41 T1FA 496<41 452 FT 6<4 8;1445] X<414 95 )7_F1 6<4 4AF69F5=C 1434C=69F58 =1484CTa;7C693=642 D193=64C@ 95 148DF584 6F =5 9548;=D=EC4O F7641 8F;9=C UF1C2O 95 BU=5 6<4

1FC48 =14 89ADC@ >4514 AFC28 6F E4 4ADCF@42 TF1 6<491 ;954A=69; =52 8F;9=C T75;69F58] +5@

bF12aC9_4O %FA419; 29=>5F898 FT 6<4 <41FY8 84CTa=E1F>=69F5 95 6@95> <9A84CT 6F 6<4 6=8_8 FT

2FA4869;96@ F1 A@6< =14 4d7=CC@ =E8456 95 BU=5f X=C8<Y8 8C=;_ 298695;69F5 E46U445 SE9>

214=A418S =52 SC966C4 214=A418S F5 = 8C9295> 8;=C4 FT 84CTa24641A9542 C9348 3=598<48 T1FA

BU=5 =T641 6<4 89C456 8F;9=C 4D9;8 FT @.*, -4%&B 8&*, -4%& =52 74%& $H @9G4'& HIJMJLO EF6<

T9CA8 61=;_95> UF1_418 6<1F7>< 6<4 UF1C28 FT 4AD914 6<4@Y34 ;F58617;642 U96< 6<491 E=14

<=528] *FC48 E4;FA4 89ADC@ = 8F;9=C ;71145;@ 6F E4 D=8842 =1F752] $<4 14C=69F58<9D

E46U445 ;<=1=;6418 844A8 6F C94 C488 95 6<491 >=q48 6<=5 95 6<491 >4867148O 6F7;<95> F54

F6<41G 6<4 >4867148 FT =5@EF2@ U<F A9><6 DC=@ 6<98 1FC4] X<=6 98 8F D<@89;=CC@ 9AaA429=64

95 BU=58O 8F 84587=CO 98 =C8F U<=6 A9><6 844A 8F =5F5@AF78]

+8 95 C=64 /=5>O 5FEF2@ 98 U<=6 6<4@ =DD4=1 6F E4 5F1 D14845642 =8 =5@6<95> F6<41 6<=5

6<491 =DD4=1=5;4] n76 75C9_4 /=5>Y8 9;F5F>1=D<9; D418F5=C96948O 4=;< = 84CTaT96642 A=8_O

BU=5Y8 ;<=1=;6418O 4345 95 6<4 A9286 FT 24;496O 844A 6F ;F5;4=C 5F6<95>f 6<4 ;F586=56

;F5;496 6<=6 ($,54(/ 4* 54%%&(O 4341@6<95> 3989EC4O U9CC 1FF6 <98 Po8 ;FA42948 =8 A7;< =8 <98

No8 DFC9;9418 95 456914C@ D7EC9; UF1C28O =2hF9595> 8D=;48 U<414 D193=;@ 98 F5C@ =5 9CC789F5

E4C942 E@ U924 U952FU8 =52 ;F586=56 4=34821FDD95>] ,5 6<491 8<9T6 T1FA 3=72439CC4 8<FUa

=52a64CC 6F 86F542aT=;42 D=1=5F9=W6<4 U=169A4 ;FA42948 8FA4<FU 4:D14889F58 FT EF6<WBU=5Y8 AF3948 F5C@ 8<9T6 T1FA 6<4 E7F@=5;@ FT = UF1C2 ;F5hF9542 <=1AF59F78C@ 95

D41TF1A=5;4O =8 ;<=1=;6418 DC=@ 6<4 1FC48 FT 6<491 214=A8 6<1F7>< K L'&.9 $H M&.(4& HIJNML

=52 -C&&,5&.',* $( <.'.%&O 6F 6<4 UFF2455488 FT = UF1C2 U<414 6<4 D41TF1A=5;4 FT 276@

;F5;49348 FT 5F ;F75641D=16 95 = D193=64 84CT F1 4345 D193=64 T=56=8@] ?7;< D193=;@O 4345 6<4

D193=;@ FT 6<F7><6O 98 5F6 4345 =5 FD69F5 TF1 6<484 86F1@C9548 95 U<9;< 298>79848 =14 614=642

FD45C@ =8 87;<O =52 ;<=1=;6418 =14 75=EC4 6F <924 = 6<95> T1FA 4=;< F6<41O U<46<41 = >=1641

F1 =5 9245696@] ,5 BU=5Y8 ;F5;4D69F5 FT 8F;9=C 6<4=641O = DC=6TF1A TF1 ;<=1=;6418 6F 8U=D

1FC48O 64=;< 4=;< F6<41 1FC48O =52 T95=CC@ D41TF1A 6<4A 6F>46<41O =;6F18 F5C@ E4;FA4 =>4568

FT 6<491 =;6 95 ;F586=56 AF69F5 F341 69A4] $<4 AF3948 21=U 8F ;CF84 6F 21=U95>a1FFA

;FA42@ 95 6<491 4:6415=C9q=69F5 FT 4341@6<95> D8@;<FCF>9;=C 6<=6 6<4@ 14=;< = _952 FT

>1F752 q41F FT AF2415 ;954A=G 4=;< ;<=1=;641 98 5F6<95> AF14 5F1 C488 6<=5 = AF395>

9A=>4]

```

+52 @46 U<=6Y8 U4912486 =EF76 6<4 Po8 ;FA42948 98 6<=6 U<9C4 4=;< =664AD6 FT BU=5Y8 =2a

C9EE95> <41F48 6F 43=24 2464;69F5 E4;FA48 C4>9EC4 95 6<491 F34124641A9542 86=AA418O

2F7EC4 6=_48O =52 341E=C C71;<48O 869CC 5FEF2@ 4C84 F5a8;1445 >9348 A7;< 89>5 FT



KR

D41671E=69F5 6<=6 =5@6<95> 98 =A988] BF5Y6 6<4 UFA45 844 B45598 0YZ44T4Y8 <FD4C488O

4D9C4D69; 4524=3F18 6F ;F561FC <98 6U96;<95> U96< AF14 6U96;<95> 95 T9CA =T641 T9CAO <98 U=@

FT _44D95> <98 84;1468 89C456 =8 ;C=AF1F78C@ =8 DF889EC4\ BF485Y6 =5@F54 14=C9q4 6<=6 6<4

5=1;FC4D69; 86=1 FT ;FCC4>4 TFF6E=CC 64=A 95 I4*& .(% -54(& HIJPILO g=;_ 0=_94O 98 RK @4=18

FC2WF1 6<95_ 6F A4569F5O h786 F5;4O 6<=6 )<=1C94 ^;)=16<@O 6<4 EF@ 2=1C95> FT ;$$+ 85$?*

;.)/54(/ HIJPIL =52 D&'& 8& J$ !/.4( HIJPML U96< )<=1C94 n41>45Y8 <=528 8<F342 7D <98

D=568O 98 = UFF2 D7DD46\

,5864=2O BU=5Y8 ;FA42948 844A 6F 2427;4 ;F534569F58 T1FA = A=59; =>4 FT ?D9_4 gF548O $4:

+341@O =52 D&22N.G$GG4(YO =5 41= FT 861488 87EC9A=642 956F hF@] .19A=1@ =AF5> 6<484

DF867C=648 95 6<98 75934184 FT 24;4D69F5G =5@6<95> 98 14=C 6<=6 ;C=9A8 6F E4 8F]

n76 6<98 BU=59=5 D195;9DC4 ;F7C2 E4 24T9542 =8 = T4U F6<418G

• b9186W8FA4 TF1A FT 21=A=69; 91F5@G 6<4 =72945;4 ;=5 F5C@ 844 D41TF1A=5;4 U<414

;<=1=;6418 958924 6<4 AF394 F5C@ 844 = 14=C96@] $<=6 6<98 14=C96@ FE4@8 6<4 4:9>45;948 FT

21=A=671>9;=C ;F56193=5;48 A9><6 844A 6F 87>>486 =5 7D2=64 FT 45C9><645A456 ;FA42@G

6<4 T9;69F58 FT 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 24641A954 6<4 DCF6 7569C 6<4 AFA456 6<=6 6<491 2489>58 =14

75A=8_42O =52 6<4 $176< 98 =6 CF5> C=86 1434=C42] n76 75C9_4 95O 8=@O ^FC9r14WF1 BU=5Y8

7D8;=C4 ;F75641D=16 95 6<4 Po8O .1486F5 ?671>48W6<4 6176< E4<952 6<4 D41TF1A=5;48 98

4C78934 95 BU=5Y8 ;FA42948O =8 6<4 T9CA8O 148FC764C@ 14T7895> 6F =;_5FUC42>4 6<491 FU5

;F5;4968O 7D<FC2 6<484 95;F5>17F78 D41TF1A=5;48 =8 6<4 F5C@ 14=C96@ FT 6<491 759341848]

,6Y8 =8 6<F7>< 6<4 T9CA8 =145Y6 95 F5 6<491 FU5 hF_48] 01 1=6<41O 6<=6 6<4 hF_4 <=8 8<9T642

T1FA 21=U95> 1FFA ;FA42@Y8 8<=A 298>79848 =52 <=AA@ =169T9;4O =CC 6<4 AF14

D14DF8641F78 TF1 FE4@95> CF>9;=C AF693=69F58 =52 21=A=69; ;F248O 6F 8FA46<95>

A46=>45419;O ;CF841 6F 6<4 s7;_41 E1F6<418 6<=5 ?671>48G 8<=A 298>79848 =52 <=AA@=169T9;4 U<F84 hF_4 98 D14;984C@ 6<491 54=1a954:DC9;=E9C96@O 6<491 341@ 9ADC=789E9C96@ =52

9CCF>9;=C AF693=69F5O 9T 5F6 C=;_ FT AF693=69F5 =C6F>46<41]

bF1 4:=ADC4O U<45 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 617C@ =145Y6 95 F5 6<4 hF_4 FT 6<4 T9CA 95 1'&C*,&'?*

#4224$(* HIJPNL F1 I&(%&NO$)* C4,5 !((4& HIJP"LW496<41 = ;FAA7596@ 98 8@864A=69;=CC@

75=EC4 6F 14=2 6<4 <41FY8 E4<=39F1O F1 6<4 <41F 98 8@864A=69;=CC@ 75=EC4 6F 14=2 6<4

;FAA7596@Y8 FU5W6<4 AF3948 95969=CC@ 844A 6F FD41=64 E@ 6<=6 ;C=889;=C CF>9; FT

;F5;4=CA456O 6<=6 87;;4889F5 FT T9;69F5=C A=8_8 6F =CCFU 6<4 75349C95> FT 14=C96@ =6 6<4 452]

/9_4U984O FG 4( #.>&2?* I$$9 HIJPPL =52 J&,,4(/ J&',4&?* J.',&' HIJPNL U4=34 6<4 AF86

9AE4;9C9; >4867148 T1FA =CAF86 =1E961=1@ 5=11=6934 1=69F5=C48O =8 6<F7>< 6<491 FU5

2FD95488 A786 E4 C4>969A9q42 E@ CF>9; =6 4341@ 864D] + 895>C4O 75241C@95> AF693=69F5 98

=TT9:42 6F 6<4 =1;<964;6F59; D41A76=69F58 FT ;<=1=;6418Y =664AD68 6F <924 =5 FEh4;6O =

8C9DQ>=1641 6<=6 A9><6 8@AEFC9q4 84:7=C <986F1948 =52 DFC@=AF1F78 248914 6F 9AD4=;<95>

4@48f 6<4 T7>=C 8617;6714O T=A9C9=1 6F 8F A=5@ BU=58O 89ADC@ CFFD8 6<4 ;<=1=;6418Y

;FAD4695> d74868 F341 =52 F341 6F <924 6<484 ;F7C2aE4a8@AEFC8 FT 84: 95 =52 T1FA 6<4

T9CA8Y ;<91D9C@ 2FA4869; <F784<FC28] $<4 95=596@ FT 6<4 ;F56456 98 6<4 <=DD@ D1F27;6 FT 6<4

TF1AY8 84d74569=C 19>F1O FEC939F78 6F ;FAAF5 84584G 6<4 =;69F5 TFCCFU8 8FA46<95> C9_4 =



KP

n=;<aC9_4 841948 FT <=1AF59; D1F>14889F58O = n=1Fd74 924=C FT = 895>C4 >486714 9564589T942

6F 6F6=C DF5241F785488 6<1F7>< 14D46969F5O =8 6<4 FEC9>=6F1@ 148FC769F5 98 ;F56957=CC@

24T41142] b95=CC@O CF5> =T641 6<4 T9CA <=8 E4;FA4 968 FU5 ;<=CC45>4 6F _44D >F95>O 6<4

A4=595>WFT 6<4 FEh4;68 6<4A84C348O FT 6<4 ;<=1=;6418Y =;69F58WU9CC <=34 6F E4 ;C=19T942

95 F1241 T95=CC@ 6F E4 14T7642] ,5 D41T4;6 45C9><645A456 TF1AO 6<4 14D148456=69F5 FT D4FDC4

=52 6<95>8 U9CC T95=CC@ E4 8<FU5 6F E4 T=C84 E4TF14 6<4 D148456=69F5 FT $176<]

+52 @46O 341@ T=1 T1FA n=1Fd74O 6<414Y8 C966C4 CF>9; TF1 6<4 T9CA8 6F _44D >F95>O 6F 8;=C4

FE86=;C48 8F FD45C@ ;F5619342] $<4 2459=C FT 8=698T=;69F5 95 6<484 ;FA42948 FT T17861=69F5

E4;FA48 968 FU5 D718796f =EF34 =CCO 6<4 F54 hF_4 FT =CC 6<484 AF3948 98 6<4 A46=>45419; >=>

6<=6 6<4 T9CA 9684CT =8 =5 FEh4;6 14T7848 6F 148FC34 6<4 5=11=6934 641A8 96Y8 486=EC98<42]

,587TT41=EC4 =;68 A786 E4 9587TT41=EC@ 75148FC342] $<4 5F69F5 6<=6 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 ;=5Y6

14=2 4=;< F6<41Y8 4:D14889F58O ;=5Y6 ;F5;4934 FT 4=;< F6<41 E4@F52 6<491 T75;69F58 95

D1424641A9542 5=11=69348O <414 E4;FA48 6<4 ;FA9; D14A984 9684CTG 1'&C*,&' Y8 ;FAA7596@

98 ;F58696769F5=CC@ 95;=D=EC4 FT 4345 =8_95> U<@ n14U8641 98 8<4CC95> F76 6<F78=528 FT

2FCC=18f 248D964 U<FC4 84d745;48 FT =8_4U >C=148O I&(%&NO$)*Y &2294 +CE416 U9CC 54341 E4

=EC4 6F 5F69;4 6<=6 <98 ;FAA7596@ 2F7E68 <98 A=119=>4 7569C 4:DC9;96C@ 6FC2 8FO h786 =8 <98

;FAA7596@ ;=5 54341 4345 878D4;6 <98 955F;45;4 7569C 96 98 T95=CC@ D1F345f 6<4

;FAA7596948 FT I$$9QJ.',&' U9CC =CU=@8 61786 6<=6 B45598 0YZ44T4 98 =;695> 5F1A=CC@ E@

968 86=52=128O U96<F76 84;146 9564569F58O 95 6<4 =E845;4 FT =5@ =169;7C=642 14=8F5 6F

E4C9434 F6<41U984] $<4 hF_4 98 <FU CF5> 6<4 hF_4 98 <4C2] + 895>C4 AFA456 FT 4:DC=5=69F5

;F7C2 452 6<484 T9CA8 =5 <F71 4=1C941O E76 6<=6 4:DC=5=69F5 A786 E4 U96<<4C2 TF1 T=C84

=887AD69F58 6F D1FC9T41=64O 248D964 6<491 C=;_ FT ;F539;69F5 4345 =8 C948] n@ 6<4 69A4 $<4

$176< =119348 95 6<4 452O 96 =DD4=18 =8 = U<44q@ 247: 4: A=;<95= 6<=6 8<F7C2 <=34 ;FA4

8;4548 4=1C941f 24=C6 F5C@ =6 6<4 AFA456 6<=6 6<4 T9CA8 <=34 4:<=78642 6<491 8617;671=C

DF889E9C96948O 96 844A8 C9_4 = >14=641 ;F56193=5;4 6<=5 =5@ FT 6<4 ;<=1=;6418Y T=E19;=69F586<1F7><F76 6<4 T9CA] /9_4 8F A=5@ BU=5 ;<=1=;6418O 6<4 ;1F88a2148895>O AF;_a

8;<96qFD<1459; A=19548 FT !>'$.% 84,5 7C$ P.(+* HIJPPL U4=1 ;F867A48 5F6 8F A7;< 6F

<924O 14DC=;4O F1 1434=C 6<491 S6174S D418F5=C96948O E76 6F ;F75641DF956 6<491 95969=C

9245696948 7569C 6<4 6174 D418F5=C96@WFT A9C96=1@ A45W844A8 C9_4 F5C@ F54 AF14

;F867A4]

?F 6<14=2E=14 =14 6<4 21=A=69; D141F>=69348 FT 6<484 T9CA8 6<=6 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 F5C@

=DD4=1 =8 U9CC42 D41A76=69F58 FT 6<4A84C348] ,5 ;$$+ 85$?* ;.)/54(/O 96Y8 6<4 T9CA 9684CT

6<=6 64868 6<4 C9A968 FT 968 FU5 14=C96@ E@ A46<F29;=CC@ 14;=8695> 6<4 1FC4 FT 6<4 UFF245

D7DD46 =8 87;< U96<95 968 75934184G T9186 8445 F5a86=>4O )<=1C94 ^;)=16<@ 98 D14845642 =8

DC=789EC4 ;F5;496 FT = 3=72439CC4 1F76954 14;F1242 E@ 6<4 T9CAf 8445 =6 =5 =T641aD=16@O <4

E4;FA48 = ;F5;496 FT =5 &2>=1 n41>45 D=16@ 619;_O =8 6<F7>< n41>45 <=8 4564142 6<4

T9CAY8 14=C96@ =8 <9A84CT E76 )<=1C94 98 869CC <98 T9;69F5f 8445 F5 n41>45Y8 C=D U96<95 6<4

21=A=O <4 6=_48 <98 DC=;4 U96<95 6<4 T9CAY8 14=C96@O U<9;< 844A8 6F <=34 5FU E4;FA4 =

2914;6 =2=D6=69F5 FT n41>45Y8 1F76954 U96<F76 6<4 A429=695> 86=>4f 8445 =D=16 T1FA

n41>45 =C6F>46<41O <4 E4;FA48 = ;954A=69; ;F5;496 456914C@ 9114;F5;9C=EC4 U96< 6<4=641O



KN

=8 9T 6<4 T9CA <=8 5F6 89ADC@ =2=D642 n41>45Y8 1F76954 E76 6<4 456914 75934184 95 U<9;< 96

D1464528 6F 6=_4 DC=;4]

• ?4;F52O 6<45W= ;954A= FT D14845;4G 95 6<484 T9CA8 95 U<9;< 4341@ ;<=1=;641 =52 FEh4;6

844A8 6F FD41=64 =8 = T=C84 14D148456=69F5 FT 9684CTO D418F5=C96948 E4;FA4 T75;69F58 FT

6<491 D148456=69F5 =52 =>4568 FT 6<491 U=121FE4] $<4 F5C@ 6176< 98 8967=69F5=Cf 5FEF2@

;=5 6<95_ F1 =;6 F768924 6<491 =DD4=1=5;4 95 6<4 AFA456f C966C4 1FC4 98 =CCF6642 95 BU=5Y8T9CA8 6F A4AF1@O 4392456C@ = D8@;<FCF>9;=C =TT=91 87D41TC7F78 6F 6<4 ;1=T6 FT 9$,4$(

G40,)'&*] n76 95 BU=5Y8 ;FA42948O 96Y8 <98 FU5 ;954A= FT D14845;4 6<=6 844A8 6F E4 6<4

E766 FT 6<4 hF_4 6<=6 6<414 98 5F T76714 F1 D=86 <414O F5C@ 6<4 D148456Y8 14;71195> =>F5948

=52 =;69F58] ,5 6<484 ;FA42948Y T4=6714aC45>6< =2=D6=69F58 FT 895>C4 >=>8O 6<4 ;<=1=;6418Y

C9348 DC=@ C9_4 E1F_45 14;F128 75=EC4 6F AF34 TF1U=12 F1 E=;_ D=86 = 895>C4 AFA456 FT

61=7A=] ,5 = U=@O 96Y8 BU=5Y8 FU5 ;954A=O 95 U<9;< 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 ;=5Y6 6<95_ F768924 FT

6<491 AF34A456 =52 AFA456O U<9;< 98 614=642 =8 = >4514 6F E4 E1F_45 2FU5 6F 968

;F586967456 4C4A4568] $<98 95=E9C96@ 6F 6<95_ F768924 6<4 D148456 E4;FA48 TF752=69F5=C

6F 6<4 5=11=6934 =8 U4CC =8 4:61=54F78 6F 96 =C6F>46<41G 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 =14 A414C@ 6<4

87A FT 6<491 14=;69F58O U<9;< <FU4341 87D41TC7F78 6F 6<491 FEh4;69348O =14 FEC9>=642 E@

6<4 452C488 >=A4 FT ;F75641aDCF@8 =52 aDC=@8 6<4@Y14 ;FAD4CC42 6F 45=;6]

,5 = U=@O I&(%&NO$)* 84,5 !((4& ;F7C2 E4 ;F75642 =8 =5 FEC9d74 3=19=69F5 F5 6<4

.<=56FA /=2@ D1F6F6@D4 6<=6 2FA95=642 8F A=5@ DF86U=1 T9CA8 95 6<4 U=_4 FT I&>&00.

HIJPoL =52 ;.)'. HIJPPLG T9CA8O E@ n1=<AO )7_F1O /=5>O /4U98O ^=55O ^9554CC9O 0D<7C8O

?9F2A=_O 'CA41O =52 8F F5O 95 U<9;< =5 =E8456 C=2@O FT645 D148456 F5C@ =8 = A=59=;=C

<78E=52Y8 D=95695>O 844A8 6F ;F524A5 = AF2486 @F75> A=92 6F 1445=;6 <41 1FC4 =8 =

D=C4 9A96=69F5 7569C 6<4 61=7A= 98 14DC=@42O 6<4 A=59=;8 ;F524A542 =52 6<4 955F;4568

T1442 T1FA 6<491 D=16] ,5 BU=5Y8 ;FA42@O = h=756@O 8A=CC 6FU5 ;F7DC4 98 ;F524A542 E@=5F6<41 _952 FT D<=56FA D=86 ;F5;F;642 E@ 6<4 <78E=52G F54 95 U<9;< <4 2925Y6 248416

6<4 =1A@O F54 59><6 95 6<4 A92aPo8O TF1 434595> U96< <98 U9T4 6<=6 ;F7C2 <4CD 4:DC=95 6<4

EF75;95> E752C4 FT hF@ J AF56<8 C=641] +8 95 8FA4 FT 6<4 D<=56FA C=2@ AF3948WF1

;416=95 ?;<596qC41 5F34CC=8W6<4 84;F52 <=CT FT 6<4 T9CA 61=;_8 6<4 D1F6=>F5986Y8 T=9C42

=664AD68 6F 75;F341 6<4 6176< <4 ;F34142 7D 8F D41T4;6C@ 95 6<4 T9186f =8 95 AF86 FT 6<4AO

<98 FU5 ;416=956@ =EF76 14=C96@ =DD4=18 =8 = 24C789F5 6F = 54U 14=C96@ 6<=6 98 24C789F5=C

9684CT] $<414 98 5F 87;< D=86O <4 98 U=1542G C9T4 <=8 ;F5695742 F5 4:=;6C@ =8 96 U=8O =52

4:=;6C@ =8 <4 UF7C2 <=34 <FD42] +8 95 6<4 b14729=5 .<=56FA /=2@ T9CA8O = AFA456 FT

61=7A= A786 E4 1487114;642O 14C9342W14;=CC42 6F E4 14;=CC42] $<4 ;FA42@ 98 F5C@ 6<=6 96

98 5F6 A71241 F1 6<4 U=1 6<=6 8A=CCa6FU5 >4569C96@ 14D148848O E76W=8 95 BU=5Y8 F6<41

;FA42948W6<4 8=A4 =;6 FT 84: 6<=6 T74C8 968 14C=69F58] +52 6<4 29TT4145;4 98 6<=6 6<4

<78E=52Y8 A4AF1@ 98 5F6 FT 6<4 AF86 61=7A=69; AFA456 FT <98 C9T4G 95864=2O 95 BU=5O

6<98 =AF1F78 95641C724 98 D14845642 =8 6<4 CF34C9486] BFFA42 6F 14;F341 = D=86 95 =

D148456 6<=6 <=8 C966C4 84584 FT 96O &2294 +CE416 T9528 <9A84CT 95 84=1;< FT 6<4 8=A4

14D194348 27195> 6<4 U=1 =8 =T641G 84: U96< <98 U9T4O =52 95 E194T D=7848 95 = EFAE

8<4C641 U<9C4 /F52F5 98 8<4CC42 F341<4=2O = 8C9;4 FT ;<F;FC=64 ;=_4 6<=6 U9CC D1F34 6<4

<=DD@ 45295>]



K"

• $<912WX<9;< 98 5F6 6F 8=@ 6<=6 6<414 98 5F 69A4 T1=A4 95 6<484 T9CA8O =8 D=6<8 =14

61=;_42 F341 69A4 95 ;CF842 846O E76 6<=6 4=;< =;69F5 A786 E4 A4=87142 =>=9586

;F5;711456 =;69F58 U96<95 6<98 8D=;4G = D195;9DC4 FT 89A7C6=5496@Q8@5;<1F59;96@] $<4

=;69F5 FT #.>&2 =52 J&',4& 98 F5C@ 6<4 8617;671=C 4:64589F5 FT 6UF 21=A=69; D195;9DC48]

b9186O 5=11=693=CG 6<4 =;69F5 A786 E4 149641=642 95 48;=C=695> 4AE4CC98<A4568 H6<4 ;CF841

6<4 0Eh4;6 >468 6F 6<4 <=DC488 <41FO 6<4 >14=641 <98 T17861=69F5O =8 U4CC =8 6<4 =72945;4Y8OA786 >1FUL] ?4;F52O 8D=69=CG 4=;< ;<=1=;641Y8 d74868 6F ;F5;4=C =52 1434=C 6<4A84C348

=52 6<4 0Eh4;6 =14 5F6<95> AF14 6<=5 = ;FF1295=642 A=DD95> FT 4=;< F6<41Y8 ;F586=56

61=h4;6F1948] &=;< AF34A456 6<1F7>< 6<4 <F784 E4;FA48 = .=;a^=5aC9_4 4524=3F1

TF1U=12O E=;_O =52 8924 6F 8924O 95 ;CF8468 =52 75241 E428O 6F ;F55934 =52 8924864D

9564184;69F58] .41 B=594C Z=8A=5O" 6<4 ;<=1=;6418O 4345 D8@;<FCF>9;=CC@O C934 F5C@ =8

;1988a;1F8895> 34;6F18f 6<4 T9186a<=CT 1F752a1FEE958 FT 12.0+ -5&&G HIJRML =52 3'$(,4&'

#.'*5.2 HIJRJLO 95 U<9;< 6<4 =;69F5 98 14C=@42 T1FA F54 ;<=1=;641 6F 6<4 54:6 =;1F88

;F569>7F78 8D=;48 =52 =5 F864589EC4 14=Ca69A4W= TF1A=C 861=6=>4A 6F ;F53454 =CC 8F;9=C

;C=8848 6F>46<41O 24AF;1=69;=CC@O F5a8;1445W=14 <414 671542 956F T4=6714aC45>6<

;F5;4968] $<4 T9CA8 844A C9_4 8FA4 8F16 FT =DF6<4F898 FT c19TT96<Y8 D1FA984 95 7')& D&.',

-)*4& HIJIJL FT =5 =1;<964;671=C ;954A= FT 24C9A9642 69A48 =52 8D=;48G T9CA8 =8 DC=;48O

8D=69=C 8@864A8 95 U<9;< 6<4 394U41 U9CC _5FU 4:=;6C@ U<414 =CC 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 =14 95

14C=69F5 6F F54 =5F6<41O U<=6 6<4@Y14 2F95>O <FU T=86 6<4@Y14 AF395> =52 95 U<=6

2914;69F5O A414C@ E@ U=6;<95> F54 ;<=1=;641 95 F54 1FFA U96<95 6<4 T9CAY8 ;=1295=C

;FF1295=648] $<4 T9CAY8 8FC4 6=8_ E4;FA48 87;< 8@5;<1F59q42 ;FF1295=69F5WF1

248@5;<1F59q=69F5 95 6<4 ;=84 FT 75& J$'422. HIJRJLO 95 U<9;< 9ADF889EC4 8D=69=C

A=5473418 H872245 298=DD4=1=5;48 =52 89A7C6=54F78 =DD4=1=5;48 95 A7C69DC4

CF;=69F58L E4;FA4 6<4 A4=6 FT 6<4 ;FA42@O U96< 6<4 hF_4O F5;4 =>=95 95 BU=5O 6<=6

U96<95 = >1F75242O &7;C924=5 >4FA461@O 5F6<95> <414 98 T4=89EC4] BU=5Y8 >4FA4619;D195;9DC48 =E861=;6 4341@F54 6F d7=C96948 =52 6@D48G =52 @46O 5F d7=C96@ 5F1 6@D4 844A8

AF14 =E8712 6<=5 = D45;<=56 TF1 =;695> E@ A=6<4A=69;=C D195;9DC48]

• bF716<W01 1=6<41 E@ 6<4 .195;9DC4 FT 6<4 .C=;4<FC241] $<4 T75;69F5 FT =5 =;6F1 6F

=887A4 = 1FC4 954396=EC@ E4;FA48 6<4 87Eh4;6 FT 8F A=5@ BU=5 T9CA8 95 U<9;<

;<=1=;6418 =14 24T9542 E@ 6<4 D=168 6<4@ A786 DC=@ =6 = >9345 AFA456O =8 9T 6<4@ A414C@

<=2 6F 2F5 = A=8_ 6F E4 E4C94342 =8 U<=64341 D=16 6<4@ DC=@] )<F9;4O T144 U9CCO DC=@8

C966C4 D=16G 84CTa24641A95=69F5 UF7C2 D1487A4 = 84CT 6<=6 844A8 6F 2U952C4 D1F>1488934C@

F76 FT BU=5Y8 T9CA8O =52 4345 6<4 d74868 6<=6 D1FAD6 6<4 =;69F5 FT E.,,2& Q)&&( $H

#$(,.(. HIJNPLO <.**4$( HIJNPL F1 75& I&*,2&** 1'&&% HIJNKL =14 614=642 =8 6<F7>< 6<4

FEh4;6934 U414 =C14=2@ = TF14>F54 ;F5;4889F5 FT 6<4 >4514O 8F 6<=6 6<4 T9CA8 A9><6 C95>41

95 968 8<9T695> 8D=;48 =52 =CC4>9=5;48O 4=;< >4541=695> 5=11=69348 FT 968 FU5] ,5 FG 4(

#.>&2R* I$$9 =52 J&,,4(/ J&',4&R* J.',&' O BU=5e8 ;954A= 14=;<48 = _952 FT E14=_95>

DF956G 6<4 CF5>a8F7><6a=T641 8C9D =52 >=1641 D1F3F_95> =CC 4AF69F5=C A=;<95=69F58

E46U445 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 =14 5F6 A414C@ 6<4 C@5;<D95 FT 6<4 DCF68 E76 95;92456=C 6F 96f 6<4

hF_4 FT EF6< T9CA8 98 6<=6 6<484 FEh4;68O A4=595>T7C F5C@ =8 6<4@Y14 ;F5861742 =52

A98;F5861742 E@ 6<4 ;<=1=;6418e D1Fh4;642 6F1A4568 =52 2489148O =14 95;F584d74569=C



KK

4:;4D6 =8 = 8;1445U19641e8 2439;4] bF1 6<4 E7C_ FT EF6< T9CA8O U4912C@O 6<4 FEC9>=6F1@

;FA42@ FT 411F18 98 54=1C@ 48;<4U42G 5FEF2@ 14=CC@ 844A8 6F A98;F586174 6<4

89>59T9;=5;4 FT 6<4 FEh4;68 7569C 8FA4 DF956 54=1 6<4 452O 6<F7>< 6<4 D1F6=>F59868 F1E96

4=;< F6<41 H&.'4(/ 87;< DF889EC4 A9895641D146=69F58 H=8 95 *485=98Y 8617;671=CC@ 89A9C=1

;FA42948 @4=18 C=641L]

/9_4U984 6<4 >91C 95 7C$ P.(+* 54341 844A8 6F E4C9434 6<4 A=19548 =14 6<4 A7C69DC4D418F5=C96948 U<FA 6<4@Y34 A98;F5;49342 6<4A84C348 6F E4G C9_4 B=55@ 95 -.42$'?* ;.%:

HIJPoLO 6<4@ 844A 6F E4 D=1=5F9=; <=A8 ;F71695> 411F54F78 14=295>8O 248D41=64 6F

F76U96 6<491 14D76=69F5 =8 AF1F58 E@ =DD4=195> 4345 AF14 >C44T7CC@O 24;4D6934C@ 27AE]

+52 @46O U<45 6<4 -=5_8 ;1F88a21488O 6<4 DFC9;4 >F ;<=895> =T641 6UF E1F=28O =8 9T

=DD4=1=5;48 ;=5 E4 6178642] g786 =8 4341@F54 E4C94348 6<4 UFF245 D7DD46Y8 = EF@

E4;=784 <4 ;C=9A8 <4 98O 6<4 A=19548 =14 UFA45 E4;=784 6<4@ ;C=9A 6<4@ =14] +C6<F7><

5496<41 ?=CC@ 95 -.42$'?* ;.%: 5F1 gF@;4 95 7C$ P.(+* 844A 8F 867D92 6F E4C9434 = UF12

6<491 CF34 956414868 8=@O 6<4 ;F248 FT U9CCT7C E4C94T =52 U9CCT7C 298E4C94T =14 E=89;=CC@ 6<4

8=A4] $<4 ;<=1=;641 98 A414C@ T9CC41 TF1 6<4 1FC4O =52 8F 6<4 98874 985Y6 FT E4C94T =6 =CCO E76

FT >C=2a<=5242C@ FE6=9595> 6<4 =72945;4Y8 ;FADC9;96@ 6F D41TF1A 6<98 1FC4 U<F84 3=C9296@

UF7C2 D1487A4 = 244D41 6176< =EF76 6<4 ;<=1=;641 6<=6 985Y6 6<414]

$<4 .C=;4<FC241 .195;9DC4 A4=58 = 614=6A456 FT >4514 =8 = 841948 FT 3=19=EC48 75241

4:=A95=69F5O 6<4 E46641 6F >1=8D 6<4 TF1Af 8F BU=5 D=169;7C=1C@ 14C98<48 D76695> 6<4

AF86 9CCa879642 87;_418 956F 6<4 1FC4 FT %41F9; i4884C U96< 6<4 hF_4 6<=6 95 6<4 UF1C2 FT

>4514O 5FEF2@ 844A8 6F 5F69;4 6<4 F3416=:42 D=5=;<4 U96< U<9;< 6<4 <41F 45=;68 <98

D=16] $<4 D19A=1@ ;FA9; ;F5;496 FT 75& 75'&& #)*+&,&&'* HIJRJL 98 89ADC@ 6<=6 6<4 *96q

n1F6<418 UF7C2 DC=@ 6<4 E1=@95> 696C4 ;<=1=;6418O UF7C2 4:D1488 6<4A84C348 6<1F7>< =

8<69;_ FT 298645242 C4>8 =52 ;F9C42 C9D8O 95 =5 F6<41U984 1FE786O 1FA=569; 8U=8<E7;_C41FEC939F78 6F 6<4 T=;6 6<=6 6<484 6<144 6=3415 EF@8 =145Y6 6<4 A78_464418 6<4@ ;C=9A 6F E4]

$<4 hF_4 6<=6 =8 5=11=6934 A=1_418O 6<4@Y14 5F6<95> AF14 6<=5 6<4 1FC48 6<4@ DC=@O

UF1_8 2F7EC@WEF6< U96<95 6<4 AF394Y8 75934184O 6<=6 6<4 n1F6<418 UF7C2 E4 A986=_45

TF1 A78_464418 =8 6<4@ 2F5 6<4 298>79848O =8 U4CC =8 8FA4 A46=ahF_4 6<=6 6<484 g4U98<

i=72439CC9=58 844A 6F <=34 248;45242 956F = AF394 75934184 U96<F76 = ;C74 FT 6<4 T9CA9;

F1 8F;9=C ;F248 6F TFCCFU] /9_4 )<=1C94 ^;)=16<@Y8 D7DD46 =52 g=;_ 0=_94Y8 ;FCC4>9=64

TFF6E=CC41WF1O A=@E4 E46641O )4C954 =52 g7C94O =52 )<9;_45anFF @4=18 C=641W6<4@Y14

U=1AC@ U4C;FA42 956F 6<4 AF394 A=;<954 =8 DC=;4<FC2418 FT = D=16 6<=6 A786 E4

DC=@42] $<4 DCF6 DF956 98 C9641=C9q42 95 I&>&00. $H -)((:>'$$+ 3.'9 HIJR#LO 95 U<9;<

?<91C4@ $4ADC4 A786 ;C9AE F76 6<4 8A=CC 6FU5 UF1C2 FT F54 <F784 =52 956F <41

549><EF1Y8 <FA4O U<414 = 1=29F 86729F 9ADF1642 T1FA (4U -F1_ =U=968 95 6<4 24=2 FT

59><6 TF1 <41 6F 45=;6 968 8<FU]

?F BU=5Y8 ;<=1=;6418O >195595> _5FU95>C@O 9527C>4 6<4 ;F56F169F58 FT 6<4 DCF6 =8 9T 6<4@

U414 EF6< 45=;695> = 8D4;6=;C4 FT 5F584584 4345 U<9C4 U=6;<95> 96 E4 D41TF1A42 H=8

6<4@ 2F 95 6<4 FD45 3=72439CC4 14374 FT !'$)(% ,5& 8$'2% HIJPRLL] ,ADC=789E9C96@ =>=95

E4;FA48 968 FU5 95;456934] $<4 E=89; hF@ FT 1FC4aDC=@95> = >4514 AF394O 6<4 8442 TF1



K#

BU=5Y8 C=64O =E8712986 X4864158O 844A8 6<4 6457F78 1=69F5=C4 TF1 7'.42 $H S4/42.(,&*

HIJPoLO = 8F16 FT 4:64589F5 FT 6<4 #$%&'( #)*+&,&&' D=1F2@ 6F T4=6714 TF1AG =A9286 =

61=TT9; h=A FT ^=95 ?61446 >75T9><68 95 = 6FU5 U<414 39>9C=5648 298>7984 6<4A84C348 =8

6<4 C=U =52 6<4 C=U =8 39>9C=5648O E1=95@ &=86 Hb1=5;<F6 $FA4L =52 E71C@ X486

Hn1F2419;_ )1=UTF12L U9CC A446O 4=;< 8FF5 6F =887A4 6<4 6=8_8 FT 6<4 F6<41] +8 = D=1F2@

FT =;6F18 6<4A84C348O 6<4 FEC9>=6F1@ 8924_9;_ TF1 6<484 6UF 8@54;2F;<48 FT 6<4 5=69F5O

^98;<= +741O DC=@8 = 54U 46<59;96@ 4341@ 8;454]

```

,5 = U=@O 8F A7;< FT BU=5Y8 89C456 ;FA42@ FD41=648 =;;F1295> 6F = _952 FT 924F>1=AA=69;

.C=;4<FC241 .195;9DC4O =8 (F=< $49;<541 87>>4868GK 9A=>48 54=6C@ 6=_4 6<4 DC=;4 FT UF128O

=8 9T 6<4 14=C96@ FT 6<4 T9CA U414 C966C4 AF14 6<=5 = 3987=C ;F24 FT =1;<46@D9;=C ;F5;4D68] $<=6

98O U96<95 6<4 T144 4:;<=5>4 E46U445 9A=>4 =52 UF12 FT 248;19D69F58O 24D9;69F58O 29=CF>74O

=52 6<F7><68O UF12 =52 9A=>4 ;=5 4=;< 84134 =8 6<4 F6<41Y8 DC=;4<FC241 95 = 8F16 FT

5=11=693=C 8<FUa=52a64CC] $<4 9A=>48 ;=5 4345 E4;FA4 8FA46<95> C9_4 8@56=;69;=C

4:64589F58 H=8 95 Z4=6F5L FT 6<4 95641696C48Y D<1=895>f D148=>95> 7'.42 O #.(5.,,.( #.%(&**

HIJI"L 98 6<4 ;C4=1486 4:=ADC4W

W=52 J&,,4(/ #.': #.''4&% HIJIJL D41<=D8 6<4 AF86 24:641F78W



KJ

WFT 6<98 5F69F5 6<=6 =CC C434C8 FT 298;718934 9A=>41@ =52 C=5>7=>4 ;=5 E4 95641UF345O =8 9T

4=;< U414 F5C@ = 3=19=EC4 D<1=895> FT 6<4 F6<41] 01 1=6<41O =5 9CC7861=69F5O =8 9T 6<4 9A=>4

U414 F5C@ 6<4 A=6<4A=69;=C D1FFT FT = ;FA9; D14A984] $<4 hF_4 95 EF6< #.(5.,,.( #.%(&**

=52 J&,,4(/ #.': #.''4&% 98 h786 <FU C4>9EC4 14=C96@ 98 95 ;F5T91A95> 341E=C DF867C=648 =52

;F5TF1A95> 6F C95>79869; ;F248]

?F D=16 FT 6<4 ;FA42@O 6<45O 98 6<=6 6<95>8 ;F7C2 4341 E4 6@D9T942 8F ;FAD14<4589EC@ =8 6<4@

UF7C2 E4 95 c19TT96<] +5 95641696C4 95 75& D.>4,* $H D.GG4(&** HIJI"LO =8 b=91E=5_8 14;F5;9C48

6UF T9><6418O 5F6 F5C@ D=1F2948 c19TT96<Y8 DFADF78 5F648 FT =;;71=;@O E76 4345 6<4 5F69F5 FT

87;< 3=C748G



#o

,T F54 98 617C@ 6F 3=C74 E4C943=E9C96@O 75TF1675=64C@O 6<4 U196645 UF12 ;=55F6 87E8696764 TF1

6<4 14=C96@ FT 6<4 9A=>4 =6 =CCW8=@8 6<4 95641696C4 ;F5;4295> 968 FU5 F56FCF>9;=C T=9C714 6F 2F

968 hFE FT A=6;<95> b=91E=5_8Y ;<=1A] (496<41 UF12 5F1 ;<=1=;641 U9CC 87E8696764 TF1 E495>

6<414 U96< 6<4 >7@ <9A84CTO =52 14=CC@O 96Y8 F5C@ = 2914;6F1 =8 TF1A7C=9; =8 c19TT96<O U96< <98

D1F6F6@D9; 86F;_ FT 2FU=>41 85FFD8 861F_95> 6<491 4@4D94;48O U<F UF7C2 4341 6<95_ 6<=6

;<=1=;6418 ;F7C2 E4 A414 DC=;4<FC2418 TF1 6<4 95641696C48O AF14 3=19=EC48 6F E4 T9CC42 95] n76

6<=6 2914;6F1O FT ;F7184O 98 BU=5O <=DD@ 6F UF1_ 95WF1 1=6<41O UF1_ F76Wc19TT96<Y8=C>F196<A8W

W6<=6 ;=5 F5C@ E4 614=642 =8 87;< 95 D=1F2@]

+52 @46 BU=5Y8 64;<59d74 98 4:=;6C@ 6<4 8F16 FT n495>aX96< 6<4 =;6F18 6<=6 D.>4,* 48;<4U8

=8 9ADF889EC4 U96<95 968 ;F248] + d74869F5 =19848 FT <FU 6<4 T9CAA=_41 U<F 5F6 F5C@

8@864A=69;=CC@ 8CF68 =;6F18 956F =1;<46@D9;=C 1FC48 E76 U<F A=_48 87;< TF1A7C=9; ;<=1=248

6<4 DCF6 2439;48 FT 8F A=5@ FT <98 AF3948W=8 9T U9CCT7CC@ FEC939F78 6F =5@ 14=C96@ E76 6<=6 FT

6<4 8;19D6W98 =C8F 6<4 T9CAA=_41 U<F 2489>58 456914 T9CA8 8F =66456934C@ =1F752 6<4

64AD41=A456 =52 E79C2 FT <98 86=18O T1FA b=91E=5_8 =52 ?U=58F5 6F ?<91C4@ $4ADC4 =52

gF<5 .=@54O =CC FT U<FA 844A 6F E4 DC=@95> 5FEF2@ E76 6<4A84C348] n76 6<4 A@8641@Y8 968

FU5 8FC769F5] $<4 .C=;4<FC241 .195;9DC4 D1F39248 968 FU5 752F95>G =;6F18 =14 DC=;42 95 8F

A=5@ 298D=1=64 AF248 FT 21488a7D 6<=6 6<4@ ;FA4 6F 844A C9_4 5F6<95> AF14 6<=5 AF24C8O89ADC@ 6<4 D4FDC4 6<4A84C348Wb=91E=5_8O ?U=58F5O $4ADC4O .=@54W=8 EF2948 95 =;69F5

=52 298>7984] +;695> 6<4 D=16 98 = A=6641 FT A=54734195> 956F 6<4 DF8969F5f 6<4 456914 924= FT

;<=1=;641 98 F54 FT FD41=69F5] $<4 AF394 844A8 6F <=34 C966C4 95641486 95 1434=C95> F1

298>79895> 6<4A =8 =5@6<95> F6<41 6<=5 D41TF1A418G 6<414 98 5F AF14 = 5F69F5 FT 8FA4

244D41O D8@;<FCF>9;=C S6176<S =EF76 6<491 ;<=1=;6418 6<=5 6<414 98 =;;4D6=5;4 FT 6<491

D14645848 4:;4D6 =8 87;<] +8 95 $F715471WF1 BU=5Y8 ;F564ADF1=1@ <4918O C9_4 .421F

)F86=W6<98 n495>aX96< 46<F8 A4=58 6<=6 AF394Y8 14C=69F58<9D 6F 968 =;6F18 98 89ADC@ F54 FT

;F4:98645;4f =8 9TO F5 = D7EC9; 86=>4 U<414 6<4 F5C@ 6176< 98 D148456=69F5=CO 6<4 ;CF8486 U=@



#I

TF1 6<4 U<FCC@aT75;69F5=C AF394 6F >46 6F 968 U<FCC@aT75;69F5=C D41TF1A418 U414 6<1F7>< =

D=69456O 45>9544142 2986=5;4 6<=6 D1484568 6<4A =6 Jo 24>144 3=19=69F58O T1F56=CC@O

E=;_U=128O =52 8924aE@a8924]

BU=5Y8 84584 FT 9569A=;@ =8 = T75;69F5 FT 148413425488O = U=@ FT >9395> ;<=1=;6418 8D=;4 6F

D41TF1A 6<491 C9348 TF1 6<4 ;=A41=O A4=58 =;;FAD=5@95> 6<4A 864D E@ 864D =8 6<4@ 45=;6

6<4 1FC4O FT645 T1FA E4<952f 6<4 D41TF1A=5;4 64528 6F E4 A414C@ = 2914;6934 FT 6<491 21488]+>=95O =8 Z=8A=5 8=@8O 6<4@ =14 34;6F18G AF69348 95 AF69F5] '5C9_4 AF86 <98 D4418O BU=5

54341 86FD8 AF395> <98 ;=A41= 6<1F7>< 6<4 No8O 6<F7>< 6<4 614=87142 895>C4 6=_4 FT gF<5

.=@54 F5 6<4 175 6<1F7>< 6<4 6FU5a846 FT -42O&' ;$%& 98 F5C@ F54 3=19=69F5 F5 <98 E4CF342

61=;_95> 8<F6O = 2439;4 BU=5 87DDF842C@ 95345642 95 L.O4% D.')9 HIJINLO 14T9542 95 6<4

2F7EC4a=:98 61=;_ FT 6<4 ;=A41= 95 K(,$2&'.(0& HIJI"LO =52 UF7C2 24DCF@ 14>7C=1C@ 95 C947 FT

U924 8<F68 6F 486=EC98< =52 D75;67=64 8;4548 E@ 6=_95> 6<4 394U41 95 =52 F76 FT 6<4AG M$:

J4'2 Y8 HIJMKL FD4595> 61=;_ 6<1F7>< ;<=918 FT .=CA n4=;< 2=@ 619DD418O -)''&(%&' Y8 HIJNoL

4561@ 956F = 1=5;< <F784 6<1F7>< = U952FU =52 D=86 = >796=1986 D1F39295> C934

=;;FAD=59A456O F1 6<4 6<144aF1aTF71 A95764 2FCC@ T1FA 3'$N&( M)*,40& HIJMJLO 95 U<9;< 6<4

;=A41=O C=641=CC@ 87134@95> =5 456914 =1;69; 6FU5O F5C@ D=7848 6F ;=6;< 2=5;48O 1FA=5;48O

=52 E1=UC8 958924 4341@ U952FU] BU=5 F5 6<4 87DDF842 8F752 34189F5 GS+ >91C UF7C2 E4

895>95> 95 F54 8=CFF5 =52 @F7Y2 <4=1 = DF169F5 FT <41 8F5> =52 D7CC =U=@ =52 8<4Y2

>1=27=CC@ 294 FTT =8 U4Y2 >F 956F =5F6<41 F54 U<414 = 2=5;4 U=8 >F95> F5 6F >796=18 =52 8F

F5 6<1F7>< TF71 F1 T934 FT 6<4A E4TF14 , 86FDD42 =6 = AF14 14AF64 8DF6 6F D9;_ 7D 8FA4

29=CF>74]S# ^F14 FT645 6<4 61=;_8 AF34 95 8@5; U96< 6<4 D41TF1A418G = A=5O ;CFEE4142 95

6<4 <4=2 E@ = E19;_O 867AEC95> 6<1F7>< = 24=2 452 F341175 E@ E1=UC95> 61=AD8 95 @.*, -4%&B

8&*, -4%&f 968 1434184O 6UF A45 ;<=6695> =8 6<4@ H=52 6<4 ;=A41=L D1F;442 864=29C@ 6<1F7><

;<=1>95> ;=66C4A45 =52 ;<=19F68 8<FF695> T1FA C4T6 =52 19><6O 0C2 X486 61=TT9; =6 6<4 86=16 FT

7'.42 $H S4/42.(,&*f )C=914 $143F1Y8 Roa84;F52 8=75641 6<1F7>< = %=1C4A 861446 FT A9CC95>A45 =52 UFA45 =8 6<4 8F752 8<9T68 6<1F7>< ;F53418=69F58 =52 E=E948Y ;1948 95 =(& #42&

H'$9 D&.O&( HIJRKLf %4C45 ^=;_ ;<=895> 6<4 ;=A41= 956F <41 2FF1U=@ =52 8C=AA95> 6<4

2FF1 F5 <41 D7187=56 95 8542& <.'4* -2&&G* HIJRMLf c1=56 ^96;<4CCY8 ;1=E@a2FCC@95> A=1;<

6<1F7>< = 6FU5 FT T194528 <4 <=85Y6 8445 95 I# @4=18O =8 TC7;67=695> 8F752 A=1_8 <98 14C=6934

2986=5;4 6F 6<4 ;=A41= 95 #.( ,$ #.( HIJRoLf g=54 *7884CC 86=C_95> 6<4 ;=A41= 2FU5 95

#$(,.(. 1&22&Y8 8F5>a=52a2=5;4 84d745;4f !>'$.% C4,5 7C$ P.(+*? 2=5;4 ;91;C4] +CC FT 6<4

;F14 BU=59=5 D195;9DC48W6<4 I#o° TF1U=12aE=;_U=12 D148456=69F5f 6<4 C95_42 8D=;48 =52

EF752=1@a;1F8895>f 6<4 29869CC=69F5 FT ;<=1=;6418 6F >4867148 =52 AF69F58 87>>48642 E@ 6<4

8D=;4W=14 D148456H42L 95 6<484 8<F68O =52 5F BU=5 T9CA 98 ;FADC464 U96<F76 ,5& *,'$22 O =

84d745;4 FT =CAF86 =CC <98 8F752 =52 C=64 89C456 T9CA8O 95 U<9;< 6UF ;<=1=;6418O AF395>

=9AC488C@O 6<F7>< =9AC488C@ =6 = 846 8D442 =52 2914;69F5O =14 T95=CC@ 14;F5;9C42] BU=5Y8

89>5=6714 >486714 FT ;FAD=59F58<9DO =8 9T <98 ;=A41= U414 F5C@ F54 AF14 D=16541

=;;FAD=5@95> 6<4 =;69F5O 614=68 6<98 14;F5;9C4A456 =EF34 =CC =8 A=6641 FT 8@5;<1F59q42

AF34A456O 864DaE@a864DG U<=64341 6<491 D418F5=C96948O 6<4@ =14 759642 E@ 6<491 AF69F5 =52

24T9542O TF1 6<4 AFA456O E@ C966C4 4C84] ,5 J&,,4(/ J&',4&?* J.',&' O 6<4 61=h4;6F1@ FT 6<4

;<=1=;6418 =14 D14;9D96=642 =6 DF9568 E@ 6<=6 FT 6<4 E=;_a=52aTF16< ;=A41= =8 96 ;F5695748



#M

F54 ;<=1=;641Y8 C954 FT AF34A456O 4345 =T641 6<4 ;<=1=;641 <=8 C4T6 6<4 8;1445O 6F = DF956

U<414 = 84;F52 456418 =52 1461=;_8 6<4 D=6< FT 6<4 T9186]

.F8969F58Q298DF8969F58G h786 =8 4=;< 1FC4 98 = 3=19=EC4 6F E4 T9CC42 95 E@ 6<4 3=1@95>

64AD41=A4568 FT 29TT41456 =;6F18O ;<=1=;6418 U96<95 6<4 T9CA8 8U=D DC=;48O 6<4 E46641 6F 844

6<491 A=8_8 =8 87;<O 7569C 4=;< ;=5 87E8696764 95 TF1 6<4 F6<41Y8 5=11=6934 T75;69F5] +8 95

BU=5Y8 4=1C9486 4:6=56 T9CA8O DCF6 E4;FA48 = _952 FT ^;c7@341e8 >7924 6F 6<4 95T95964 1FC486<=6 D4FDC4O DC=;48O =52 FEh4;68 A9><6 DC=@ U96<95 = C9A9642 8@864A] n76 F5C@ 6UF 1FC48 5442

E4 95;=15=642 6F 87>>486 =5 95T9596@ AF14O =8 95 n7t74CW=5F6<41 U1@C@ 29845>=>42O

.C=;4<FC241 T9CAA=_41 TFCCFU95> D14DF8641F78 8;<4A=8 6F 6<491 CF>9;=C 452] +52 =5F6<41

T9CAA=_41 U<F A=_48 =5 456914 =16 F76 FT 8CF6695> 9CCa879642 =;6F18 956F >45419; ;<=1=;641

1FC48O F1 8CF6695> 9CCa879642 ;<=1=;6418 956F >45419; 5=11=6934 8967=69F58O 6<4 E46641 6F 844

<FU 6<4 AF3948 6<4A84C348 UF1_ C9_4 A959=6714 8F;9=C A4;<=598A8 =889>595> 4341@F54 =

DC=;4 U96<95 = 86F1@W

g=54 *7884CC U96< = E=C295>O E4CC@95> c4F1>4 n1456 95 #$(,.(. 1&22&

?F T1FA ! #$%&'( #)*+&,&&' 6F 968 AF14 ;F=184542 14A=_4O 75& I4O&'?* @%/& HIJNKLO

BU=5Y8 54=6 ;<=1695> FT 14C=69F58 F5C@ FTT418 6<4 A=1_418 6F 844 <FU 6<4 ;<=1=;6418

A46<F29;=CC@ 14a;<=16 6<484 14C=69F58<9D8 6<4A84C348O 7569C =CC =CC4>9=5;48O <FU4341

5=11=6934C@ h7869T942O A=@ 844A C9_4 F5C@ F54 DF889E9C96@ TF1 U<=6 A9><6 <=34 E445] .1FE=EC@

F5C@ BU=5 UF7C2 ;FCF1a;FF1295=64 6<4 E14=_2FU5 FT AF1=C 8;<4A=8 8F 8;<4A=69;=CC@ 95

-)''&(%&' HIJNoL =52 -24/5,2: -0.'2&, HIJN"L] ,5 EF6<O 6<4 F864589EC4 >FF2 >91C =52 E=2 >91C

TC9DaTCFD EC=;_a=52aU<964O 6<45 ;FCF1O 6<45 U<964a=52aEC=;_ 2148848 6<1F7><F76 6<4 T9CAW95-24/5,2: -0.'2&, O *<F52= bC4A95>Y8 AF1=C ;45641 ;<4=68 F5 <41 A=@F1 EF@T19452O E=1>=958

U96< >=5>86418O =52 CFEE948 6F U95 <41 898641 =5 4:61=h729;9=C 14C4=84 T1FA <=528 FT 6<4

C=UW7569C 87;< A=6<4A=69;=C 143418=C8 F5C@ 8<FU 6<4 ;<=1=;6418O F5;4 AF14O =8 3=19=EC48

FT 5=11=6934 T75;69F58] ?F E@ 6<4 452 FT -42O&' ;$%&O 6<4 UF7C2aE4 U9T4 HU<964 U42295>

>FU5L =52 D1F8696764 HD71DC4 =52 D95_L 4=;< <=34 54=1aA=6;<95> ;<4;_4142 2148848] $<98

E4CF342 BU=59=5 27=C96@ FT 6<4 ^=2F55= =52 6<4 X<F14O 6<4 c91C (4:6 BFF1 =52 6<4

b4AA4 b=6=C4O 98 87Eh4;642 6F 8@864A=69; 9534189F58 6<1F7><F76 BU=5Y8 No8 T9CA8O =8 6<4

U958FA4 <41F9548O A7;< C9_4 bC4A95>O 6715 ;<4419C@ 6F D1F8696769F5 =52 >=AEC95> 95 1&22&



#R

;& J'.(% HIJNIL =52 8$9.( 75&: !29$*, ;:(05&% HIJNRLO F1 =8 B4E1= .=>46Y8 ;19A95=C

243F644 95 75& I4O&'?* @%/&O =>=95 C9_4 bC4A95>O 67158 F76 6F E4 6<4 T9CAY8 84;146 8F71;4 FT

;F58;945;4] $<98 DC=@95> 6UF 4528 =>=9586 6<4 A922C4O =8 -24/5,2: -0.'2&, D768 96O 14=;<48 =

;F587AA=64 >4FA461@ 95 7&((&**&&?* <.',(&' O 95 U<9;< 6<4 >FF2 >91C 67158 F76 6F E4 = >FC2a

29>>41O = 84CTaD1F86967695> 8427;61488 95 298>7984O U<9C4 6<4 T9CAY8 =;_5FUC42>42 D1F8696764

HbC4A95> =>=95L E4;FA48 5F6 F5C@ 6<4 1FA=569; C4=2O E76O E46641 6<=5 = X<F14 X96< = %4=16

FT cFC2O 6<4 AF394Y8 14892456 D1FD19461488G = T=3F1964 BU=5 ;<=1=;641 =52 8711F>=6445>95441 U<F84 84CTa2489>5=642 hFE 98O C9_4 6<4 2914;6F1Y8O 6F ;FF1295=64 14C=69F58<9D8

E46U445 ;<=1=;6418 95 6FU5]

?6=16 =52 b9598< 95 D41D467=C CFFDG -24/5,2: -0.'2&,

$<4 d74869F5 FT <FU A=5@ FT BU=5Y8 ;FU>91C8 6715 956F ;<=5647848 A9><6 E4 6<4 89ADC486

U=@ FT ;<=1695> <98 FU5 ;=1441] SBU=5e8 T9CA8 =14 T14d7456C@ E79C6 7DF5 6U95542 F1 C95_42

D<45FA45= 6<=6 U9CC 6@D9;=CC@ FD45 7D 6F 91F59; D=1=CC4C8 F1 619=5>7C=1 14C=69F58O 14C=69F58

6<=6 ;F5;415 5F6 F5C@ ;<=1=;6418 E76 8D=;48 =52 434568 =8 U4CCOS U19648 gF4 ^;&C<=54@

=EF76 -24/5,2: -0.'2&, ]J $<484 2F7EC48 6<=6O 96Y8 954396=EC4 6F 5F64O D1FC9T41=64 6<1F7><F76

BU=5W2F7EC4 <41F48O 2F7EC4 454A948O 2F7EC4 CF3418O 2F7EC4 D=14568O =8 U4CC =8 6<4





#N



#"

$<4 =E8712986 8617;671=C D195;9DC4 6<=6 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 ;=5 F5C@ =C6415=64 E46U445 6<484 6UF

=569DF248 E4;FA48 =5 =:9FA=69; 9586=E9C96@G 6<4 T9CA8 <4U 8F 69><6C@ 6F A=6<4A=69;=C

143418=C8O ;F534569F58O =52 TF1A7C=8O 6<=6 U96<95 6<4 19>F1F78 CF>9; FT 6<4 ;<=1=;6418

D41TF1A95> 6<491 FU5 6<4=641O =E8FC764C@ =5@6<95> ;=5 <=DD45O =5@EF2@ T=CC 95 CF34 U96<

=5@EF2@ 4C84O _9CC =5@EF2@ 4C84O 46;] X<45 6<4 7D86=5295> >91CT194528 =52 45641D19895>

;Fd746648 %$(?, 8F FD45C@ 8U96;< D=168O = 14;71195> BU=5 D1FD45896@ 98 6F 8_4U 6<4 CF34

619=5>C4 8F T=1 T1FA 6<4 SD1FD41S >91C 6F 8<FU = U<FC4 F6<41 5=11=6934 6<=6 6<4 A=5 ;F7C2

<=34 h786 =8 4=89C@ D718742W=52 8FA469A48 2F48W95 D&' 34'*, !HH.4'& HIJRMLO -)&N HIJR#LO

FG 4( #.>&2?* I$$9O J&,,4(/ J&',4&?* J.',&' O <.**4$( HIJNPLO -42O&' ;$%&O =52 <&.'2 $H ,5&

-$),5 <.04H40 HIJNNL] -3F554 B4 )=1CFY8 2F7EC4 1FC4 95 <.**4$( ;FCC=D848 6F g=54 *7884CCY8

895>C4 ;<=1=;641 95 #$(,.(. 1&22& 2F5595> 6<4 F76T968 FT 4=;<O <41 S75241C@95>S ;<=1=;641

5F6<95> AF14 6<=5 g=54 *7884CC <4184CT DC=@95> 6<484 6UF D=168] &96<41 A=5 844A8 6F E4

4d7=CC@ UF16<@ FT 6<4 UFA=5 95 E5.(0&* HIJRILO D4/5 7&(*4$( HIJR"LO =52 M$*&,,& HTF1 AF86

FT 968 175595> 69A4O =5@U=@f IJR#L h786 =8 6<4 5=671=C AF6<41 =52 C9T4CF5> ;786F29=5 95 EF6<

840+&% HIJRIL =52 =(& #42& 3'$9 D&.O&( 844A 6F <=34 4d7=C ;C=9A F5 _44D95> 6<491 ;<9C2]

$<484 C=86 6UF T9CA8 FTT41 A=@E4 6<4 7C69A=64 861488 64868 FT BU=5Y8 =DDC9;=69F5 FT T=91@ 6=C4T1=A4UF1_8 6F 14=CaC9T4 21=A=8O A=5=>42 8F <=1AF59F78C@ 95 6<4 64458 E76 <414 E1F7><6 6F

968 E14=_95> DF956f 8F 8_9CCT7C 98 BU=5 =6 95641U4=395> A488@ 14=C96948 956F 8617;671=C

8@AA461948 6<=6 6<4 T9CA8 =14 ;=11942 6F 6<4 DF956 6<4@ ;=5Y6 E4 =24d7=64C@ 148FC342] +8 6<4

696C4 FT 8$9.( 75&: !29$*, ;:(05&% >9348 =U=@ 968 5F5a45295>O 968 8FA4<FU 954396=EC4

91148FC769F5O 6<4 T9CA U9CC 452 U96< = )F5T4241=64 8FC2941Y8 U<FCC@ BU=59=5 D1FDF8969F5 6<=6

6<4 ;939C U=1 <=8 45242 5F6 95 c19TT96<9=5 <4CCT914O E76 89ADC@ E4;=784 S5FEF2@ UF5WU4

h786 d796 T9><695>SG = 6@D9;=C BU=5 8FC769F5 6F D1FEC4A8 6<=6 ;=5Y6 8FC342O =52 59;4 >CF88 F5

6<4 <41F9548Y FU5 =E29;=69F5 T1FA 6<491 84CTaD41D467=695> 21=A=] 0T ;F7184 6<4 hF_4O =8

787=C 95 BU=5O 98 968 FU5 9ADC=789E9C96@W=8 9T <986F19;=C 14=C96@ A9><6 4341 E4 148FC342 =8 =T=91@ 6=C4] +>=95 96Y8 6<4 DF956 FT BU=5Y8 84CTaD41D467=695>O 2F7EC4 <4C9: 8617;67148 6<=6 6<4@

;=5 F5C@ ;F5;C724O =6 6<4 4:<=7869F5 FT D41A76=69F5=C DF889E9C96948O U96<F76 =5@ 148FC769F5

=6 =CC]

+EF34G D&' 34'*, !HH.4'& HIJRMLO -C&&,5&.',* $( <.'.%& HIJNRL



#K

X<414 6<4 T9CAY8 8F;9=C <986F1948 24A=52 6<=6 F54 8924 ;C=9A 39;6F1@ 95 ECFF2O 6<4

D41A76=69F58 89ADC@ 7D452 89248 =C6F>46<41G 6<4 ;C=9A 6<=6 5F 8924 UF5 98 89ADC@ = TF1A FT

U958FA4 5=11=6934 148986=5;4 6F <7A=596@Y8 <Fa<7A E=1E=198A] ?9A9C=1C@ 6<4 1486F1=69F5 FT

1=;9=C <941=1;<948 =6 6<4 452 FT =(& #42& H'$9 D&.O&(O 6<4 86F1@ FT = U<964 >91C ;C=9A42 E@

<41 U<964 AF6<41 U<F 54341 _54U <41 =52 6<4 EC=;_ AF6<41 U<FY8 6=_45 <41 95O T9528 =

5=11=6934O TF1A=C 8=698T=;69F5 6<=6 F5C@ DF9568 6F 6<4 91148FC3=EC4 8F;9=C 2988=698T=;69F58 6<4

T9CA <=8 8D456 968 175595> 69A4 D1FE95>] )<94T =AF5> 6<484G 6<4 71E=5 ;FCF59=C98A FT = U984a;1=;_95> >91C hF715=C986 U<F84 DC7;_@ 24641A95=69F5 6F >46 = 8;FFD 95 %=1C4A 8;=52=C8

95;964 6<4 U<FC4 A488 <41 86F1@ 98 4:D4;642 6F ;C4=1 7D] $@D9;=CC@O 6<4 T9CA D=1C=@8 <41

2F7EC4 1FC4 =8 6<4 T9CAY8 _C76q@ 2939596@O EF6< 86=1695> =52 8FC395> 61F7EC48O 956F 6<4 2F7EC4

>4514 UF1_O 8;14UE=CC ;FA42@ =52 8F;9=C A4CF21=A=O 95 =5F6<41 FT BU=5Y8 <@D<45=64

UF1_8] n76 C9_4 <41O 6<4 AF394 F5C@ 1=9848 988748 E@ =664AD695> 6F 8466C4 6<4A]

+8 A7;< =8 =5@ FT <98 F6<41 T9CA8O =(& #42& 3'$9 D&.O&( A9><6 DF956 6F BU=5Y8 FU5 2F7EC4

DFC969;8] 05 6<4 F54 8924O = ;FAA96642 D1F>14889398AG =569a;F1DF1=64 H34/5,4(/ =%%* HIJIKL

=52 J&,,4(/ #.': #.''4&% HIJIJLO 95 U<9;< UFA45 FT ;F1DF1=64 T=A9C948 75;F34195>

;FAD=5@ 8;=52=C8LO =569a;F58413=6934 HD=169;7C=1C@ 95 6<4 bF: @4=18G D4/5 7&(*4$( A=_48

8714 6F 5F64 968 454A@ CF76 3F648 *4D7EC9;=5LO =52 =569a^;)=16<@ H-42O&' ;$%&Y8 TC=>1=56

=CC4>F1@L] ,5 6<4 4C4;69F5 @4=1 FT IJPoO P$)(/ <&$G2& 5F6 F5C@ 8@56<489q48 BU=5Y8 6UF

T=3F1964 6=C48 FT F76892418 14;F5;9C42 956F 54U 8711F75295>8WIL 6<4 F1D<=5 =2FD642 E@ =

D=1456O =52 ML 6<4 4:9C42 =;695> 61F7D4 U4C;FA42 956F = ;FAA7596@WE76 C9641=C9q48 6<4

DFC969;=C ;F24 FT 4=;<O 6<=6 9T 1FC48 =14 8F;9=C ;71145;@O 4341@F54 A786 D=16=_4 4d7=CC@ FT 4=;<

F6<41Y8 =928 =52 =88468WA=95C@ =TT4;69F5] +8 ?<91C4@ $4ADC4 hF958 6<4 3=72439CC4 64=A FT

g=;_ 0=_94 =52 )<=1CF664 c1445UFF2O 6<98 A=_48<9T6 619F 844A8 6F E4;FA4O 6<1F7>< 6<4

8<441 DFU41 FT D41TF1A=5;4O 6<4 8=A4 6<4=619;=C T=A9C@ 96Y8 DC=@42 F5a86=>4] n76 96Y8 F54

TF1A FT D41TF1A=5;4 H9AD1F39842 ;FCC=EF1=69F5L 6<=6 U9CC 8d7=14 FTT =>=9586 =5F6<41H8;19D642 1FC48L =8 6<4 T=A9C@ hF958 = 8A=CCO i41AF56 6FU5 DFD7C=642 E@ c19TT96<aC9_4

D7196=58O =CC 6=>>42 <414 =8 =569a(4U B4=C *4D7EC9;=58 U<F 24C9341 1967=C9q42 <=1=5>748 95

6<4 6FU5 <=CC 4341@ U44_] /9_4 =CC FT BU=5Y8 ;FAA7596@ T9CA8O 6<4 =;69F5 98 8617;67142 =8 =5

=AEC4 6<1F7>< 6<4 6FU5Y8 D7EC9; 8D=;48G <414O 6<4 6FU5 <=CCO 8;<FFC =7296F197AO =52 A=C6

8<FD] 12.0+ -5&&G =52 6F 8FA4 24>144 3'$(,4&' #.'*5.2 O 1F6=695> T1FA ;<=1=;641 6F ;<=1=;641

4=;< 1F6=695> T1FA 8D=;4 6F 8D=;4O 87>>486 4345 95 6<491 24AF;1=69; 8617;6714 6<=6 D7EC9;

8D=;48O 1=6<41 6<=5 AF54@O =14 6<4 F5C@ 6174 A4297A8 FT 4:;<=5>4G 8<=142 8D=;48 A4=5 6<4

T9CA8 8<=195> 6<491 175595> 69A48 =AF5> 4=;< FT 6<4 ;<=1=;6418O =52 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 8<=195>

6<491 FU5 69A4O 86F1948O =52 4:D41945;48 U96< F54 =5F6<41 248D964 6<4 8F;9=C <941=1;<948] bF1

968 D=16O P$)(/ <&$G2& 9589868 F5 = ;FAA75=Ca;FAA7596@ DFC969;O = (4U B4=C U4CT=14 8@864A

6<=6O =8 =5 958696769F5O A786 E4 1FF642 95 6<4 D418F5=C C95_8 =52 14C=69F58 FT 968 A4AE418] ?F

6<4 D1F>14889398A BU=5Y8 T9CA8 =23F;=64 844A8 6F 864A T1FA 5F6<95> AF14 6<=5 6<4 =E9C96@

FT D4FDC4 6F 14C=64 6F F54 =5F6<41O =>=95 6F 4:;<=5>4 U96< F54 =5F6<41 T144C@]

n76O F5 6<4 F6<41 8924O 96Y8 6<4 T7CC 4:;<=5>95> FT 1FC48 6<=6 =C8F 752F48 D1F=;6934 DFC969;8

=C6F>46<41G 5FEF2@ U958W6<4@ h786 d796 T9><695>] /9_4 6<F84 FT bF12O ^=55O Z=T_= =52

U<F4341 4C84O BU=5Y8 X4864158 =8_ U<=6 C4>969A=;@ = 695 86=1 F1 U196645 U=11=56 <FC28



##

4:;4D6 =8 = ;FCC4;6934C@ =76<F19q42 D41TF1A=5;4f =8 6<4 /=U 98 5F6<95> AF14 6<=5 U<=6 96

8=@8 96 98O 6F =88416 968 5=A4 98 6F U94C2 96 =8 = 84CTaC4>969A9q95> TF1;4] n76 75C9_4 8F A=5@

F6<41 X4864158O BU=5Y8 1=14C@ 14614=6 6F =5 FEh4;6934 46<9;=C ;F24 6<=6 ;F7C2 3=C92=64 6<4

E=2>4 E@ 1486F195> 96 6F AF1=C 24;45;@ 95 6<4 452] bF1 5F DF889E9C96@ FT 244D41 3=C92=69F5 98

FTT4142 95 = UF1C2 U<414 4341@F54 98 A414C@ U<F 6<4@ 8=@ 6<4@ =14O U<414 &O&': 1FC4 98 5F

AF14 6<=5 = ;FCC4;6934C@ =76<F19q42 D41TF1A=5;4G 95 6<4 EF1241 6FU5 FT 8$9.( 75&:

!29$*, ;:(05&% O 6<4 /=U 98 = C@5;< AFEO 6<4 439Ca2F41 98 =5 4:a)F5T4241=64O 6<4 D4184;76F18=14 '59F5 8FC29418O 6<4 6=75695> E=2 >91C 98 6<4 439Ca2F41Y8 454A@O =52 6<4 >79C4C488 >FF2 >91C

67158 6F >=AEC95> =52 D1F8696769F5 =8 6<4 F5C@ 14T7>4 T1FA F768924 8F;9=C TF1;48f 95

#$(,.(. 1&22&O F54 >=5> 9AD418F5=648 =5F6<41 E4TF14 DC=@a=;695> ;C94568 FT 6<4 8=CFF5 6<4@

1FEE42 =52 U9CC 8FF5 U9CC D=16541 U96< 95 E7895488O U<9C4 6<4 /=U D1F39248 6<4 F5C@ 864=2@

;C=AD F5 =CC 6<484 8=CFF5aEF752O 9245696@a8U=DD95>O 7C61=aBU=59=5 DF8418 D41TF1A95>

6<491 U=@ 6F 54U C9348] /9_4U984O 95 -42O&' ;$%&Y8 ;FA42@ FT 411F18O 6<4 <41FY8 T=64 19248 F5

6<4 (=A4 FT 6<4 /=UO 6<F7>< 6<4 C=U 67158 F76 6F E4 = A=8d741=24O ;14=642 E@ 6<F84 U<F

<=34 5=A42 6<4A84C348 968 =>456G 6F D1F34 6<=6 B=5 B71@4=Y8 8<419TT 98 = ;19A95=C 9ADF8641

U<F <=8 TF1>42 <98 ;1424569=C8O gF<5 .=@54 A786 ;19A95=CC@ TF1>4 AF14 ;1424569=C8 6F 2F 8F]

,5 6<98 CFF84O X486415 14<=8< FT #.>&2 QJ&',4&O = 24;=24 =U=@ T1FA 6<4 Po8 ;FA42948O 75a

E4C943=E9C96@W5F6<95> 6<4@ 2F 98 6F E4 E4C94342W98 869CC 6<4 DCF6Y8 24641A95=56 61FD4]

$<4 T9CA 6<=6 98 AF86 4:DC9;96 =EF76 6<4 DF956WF54 8924 98 =8 >FF2 =8 6<4 F6<41W98 6<4 F54O

D41 787=C U96< BU=5O 6<=6 =8_8 96 6F E4 6=_45 C4=86 8419F78C@] Sn4TF14 6<4 6715 FT 6<4 ;45671@O

24=6< =52 39FC45;4 1F24 6<4 U486415 1=5>4] /=U =52 F1241 ;F7C2 5F6 _44D D=;4 U96< A45

U<F 671542 U9C2415488 956F D1FT96OS 7'.42 $H ,5& S4/42.(,&Y8 FD4595> 95641696C4 24;C=9A8 F341

= D1F61=;642 AF56=>4 FT C@5;<418 =52 >75A45 A=1=7295> F341 6<4 <F19qF5] S$<45 ;=A4 6<4

i9>9C=5648V (9><6 192418V a a a )=11942 =U=@ E@ 6<491 FU5 DFU41O 6<4 i9>9C=5648 E4;=A4 =8

248D41=64 =52 ECFF2@ =8 6<491 454A948]S %414O b1=5;<F6 $F54Y8 C=UA=5 >FF2 >7@ 456418 =6FU5 U<414 6<4 C=U 98 = D7DD46 _95>2FA TF1 39>9C=5648 U<F <=34 219345 F76 1786C418 6<4@

<9142 =8 = D1464:6 6F 849q4 CF;=C DFU41f 6<78O 6F 7D<FC2 6<4 C=U =>=9586 6<4 C=UO 6<4 >FF2 >7@

C=UA45 A786 E4;FA4 39>9C=5648 =>=9586 6<4 439C 39>9C=5648 U<F ;C=9A42 6<4A84C348 =8

C=UA45O U<9C4 6<4 T9;_C4 6FU5O =8 95 -42O&' ;$%&O 98 D1F861=64 89ADC@ 6F 6<4 E46641

D41TF1A=5;4] $<4 >1F752C4885488 FT ;C=9A8 C4=348 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 878D45242 @46 =>=95 T1FA

=5@ DF889E9C96@ FT =76<4569; 14D148456=69F5O C4>=CO 5=11=6934O F1 F6<41U984] X<=6 98 C4T6 98 6<4

hF@ FT 6<4 ;<=1=24O 6<4 DC=@ U96<95 96O =8 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 8DC=8< U=641 =52 896 75241 6<4

8<=2FU8 FT AFF5C96 6<9;_468 =8 9TO DC=@95> =CC 6<484 D=168O 6<4@ U414 89ADC@ =;6F18 E495>

T9CA42 =8 6<4@ TFFC =1F752 95 ;<=1=;641] $<4 AF14 84CTaAF;_95>O FD45C@ 86=>42 BU=5Y8 T9CA8

>46O 6<4 ;CF841 6<4@ AF34 6FU=128 8FA46<95> C9_4 2F;7A456=1@G





Jo

8D=;48 =52 61=;_8 95 F1241 6F D=88 6<4 AF54@ F5] ,6Y8 A414C@ = 14D148456=69F5 FT 6<4

;91;7C=69F5 =52 61=24 FT AF54@ 95 968 AF86 D19A96934 TF1AG D<@89;=C 95641=;69F5]

+52 95 FT 9684CTO 6<98 75A429=642 4:;<=5>4 FT AF54@ 8<F7C2 E4C94 =5@ 5F69F5 6<=6 6<4 T9CA 98

d7964 6<4 =2 TF1 = T144 A=1_46 968 8FA4U<=6 ;F561=29;6F1@ 2F7EC4 A=561=8W6<=6 AF54@

A786 TCFU C9_4 ECFF2f 6<=6 AF54@ A786 E4 456178642 6F 6<4 E=5_8W844A8 6F 87>>486] $<4

8FC769F5 6F = 841948 FT 24E68W6<=6 6<4 uIooo A986=_45C@ =DD1FD19=642 E@ = CF;=C D1FD1946F1D=@8 FTT 6<4 24E68 FT 4=;< ;<=1=;641 6F 6<4 54:6 69CC 96 1467158 6F 6<4 ;C=9A =>456O 54341

<=395> E4CF5>42 6F =5@ FT 6<4AW;=5 F5C@ E4 8786=9542 E@ = 57AE41 FT T=91@a6=C4

878D4589F5 FT =5@ ;=D96=C986 CF>9;] + T75;69F595> 4;F5FA@O 75& K(*4%& -,$': 87>>4868O U9CC

24D452 F5 6<4 6F6=C =E845;4 FT 95641486 H6<78 6<4 uIooo FU42 98 6<4 8=A4 =6 4=;< 4:;<=5>4O

=52 F;;=89F5=CC@ 1F75242 2FU5LO FT D418F5=C 8=395>8 H=CC AF54@ 4=1542 27195> 6<98

E=5_95> <FC92=@ 98 9AA429=64C@ 8D456 6F D143456 =;;7A7C=69F5 6<=6 UF7C2 54;48896=64

954d7=C96948 =52 95TC=69F5LO =52 FT = 8D4;7C=6934 A=1_46 H6<4 E=5_95> <FC92=@ 5F6 F5C@

D1434568 1758 E76 =5@ 24=C95>8 95 ;=8< =C6415=69348W4=;< 2FCC=1 98 =;;F75642 TF1L] ,5 F6<41

UF128O 96 24D4528 F5 6<4 54=6C@ =569a;=D96=C986 E76 =C6F>46<41 24AF;1=69; CF>9; FT =

;FAA7596@ 8<=195> 968 148F71;48 4345C@O 4345 U<9C4 6<4 95=E9C96@ FT =5@F54 6F =;;7A7C=64

AF54@ 98 F54 ;=784 FT 6<4 U<FC4 A488 95 6<4 T9186 DC=;4] X96<F76 6<98 24AF;1=69; CF34 6F

E=;_ 6<4 8@864AO 96 98 ;C4=1 U<=6 954d7=C96948 =52 T7554C 4TT4;68 A786 1487C6O =8 6<4@ =C14=2@

<=34 U96<95 6<4 T9CA] $<4 D195;9DC4 846 95 AF69F5O = g4TT418F59=5 924= FT =5 4;F5FA@WU<9;<

98 6F 8=@ =C6F>46<41 BU=59=5 8F;946@W98 >1F75242 95 A=6419=C 1=6<41 6<=5 39167=C 14C=69F58

U96< F54 =5F6<41O 6<1F7>< = C9A9642 148F71;4 FT <=12 ;=8< 1=6<41 6<=5 =5 9A=>95=1@ 86F;_ FT

8D4;7C=6934 ;=D96=C 2419342 T1FA CF=58O 54341 A952 X=CC ?61446]

g4TT418F5G

S$<4 d74869F5 U9CC E4 =8_42 =52 F7><6 6F E4 CFF_42 =6O U<=6 98 6F E4 6<4 148F71;4 9T

CF=58 ;=55F6 E4 FE6=9542\ $<414 98 E76 F54O S)=16<=>F 24C452= 486]S n=5_ D=D41

A786 E4 87DD148842O =52 6<4 ;91;7C=695> A4297A A786 E4 1486F142 6F 6<4 5=69F5 6F

U<FA 96 E4CF5>8] ,6 98 6<4 F5C@ T752 F5 U<9;< 6<4@ ;=5 14C@ TF1 CF=58f 96 98 6<4 F5C@

148F71;4 U<9;< ;=5 54341 T=9C 6<4AO =52 96 98 =5 =E752=56 F54 TF1 4341@ 54;488=1@

D71DF84] $14=871@ E9CC8O EF66FA42 F5 6=:48O E4=195> F1 5F6 E4=195> 95641486O =8 A=@

E4 TF752 54;488=1@O 6<1FU5 956F ;91;7C=69F5 U9CC 6=_4 6<4 DC=;4 FT 8F A7;< >FC2 =52

89C341O U<9;< C=86O U<45 ;1FU242O U9CC T952 =5 4TTC7: 956F F6<41 ;F7561948O =52 6<78

_44D 6<4 d7=567A FT A4297A =6 968 8=C76=1@ C434C]SII

$F 6<4 d74869F5 FT U<=6 <=DD458 U<45 = CF=5 ;=55F6 E4 FE6=9542O 75& K(*4%& -,$': 148DF528

U96< =5 =C>4E1=9;=CC@ C729;1F78 8FC769F5G =8 ;14296 98 6<4 F19>95=69F5 FT T9;69F5=C ;=D96=CO 6<4

;F5;4D69F5 FT AF54@ 6<=6 2F485Y6 E4CF5> 6F 6<4 24E6F1 U<F A786 87E86=569=64 96O 952442 96

U9CC E4 AF54@ 6<=6 2F485Y6 E4CF5> 6F 6<4 24E6F18 FT 6<98 6FU5 6<=6 U9CC A=>9;=CC@ D=@ FTT

6<491 24E68] b9;69F5=C 24E68 A786 E4 75241U196645 E@WT9;69F58] + D=1=CC4C 6<=6 98 D41T4;6C@

54=6G 5FEF2@ =;67=CC@ FU48 4=;< F6<41 AF54@ H4341@F54 98 95 6<4 8=A4 DC=;4 E@ 6<4 452 FT



JI

6<4 T9CA =8 =6 6<4 86=16LO 6<F7>< 6<4@ 6<95_ 6<4@ 2F] $F 752F ;14296O 6<4@ A414C@ 5442 6F

;F5395;4 6<4A84C348 6<4@ 2F5Y6 FU4 96 =6 =CC]

c46695> )FAA7596@ )14296G ?F 6<4 ;C=9A =>45;@ 75U96695>C@ CF=58 uIooo 6F F54 6FU58A=5

=52 U=968 = <=CTa=a2=@ TF1 96 6F ;FA4 E=;_ <=395> 8FC342W148FC342O =E8FC342O 2988FC342W

6<4 6FU5Y8 T95=5;9=C 29TT9;7C6948] (43416<4C488O 96 6=_48 = D71;<=84 TF1 6<4 T95=C <FC241 FT 6<4

AF54@O 6<4 895>C4 ;<=1=;641 U<F 985Y6 95 24E6O 6F ;F569574 968 ;91;7C=69F5 E=;_ 6F 968 8F71;4O=52 8F 8FA4F54 T95=CC@ E7@8 = D=95695> TF1 uIooo T1FA 6<4 D=95641O 6<4 6FU5Y8 14892456

C=@=EF76] $<F7>< 6<4 95645242 14;9D9456 FT 6<4 =>45;@Y8 uIooo 98 = T=1A41O 96Y8 5F6 =5

=>19;7C671=C 4;F5FA@ 6<=6 8786=958 6<4 6FU5 E76O D14DF8641F78C@O =5 =16986Y8] $<4 91F5@ 98

54=6G 6<4 AF86 784T7CO 54;488=1@ >486714 6F ;C4=1 6<4 148924568 F76 T1FA 6<4 8<=2FU FT n9>

n7895488 98 6<4 AF86 784C488O 87D41TC7F78 FT =CCG = CF;=C UF1_ FT =16] $<98 3989F5 FT 76FD9=W

5F6<95> E76 = DC=;4 U<414 5FEF2@ FU48 =5@EF2@ =5@6<95>O U<414 6<4 1FC48 FT

24E6F1Q;14296F1 =52 E7@41Q84CC41 =14 8U=DD42 8F ;F56957F78C@ =52 TC792C@ =8 6F CF84 =CC 6<4

3=C74 7569C 14C=69F58 =14 A=>9;=CC@ 5F6<95> AF14 6<=5 = A=6641 FT D418F5=C T44C95>WU9CC

E4;FA4 AF86 D1F5F75;42 95 6<4 8<=2FU FT IL CF=58O ML =16 D71;<=848O =52 RL 6<4 769C96@ FT

784C488 D41TF1A=5;48 6<1F7>< 6<4 =16986Y8 619CF>@ FT E.2&(%.' J4'2 O K L'&.9 $H M&.(4&O =52

-C&&,5&.',* $( <.'.%&] +8 6<4 =169868Y ;FAA7596948 95 4=;< FT 6<484 T9CA8 E4;FA4 EF752 E@

6<4 8U=DD95> FT =16 =52 1FA=569; D=165418O E@ 6<4 E=89; =664AD6 6F 43=24 T95=5;9=C @F_48

T1FA h786 F768924 6<484 76FD9=8O E.2&(%.' J4'2 Y8 AF1=C 4;F5FA@ 98 TF75242 95 =5 4:;<=5>4 FT

6=C4568O =52 M&.(4&?* AF86C@ ;F5;41542 U96< 6<4 D419C8 FT ;FD@19><6 C=U] S,5 I#PJO = @F75>

A=5 U1F64 = 8F5>OS 895>8 = EC=;_ 8FCF986 F5 = TCF=695> 1=T6 95 M&.(4&Y8 FD4595> 8<F6O 6<4 C@19;8

d7964 DF889EC@ E@ BU=5 <9A84CTG S$<4 8F5>O 96 A=24 5F 84584 =6 =CC Q n76 96 AF342 6<4 UF1C2

=CF5>]S +5 =C6F>46<41 784C488 5F8617A <=8 3=C74O D41TF1A=6934C@O n9CC ?<91C4@Y8 d7=;_ 2F;6F1

;F5T91A8 95 -C&&,5&.',*O 9T F5C@ 6<4 D4FDC4 ;=5 ;F5395;4 6<4A84C348 6F E4C9434 96]

```

X<414 6<4 X486415 844A8 C9_4 6<4 84;146 >4514 FT BU=5Y8 T9CA8 6<1F7>< 6<4 Po8W6<4

86F1@O FT 4:9C48 14TF1A7C=695> 6<4 956415=C 14C=69F58 FT 6<4 ;FAA7596948 H6FU58O

<F784<FC28L 956F U<9;< 6<4@Y14 8CFUC@ 95969=642O AF86 ;1@86=CC954 95 6<4 ?<91C4@ $4ADC4

T9CA8 =52 L'4H,C$$% HIJPKLWBU=5Y8 2@86FD9; C=86 T9CA8 844A 6F 4:6452 T1FA =

14298;F34142 95641486O =T641 IJPJY8 -.(%* $H KC$ M49.O 95 = >4514 <4 <=2 C=86 T=3F142 95

=EF76 IJIRG 6<4 U=1 AF394] $<4 4:DC9;96 U=1 T9CA8 6<=6 TFCCFUW842% 12)& P$(%&' HIJNILO

324/5, 6)'*& HIJNRLO =52 D$2% 1.0+ ,5& 64/5, HIJN"LW846 8FA4 _952 FT D1F6F;FC TF1 6<98

C=64 143989F598A] (F CF5>41 98 6<4 F7689241 78<4142 956F = 861=69T942 8@864A FT T194528<9D8O

CF348O =52 193=C1948O = A789;=Ca;<=918 8F;9=C ;F24 95 U<9;< 4341@F54 T9528 6<491 DC=;48 E@

=C6415=695> 6<4A 6<1F7><F76 6<4 T9CA] ,5864=2O 6<4 <41F48 T952 6<4A84C348 861=5242 95

8FA4 E=1145 qF54 U<414 6<491 A=_48<9T6 ;FAA7596@O 5F6<95> AF14 6<=5 = U984;1=;_95>

;=AD =>=9586 6<4 U9C2415488O <FD48 F5C@ 6F 8713934 6<4 F58C=7><6 FT 8FA4 =5F5@AF78O

FTTa8;1445 6411F1] X<414 h786 =EF76 4341@ F6<41 A=hF1 %FCC@UFF2 2914;6F1 <=2 2=1_4542

<98 3989F5 95 6<4 Po8O AF14 FT645 ;F5T1F5695> 6<4 U=1W6<1F7>< A91=>48 FT ><F86 86F1948O

<=CC7;95=69F58O 75;=55@ 2F7EC95>8O =52 84CTa95TC9;642 6F1A4568W=8 = 645F1 6<=5 = 87Eh4;6O



JM

BU=5 UF7C2 8_9D 87;< D8@;<FCF>9;=C 8672948 TF1 D<@89;=C ;FA42@] n76 E@ 6<4 41= FT 6<4

)FC2 X=1 =52 ZF14=O BU=5 6=_48 F5 6<4 >4514 h786 =6 6<4 DF956 96 <=8 E4;FA4 27C@

=E861=;642 T1FA =5@6<95> C9_4 87Eh4;69396@ F1 AF1=C ;FAD14<4589F5] ,5 = U=@O -.(%*O

TF52C@ 14A4AE4142 =8 84CTa=U=14 =>96D1FD TF1 6<4 c14=6486 c4541=69F5O <4CD8 C=75;< 6<4

ZF14=5 U=1 T9CA H=52 TF161488 T9CAL =8 = >4514O 4345 E4TF14 6<4 ZF14=5 X=1G >F54 =14

4345 6<4 >4F>1=D<9;=C 298695;69F58 FT =>T&0,4O& 1)'9. HIJPNL F1 1.,,2&/'$)(% HIJPJL 95

6<98 3=86O EF752C488 546<41UF1C2 6<4 c,8 86=_4 F76 =>=9586 =5 =1A@ FT 8<=2FUaA45 6<=6;=5Y6 E4 45>=>42 95 =5@ U=@W;F5341642O 4:DC=9542O 24;49342O F1 4345 14=CC@ 8445] ?7;<

454A948 ;=5 F5C@ E4 8<F6 =6 EC952C@O = >FF2 U=@ TF1 6<4 8FC29418 6F EF52]

?F 95 BU=5Y8 87E84d7456 X4864158 =52 4:F69;=W-)''&(%&' O -42O&' ;$%&O <.**4$(O E.,,2&

Q)&&( $H #$(,.(.O @*0.G& ,$ 1)'9.O 7&((&**&&?* <.',(&' O =52 -24/5,2: -0.'2&, W6<4

TF1A41C@ <F_4@ ;FAA7596948 U9CC 89A9C=1C@ 6715 6F 8<=2FUaA45O ;<71;<a>F418 =52 >FF58

=C9_4O 3=>74 ;<441C4=2418 FT 39>9C=564 h7869;4 U<FA 6<4 <41F48 A414C@ 61@ 6F 8713934]

.1439F78C@ =EC4 6F 871AF756 6<491 FU5 D7196=598A =8 6<F7>< 96 U414 5F6<95> AF14 6<=5

=5 +A419;=5 <=q95> 1967=CO = 619=C FT 6F7>< CF34O 6<4 ;<F17848 FT ;FAA7596@ A4AE418 5FU

E4;FA4 C966C4 AF14 6<=5 6<4 =>4568 FT BU=5Y8 ;FA9; CF>9;O <=DD@ 6F 61786 T9186

=DD4=1=5;48 =8 T=;6] &345 BU=5Y8 787=C 9534189F58 FT AF1=C F1241 =14 95341642G U<414 =

86=52a7D <41F F1 <41F954 A9><6 <=34 <=2 6F ;<FF84 E46U445 6UF CF3418O 6UF T=A9C948O 6UF

DC=;48O 6UF C9348O ;FAA45871=64C@ 3=C92 =8 8FC769F58O 6<4 gF<5 .=@54 <41F48O <414O 5F

CF5>41 D1F3924 = 86=EC4 AF1=C =:98 E@ U<9;< AF1=C 298695;69F58 FT >FF2 =52 E=2 ;=5 E4

8@864A=69;=CC@ 7D45242] (F D1FFT FT .=@54Y8 955F;45;4 4341 =119348 95 -42O&' ;$%&WF5C@ =

D1FFT FT B71@4=Y8 >79C6W=52 U<9C4 6<4 >4514 ;F248 _4@ 394U418 6F <98 D1487A42 9564>196@O

<98 C9T4 67158 F76 6F E4 4:=;6C@ 6<4 T=v=24 B71@4= 248;19E48G C9_4 6<=6 FT 8F A=5@ C=64 BU=5

D1F6=>F59868O = 89A7C=;1= FT 8A=CCa6FU5 19;<4884 T=E19;=642 T1FA 6<4 U95595>8 FT = C7;_@

DF_41 >=A4] +8 6<4 8=5;69AF59F78 6FU58A45 14T784 6F E4C9434 96O 6<4 T=v=24 ;17AEC48956F EC=5_5488O =8 96 U9CC F5;4 AF14 95 7&((&**&&?* <.',(&' O 95 U<9;< .=@54 =>=95 CF848 6<4

87DDF16 FT = D9F78 6FU5 FT <@DF;19648 U<F E1=52 <9A =8 6<4 CF76 <4Y8 =CU=@8 E445] X<=6

98 C4T6O =T641 6<4 T9CAY8 AF2=C 3=19=69F58 F5 T=96<C4885488 FT ;<=1=;6418 U<F84 84CTaA=24

9A=>48 =52 UF128 =14 =CC C948O 98 89ADC@ 6<4 T=96< 6<484 6UF A45 <=34 95 4=;< F6<41W

6<F7>< F54 <=8 5F 75241C@95> 9245696@ E4<952 <98 T=C84 5=A4O S)FUDF_4OS =52 6<4 F6<41O

.=@54O 8=348 <98 T19452 6<1F7>< = D=61F59q95> C94 6<=6 A=_48 <9A 6<4 ;7;_FC2 FT 6<4 6FU5]

n@ -24/5,2: -0.'2&, O .=@54O 6<4 F864589EC4 <41F ;=7><6 E46U445 6UF >91C8O <=8 89ADC@

=2FD642 6<4 A46<F28 FT 6<4 ;19A95=C8 <4 248D9848 6F 7871D 6<491 DC=;4 =8 >=5>aCF12] $<4

T9CA 98 8617;67142 8;454aE@a8;454 =8 = 841948 FT T=;4aFTT8O 95 U<9;< 6<4 <41F 98 89ADC@ 6<4

F54 FDDF895> 6<4 F6<41O UF184 439C] /9_4U984O 6<4 D1F6=>F59868 FT 75& I4O&'?* @%/& T952

1424AD69F5 89ADC@ E@ E495> 8C9><6C@ E46641 6<=5 *=@ ^9CC=52Y8 86F;_ 39CC=95O 95 =5

75T19452C@ E76 D9;67148d74 UF1C2 U<414 AF1=C 298695;69F58O ;F5;49342 F5a8;1445 E@ 6<4

6<144 C4=28O =14 14C=6934 6F 5F6<95> F6<41 6<=5 4=;< F6<41]

BU=5Y8 2F7EC95>a;FAD7C89F5 5F CF5>41 844A8 C9_4 h786 = d74869F5 FT 5=11=693=C E=C=5;4O =

;F586=56 ;F554;695>a=52a1421=U95> 6<4 2F68O =8 95 4=1C941 86F1948 FT C4=2 ;<=1=;6418 ;=7><6

E46U445 6UF DFC48] ,5864=2O 95 -)''&(%&' H= D=91 FT D=918 U96< 6UF >91C8 =52 6UF >7@8L =52





JP

n@ 75& I&*,2&** 1'&&% O BU=5Y8 ;=1441aCF5> A4;<=598A FT 4:645242 8D=69=CQ64ADF1=C

;F5695796@ <=8 E1F_45 2FU5] X<414 BU=5Y8 ;954A= <=2 =CU=@8 D93F642 =1F752 2FF1U=@8

=52 U952FU8O I&*,2&** 1'&&%?* ;76695> A=_48 8@864A=69; T=C84 A=6;<48 F76 FT 298;F569>7F78

8D=;48O ;F554;642 F5C@ E@ =5 FC2 BU=5 2439;4 FT F54 ;<=1=;641 C9864595> 95 F5 =5F6<41] +EF34

=CCO 6<4 2439;4 <=2 8714C@ F5;4 E445 D1=;69;=CG U<45O =8 95 c19TT96<O 4=;< 1FFA 98 = 84CTa

;F56=9542 8;454 FT 968 FU5O 87;< 2FA4869; 8D@95> TC792C@ 486=EC98<48 6<4 >4F>1=D<@ FT 4=;<

1FFAY8 14C=69F5 6F 6<4 54:6O 8F 6<=6 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 U9CC 434567=CC@ 8U96;< DC=;48 95 = D41T4;6C@

24T9542O D41TF1A=6934 D7EC9; 14=CA] +8 = T=3F1964 _952 FT 486=EC98<95> 8<F6O U952FU8

6<1F7><F76 BU=5 E4;FA4 3987=C T1=A48O 54=6C@ 24C9A9695> = 8D=;4 F5 = ;FF1295=64 DC=54

H21=A= 61=58D9148 95 D4* 34'*, !HH.4'& =8 = >91C D=8848 T1FA F54 D=54 6F 6<4 F6<41 U<414 <41

CF341 =U=968LO 6<=6 2F7EC4 =8 5=11=6934 T1=A48 D=54C95> 4=;< 8;454 =52 5=11=6934 6<14=2 8924a

E@a8924] !>'$.% C4,5 7C$ P.(+* 784 F54 U952FU 6F 143934 64458a86@C4 89C456 ;FA42@ =8 6<4

;<=1=;6418 ;=5 E4 8445 E76 5F6 <4=12f F5C@ = C934 F1;<4861= FTT418 =;;FAD=59A456 T1FA 6<4

E=;_>1F752] ,5 -42O&' ;$%&O BU=5 1424DCF@8 = T=3F1964 861=64>4A FT J&,,4(/ J&',4&?* J.',&' G =8

95 <98 ;FA42948O U952FU8 84134 =8 61=58969F5=C DF9568 TF1 6<4 5=11=6934 6F 8<9T6 T1FA F54

61=h4;6F1@ 6F =5F6<41O 6<4 D1F6=>F59868 9564184;695> 4=;< F6<41 U96<F76 A44695> F5 496<41 8924FT 6<4 T1=A4] nF6< 1'&C*,&'?* #4224$(* =52 E.2&(%.' J4'2 U9CC FD45 U96< U952FU8WF1 1=6<41O

FD45 U96< U952FU8 FD4595>W=8 D=88=>48 956F 6<4 T9CAY8 75934184O U<9C4 E.2&(%.' J4'2 <=8 968

86195> FT CF3418 A44695>O 895>95>O =52 2=5;95> 6<1F7>< U952FU8 =;1F88 = ;F716@=12O 4=;< FT

6<491 8;4548 <=1AF59q95> U96< F54 =5F6<41 6<1F7>< BU=5Y8 784 FT U952FU8 =8 = AF56=>4

2439;4f 7&((&**&&?* <.',(&' 769C9q48 = @F_4C 5=A42 Sc17E86=_4S TF1 968 75U96695> A=8641 FT

;414AF5948 U=524195> T1FA 2FF1 6F 2FF1O U952FU 6F U952FUO 4=;< 69A4 6<4 T9CA 54428 6F

61=58969F5 6F = 54U 8D=;4 =52 8;454] n76 95 I&*,2&** 1'&&% O 6<4 8;4548 U9CC 5F CF5>41 844A 6F

E4 C95_42 E@ A7;< AF14 6<=5 6<4 429695> D1F;488 9684CT]



JN



J"

+8 ^;&C<=54@ DF9568 F76O 6<4 E14=_2FU5 FT BU=5Y8 ;=16F>1=D<@W<98 DF8969F595> FT

C=52A=1_8 E@ U<9;< 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 ;=5 E4 61=;_42 AF395> TC792C@ T1FA F54 DF956 6F

=5F6<41 95 14=Ca69A4W<=8 =C14=2@ E4>75 E@ -24/5,2: -0.'2&, ] n@ 75& I&*,2&** 1'&&% O

=884AEC42 =CAF86 456914C@ F76 FT A=6;<95> 8<F68 E46U445 =2hF9595> 8D=;48 6<=6 <=34

FD45C@ E445 8<F6 75241 29TT41456 C9><695> 8;<4A48O =6 29TT41456 69A48 FT 2=@8O 95 29TT41456

8468 =C6F>46<41O 4345 6<98 89A7C=69F5 FT &7;C924=5 14=C96@ <=8 E4;FA4 =5 FD45 T=E19;=69F5]

@(05.(,&% K*2.(% HIJN#L U9CC 452 95 A429= 148O h786 8<F16 FT = ;CF895> 14;F5;9C9=69F5O=DD=1456C@ =6 6<4 DF956 U<45 6<4 T9CA 1=5 F76 FT AF54@O U96< 6<4 45295> 89>5=C42 ;C4=1C@

45F7>< =5@<FUO U<9C4 #$*, L.(/&'$)* #.( !24O& HIJ"IL 614=68 968 FU5 >=5>8641a8;9aT9

=CCF@a>4514 =8 = _952 FT FEh4;6 TF1 9534869>=69F5 U<F84 AF86 D419D<41=C T4=67148W2=5;95>

AFCC8O AF394C=52 54U8D=D418WE4;FA4 A=>59T942 956F 6<4 87Eh4;6 FT 6<4 T9CA] ^F14

89>59T9;=56 DCF6 DF9568 =52 846a7D8O <FU4341O =14 4C9242O =8 9T BU=5 <=2 4564142 <98 FU5

>4514 75934184 =52 T9CA42 F5C@ U<=6 <=2 9564148642 <9AO I$*& D$>.', aC9_4O U<9C4 298;=1295>

6<4 1486] ,5 = AF394 U<414 6<4 ;<=1=;6418 6715 6F D1Fh4;6F1aC9><6 E@ 6<4 452O F54 AFE EF88

6=C_8 6F 6<4 ;=A41= TF1 8F CF5> U96<F76 =5@ 9529;=69F5 FT <98 8711F75295> 8;454 F1 C98645418

6<=6 96Y8 ;C4=1 <4 8D4=_8 F5C@ =8 = D41TF1A41O 896695> 95 8D=;4 6<=6 A=@ E4 243F92 FT =5@6<95>

F6<41 6<=5 = ;=A41= ;14UO 5F AF14 ;F554;642 6F 87E84d7456 8<F68 FT <98 <45;<A45 6<=5 <4

98 6F 6<4 TC=8<E=;_ 8;454 <4 5=11=648]

$<4 2F7EC95> 54=1C@ 298=DD4=18 E@ BU=5Y8 341@ C=86 T9CA8O =52 U<=6 98 C4T6O 6<1F7><F76 6<98

C=64 D419F2O 98 5F CF5>41 6<4 DC=@ FT >195595> =;6F18 U96<95 >45419; DCF68 =52 =1;<46@D9;=C

1FC48O E76 6<4 1427;69F5 FT 6<484 1FC48 =52 DCF68 6F 6<4 87;;488934 DF848 FT 6<4 D41TF1A418O

U<F84 AF86 E=89; >4867148 E4;FA4 =6 F5;4 6<4=619;=C ;C9;<p8 T1FA 6<4 IJIo8 =52 5F6<95>

AF14 6<=5 6<4 =;6F18Y FU5 EF2948 6F7;<95> F5a8;1445] $<4 DCF6 ;F7C2 E4 1427;42 6F 6<4

AF86 ;=15=C >486714 FT BU=5Y8 95;14=895>C@ ;=15=C UFA=5O .=>46 E9695> <41 CF341Y8 E=;_ 6F

61@ 6F D1F34 6F <9A <4Y8 TC48< =52 ECFF2G U<414 6<4 ;FA9;=CC@ AF16=C b=91E=5_8 =52?U=58F5 214=A6 FT E4;FA95> 86=18O 9;F58 FT 6<491 69A4O *F5 *=524CCY8 2=A542 87D41<41Fa

>=5>8641 U=568 F5C@ 6F E4 <7A=5] ,5 #$*, L.(/&'$)* #.(O 6<4 5F5aE72>46 E195>8 6<4 T9CA

T7CC ;91;C4G =8 95 %FCC@UFF2Y8 4=1C9486O 846aEF752 T9CA8O 456914 CF;=69F58 =14 89>59T942

8@54;2F;<9;=CC@ F5C@ E@ 6<491 U=CCD=D41O = D=6641542 8;1445 =>=9586 U<9;< 6<4 =;6F18

D41TF1A] &=1C@ F5O 8;94569868 U=6;< = T9CA FT 6<4 <41F 61@95> 6F 48;=D4 = 57;C4=1 6486 8964 =8

<4 DF7528 =6 968 C9A968O U<9;< =14 4392456C@ 6<4 C458 FT 6<4 ;=A41=O 6<4 8;1445 FT 6<4 T9CA

6<4@Y14 U=6;<95>O =8 9T 6<4 456914 8964 U414 958;19E42 5F6 E@ U=CC8 E76 ;=A41=8] b=1 T1FA

b=91E=5_8 =52 ?U=58F5O <98 248D41=64 4:4169F58 6F 48;=D4 6<98 A=57T=;67142 8;945;4a

T9;69F5 <4CCO U4Y14 6FC2O =14 89ADC@ =5 =664AD6 6F ;C=U <98 U=@ F76 FT 6<4 AF394]



JK

I .4641 nF>2=5F39;<O 75& ;.*, <4$(&&' H(4U -F1_G .1=4>41O IJKILO IKO Ro]2 n9CC Z1F<5O S$<4 )C9TT =52 6<4 bC7A4OS 95 B=392 .<4CD8 =52 c95= $4C=1FC9 H42]LO !22.( LC.(U

! L$**4&' H/7A9r14O MoIRL

R n146 %=164O S$45548844Y8 .=16541OS <66DGQQ;C=889;C96]=EF76];FAQC9E1=1@QECa464:68QE<=164QECaE<=164a645D=1]<6A]

P nF>2=5F39;<O M"]

N *] &AA46 ?U4454@O S+ ^F2415 ^78_46441G +234567148 95 b=91E=5_8a?96695>OS 95 B=392.<4CD8 =52 c95= $4C=1FC9 H42]LO !22.( LC.(U ! L$**4&' H/7A9r14O MoIRL]

" B=594C Z=8A=5O S'D 95 ^=E4CY8 *FFAQc46695> c41694Y8 c=1641G i4;6F1 ^FE9C48OS 95 B=392.<4CD8 =52 c95= $4C=1FC9 H42]LO !22.( LC.(U ! L$**4&' H/7A9r14O MoIRL]

K (F=< $49;<541O S^=5<=66=5 ^=25488G + (F64 F5 6<4 ,5641a696C48OS 95 B=392 .<4CD8 =52 c95=$4C=1FC9 H42]LO !22.( LC.(U ! L$**4&' H/7A9r14O MoIRL]

# ,E92]O ##]

J gF4 ^;&C<=54@O S?C9><6C@ ?;=1C46G 0E8413=69F58OS 95 B=392 .<4CD8 =52 c95= $4C=1FC9 H42]LO !22.( LC.(U ! L$**4&' H/7A9r14O MoIRL]Io )T] c95= $4C=1FC9Y8 D94;4O U<9;< EF6< =1>748W=52 =1>748 =>=9586W6<4 DF956] c95=$4C=1FC9O S)=66C4 [7445 FT ^F56=5=G ?4495> B=@C9><6OS 95 B=392 .<4CD8 =52 c95= $4C=1FC9H42]LO !22.( LC.(U ! L$**4&' H/7A9r14O MoIRL]

II $<FA=8 g4TT418F5O S/46641 6F gF<5 X] &DD48O ?4D64AE41 IIO I#IROS<66DGQQUUU]@=A=>7;<@];FAQC9E1=1@Qh4TT418F5Q4DD48I]<6AC



98

"#$%&'(")# *&$ *+,#-

$./0. 12324(/546758.9 :; (.9 <.498

!"#$%& () *+,-$ =->??@

A295/9 428.9 8B58 C.2C7. 62D.8ED.6 02 82 6.. F54 279 GH:E86IBJK :H8 4.L./ 82 /.59 F54 279

'M7E4.NK (B2H0B I248.DC2/54.2H6 82 .5IB 28B./J OE7D BE682/; 75;6 I726./ 82 H6 8B54 7E8./5/;

BE682/;N P.8 8B./. E6 5 :29; 2O Q2/R 8B58 6..D6 82 I2D. O/2D L./; O5/ 5Q5;S Q. 924T8 02 82

6.. F54 279 *Q54NK (B. OE7DD5R./ E6 62 O2/0288.4 E4 8B. BE682/; 2O U277;Q229 8B58 B. D5R.6

8BE6 BE682/; 6..D .L.4 O5/8B./ 5Q5; 8B54 DE0B8 :. .VC.I8.9N

(BE6 O2/0.8OH74.66 DE0B8 :. H49./68229 BE682/EI577;WX?Y 2O BE6 OE7D6 5/. 7268N )/ 56 5

68/58.0;W:.O2/. 8B. 659 O58. EDC26.9 :; 8B. 68H9E26 24 8B. D268 072/E2H6 2O BE6 I277.50H.6

O/2D BE6 ;2H8B =A/EOOE8BJ $8/2B.ED@J 8B. OE7DD5R./ 9.IE9.9 58 8B. :.0E44E40 2O 8B. ->Z[6 82Q2/R E4 6.I/.8N UE6 I/.92S 82 428 05/4./ 75H/.76J 4.L./ 82 682C 6B228E40J .L.4 EO E8 D.548

5II.C8E40 54; 6I/EC8J I568J 2/ :H90.8N (B. OE7D6 O/2D 8B. .49 2O BE6 I5/../J D5;:. BE6 D268

:.5H8EOH7J Q./. 6B28 24 5L./50. E4 7.66 8B54 OEO8..4 95;6J O2/ 7.66 8B54 \Z[[J[[[J 58 5 /58. 2O

8B/.. 5 ;.5/N



99

(B. BE682/EI 549 68/58.0EI /.56246 O2/ BE6 :.E40 O2/0288.4 5/. 247;J B2Q.L./J 8B. 6;DC82D

2O 5 6.I/.8 7;E40 QE8BE4 8B. OE7D6 8B.D6.7L.6N "O (2H/4.H/ E6 8B. OE7DD5R./ 2O 6.I/.86 :;

4E0B8J QB.4 9E6]HE.8 /H7.6J *Q54 E6 8B.E/ OE7DD5R./ :; 95;J QB.4 6./.4E8; R..C6 Q58IBN^

U2Q I54 6.I/.86 2O 95; 549 4E0B8 :. 9E68E40HE6B.9 O/2D 24. 5428B./_ ,49J OE/68J B2Q 82

9E68E40HE6B 8B. 6.I/.8 2O 8B.6. OE7D6 549 8B58 2O 2H/ 2Q4 7EL.6_

"O " 8.77 5 6.I/.8 82 5 O/E.49J 8B./. 5/. 58 7.568 8Q2 C.2C7. O2/ QB2D 8B. 6.I/.8 E6 428 24. 58

577W8B. O/E.49 549 D.N ,49 .L.4 EO " 4.L./ 8.77 8B. 6.I/.8J 8B./. E6 58 7.568 24. C./624 O2/

QB2D E8 E6 428 24.WD.N "4 7EO.J .L./; 6.I/.8 E6 EDCH/.N "4 7EO.J .L./; 6.I/.8 B56 58 7.568 24.

50.48 O2/ QB2D 8B. 6.I/.8 E6 428 5 6.I/.8N #28 E4 5 *Q54 2/ (2H/4.H/ OE7D :.I5H6. 42

IB5/5I8./ E6 E86 50.48N (B. 6.I/.8 E6 0EL.4 68/5E0B8 O/2D 8B. OE7D 82 8B. LE.Q./N U2Q_ (B.

`5Ia`5B24E546 =C5/8EIH75/7; b5I]H.6 G2H/I.77.6@J QB2 9E6I2L./.9 (2H/4.H/ 549 *Q54J B59

24. 546Q./S 8B/2H0B 8B. DE6. .4 6Ic4.N

È6. .4 6Ic4. E6 5 Q5; 2O 6C58E577; 2/054E3E40 5 682/; Q/E88.4 24 C5C./N G.8T6 :.0E4 QE8B 8B.C5C./N (B. 682/;7E4.6 5/. 428 QB58 8B.; 6..D 82 :.S 8B. 95/R Q.68./4J 8B. 59L.48H/. OE7DJ

8B. OE7D 42E/ 577 5/. 8/546O2/D.9 E482 O5:7.6 :; 54 .VI.66 2O I24IE6E24 =ION ./0&1 2/ !321&=->dX@J 4215&, 6)7& =->?d@J 89& :25&,;" !70& =->?e@@N 'B5/5I8./6 5/. 428 QB2 8B.; 6..D 82

:.S 8B. 8BE.O E4 !"#$%& () *+,-$ =->??@ E6 428 5 8BE.OJ 8B. D./I.45/; E4 <$((1& =+&&/ )>?)/($/$ =->?d@ E6 428 5 D./I.45/;J .8IN (B. IB5/5I8./6T 6.I/.8 E6 /.L.57.9 :; 8B. .49 82 :.

2O 5 42:E7E8; 8B58 E6 56 E4I/.9E:7. 56 E8 E6 H4.VC.I8.9N f4.VC.I8.9 428 :.I5H6. 8B.6.

IB5/5I8./6 .L./ 0EL. 8B. E77H6E24 2O :56.4.66J :H8 :.I5H6. 8B.; B59 8BE406W95/R 549

9540./2H6W82 85R. I5/. 2OJ 549 8B.; I2H794T8 85R. I5/. 2O 8B.D QE8B2H8 5 O5R. E9.48E8;N

+B58 /.D5E46 O2/ 8B.D 82 7EL. 2H8 5O8./Q5/96J 42Q 8B58 8B.;g/. 8B.D6.7L.6_

&L./;8BE40J :.I5H6. 8BE6 59L.48H/.WH49.6E/.9 549 .V.IH8.9 H49./ 5 O576. E9.48E8;W5762

5772Q.9 8B.D 82 OE49 62D.8BE40 .76.N , Q2D54S 428 82 :. I24]H./.9J :H8 QB2 I24]H./6 8B.

B./2 :; 6B2QE40 BED B2Q 82 7EL. E4 C.5I.N U2QJ 549 5:2L. 577 QB./.S 5 6E8. 8B58 QE77 6./L.

56 5 6.I249 62H7 D58.h B.4I. 8B. 6.I/.8 2O 8B.6. 75496I5C.6 I246E68.487; E4 5II2/9 QE8B

QB58 Q. Q24g8 OE49 2H8 g8E7 8B. .49W8B. 42:E7E8; 2O 8B. B./2.6N *Q54 OE7D6 8B.6.W8B.6.

75496I5C.6 7ER. O5DE7E5/ 62H7 D58.6WQE8B 5 OH774.66 8B58 E6 62 DE4H8.J 57D268 b5C54.6.J 8B58

8B. LE.Q./ C5E4OH77; 6CH/6 24 8B. C266E:7. E//HC8E24 2O 9540./J 45D.7; 8B58 8B.E/ B5CCE4.66

QE77 :. 6B588./.9 :; QB58.L./ E6 EDD.9E58.7; 2OOa6I/..4 =ION 8B. 6B286 C/.I.9E40 8B. "49E54

5885IR 58 8B. :.0E44E40 2O <$((1& =+&&/ )> ?)/($/$@N "TD 505E4 /.8H/4E40 82 b5I]H.6G2H/I.77.6N

$.I/.8 2O 8B. :29E.6S 8B. DH6I7.9 E4.VC/.66EL.4.66 2O 8B. `5Ia`5B24E54 5I82/6 =(2D

(/;24J *545 ,49/.Q6J i24579 i.5054J i54927CB $I288j@ 5772Q6 8B. 42:E7E8; 2O 8B.

IB5/5I8./6 82 /.D5E4 5424;D2H6N "8 E6 .42H0B 82 ED50E4. '75/R A5:7. E4 8&//&""&&;"@$,(/&, WQBEIB 6..D6 Q/E88.4 O2/ BEDW549 8B. .49E40 QE77 726. E86 6.46. 2O 45R.9 8/50.9;



100

:.I5H6. A5:7. B56 7.66 2O 5 4..9 O2/ O/E.496 8B54 b2B4 %5;4.N +B;_ A5:7.T6 O75D:2;54I.

4..96 42:29; :.I5H6. E8 /59E58.6 577 24 E86 2Q4J 56 279 56 8B. 5I82/ E6N %5;4.T6 O75D:2;54I.

4..96 62D.24. .76.J 5 0229 O.775 56 B24.68 549 O2/8B/E0B8 56 %5;4. E6 I/22R.9 2/

59L.48H/2H6J :.I5H6. BE6 O75D:2;54I. E6 57D268 FC566MJK 2/ E4 54; I56. 9H77N (B. 65D. 02.6

O2/ 8B. 0/5I.7.66 549 500/.66EL. ./28EIE6D 2O 8B. 5I8/.66.6 =15/:5/5 $854Q;IRJ kE/0E4E5

`5;2J iB2495 <7.DE40j@N

(B. D;68./; E6 8B58 8B. OE7DT6 6.I/.8 E6 428 2:85E4.9 :; 599E40 HC 8B. 6.I/.8 2O 8B. 682/;J 2O

8B. 75496I5C.6J 549 2O 8B. 5I82/6N "8 /.6E9.6J E468.59J E4 8B26. D2D.486 2O 5:68/5I8 6./.4E8;

8B58 lH68 D2D.485/E7; .6I5C. 8B. 682/;J 8B. 75496I5C.6J 549 8B. 5I82/6N ,4 .V5DC7.S E4 8B.

DE997. 2O !"#$%& () *+,-$J 5 IBE79 I2DE40 2H8 2O 42QB./. 8/E.6 82 0EL. 5 7.88./ 82 8B.

B./2E4.N $.48 2H8 :; 5 D5E9 QB2 85R.6 BED O2/ 5 :.005/J 8B. IBE79 6E86 92Q4 24 5 :.4IB 549

02.6 82 67..CN (B. 6B28 E6 6H:7ED.N ,8 8B. .49 2O 8B. OE7DJ 8BE6 7.88./ 65L.6 .L./;8BE40N ,8 8B.

D2D.48 8B. IBE79 O5776 567..CJ Q. 924T8 R42Q E8N "8T6 5 6.I/.8N

- (BE6 8E87. E6 2O 5 :22R b.54a'75H9. 1E.88. Q56 C7544E40 82 Q/E8.N

^ "6 E8 54 5IIE9.48 EO 8&//&""&&;" @$,(/&, =*Q54J ->??@ 549 <$/A)/ @$""$0& =(2H/4.H/J->dm@ 5/. 8B. 8Q2 D268 :.5H8EOH7 Q.68./46 5:2H8 D57. O/E.496BEC_



101

, #)(& )# (U& "#(&ia("(G&$ "#

?.BC.88.B ?.DB!44 =->-m@

#25B (.EIB4./

"# $%&'()# *(&'()#()

i.7.56.9 E4 )I82:./ 2O ->-mJ ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" E6 24. 2O ,7754 *Q54T6 .5/7E.68 6H/LELE40

OE7D6N "8 E6 5 6B2/8 O.58H/.- 8B58 Q56 D59. 9H/E40 8B. O2/D58EL. ;.5/6 2O ,D./EI54 IE4.D5J 5

LE:/548 C./E29 8B58 65Q 428 247; 5 75/0.a6I57. DE0/58E24 82 U277;Q229J :H8 5762 8B. /E6. 2O

8B. O.58H/. OE7D 549 8B. 0/2QE40 92DE454I. 2O 8B. 685/ 6;68.DN (BE6 7568 9.85E7 E6 2O

I246E9./5:7. EDC2/854I. E4 8B. I56. 2O ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&""J 56 E8 E6 *Q54T6 6.I249 E4 5

6./E.6 2O I2775:2/58E246 QE8B *2H0756 <5E/:54R6J 8B.4 24 BE6 Q5; 82 :.I2DE40 24. 2O,D./EI5T6 D268 C/2DE4.48 7.59E40 D.4N )4. C5/8EIH75/E8; 2O 8B. CEI8H/. E6 8B. /27. C75;.9

:; 8B. Q/E88.4 Q2/9J QBEIB 5762 B5CC.46 82 :. 5 75/0.7; O2/0288.4 O5I.8 2O <5E/:54R6T 6I/..4

C./6245N ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" 2OO./6 5 O56IE458E40 I56. 68H9; 2O 8BE6 E66H. 9H. 82 8B.

9EL./6E8; 2O E86 B;:/E9 O2/DS E8 E6 I2DC/E6.9 2O 5 75/0.7; .VC26E82/; 549 E48./a8E87. B.5L; OE/68

B57O 8B58 :HE796 HC 82 54 5I8E24a2/E.48.9 OE457. 8B58 /.O7.I86 5 C75;OH7J 6.7OaI246IE2H6

5CC/25IB 82 OE7D 45//58EL.N



102

(BE6 8Q2aC5/8 68/HI8H/. 2O ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" DE//2/6 E86 682/;J QBEIB E6 :HE78 24 24. 2O

8B26. B.5L; I248/5686 8B58 6E7.48 IE4.D5 I2H79 CH77 2OO QE8B .56.N bH68 56 8B. OE/68

*Q54n<5E/:54R6 OE7D E 89& C$F2( )> C$%%2/&"" =->-m@J E6 68/HI8H/.9 5/2H49 8B. 9EIB282D;

:.8Q..4 /EIB 549 C22/J ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" C7286 7EO. E4 8B. 2C.4 +.68 505E468 8B. HCa8E0B8

&568W2/ 56 8B. 2C.4E40 E48./a8E87. 6HIIE4I87; 6.86 HCS F(B. 5/0HD.48 2O 8BE6 682/; I248/5686

8B. &568 QE8B 8B. +.68 E4 /.6C.I8 82 8B.E/ l2; ;E.79E40 ]H57E8E.6NK (BE6 E6 O2772Q.9 :; 8Q2

D2/. E48./a8E87.6 =F+B.4 Q. 65; o(B. &568T 8BE6 E6 QB58 Q. 8BE4R 2OWF 549 F+B.4 Q. 65;

o(B. +.68T Q. CEI8H/. 8BE6WK@ 8B58 :28B 7.59 82 5 LE6H57 9.OE4E8E24 2O .5IB /.0E24N #28

6H/C/E6E407;J 8B. 577a,D./EI54 <5E/:54R6 E6 C26E8.9 56 8B. /.C/.6.4858EL. 2O 8B. 2C.4

I2H48/; 2O 8B. +E79 +.68N "4 54 E48/29HI82/; 6I.4. 8B58 6..D6 82 .VE68 627.7; 82

9.D2468/58. BE6 72L. 2O 6C2/8J <5E/:54R6T IB5/5I8./ $8.L. )T*5/. E6 C/.6.48.9 /H44E40

5I/266 8B. 82C 2O 5 6858E245/; 8/5E4 E4 .V8/.D. 7240a6B28 :.O2/. I7ED:E40 2OO 549 .OO2/87.667;

7.5CE40 2L./ 5 O.4I. 82 I58IB 5 85VE O2/ 8B. 1E0 'E8;N (BE6 7.5L.6 BED lH68 .42H0B 8ED. 82

:/E.O7; O/5D. BED6.7O HC E4 5 DE9a6B28 82 6B5/. 5 QE4R 2O I2DC7EIE8; QE8B 8B. 5H9E.4I.W

6.88E40 5 824. 8B58 QE77 E4O2/D 8B. /.D5E49./ 2O 8B. OE7DN



103

, :/E.O 6HDD5/; 2O 8B. OE7DT6 45//58EL. QE77 C/2L. H6.OH7 O2/ 8B. 5457;6E6 8B58 O2772Q6J QBEIB

E6 5 856R 8B58 I54 75/0.7; :. 5IBE.L.9 :; 6EDC7; ]H28E40 8B. E48./a8E87.6N bH68 :.O2/. 8B. OE/68

6.]H.4I. Q. 5/. E4O2/D.9 8B58 $8.L. B56 I2D. 82 `54B58854 82 6.77 5 F7259 2O +5/ B2/6.6

pjq 82 5 I./85E4 '2H48 +E4RE.J /.C/.6.48E40 5 O2/.E04 02L./4D.48KW5 C728 C2E48 8B58 E6

6HDD5/E7; CH8 56E9. O2/ 8B. /.D5E49./ 2O 8B. OE7DT6 OE/68 B57ON "468.59J Q. O2772Q $8.L. 56 B.

FD5R.6 5 :/.5R 82 BE6 I277.0. I7H:K QB./. Q. 6.. 8B58 9.6CE8. BE6 I2H48/; Q5;6J B. E6

54;8BE40 :H8 5 BEIRN (BE6 7.596 82 5 7.408B; 6I.4. 58 5 BE0BaI7566 I2H48/; I7H: E4 QBEIB $8.L.

6E406 8B. C/5E6.6 2O #.L595 2L./ 8B. F6HC./OEIE57J H4a,D./EI54J 2L./I/2Q9.9K #.Q P2/RN U.

92.6 B2Q.L./ OE49 )/& 8BE40 B. 6..D6 82 7ER. E4 `54B58854W54 588/5I8EL. 0E/7 6.58.9 5I/266

8B. /22D 8B58 B. 6B5/.6 5 6./E.6 2O O7E/858E2H6 6B28n/.L./6. 6B286 QE8BN $8.L.T6 O/E.496

/.D5E4 68.59O568 E4 8B.E/ 9.O.46. 2O `54B58854J 02E40 62 O5/ 56 82 C/2C26. 5 :.8 O2/ OEL.

8B2H6549 92775/6 8B58 $8.L. QE77 F0.8 5 8B/E77 577 /E0B8K EO B. 685;6 E4 8B. IE8; O2/ 5428B./

Q..RN

$8.L. 8B.4 I248E4H.6 82 '2H48 +E4RE.T6 FD;68./E2H6 279 D546E24 24 8B. O/E40. 2O`54B58854JK QB./.J E4 5 I24L27H8.9 8H/4 2O .L.486J B. 428 247; 9E6I2L./6 8B58 8B. I2H48 E6

8/;E40 82 IB.58 BED 2H8 2O BE6 D24.;J :H8 5762 8B58 B. lH68 62 B5CC.46 82 :. O2/I.OH77;

9.85E4E40 8B. 0E/7 O/2D 8B. I2H48/; I7H:N (BE6 :HE796 HC 82 5 7.408B; 5I8E24 6I.4. E4 QBEIB

$8.L. 9.O.496 BE6 4.QO2H49 72L. O/2D '2H48 +E4RE.T6 DE4E246J QB2D B. C/2I..96 82 OE0B8

2OO 6E407.B549.97;N (B.4J 6H99.47; OE49E40 8B. D546E24 9.6./8.9J B. :/.5R6 8B/2H0B 5

Q229 C54.7 82 9E6I2L./ BE6 C/E2/ O2.6 549 8B.E/ LEI8EDj6E88E40 IB../OH77; 5/2H49 8B. 9E44./

85:7.r (B. :.8 8B58 $8.L. QE77 0.8 5 F8B/E77F E4 #.Q P2/R /.6H/O5I.6 56 <5E/:54R6 =549 8B.

5H9E.4I.@ /.57E3. 8B58 E8 Q56 577 5 IB5/59.J CH8 24 :; 8B. F759E.6 549 0.487.D54 2O 8B.

8B.58./NK 1H8 $8.L.J QB2 B59 57/.59; I577.9 E4 BE6 I2QB5496 O2/ :5IRHCJ C26.6 56 8B.

Q.68./4 2H875Q 175IR 1H/R. 549 oRE945C6T 8B. 0E/7 =QE8B B./ I246.48J 2O I2H/6.@ 549 8B.;

68.57 5Q5; 24 B2/6.:5IRN +. 6224 l2E4 8B.D 505E4 24 8B. 9.IR 2O 54 2I.54 7E4./J 42Q D54

549 QEO.N (BE6 7.5L.6 lH68 .42H0B /22D O2/ 5 IH8.6; .CE720H. QE8B 5 RE66 8B/2H0B 24. 2O 8B.

6BECT6 C2/8aB27.6 549 5 OE457 E48./a8E87. =/.6C249E40 .VC7EIE87; 8B. 24. 8B58 2C.4.9 8B.

CEI8H/.@ 8B58 85R.6 24 8B. O2/D 2O 5 D2/57S F,O8./ 577WE8 E64T8 QB./. ;2H 5/. 8B58 I2H486J E8T6

QB2D ;2HT/. QE8BNK

+%,,-./#%'0)1 2%))%'/3(

?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" E6 5 OE7D 8B58 :.0E46 549 .496 H49./ 8B. 6E04 2O 8B. E48./a8E87.N </2D 8B.2C.4E40 F5/0HD.48K 82 8B. D2/57 58 E86 .49J 5 C5/577.7 8.V8 E6 Q.5L.9 8B/2H0B2H8 8B. OE7D E4

5 Q5; 8B58 549 2/054E3.6 549 I249E8E246 2H/ /.59E40 2O 8B. ED50.6 8B58 O2772QN +BE7.

Q58IBE40 8B. OE7DJ E8 E6 B5/9 82 02 57240 QE8B 8B. Q.77aQ2/4 I7EIBM 8B58 E48./a8E87.6 5/.

62D.B2Q C./ECB./57 82 8B. oCH/.7; LE6H57 Q2/79T 2O 6E7.48 OE7D /58B./ 8B54 54 E48/E46EI C5/8

2O :28B E86 LE6H57 549 45//58EL. O5:/EIJ /EIB7; .V.DC7EOE.9 :; F8B. &568 L6N +.68K 9E6IH66E24

58 8B. I2H48/; I7H:N (B. 6I.4. E86.7O E6 C/.I.9.9 :; 5 l2R.; E48./a8E87. 8B58 E48/29HI.6 54



104

.77EC6E6 8B58 E6 2O R.; EDC2/8548. 82 QB58 O2772Q6J 56 E8 QE77 :. OE77.9 E4 8B/2H0B O756B:5IR6 E4

8B. 6H:6.]H.48 6I.4.S F+. Q24T8 O2772Q $8.L. 549 BE6 oIBHDT 5/2H49 `54B58854W2H/

E442I.4I. O2/:E96N (B.; DE66.9 428BE40 :H8 8B. (2D:6W549 E8 822R C27E8EI57 CH77 82 DE66

8B58N )4. 95; 58 8B. I2H48/; I7H:jK



105

(BE6 6I.4. 58 8B. I2H48/; I7H: E6 D59. HC 2O 5 QB27. 6./E.6 2O :/E.O LE04.88.6 I2DC5/E40

8B.E/ /.I.48 #.Q P2/R 59L.48H/.6 82 8B. OH4 8B58 I2H79 B5L. :..4 B59 :5IR E4 #.L595

=68/..8I5/ L6N 6850.I25IB /E9.J :5/a/22D :/5Q7 L6N 0H4OE0B8J .8IN@N </2D 5 68/HI8H/57 C2E48

2O LE.QJ 8B. 6I.4. E86.7O E6 I2DC/E6.9 2O O2H/ D5E4 .7.D.486S =-@ $8.L. 549 BE6 O/E.496

5/0HE40 5/2H49 8B. 85:7.J =^@ 5 6./E.6 2O 24.a6B28 DE4EaO756B:5IR6 82 8B.E/ 1E0 'E8;

59L.48H/.6J =Z@ I2DC5/58EL. LE6H57 E77H68/58E246 2O 7EO. E4 #.L595J 549 =d@ 8B. E48./a8E87.6

8B58 7E4R 820.8B./ 8B. 9EOO./.48 75;./6N (B. E48./5I8E246 :.8Q..4 8B.6. L5/E2H6

I2DC24.486 /.6H78 E4 5 C5/8EIH75/7; 9;45DEI /.49./E40 2O 5 6I.4. QBEIB E6 E4 /.57E8; E6

428BE40 D2/. 8B54 5 O.Q C.2C7. 5/0HE40 5/2H49 5 85:7.N "8 E6 5762 5 I24IE6.J 428 82 D.48E24

5DH6E40J Q5; 82 .685:7E6B 8B. OE7DT6 :/259./ 8B.D58EI I24I./46N ,6 O2/ 8B. L5/E2H6

IH85Q5;6J 8B.6. 6B286 C75; 5 IH/E2H6 /27. E4 8B. 2L./577 I2468/HI8E24 2O 8B. 6I.4.S 8B.; 58

24I. 2OO./ 5 LE6H57 8/546758E24 2O 8B. EDC7EIE8 I24L./658E24 :.8Q..4 8B. IB5/5I8./6J QBE7.

5762 C/2LE9E40 54 oE77H68/58E24T 2O 8B. E48./a8E87.6J QBEIB E4 8H/4 6.7.I8EL.7; 8/546I/E:.

C2/8E246 2O QB58 E6 :.E40 65E9N^

(BE6 8;C. 2O o682/;aQE8BE4a5a682/;T I2468/HI8E24J 8;CEI577; E48/29HI.9 :; D.546 2O 8B.

E48./a8E87.6J Q56 ]HE8. I2DD24 E4 6E7.48 OE7DJ 56 </54s2E6 b268 B56 4285:7; C2E48.9 2H8N U.

/.O./6 82 8BE6 45//58EL. 68/58.0; 56 54 E46854I. 2O FB577HIE4582/; 45//58EL.JK E4 QBEIB 5

F68/EI8 .]HEL57.4I.K E6 I/.58.9 :.8Q..4 8B. 682/; :.E40 8279 :; 8B. FE48/5a9E.0.8EI

45//582/K 549 E86 LE6H57 8/546758E24 24 6I/..4 O2/ 8B. 6C.I8582/J /.6H78E40 E4 54 E9.57E3.9

B5/D24; :.8Q..4 Q2/9 549 ED50.NZ b268 5CC7E.6 8BE6 I24I.C8 82 8B. O/5DE40 9.LEI. H6.9

E4 89& <$F2/&( )> D,G <$120$,2 =->^[@J :H8 8B. 8./D FB577HIE4582/;K E6 5762 C5/8EIH75/7; 5C8

B./.N +BE7. 8B. 6B286 2O #.Q P2/R I7.5/7; OH4I8E24 56 O756B:5IR6 6B5/.9 :; :28B $8.L. 549

BE6 O/E.496J 8B26. 2O #.L595 C75; 5 D2/. 5D:E0H2H6 /27.S /58B./ 8B54 /.O.//E40 82 6C.IEOEI

.L.486 8B58 $8.L. B56 QE84.66.9J 8B.; 5CC.5/ 82 C/.6.48 5 :/259./J D2/. 0.4./EIJ ED50. 2O

8B. +.68N (B. I2H48/; I7H: 6I.4. E4 ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" H6.6 8B. 45//58EL. 68/58.0;

9.6I/E:.9 :; b268 24 5 6D577./ 6I57.J 57:.E8 E4 5 D544./ 8B58 E6 .L.4 D2/. I2DC7.VJ

O.58H/E40 DH78EC7. FE48/5a9E.0.8EIK 45//582/6 549 5 C5/8EIH75/7; /EIB E48./C75; :.8Q..4

8.V8 549 ED50.N

+BE7. 8BE6 .48E/. 6I.4. E6 68/HI8H/.9 5/2H49 8B.6. FB577HIE4582/;K ED50.6J 8Q2 .V5DC7.6

2O QB58 I2H79 :. IB5/5I8./E3.9 56 $8.L.T6 D.4857 LE6E246 C/2LE9. 5 H6.OH7 E77H68/58E24 2O

8BE6 I24I.C8N (B. OE/68 2O 8B.6. B577HIE458E246 2IIH/6 lH68 5O8./ $8.L. 428EI.6 8B. 0E/7 E4 8B.

I2H48/; I7H:J QBEIB C/2DC86 BED 82 .VI75EDJ K)B B2r $2 8B./. E6 62D.8BE40 9EOO./.48 E4`54B58854rK U. 8B.4 /.8H/46 82 BE6 6H:l.I8 =F)B /28r " 8.77 ;2H Q. B5L. .L./;8BE40 E4

#.L595WF@ 8B58 C/2DC86 5 :5457 6B28 2O 54 .DC8; C75E4 8B58 E/24EI577; I2H48./C2E486 8B.

8.V8N i.8H/4E40 82 $8.L.J B. 722R6 24I. D2/. 58 8B. 0E/7J 6B2Q4 56 8B.E/ 053.6 D..8 E4 5

:/E.O D58IB IH8J 8B.4 I248E4H.6 BE6 8/5E4 2O 8B2H0B8J FW8B58 E6W4.5/7; .L./;8BE40NK (B.

6.I249 2O 8B.6. D.4857 LE6E246 2IIH/6 5 O.Q DE4H8.6 758./J QB.4 Q. OE49 $8.L. E4 5

C.46EL. D229J 685/E40 2OO E482 8B. 9E6854I.N +. 8B.4 E/E6 E4 549 2H8 2O 5 I726.aHC 2O 8B.



106

0E/7J QB2D B. B56 I7.5/7; O577.4 O2/N ,4 E48./a8E87. 5CC.5/6J 0ELE40 H6 5II.66 82 BE6

8B2H0B86S F" Q249./ EO "T9 /58B./ 685; B./. 549 722R O2/ B./ 6DE7.J 2/ 02 :5IR B2D. 82 8B.

68EIR 2O 8B. I5I8H6 549 8B. 6QE40 2O D; :/24._K (BE6 8E87. E6 O2772Q.9 :; 5 CEI8H/.6]H. 6B28

6B2QE40 2O $8.L. E4 6E7B2H.88. 24 B2/6.:5IRJ 8B.4 5428B./ 56 5 627E85/; OE0H/. E4 8B. 2C.4

I2H48/;J :.O2/. Q. IH8 :5IR 82 BED 58 8B. I2H48/; I7H:J 68E77 E4 C.46EL. D29.N

(B.6. 8Q2 .V5DC7.6 2O D.4857 ED50.6 E4 8B. 6I.4. 9.D2468/58. 8B. 5D:E0HE8; 2O 8B.

45//58EL. L2EI. C/.6.48 E4 :28B 8B. E48./a8E87.6 549 8B. 2L./577 68/HI8H/. 2O ?$/9$(($/?$7/&""N )4 24. B549J 8B./. E6 5 8/59E8E2457 8BE/9aC./624 45//582/J I5C5:7. 2O D5RE40

0.4./57 566./8E246 8B58 E48/29HI. 8B. IB5/5I8./6 549 6.8 HC 8B. 2L./577 C728N 1H8 58 8B.

65D. 8ED.J 8B. L./; O2/D 2O 8B. OE7D E86.7O 2O8.4 758IB.6 24 82 <5E/:54R6T 6H:l.I8ELE8;h 428

247; E4 8B. Q5; 8B58 BE6 8B2H0B86 I577 O2/8B D.4857 ED50.6 QBEIB 5/. /.C/.6.48.9 24 8B.

OE7D 68/ECJ :H8 5762 :.I5H6. Q. 6B5/. BE6 C2E48 2O LE.Q 8B/2H0B2H8 8B. .48E/. OE7DJ 62 DHIB

62 8B58 Q. 5/. O227.9 572406E9. QE8B BED 58 8B. .49N (BE6 5D:E0HE8; E6 :; 42 D.546 5

68/HI8H/57 Q.5R4.66 2O 8B. OE7DWE8 E6 B5/97; 428EI.9 24 OE/68 LE.QE40W:H8 /58B.//.C/.6.486 8B. 6E04EOEI548 O7.VE:E7E8; 2O 6E7.48 OE7D 45//58EL. 549 8B. .56. QE8B QBEIB E8

I2H79 O7HE97; 6BEO8 :.8Q..4 8.DC2/57 /.0E68./6 549 C2E486 2O LE.QN +E8B 8B. I2DE40 2O

62H49J 8B. 6C58E577; H4EO;E40 O2/I. 2O 8B. 62H498/5IR Q2H79 /.49./ 8BE6 8;C. 2O .V./IE6.

6E04EOEI5487; D2/. I2DC7.VN

4()5%, %#6 4/&-%, 7'0)1'(,,/#8

1.;249 54; I246E9./58E246 2O 45//58EL. .OOEIE.4I;J 8B. E48./a8E87.6 E4 ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&""6./L. 62D.8BE40 75/0./ 8B54 8B. 6EDC7. 682/;8.77E40 D.IB54EI6W8B.; 5762 8.68EO; 82 5 /.57

L./:57 .VH:./54I.J OH77 2O C./E29 O75L2/ 8B58 2O8.4 D54EO.686 E86.7O E4 4.5/ C5/50/5CBa7240

8E87.6N ,6 OE7D BE682/E54 +E77E5D tN &L./624 C2E486 2H8J <5E/:54R6 Q56 R42Q4 O2/ BE6 8E87.6J

FQBEIB Q./. 7240 549 9.7E:./58.7; 2L./7259.9 QE8B 5 RE49 2O 6D577 857RJK 549 8B58 Q2H79

65L. 8B. uE4O2/D58E2457 C5/8F O2/ 8B. 7568 DE4H8.J F58 8B. O228 2O 5 8E87. QBEIB B59 :..4

l277;E40 8B. 5H9E.4I. E482 5 6858. 2O /.I.C8ELE8;NK &L.4 QB.4 8B. 8E87.6 FH8E7E3.9 5 6D577

8;C. O5I.J 8B.; 2O8.4 I2L./.9 .L./; 6]H5/. E4IB 2O 8B. O/5D.J 62 8B58 8B.; Q./. ]HE8. 2O8.4

9EOOEIH78 82 /.59JK QE8B 8B. E48./a8E87.6 2O8.4 2IIHC;E40 F56 DHIB 6I/..4 8ED. 56 D54;

E49ELE9H57 6I.4.6NKd "49..9J Q. I54 6.. B2Q E48./a8E87.6 428 247; C75;.9 5 6E04EOEI548 /27.

E4 8B. 0/2QE40 I2DC7.VE8; 2O OE7D 45//58EL.J :H8 5762 B2Q 8B.; I248/E:H8.9 82 8B. 8B.4

456I.48 685/a6;68.DJ 9..C.4E40 IB5/5I8./ C6;IB2720; 549 O2/0E40 5 I2DC7EIE8; :.8Q..48B. 5H9E.4I. 549 8B. 75/0./a8B54a7EO. C./62457E8; C/2l.I8.9 24 6I/..4N



107

(B. 68;7. 2O 8E87.aQ/E8E40 6..4 E4 ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" Q56 8B. 8/59.D5/R 2O 6I/..4Q/E8./

,4E85 G226J QB2 Q2/R.9 QE8B <5E/:54R6 24 6.L./57 2II56E246J 578B2H0B 428 O2/ 8BE6

C5/8EIH75/ OE7DJ O2/ QBEIB 8B. Q/E8E40 I/.9E8 02.6 82 8B. :/28B./6 'B5/7.6 (N 549 </54R

*53.;N #24.8B.7.66J E8 Q56 G226 QB2 5/0H.9 8B58 FI./85E4 0.4/.6W.6C.IE577; I2D.9;W

I2H79 D28EL58. BE0B7; 6.7OaI246IE2H6 45//58E24JK? 5 ]H57E8; QBEIB E6 I7.5/7; 24 9E6C75; E4 8B.

*Q54 549 <5E/:54R6 I2775:2/58E246Nm (BE6 5CC/25IB 82 682/;8.77E40 E6 /.O7.I8.9 E4 8B. OE7DT6

2L./577 C728S 8B. I248/EL54I. 2O <5E/:54R6 OE49E40 BE6 72L. E48./.68 72IR.9 5Q5; E4 '2H48

+E4RE.T6 D546E24 E6 lH68 8B58W5 /H6. I5//E.9 2H8 :; C/2O.66E2457 5I82/6N +B58 58 OE/68 6..D

82 :. 8B. O5DE7E5/ I24L.48E246 2O 6E7.48 OE7D C/2L. 82 :. C75;OH7 /.Q2/RE40 2O 8B.Dh 8B. /27.aC75;E40 E6 247; OH/8B./.9 QB.4 $8.L.J 566HDE40 8B. E9.48E8; 2O 175IR 1H/R.J O2276 BE6 O/E.496

E482 :.7E.LE40 8B58 B. E6 8B. Q.68./4 2H875QN ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" I726.6 2O I2H/6. QE8B 8B.

I24L.48E2457 B5CC; .49E40J :H8 E8T6 428 9EOOEIH78 82 6.. 8BE6 .CE720H. 8E40.9 QE8B 5 BE48 2O

65/I56D 5O8./ QE84.66E40 8B. 548EI6 8B58 C/.I.9.9 E8N

AEL.4 8B. EDC2/854I. 2O 7540H50. E4 <5E/:54R6T 6I/..4 C./6245J E8 E6 C./B5C6 E/24EI 8B58 BE6

I5/../ Q2H79 OE33 2H8 QE8B 8B. I2DE40 2O 62H49J 56 EO BE6 CEI8H/.6 /.7E.9 24 8BE6 H4E]H.

I24lH4I8E24 2O 8.V8 549 ED50. /58B./ 8B54 6C2R.4 9E5720H.N (B. 65D. I54428 :. 65E9 O2/

,7754 *Q54h 8BE6 OE7DD5R./ QB2 C75;.9 54 E48.0/57 /27. E4 8B. 9.L.72CD.48 2O U277;Q229Q2H79 68549 BE6 0/2H49 O2/ 8B. 4.V8 O2H/ 9.I59.6J 68E77 8B./. E4 8B. ?[6 82 Q58IB 8B. 68H9E2

6;68.D O578./ QBE7. B. I248E4H.9 82E7E40 5Q5; 58 1 CEI8H/.6N +BE7. 8B. D5E4 O2IH6 B./. B56

:..4 24 8B. OE7DT6 E48./a8E87.6J 8B./. 424.8B.7.66 /.D5E46 DHIB 82 :. 65E9 5:2H8 *Q54T6

LE6H57 5/8E68/; 549 8B. .5/7; D568./; 2O 6C5I. 24 9E6C75; E4 ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&""W:. E8 8B.

Q5; B. LE6H577; /B;D.6 8Q2 95337E40 D2:E7. 6B286 =24. O/2D 8B. /22O 2O 5 68/..8I5/J 8B.

6.I249 O/2D 582C 5 6850.I25IB@J 2/ 8B. 0.2D.8/EI57 C/.IE6E24 QE8B QBEIB B. 6850.6 5 IB56.



108

6I.4. 5I/266 8B. /22O 2O 8B. kEI82/E54a./5 D546E24J 82 IE8. lH68 8Q2 .V5DC7.6 5D240 D54;N

+. I54J B2Q.L./J 7E4R 8BE6 .5/7; Q2/R 82 8B. /.68 2O *Q54T6 E4I/.9E:7; 9EL./6. I5/../

8B/2H0B E86 H4E]H. :7.49 2O Q.68./4 549 I2D.9;W8Q2 0.4/.6 8B58 B. Q2H79 /.8H/4 82

E4I.665487;J 549 8B58 E4 D54; Q5;6 9.OE4. BED 56 5 OE7DD5R./N , :/259./ 588.DC8 82

I248.V8H57E3. 8B.6. LE6H57 549 45//58EL. 68/58.0E.6 24 B549 E4 ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" QE8B

8B26. 6..4 E4 8B. /.68 2O ,7754 *Q54T6 2.HL/.W:. E8 8B. I2D.9E.6 2O 8B. d[6 2/ 8B. O5D2H6

6./E.6 2O Q.68./46 C/29HI.9 :; 1.4.9EI8 120.5H6 E4 8B. ->?[6WQ2H79 92H:87.667; :. 54

.]H577; Q2/8B; .49.5L2/J 7ER.7; 82 /.L.57 5 4HD:./ 2O /.62454I.6 QE8B BE6 E4.VB5H68E:7.

:29; 2O Q2/RN

- (B./. B56 :..4 62D. ]H.68E24 56 82 QB.8B./ 8B. L./6E24 2O ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" IH//.487;E4 .VE68.4I. I2//.6C2496 82 8B. 24. 6..4 :; 5H9E.4I.6 E4 ->-mJ /58B./ 8B54 5 /.a.9E8.9L./6E24 =C28.48E577; OE88.9 QE8B 5 4.Q 6.8 2O E48./a8E87.6@ O/2D 5 758./ 958.N "4 BE6 .665; E4

.11$/ DH$/E 6$ 6I0&/7& 7& 1;9)--& $+3 -211& >21-"J CH:7E6B.9 :; '5BE./6 9H 'E4MD5 549 8B.G2I5/42 <E7D <.68EL57J t.LE4 1/2Q472Q I75ED6 82 :.7E.L. 8B58 E8 E6 E49..9 8B. 2/E0E457L./6E24J 62D.8BE40 8B58 5 07EDC6. 58 8B. (/E5407. <E7D6 5/IBEL. B.79 58 8B. 'E4MD58B.]H.</54s5E6. 57240 QE8B 54 2L./LE.Q 2O 8B. 8/59. /.LE.Q6 2O 8B. 8ED. 6..D6 82 I24OE/DN "8 E6Q2/8B 428E40 8B58 8B. *k* L./6E24 2O 8B. OE7D CH8 2H8 A/5C.LE4. kE9.2J I72IRE40 E4 58 lH68H49./ Z[ DE4H8.6J 5CC.5/6 82 /H4 822 O568N "O 6B2Q4 58 8B. I2//.I8 O/5D.a/58.J 8B. OE7DQ2H79 :. 62D.QB./. 5/2H49 E86 2/E0E457 7.408B 2O OEL. /..76N

^ ÈIB.7 'BE24 B56 /.O.//.9 82 8BE6 CB.42D.424 56 F.7568EI 6C..IBJK QBEIB B. IB5/5I8./E3.656 O2772Q6S FE8 I54 D5R. IB5/5I8./6 6C.5R 5 0/.58 9.57 QE8BE4 8B. 682/; 549 6HDD5/E3. 8B.E/H88./54I.6 QE8B 5 O.Q Q/E88.4 Q2/96J 549 E8 I54 C566 O/2D 9E/.I8 82 E49E/.I8 9E6I2H/6.NK a

ÈIB.7 'BE24J J21-E $ ")+/7 $,(E 8/546N '75H9E5 A2/:D54 =#.Q P2/RS '27HD:E5 f4EL./6E8;%/.66J ^[[>@J --N

Z </54s2E6 b268J FG.6 `286 C2H/ 7. L2E/K "4 4#,2((+,$ & 2--$02/&K 1$ 727$"#$12$ /&1 #2/&-$-+()J .9N </54I.6I2 %E8566E2 549 G.245/92 vH5/.6ED5 =f9E4.S <2/HDJ ->>X@J Z?aZmN =`;8/546758E24@

d +E77E5D tN &L./624J 421&/( J21- =#.Q P2/RS *5 '5C2 %/.66J ->>X@J -Z-N

? *5LE9 12/9Q.77J b54.8 $85E0./ 549 t/E68E4 (B2DC624J 89& <1$""2#$1 C)11AH))7 <2/&-$K J21-4(A1& $/7 ?)7& )> @,)7+#(2)/ () LMNO =G24924S i2H87.90.J ->XX@J êXN

m 128B 89& C$F2( )> C$%%2/&"" =->-m@ 549 . ?)7&,/ ?+"P&(&&, =->-e@ 02 62 O5/ 56 82 E4I7H9.428.6 58 8B. O228 2O I./85E4 E48./a8E87.6 =56RE40 8B. 6C.I8582/6 82 FC5/924 8B. CH4K E4 8B.

7588./ OE7D O2/ .V5DC7.@J 62D.8BE40 8B58 I54 5762 6..4 56 54 .5/7; C5/29; 2O A/EOOE8BT6 H6. 2OO228428.6 E4 OE7D6 7ER. *2,(9 )> $ B$(2)/ =->-?@ 549 Q/()1&,$/#& =->-m@N



109

,*k&#(fi&$ "# <,"i1,#t$a$"(("#AS . ?RD!:B ?S4T!8!!: =->-e@

iN &DD.8 $Q..4.;

&L./;24. E4 . ?)7&,/ ?+"P&(&&, 722R6 7ER. 8B.;T/. B5LE40 O5/ 822 DHIB OH4J 56 EO 8B.; Q./.

0.88E40 5Q5; QE8B 62D.8BE40N "4 8BE6 I2D.9EI HC958. 2O 89& 89,&& ?+"P&(&&,"J *2H0756

<5E/:54R6 4ED:7; 6Q56B:HIR7.6 8B/2H0B 8B. D29./4 È9Q.68 Q.5/E40 5 8B2/2H0B7; 6BE8a

.58E40 0/E4N (B. OE7D6 8B58 ,7754 *Q54 D59. QE8B <5E/:54R6 5/. .OO2/87.66 0.4/. C5/29E.6J

7.88E40 8B. 5E/ 2H8 2O 056.2H6 kEI82/E54 D.729/5D58EI6J :H8 8BE6 24. E6 .6C.IE577;O/..QB..7E40J 7ER.7; :.I5H6. 8B. D2LE. E6 D5E47; 54 .VIH6. O2/ <5E/:54R6 82 5L2E9 8B.

8B/.586 2O 5 BH6:549 B. B59 IHIR279.9N

<5E/:54R6 B59 :..4 6./E2H67; CE8IBE40 Q22 82 `5/; %EIRO2/9 QBE7. 6B. Q56 68E77 D5//E.9 82

5I82/ )Q.4 `22/.J QB2 B59 0288.4 QE6. 549 Q56 D5RE40 42E6. 5/2H49 82Q4N U58IBE40 8B.

E9.5 O2/ . ?)7&,/ ?+"P&(&&, QE8B *Q54J B. Q2H79 7.5L. G26 ,40.7.6 =549 `22/.@ :.BE49 82



110

OE7D E8 2H8 :; 8B. A/549 '54;24N UE6 *T,/850454 E6 5 t54656 RE9 QE8B BE6 426. 68HIR E4

*HD56J :H8 BE6 588.DC8 82 /.LEL. 8B. IBEL57/EI I29. 2O -e8B I.48H/; H6H577; .496 E4 675C6 82

8B. O5I.N <5E/:54R6 I2H79 /.758.N

(B. 682/; E6 7226.7; :56.9 24 5 682/; CH:7E6B.9 E4 !5&,AF)7A;" ?$0$U2/& I577.9 F*T,/850454

2O t54656JK :; &H0.4. %N G;7.J b/NJ :H8 *Q54 549 <5E/:54R6 Q2H79 92 62 DHIB 8Q.5RE40 2O

8B. D58./E57 24 8B. 6.8 8B58 247; 8B. 2H87E4. 2O 8B. 682/; /.D5E46N ,6 B568E7; 5//540.9 :; 8B.

9H2 9H/E40 5 8/5E4 /E9. O/2D $57E45J t54656 82 #.Q P2/R 'E8;J 8B. C728 I24I./46 #.9

(B5IR./J .50./ 82 :H68 2H8 2O BE6 6D577 82Q4 549 7.59 8B. 59L.48H/2H6 7EO. 2O 5 `H6R.8../N

U. D5R.6 E8 2H8 +.68 82 8B. A/549 '54;24J QB./. B. B56 82 /.6IH. 5 0E/7 O/2D RE945CC./6J

549 E4 92E40 62J I54 OE4577; lH68EO; BE6 E48./.68 E4 8B26. B./2EI OE0H/.6 2O 279N (B. 682/; E6

6EDE75/ 82 5 857. 8B.; B59 6B28 8B. C/.LE2H6 ;.5/J ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" =->-m@J E4 QBEIB 5

#.Q P2/R./ O5776 O2/ 7EO. 56 5 I2Q:2;N "4 :28BJ <5E/:54R6 E6 5 /.0H75/ 0H; QB2 .48./6 5

O54856; Q2/79 E9.57E3.9 E4 7E8./58H/. 549 OE7DN (BE6 2H86E9.aE4 68/HI8H/. 5772Q6 *Q54 549

<5E/:54R6 82 C5/29; 0.4/. I29.6 QBE7. 5762 OH7OE77E40 8B.E/ :56EI 4.I.66E8E.6N *Q54 8279%.8./ 1209542LEIB 8B58 B. 549 <5E/:54R6 8/E.9 82 I/.58. FC7.48; 2O 6H6C.46.J :H8 Q. Q./.

C75;E40 O/2D 8B. BHD2/2H6 6E9.NK-



111

(B. 2C.4E40 8Q2 6.]H.4I.6 6HIIE4I87; E77H68/58. 8BE6 5CC/25IBN (B. OE/68 :.0E46 QE8B 5 6I.4.

O/2D #.9 (B5IR./T6 9/.5D6W*T,/850454 6Q2/9aOE0B8E40 E4 5 /H/57 </.4IB :5/N <5E/:54R6

6B2Q6 2OO BE6 6D228B7; H4OH/7E40 58B7.8EIE6DJ 56 B. 7.5C6 O/2D /5O8./6 549 8HD:7.6 8B/2H0B

5885IR./6 56 EO E4 24. 0/5I.OH7 D28E24h B. I54 .L.4 0/5: 5 8ECC7./T6 0258.. QE8B 24. B549

QBE7. 9H.7E40 QE8B 8B. 28B./N (B. .VIH6. O2/ 8B. :/5Q7 E6 8B58 5 9/H4R.4 :22/ B56 68.CC.9

24 5 B549R./IBE.O 8B58 5 C/.88; ;2H40 0E/7 B59 9/2CC.9W549 62 8B. .48E/. .9EOEI. E6

9.IED58.9N "46CE/.9 :; 8BE6 B./2EI OEI8E2457 O.58J #.9 (B5IR./ lHDC6 82 8B. 5E9 2O 5428B./

9E68/.66.9 95D6.7J 24. QB26. :2;O/E.49 675C6 B./ 5/2H49N $7E9E40 92Q4 54 .7.I8/EI57 C27.

O/2D BE6 6.I249 O722/ QE492QJ B. 9.68/2;6 8B. 9.4E3.46 2O 8B. Q58./E40 B27.J 8B2H0B QE8B

OE686J O..8 549 07566 :2887.6 /58B./ 8B54 5 65:./N 1H8 E468.59 2O 8B. I2; 8B54R6 *T,/850454

/.I.EL.9J 8BE6 <5E/:54R6 E6 0EL.4 5 6B5/C 6./E.6 2O 6D5IR6 :; 5 759;N ,6 54 E48./a8E87. 6858.6J

Q2D.4 Q548 .]H57 /E0B86J 549 42 7240./ 9.6E/. 82 :. /.6IH.9N ,6 B. 75H0B6 2OO BE6 /.l.I8E24J

(B5IR./ CH776 92Q4 8B. :7E496 82 /.L.57 B. Q2/R6 58 8B. F$2IE.8; <2/ 8B. %/.L.48E24 2O

'/H.78; 82 +2D.4NK







114

428 68;DE. E86 EDCH76. O2/ .D54IEC58E24N +E8B *2H0 D2D.485/E7; 9E68/5I8.9 :; 5 IH682D./J

8B. I545/; O7E.6 5I/266 8B. 68/..8 549 E482 8B. QE492Q 2O 5 4.5/:; 5C5/8D.48N *2H0 0EL.6

IB56.J 549 8B./. :.0E46 5 9.7E/E2H6 6.]H.4I. LELE97; 9.D2468/58E40J E4 .]H57 D.56H/.J 8B.

5I/2:58EI L./L. 2O <5E/:54R6T 857.486 56 5 C./O2/D./ 549 8B. 59/2E8 0.2D.8/EI /E02H/ 2O

*Q54T6 -2"& &/ "#Y/&N

%/2C.77E40 BED6.7O 2482 5 682/.O/248 I542C;J *2H0 L5H786 BED6.7O 8B/2H0B 8B. 5C5/8D.48

QE492QW549 2L./ 54 .79./7; Q2D54J 85RE40 5 :58BJ QB2 B;68./EI577; /.5I86 82 8B.

E48/H9./N *2H0 OE496 8B. :E/9 4.68E40 E4 8B. :.5/9 2O B./ BH6:549J QB2 I57D7; /.596 5 :22R

E4 8B. 5C5/8D.48T6 9/5QE40 /22DJ :H8 ,05D.D424 I248E4H.6 BE6 29;66.;N "4 B28 CH/6HE8J

*2H0 :/.58B7.667; 7.5C6 O/2D 24. 5C5/8D.48 :HE79E40 82 5428B./J 6BE44E.6 HC 0H88./ CEC.6J

8E0B8/2C.aQ57R6 5I/266 5 QE/. B279E40 5 I5DC5E04 :544./ H/0E40 8B. 82Q46O27R 82 Fk28. O2/

*H054KJ 6QE406 E482 8B. :.9/22D 2O 5 923E40 :H/0B./J 549 /EI2IB.86 24 5 7599./ O/2D 24.

:HE79E40 82 5428B./J :.O2/. BE8IBE40 5 /E9. 24 5 C566E40 B2/6. :H00; 82 5 /.D28. :HI27EI

72I57.J QB./. B. OE4577; I58IB.6 8B. :E/9N +58IBE40 8B. 6I.4.J B2Q.L./J 5 B2:2aCBE7262CB./I24LE4I.6 *2H0 82 7.8 8B. I545/; O7; 5Q5;J 549 82 0EL. HC BE6 IE8;a:2H49 .VE68.4I. O2/ 54

E9;77EI 7EO. 5DE968 5 I2DDH4E8; 2O 8/5DC6N (B. :E/9 E6 O/..N *2H0 E6 O/..N

(B. 682/; HC 82 8BE6 C2E48 D5; :. :5457J E4O548E7. .L.4N 1H8 E8 E6 EDD58./E57J 5 D./. C/.8.V8

O2/ *2H0756 <5E/:54R6T 545/IBEI 0;/58E246N ,77J E4 8BE6 QE79 6.]H.4I.J E6 9;45DE6DJ E48.46E8;J

.VH:./54I.N GER. 0/.58 C2.8/;J E8 E6 ED:H.9 QE8B :28B 5:627H8. 5:54924 549 8B. H8D268

I248/27 549 C/.IE6E24N (BE6 6.]H.4I. 2" 8B. IE4.D5J 5/8 2O D2L.D.48J 2O :29E.6 E4 D28E24J

.4050.9 E4 54 H45:58E40 954I. QE8B 8B. I5D./5N

(B. /.68 2O C& <)-&" S% 4-212/0 D5; 2/ D5; 428 7EL. HC 82 8B. C/2DE6. 2O E86 9E33;E40

2C.4E40 D2D.486J :H8J 5756J D29./4 5H9E.4I.6 QE77 4.L./ R42QN +. :/E.O7; 6.. *2H0T6 7EO.

56 5 L50/548S IB56.9 :; 5 6Q5/D 2O :..6J B. 6QE406 O/2D 5 LE4. 549 9EL.6 E482 5 /EL./N 1H8 E8

E6 B./. 8B58 *Q54T6 OE7D E6 5:/HC87; IH8 6B2/8N (B. OE/68 /..7 E6 E485I8J :H8 8B. /.D5E4E40 O2H/

/..76J 56 QE8B 62 DHIB 2O 8B. 6E7.48 IE4.D5J B5L. L54E6B.9N "4 O5I8J Q. 2Q. 5 /5/. 68/2R. 2O

0229 O2/8H4. 82 .L.4 :.E40 5:7. 82 6.. 8BE6 DHIB 2O 8B. OE7DS C& <)-&" S% 4-212/0 Q56 7240

I246E9./.9 54 E//.8/E.L5:7; 7268 Q2/RJ :H8 E86 2C.4E40 /..7 Q56 /.I.487; /.9E6I2L./.9 :;

$./0. 1/2D:./0J 5 C/.IE2H6 0.D QBEIBJ B. Q/E8.6J Q56 F5IIE9.48577; O2H49 E4 5 :2V 5DE968

OE7D6 QE8B2H8 54; 6E04EOEI54I.NK-

,6 " Q58IB.9 5 9E0E8E6.9 L./6E24 2O 8B. O/50D.48 24 D; 75C82CJ 5 6.46. 2O CH/. .VBE75/58E24

Q.77E40 E4 D; L.E46 58 8B. 6C.I85I7. H4O279E40 E4 O/248 2O D.J D; DE49 6224 7.5C8 82 QB58

;2HJ G2HE6 *.77HI =-)/ "&-F1$F1&E -)/ >,Y,&Z @J Q2H79 B5L. D59. 2O 6HIB 5 OE7DJ LE.QE40 E8 E4

8B. 9.IE9.97; 9EOO./.48 6H//2H496 2O 5 I/5DC.9 Q2/RE40aI7566 D2LE.a8B.58/. E4 54

E4657H:/E2H6 %5/E6E54 O5H:2H/0J 549 .4IB548.9J 42 92H:8J 428 247; :; 8B. OE7D E86.7OJ :H8 :;

8B. .VIE8.9 /.5I8E246 2O 8B. C/27.85/E54 CH:7EI 5D566.9 :.O2/. 8B. 6I/..4W5 O5/ D2/.





116

[ 89&,& $,& -$/A $#(),"E 2/ -$/A #)+/(,2&"E H9) $,& \&$1)+" )> D)+01$"; "+##&""E $/7E Q >&&1E \&$1)+" )> D)+01$" 92-"&1>G 89&2, &/5AE (9&2, ,$0&E $,& $1H$A" &3%,&""&7 2/ (9& >)11)H2/0 (&,-"K`C&;" $/ $#,)F$(G C&;" \+"( $/ $#,)F$(Ga C&;" /)( lH68 $/ $#,)F$([(9&,&;" /) /&&7 () 2/"2"( )/(92"[F+( 9& 2" 2/7&&7 $/ $#,)F$(G ./7 H9$( $/ $#,)F$(Z C& 9$" "(+72&7 $/7 $%%12&7 \+"($F)+( &5&,A(92/0 (9$( #$/ F& 7)/& H2(9 (9& "+%%1&/&"" )> (9& F)7AE (9& "(,&/0(9 )> -+"#1&"$/7 (9& %,&#2"& $+7$#2(A )> $ 01$/#&G

89& 7$A H& "$H 92- F)+/72/0 12P& $ #$( )/() (9& H$0)/" )> `54B58854 `594.66 E (9&,& H$"/) 1)/0&, $/A ]+&"(2)/ )> $,0+2/0 $F)+( 92" H92-"2#$1 %"A#9)1)0AE $" (9& $(91&(2# \+001&,7)+F1&" (9& -2,,), )> )+, "&/(2-&/("G

W "8 Q56 C/.IE6.7; QE8B ->-mT6 ?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&"" 8B58 ;2H I248/5I8.9 6HIB 5 O.L./E6B

59DE/58E24 O2/ <5E/:54R6N "8 Q56J E4 O5I8J BE6 O2H/8B Q2/R H49./ 8B. 9E/.I8E24 2O ,7754 *Q54J

:H8 E8 Q56 8B. OE/68 2O BE6 OE7D6 82 D5R. 54 EDC5I8 E4 %5/E6J 549 E8 Q56 8B. OE/68 2O 8B.E/ OE7D682 8/H7; I2D:E4. 8B. I2DC7.D.485/; 6RE776 2O 5I82/ 549 OE7DD5R./ 82 6HIB 54 E482VEI58E40

.OO.I8N

[ C$5& A)+ "&&/ `54B58854 `594.66_ 89& 2/>1+&/#& )> (92" >21- H211 F& #)/"27&,$F1&E $/7 (9&$,,25$1 2/ @$,2" )> (9& ($1&/(E (9& (&#9/2]+& $/7 (9& -$"(&,A )> D)+01$" J$2,F$/P"E 2/ "+#9

%&,>&#( #)/72(2)/"E 2" 2-%),($/( >), (9& >$(& )> J,&/#9 #2/&-$E $" H&,&E 2/ (9&2, )H/ (2-&E (9&"#,&&/2/0" )> <9$%12/;" >21-"E (B. 'B.58 E $/7 (9& H),P )> 89)-$" Q/#&G

J), (9&,& 2" -),& 9&,& (9$/ \+"( $ 0))7 >21-G Q/ 2(" &3&#+(2)/E `54B58854 ̀ 594.66 &3#&&7" (9&-$"(&,%2&#&" )> (9& "#,&&/ H92#9 0$5& +" $/ 2-%,&""2)/ )> %,)>)+/7 $/7E ") () "%&$PE"+>>2#2&/( F&$+(AG .11 (9&"& H),P" 9$7 (9& "$-& "(A1&E $ "(A1& 2/ H92#9 (9& 5&,5&E (9& #)/()+,"$/7 (9& -)7&,/ (,+(9 )> (9& /&H .-&,2#$/ "#9))1 )> (9& #2/&-$ "&&-&7 () F& #,A"($112"&7 $/7$>>2,-&7G 892" 2" F&((&,G 892" 2" /&HG

RF"&,5$(2)/E 52)1&/#&E "&/(2-&/($12(AE F+>>))/&,AK &5&,A(92/0 #$/ F& 12/P&7E &5&,A(92/0 #$/ F&&3%1$2/&7E $" 2/ 12>& 2("&1>E H2(9 $/ 2/>2/2(& %)&(,AE H2(9 $11 (9&"& &3(,&-& F$,)]+&" H92#9 $,&)##$"2)/$11A /)(92/0 F+( (9& "$-& )F\&#( 12( $ 12((1& 72>>&,&/(1AG

`54B58854 `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



117

Q 7&#1$,& (9$( (9&,& 2" $ /&H #9$/0& 2/ (9& $2,E )/& H92#9 9$" F&&/ "P&(#9&7 )+( )5&, (9& 1$"( >&H -)/(9"G W& 9$5& J$2,F$/P" () (9$/P >), (92" 7&#2"2)/ $/7 (9& ,&"+1(" H92#9 9$5& &/"+&7G89& >21- ,&"&-F1&" 92-G B)( )/& 7&($21E 2/ 2(" #)/#&%(2)/ ), ,&$12"$(2)/E 2" &5&/ (9& "1209(&"( F2()+( )> %1$#&G

W <5E/:54R6T C/.6.4I. E4 BE6 OE7D6 Q56 62 2L./C2Q./E40 8B58 ;2H /.59E7; 5II2/9.9 F8BE6 5I.

2O 8B. 6E7.48 5/8K 8B. 6858H6 2O F#2/I$"(&KJ 5 8./D 2O ;2H/ I2E450. 82 9.6I/E:. 8B. 54ED58E40

O2/I. :.BE49 5 OE7DJ 549 QBEIB E4 ;2H/ 2Q4 LE.Q I2H79 :. 5CC7E.9 lH68 56 DHIB 82 0/.58

5I82/6 56 82 0/.58 OE7DD5R./6N 1H8 QB58J E4 ;2H/ DE49J Q56 8B. I248/E:H8E24 2O *Q54 82

8B.6. Q2/R6_

[ .11$/ DH$/;" 72,&#(2)/ >,$-&" J$2,F$/P"; 5&,5& H2(9 $ F&$+(A $/7 $ %9)()0&/2# 52,(+)"2(A,$,&1A "&&/ )/ (9& "#,&&/G

W P2H/ BE0B 2CE4E24 2O BE6 Q2/R Q2H79 .L.4 7.59 ;2H 82 I2DC5/. 8B. H4566HDE40 *Q54O5L2H/5:7; 82 8B. :2D:568 2O ,:.7 A54I.J 8B. E49E6CH85:7. 8E854 2O </.4IB IE4.D5 E4 8B.

.5/7; ->^[6N

[ <2/I$"(&" 12P& .11$/ DH$/E %)""2F1A -),& 02>(&7 (9$/ .F&1 X$/#& 2/ (&,-" )> (9&2, >1$2, >), %9)()0,$%92# &3%,&""2)/E $,& "+%&,2), () 92- FA 72/( )> $79&,2/0 () (9& 5&,A -$(&,2$1 )> (9&2,$,(E $/7 (9+" )> /)( 72"(,$#(2/0 +"G X$/#&E "(,2%%&7 F$,& )> 92" 5$2/E %"&+7)b%)&(2# #9$((&,2/0EH)+17 F& $ ,&-$,P$F1& H),P&, )> H),17 >21--$P2/0G

W "8 Q56 C./B5C6 QE8B /.05/96 82 C&$72/; 4)+(9J QBEIB ;2H I246E9./.9 F8B. D268 /E02/2H6

O75D.K E4 8B. O7H//; 2O <5E/:54R6 OE7D6 BE88E40 </.4IB 6I/..46J 8B58 ;2H/ 5CC/.IE58E24 O2/

*Q54T6 9E/.I8E40 Q56 D268 C57C5:7; .VC/.66.9N

[ 89& &>>&#( )> (92" -)52& 2" #)-%$,$F1& () (9$( )> $ F)((1& )> :9&/2"9 H2/&E ), :9c/& H2/&E )/")-&)/& H9) 9$" )/1A &5&, 7,+/P H$(&, $11 (9&2, 12>&G Q/ $11 (,+(9>+1/&""E Q H)/7&, H9&(9&, QQ58IB.9 ), 9/54R (92" $75&/(+,&E H9&(9&, 2( H$" $ >21- ), $ 7,A H2/&G D)/;( ($P& 2( (9& H,)/0H$AG Q P/)H (9$( (92" "1209(1A &/(9+"2$"(2# ()/& 2" ()($11A )+( )> >$"92)/E F+( +/7&,"($/7E 2> A)+H211E (9$( (92" 2" $ >21-E $ (,+& >21-E $/7 (9$( Q 9$5& /)( &/#)+/(&,&7 $ (,+& >21- >), ]+2(& $ 1)/0(2-&G

W (B. E/24;J B2Q.L./J E6 8B58 8B. OE7D Q56 5I8H577; 9E/.I8.9 :; ,/8BH/ i26624N #24.8B.7.66J

QBE7. *Q54 FD./.7;K OH7OE77.9 8B. /27. 2O F6HC./LE62/aQ/E8./KJ 8B. 6H:87. 685DC 2O BE6

5H8B2/6BEC I2H79 .LE9.487; :. O.78 E4 8BE6 OE7DJ 822N P2H Q./. 7E887. 5Q5/. 2O *Q54T6

:E20/5CBEI57 :5IR0/2H49J 2O BE6 .9HI58E24 56 54 .40E4../J 549 2O BE6 2Q4 LE.Q6 24 6B28

I2DC26E8E24J QB./. B. 6858.9 8B58J FO2/ D.J E8T6 D58B.D58EI6N (B./.T6 428BE40 D2/.

:.5H8EOH7 8B54 D58B.D58EI57 C./O.I8E24JK 549 8B58 F8B. E4.LE85:7. 75Q6 2O D58B.D58EI6 pNNNq



118

5CC7; 82 9/5D5 549 82 7EO.NK^ ,49 ;.8 ;2H E48HE8.9 8B. C/2O2H497; D58B.D58EI57 458H/. 2O

BE6 OE7D 8.IB4E]H.J 9.I59.6 :.O2/. 28B./ OE7D I/E8EI6 I28824.9 24 82 E8N

[ Q/(&1120&/#&E ,&>1&#(2)/ $/7 (9& $,( )> -$(9&-$(2#" 9$5& #$"( (9&-"&15&" )/() (9& #2/&-$$/7 $,& -$P2/0 2( -),& >&,(21&G W& $,& /)( $( (9& (9&$(,&G 89&,& 2" /) %1$A () F& ,&#)+/(&7GU.59E4T $2H8B 2" $ #$/5$"E ), $ %)&-E ), $ (+,F+1&/( #$%,2##2)G Q( 2" #2/&-$G

[ C& <)-&" S% 4-212/0 Q56 8B. 7568 2O *Q54T6 6.L.4 <5E/:54R6 L.BEI7.6 D59. E4 8B. B.59;

C./E29 2O ->-ma->-XJ 54 ./5 2O 8B. ,D./EI54 IE4.D5 QBEIB ;2H /.7E6B.9 O2/ 8B. FE//.6E68E:7.

DH6EI57E8; 2O E86 %9)()0I/2&K 549 E86 6EDC7EIE8;J 62:/E.8; 549 I5492/N $HIB ]H57E8E.6J ;2H O.78J

Q./. 247; /.9E6I2L./.9 QB.4 *Q54T6 I2775:2/58E24 QE8B <5E/:54R6 Q2H79 :. /.C/E6.9 E4

->^^ QE8B :)F2/ C))7 N +E8B C& <)-&" S% 4-212/0J D.54QBE7.J QBEIB ;2H LE.Q.9 HC24 E86

/.7.56. E4 </54I. E4 `5/IB ->^[ =QE8B *)+/7 2/ ?),)##) 549 . ?)7&,/ ?+"P&(&&, O2772QE40

758./ E4 8B. ;.5/@J ;2H O2/.68577.9 C28.48E57 I/E8EIE6D 2O 8B.E/ Q2/R 56 B5LE40 :.I2D. /2H8E4.

549 /.C.8E8EL.N

[ `4$-& )17E "$-& )17Za "$A %&)%1& H9) "+>>&, >,)- $ 0$"(,2# 211/&"" ), $#+(& \&$1)+"AG Q(;"(,+&E D)+0 2" $1H$A" D)+0 $/7 &5&,A )/& )> 92" >21-" 2" $ >+11b"(&$-&7 #)-2# )%&,$G C&,&E )/#&$0$2/E D)+01$" 2" $ A)+/0 -$/ H9) >2/7" 12>& 72>>2#+1(G *+( 9& 9$" "+#9 ,$72$/( (&&(9 (9$( 9&#$/;( "()% 92-"&1> >,)- "-212/0E 1&( $1)/& &$(2/0 $/7[$( $ (,)(E $( $ 0$11)%E $( $ F+//Ab9)%E &/,)+(& () (9& #)/]+&"( )> $/A(92/0 H9$(")&5&,[01272/0 %$"( 92" )F"($#1&"E 7,+/P )/ 9&$1(9$/7 0A-/$"(2# %,)H&""G 89&,& 2" $ A)+/0 02,1 $( (9& &/7 )> (9& ($1&E $/7 2(;" $11 )5&,G ./7 2( H211"($,( )5&, $0$2/G

W ,49 ;.8J E4 ;2H/ LE.QJ 8BE6 OE7D Q56 428 54 5C28B.26E6 2O 8B.E/ Q2/R 820.8B./N P2H/

/.6C246. 82 E8 Q56 /58B./ D2/. 6540HE4. 8B54 8B. /5C8H/.6 QE8B QBEIB ;2H 0/..8.9

?$/9$(($/ ?$7/&""N

[ 892" "%),(2/0 5$+7&5211& 2" >$, >,)- F&2/0 +% () (9& 1&5&1 )> (9& $7-2,$F1& `54B58854

`594.66 E H92#9 2" (9& &]+$1 )> $/A >21-E $/7 H92#9 (9& ?)0$7), @$1$#& "9)+17 %+( F$#P )/(9& "#,&&/ >), $/)(9&, H&&PG +E79 549 +2277; E (B. `54 O/2D 8B. %5E48.9 %268 $/7 $5;J

P2H40 <.772Q H&,& $1") >2/& &3$-%1&" )> 52,(+)"2# -$/2$G U. '2D.6 fC $DE7E40 %)""&""&" 1&""),202/$12(AE &3#&%( 2/ $ -$,5&11)+"1A #)/#&25&7 %$""$0& H9&,& H& "&& H9$( 9$%%&/" 2/ &209(

72>>&,&/( (+-+1(+)+" $%$,(-&/("G

W #24.8B.7.66J C& <)-&" S% 4-212/0 6B5/.9 8B. ]H57E8E.6 2O 577 2O <5E/:54R6T Q2/RJ 549

85R.6 5 /E0B8OH7 C75I. E4 8B. I5424 2O OE7D6 O.58H/E40 8BE6 FDH6R.8../ 2O 8B. IE4.D5KN

[ ,D./EI54 ,/E682I/5I; E (B. U57Oa1/..9 E (B. ,D./EI542 E +E79 549 +2277; E (B. `54 O/2D

8B. %5E48.9 %268 E i.5IBE40 O2/ 8B. `224 E 12H49 E4 `2/2II2 E U. '2D.6 fC $DE7E40 $/7



119

(H&/(A )(9&, >21-" 125&E "H$,- $F)+(E 0&( ,&"(1&"" $/7 \)1( +" $H$P&G d+"( 1))P $( (9&"& "%1&/727F+,"(" )> >,&"9 $2,E H92#9 9$5& "9$P&/ +% $ 0))7 /+-F&, )> 12((1& %&/#21 %+"9&," )/ (92" 5$"(

%1$/&( )> )+,"G

W +B58J 8B.4J E6 8B./. 7.O8 82 65; 5:2H8 8BE6 D29.68J H4C/.C266.66E40 OE7DJ D59. QE8B2H8

54; 5/8E68EI C/.8.48E246J :H8 CH/.7; 82 E468E77 8B. 5H9E.4I. QE8B 5 926. 2O IE4.D58EI

.VH7858E24_

W Q(;" #9$,-2/0G

- $./0. 1/2D:./0J FC& <)-&" S% 4-212/0KJ

B88CSnnQQQN72:68./OE7D6NI2Dn/.82H/w9.wO75DD.NmNB8D ^ ,7754 *Q54J FA5772CE40 (E48;C.6KJ E48./LE.Q QE8B %.8./ 1209542LEIBN "4S 1209542LEIBJ

.11$/ DH$/K (9& 6$"( @2)/&&, =#.Q P2/RS %/5.0./J ->e-@J CCN ^?a^mN



120

20'(&9

:(,,-.;& .0#')/5-'/0#& '0 '</& =6/%,08-(> %)( '%?(#@ A/'< &,/8<' B06/C/.%'/0#&@ C)0B'<( C0,,0A/#8 '(D'&9

G2HE6 *.77HIJ F`5IR $.44.88KJ E4S "9.DN 6&" <2/I$"(&" =H4CH:7E6B.9J ->^Z@N i.C/N E4S %E.//.GB./DE4E./ =.9N@J 6)+2" D&11+#K e#,2(" <2/I-$()0,$%92]+&" 5)1G Q =%5/E6S 'E4MD58Bc]H.O/54s5E6.J ->X?@J CCN -Zma-ZXN

xxxJ F*2H0756J D2H6]H.85E/. 9H <E7DKJ E4S 6&" <2/I$"(&"N i.C/N E4S 6)+2" D&11+# 5)1G Q J CCN -d[a-d^N

xxxJ F,:.7 A54I.KJ E4S 6&" <2/I$"(&"N i.C/N E4S 6)+2" D&11+# 5)1G Q J CCN -m?a-mmN

xxxJ F%/M6.4858E24 9. *2H0756 <5E/:54R6K =H4CH:7E6B.9J ->^Z@N i.C/N E4S 6)+2" D&11+# 5)1G Q J

CCN ->ea^[dN

xxxJ F*2H0756 <5E/:54R6KJ @$,2"b?272J bH4. -J ->-XN i.C/N E4S 6)+2" D&11+# 5)1G QQfLJ CCN X-aXZN

xxxJ FyHL/.6 .8 'B.O6a9TzHL/.KJ 6& J21- 42N eXJ $.C8.D:./ -[J ->-eN i.C/N E4S 6)+2" D&11+#5)1G QQfLJ CCN -dma-?[N

xxxJ FD)+01$" >), &5&, K <2/I$ 42N >J bH7; -J ->^-N i.C/N E4S 6)+2" D&11+# 5)1G QQfLJ CCN Z-?aZ-mN

xxxJ F6& 4$+5&+, 7+ ,$/#9KJ @$,2"b?272J `5/IB -^J ->->N i.C/N E4S 6)+2" D&11+# 5)1G QQfgJ CCNd-ad^N

xxxJ F*2H0756 <5E/:54R6 9546 6;h1& 7+ 4$1+( KJ @$,2"b?272J ,C/E7 -eJ ->->N i.C/N E4S 6)+2"D&11+# 5)1G QQfgJ CCN ?ma?eN

xxxJ FD)+01$" $ 1& ")+,2,&KJ @$,2"b?272J ,C/E7 -J ->^[N i.C/N E4S 6)+2" D&11+# 5)1G QQfgJ CN -mXN



121

?.BC.BD6!D =->^d@

<5//54 $DE8B #.BD.

(B. U5;6 '29.J 8B58 B2Qa82 0HE9. O2/ U277;Q229 D2/57E8;J Q56 57/.59; E4 C75I. E4 ->^d

QB.4 %5/5D2H48 Q56 9.IE9E40 24 5 O2772QaHC 82 i$U$ O2/ A72/E5 $Q54624 549 B./ 4.Q

O5L2/E8. 9E/.I82/J ,7754 *Q54N ,4 .48./C/E6E40 C/2D28E2457 .V.IH8EL. QB2 Q56 H6E40 8B.

'29. O2/ QB58 E8 Q56 5I8H577; 0229 O2/WC2E48./6 24 QB58 DE0B8 8E8E7758. 54 5H9E.4I. E482

588.4954I.WO2H49 8B58 8B. 5I8 2O uD54B5497E40u Q56 O2/:E99.4N (B. .V.IH8EL. 428.9J

B2Q.L./J 8B58 8B./. Q56 42 E4lH4I8E24 505E468 8E87E40 62D.8BE40 u`54B5497.9Nu

,II2/9E40 82 $Q54624 E4 B./ 5H82:E20/5CB;J *Q54 56R.9 </54R (H887. O2/ 5 682/; 8B58 I2H797EL. HC 82 8B. 8E87.N (H887. 6H00.68.9 8B.; O7.6B 2H8 5 6B2/8 682/; 5:2H8 5 0HDa645CCE40

657.60E/7 QB26. 0229 722R6 I5H6. 5 6./E.6 2O /EIB :2H49./6 82 7H/. B./ QE8B C/2DE6.9 /EIB.6J

.L.4 56 6B. 8/E.6 82 685; 8/H. 82 B./ C22/a:H8a72LE40 E4L.482/ :2;O/E.49N $Q54624J 8B.4

722RE40 O2/ 8BE406 8B58 Q2H79 85R. B./ 5Q5; O/2D B./ I2H8H/.a9/5C.9 ED50. 2O 6HOO./E40J

50/..9N



122

,49 62 8B. D2LE. :.0E46 QE8B $Q54624 0.88E40 D54B5497.9 E4 5 :E0 Q5; :; 8B58 D5H7./

6HC/.D.J 8B. #.Q P2/R 'E8; 6H:Q5; 6;68.DN 1.O2/. 6B. 9.6I.496 E482 8B. D5QJ $Q54624g6

657.60E/7J (.66E.J 0.86 6C756B.9 :; C566E40 I5/6J :H8 8B58g6 247; C/2720H.N $Q54624 Q56 24.

2O 8B. D268 C.8E8. 685/6 E4 U277;Q229 BE682/;Wd O228 -- E4IB.6N `54; 28B./ D2LE.6 H6.

8/EIR6 82 9.a.DCB56E3. B./ B.E0B8J :H8 *Q54 6..D6 82 /.7E6B $Q54624g6 6B2/84.66N )4I.

(.66E. E6 6B2L.9 2482 8B. 6H:Q5; I5/ :; 5 H4EO2/D.9 C758O2/D Q2/R./ =#.Q P2/R /H6B

B2H/ I2H79 68E77 H6. 8BE6 l2:@J 6B.g6 68HIR :.8Q..4 8Q2 D.4 58 54 .;. 7.L.7 lH68 :.72Q 8B.E/

5/DCE86N

$Q5;E40 QE8B 8B.D 505E468 B./ QE77J (.66E. 92.6 8B. 954I. 2O 8B. #.Q P2/R./ 8/;E40 82

5L2E9 822 DHIB :29; I2485I8J 42 D588./ B2Q I/5DC.9 8B. ]H5/8./6N $B. 9/2C6 B./ CH/6.J

549 8B. D.4 QB2 5/. :22R.49E40 B./ 6822C 82 B.7C B./ /.8/E.L. E86 I248.486N 1H8 QB.4 8B.;

/.5IB :5IR HC O2/ 8B. 68/5C6J 6B.g6 68E77 028 B./ 5/D6 722C.9 8B/2H0B 8B.E/6J 549 O2/ 5

D2D.48 6B.g6 6H6C.49.9 E4 5E/N )4I. 6B.g6 :5IR 24 B./ O..8 549 6D5IRE40 5Q5; 58 B./ 0HDJ

8B. D2L.D.48 2O 8B. I5/ 549 8B. I/2Q9 9E67290.6 (.66E.g6 EDC266E:7. B58J 54 2L./75/0.6]H56B; I72IB. 592/4.9 QE8B QB58 722R 7ER. D5/:7.6W578B2H0B 8B.;g/. C/2:5:7; 6HCC26.9

82 :. 0/5C.6W6QE40E40 O/2D 24. 6E9. 7ER. 8B. 8566.7 24 5 O.3N (B. B58 O5776 82 8B. 0/2H49J

6B. 92.6 5 9..CaR4.. :.49 82 /.8/E.L. E8J 549 QB.4 6B. OE4577; I2D.6 :5IR HCJ 8B. B58 B56

7268 E86 0/5C.6N

,49J O2/ 24. D5/L.72H67; 6H:87. B57OaDE4H8.J 8B. D229 6BEO86N (.66E.g6 O5I. I/HDC7.6 56 6B.

722R6 58 8B58 B58J :./.O8 2O E86 /E9EIH72H6 2/45D.48N "8T6 I7.5/J E4685487;J 8B58 8B. O/HE8 Q56 B./

O5L2/E8. C5/8J C/2:5:7; 8B. /.5624 6B. :2H0B8 E8J lH68 56 6H/.7; 56 $Q54624T6 .VC/.66E24

6B2Q6 8B58 6B. I54g8 5OO2/9 82 /.C75I. E8N

(B.4 B./ O5I. /.05E46 E86 279 B5/94.66J 6B. CH776 8B. 9.4H9.9 B58 :5IR 2L./ B./ B2C.7.667;

DH66.9 :2:J 549 8B. B.77E6B /E9. I248E4H.6J I2DC7.8. QE8B 5 D56B./ 577 :H8 7EIRE40 BE6 7EC6

58 B./ O/2D BE6 6.58N +B.4 6B. 8/E.6 82 0.8 2OO 58 B./ 6858E24J *Q54 6QE8IB.6 82 54 2L./B.59

6B28N %22/ 8E4; (.66E. 8/E.6 82 9E6.D:5/R 549 0.8 s CH6B.9 :5IR E482 8B. I5/J 2L./ 549 2L./N

$B. I54g8 D5450. 82 7.5L. Q57RE40 HC/E0B8h 6B. .L.48H577; B56 82 :.49 2L./ 549 6IH//;

H49./ 5 /5E7E40N $D577 56 (.66E. E6J 8B. 6H:Q5;WD.54E40 2O I2H/6. #.Q P2/R E86.7OWB56 577

:H8 :/2H0B8 B./ 82 B./ R4..6N

*Q54 D59. 6EV OE7D6 QE8B $Q54624N u" 7ER. 8B.D 577Ju B. 8279 %.8./ 1209542LEIBN u1H8 "8BE4R " DE0B8 B5L. 7ER.9 ?$/9$/71&7 :.68 O2/ 62D. /.5624W" I54g8 /.D.D:./ QB;Nu-

+58IBE40 8B. 6H:Q5; 6.]H.4I. QE77 I./85E47; D5R. E8 I7.5/ O2/ 54;24. .76.N "8g6 C./O.I8W56

5 /.I2/9 2O #.Q P2/R 6H:Q5;6 58 /H6B B2H/ E4 8B. ->^[6J 56 5 D24HD.48 82 $Q54624g6 O75E/

O2/ 675C68EIRJ 56 5 /.D5/R5:7; .VC7EIE8 I2DD.485/; 24 8B. /2H0B4.66J E49EOO./.4I. 549

BHDE7E58E246 5 Q2D54 D5; .4I2H48./ O/2D D.4 54; 95; 2O B./ 7EO.N



123

*Q54 E6 O5D2H6 O2/ 8B. QE9.7; L5/;E40 6H:l.I86 2O BE6 D2LE.6N U. 9E9 +.68./46J 42E/6J

I2D.9E.6J 59L.48H/.6J BE682/EI576N ?$/9$/71&7 E6 5 /2D548EI I2D.9;W8B. 9/5D5 2L./

(.66E.g6 B242/ E6 75/0.7; 6E9.7E4.9W:H8 D2/. 8B54 54;8BE40J E8g6 5 685/ L.BEI7.N (B.; 028

57240J $Q54624 549 *Q54h 6B. 65E9 8B58 .L.4 58 8B.E/ OE/68 9E44./ D..8E40J 6B. 65Q B. Q56

5 0.4EH6N $8E77J *Q54 DH68 B5L. R42Q4 BE6 D5E4 l2: 24 8BE6 OE7DJ 549 8B58 Q56 82 0.8 24. 2O

8B. :E00.68 D2LE. 45D.6 E4 8B. Q2/79 6]H5/. E4 8B. O/5D. 549 722RE40 0229N U. R4.Q

C/.IE6.7; B2Q 82 B5497. $Q54624g6 I2DEI C/.6.4I. 549 8EDE40J QBEIB Q./. 9.7EIE2H6N ,49

$Q54624 Q56 5 :.5H8; 549 5 I728B.6B2/6.J QE8B 5 R..4 6.46. 2O B2Q 82 D5R. B./6.7O 722R

7H6IE2H6 24 6I/..4h *Q54 Q2H79 R42Q .V5I87; B2Q 82 H6. 8B58 549 R..C E8 I2DEIJ 822N

$Q54624 6..D6 82 :. E4 .L./; 6B28J 578B2H0B E8g6 C/2:5:7; D2/. 7ER. Znd8B6J 549 *Q54 B56

5 I246E68.48 C588./4 O2/ 577 2O 8B.DN "4 5 OH44; D2D.48J 8B. 5I8/.66 E6 H6H577; OH77aO5I. 2/

8B/..a]H5/8./6 82 8B. I5D./5h .L.4 8B. :/259 Q5; 6B. D2L.6 B./ D2H8B QB.4 6B.g6 857RE40

6H00.686 5 C58.48.9 #22 P5QR B24RN P2H 2O8.4 B5L. 8B. OH4 2O 9E6I2L./E40 B./ D268

BHD2/2H6 :E86 58 8B. .90. 2O 8B. O/5D.J 7ER. (.66E.g6 B549 682QE40 B./ IB.QE40 0HD H49./5 9/.66E40 85:7. 58 5 C26B 5C5/8D.48N

+B.4 E8g6 54 .D28E2457 D2D.48W6B.g6 QE8B (2D `22/. 56 B./ :2;O/E.49J 2/ C249./E40 B./

72L. O2/ BEDW*Q54 H6H577; 6B2286 BE6 685/ E4 C/2OE7.N $Q54624 B59 5 8/EIR; C/2OE7.h u6REa

672C.Ju 8B.; 65E9J QB.4 6B. Q56 685/8E40 2H8N ,6 OE7D.9 :; *Q54J E8g6 57Q5;6 /5LE6BE40N ,

C/2OE7. 6B28 B57Oa2:6IH/.6 $Q54624g6 D268 I.7.:/58.9 566.8J B./ .;.6N "468.59 *Q54 O2IH6.6

24 8B. CH/E8; 2O 8B. 6RE4J 8B. IH/L. 2O 8B. IB..R:24.6 56J 58 8B. .49 2O 8B. D2LE.J (.66E.

:.06 B./ 540/; D54 82 65; B. 68E77 72L.6 B./N

,7D268 56 Q249./OH7 56 8B. 6H:Q5; 6I.4.6 5/. 8B. 6B286 2O (.66E. 58 8B. QE492Q 2O B./

:25/9E40aB2H6. /22DN $B. 72L.6 B./ E4L.482/J :H8 6B.g6 5O/5E9 2O D5//E50.N $B. 722R6 2H8

8B. QE492Q 58 8B. 5E/6B5O8J 549 *Q54 OE7D6 B./ 57D268 QE8B B./ :5IR 82 8B. I5D./5J B./

O5I. /.O7.I8.9 E4 8B. 07566N ,428B./ 2L./B.59 6B28 6B2Q6 5 Q2D54 =C266E:7; C/.04548@

Q56BE40 9E6B.6 58 8B. 6E4Rh 5428B./ Q2D54 E6 Q57RE40 5 I/;E40 :5:; QBE7. B./ 682IR;J

6BE/87.66 549 .VB5H68.9 BH6:549 6C/5Q76 E4 5 IB5E/N (B58g6 .5/7; E4 8B. OE7Dh E8g6 /.I/.58.9 58

8B. .49J QB.4 (.66E. 8BE4R6 6B.g6 7268 bED O2/ 0229N "8g6 4E0B8J 549 E8g6 B5/9./ 82 6.. B./

.VC/.66E24 /.O7.I8.9 E4 8B. 07566J :H8 8B. LE.Q 2H8 8B. QE492Q B56 IB540.9S 8B. D5;:.a

C/.04548 Q2D54 E6 :.E40 .D:/5I.9 :; B./ BH6:549h 8B. D28B./ 549 O58B./ 5/. E4 5 IB5E/J

C75;E40 QE8B 8B.E/ :5:; QBE7. 8B.E/ 28B./ IBE79/.4 67..C E4 5 6B5::; :.9 4.5/:;N

(B.6. 5/. 8B. 8BE406 8B58 0EL. 8.V8H/. 549 C2E0454I. 82 8B. I2D.9;N "4 ->^dJ E8 Q56 5 0EL.4

8B58 6.48ED.48 .D:.77E6B.9 5 OE7DJ /58B./ 8B54 9EDE4E6B.9 E8N 1H8 ?$/9$/71&7 E6J 5:2L. 577J 5

L./; OH44; D2LE.N *Q54 CH776 E4 5 7E887. I726./ O2/ 5 LE.Q 2O (.66E.J 24 5 657.6 O722/ 8B58g6

57D268 56 I/2Q9.9 56 8B. 6H:Q5;J EDC58E.487; :72QE40 2OO 8B. 6HC./LE62/ QB2g6 0ELE40 B./



124

5 7.408B; 6HDD5/; 2O QB58g6 6B.g6 92E40 Q/240N (B. 6HC./LE62/ E6 57D268 I2DC7.8.7;

8H/4.9 5Q5; O/2D 8B. I5D./5h (.66E.g6 :.E40 2CC/.66.9 :; 5 :579 6C28 549 5 IBE4N

G58./J (.66E. QE77 :/E.O7; :.I2D. 5 6IH7C82/g6 D29.7J H48E7J QE8B :H/4E40 .;.6 549 O75/E40

4268/E76J 8B. 5/8E68 ="54 t.E8B@ 6H99.47; 02.6 5O8./ B./ 56 EO 6B. Q./. ,04.6 ,;/.6 E4 u(B.

$B.ERBNu ,4 EDC/.66E24 8B58 (.66E. 92.6 2O 5 iH66E54 I2H48.66 58 5 C5/8; 05E46 B./ 5 l2:

92E40 8B. 65D. 8BE40 O2/ </54R `2/054g6 2E7; I2H8H/E./h 24. 2O 8B. OH44E.68 8BE406 E4 8B.

D2LE. 2IIH/6 QB.4 54 5I8H57 iH66E54 5II2686 (.66E. 58 8B. 58.7E./ 549 6C.5R6 82 B./ E4 8B.

D28B./ 8240H.N $Q54624 C54EI6 O2/ 54 E468548J 8B.4 9E6627L.6 E482 8.5/6h *Q54 6B2286 BE6

685/g6 .48E/. :29; 56 6B. 9/22C6 5I/266 B./ E48.//20582/J 822 D2L.9 :; 8B. .L2I58E24 2O B./

6HCC26.9 B2D.7549 82 6C.5RN

,7D268 56 :/E77E548 E6 *Q54g6 B5497E40 2O 5 C28.48E577; 428aOH44; 6I.4. QB./. (.66E. E6 E4 5

7ED2N +. 6.. 247; 8B. 9/EL./ 549 (.66E.J /EIB7; 02Q4.9 E4 8B. :5IRJ 722RE40 :2/.9 56 B.77

549 5CC/.B.46EL. 822N (B.4 8B. B.59 2O 8B. /EIB RE9 6B.g6 68HIR QE8B 6H99.47; 7H/IB.6 E4828B. O/5D. :.6E9. B./J 56 Q. 6H99.47; H49./68549 B./ D229N ,O8./ 54 .VIB540. 2O Q2/96 E4

8B. :5IR 6.58J *Q54 IH86 :5IR 82 8B. 6B28 2O 8B. 9/EL./ 549 (.66E.J 549 8B.4 8B. /EIB RE9

E48/H9.6 E482 8B. O/5D. 505E4J 549 6B. 675D6 2H8 2O 8B. I5/N

$Q54624 B59 0/.58 458H/57 I2D.9EI 857.48J :H8 D54; ;.5/6 :.O2/. 8B. `.8B29 :.I5D.

I2DD24 IH//.4I;J *Q54 Q548.9 BE6 C/ELE7.0.9 685/ 82 B5L. 5 8568. 2O 8B. /.57 E4 B./

C./O2/D54I.N U. 8279 1209542LEIB 8B58 B. D59. $Q54624 /E9. 8B. (ED.6 $]H5/.aA/549

'.48/57 6BH887. 58 /H6B B2H/J /.6H78E40 E4 8B. `54B58854 B2/9.6 8.5/E40 075D2/2H6 A72/E5g6

I728B.6 549 57D268 B./ :29;J 822N =U. 65E9 6B. 6C.48 D54; ;.5/6 8/;E40 82 0.8 .L.4 QE8B BED

LE5 L5/E2H6 C/5I8EI57 l2R.6N@

*Q54 5762 H/0.9 B./ 82 6C.49 5 I2HC7. 2O 95;6 E4 9E60HE6. Q2/RE40 58 5 9.C5/8D.48 682/.J

:.I5H6. 6B.g9 4.L./ :..4 4.5/ 5 :5/05E4 I2H48./ .L.4 56 5 IH682D./N $Q54624 C2Q9./.9

2L./ B./ Q2/79aO5D2H6 :.5H8; D5/RJ CH8 24 5 :7249. QE0 549 68HIR I28824 E4 B./ 426.h 8B.

/.6H78J 6B. 65E9J Q56 8B58 6B. 857R.9 u7ER. 5 9HIRNu $B. D5450.9 8B. 9.I.C8E24 O2/ 5:2H8 5

95; 549 5 B57O :.O2/. :.E40 O2H49 2H8N 1H8 E4 :28B I56.6J QB.4 8B. 8ED. I5D. 82 OE7DJ *Q54

65E9 $Q54624 8279 BEDJ u*24g8 8.77 D.W" R42Q QB58 E8g6 7ER.Nu

u+. C/5I8EI577; B59 42 6I/EC86Ju B. 8279 1209542LEIBJ uQ. H6.9 82 D54HO5I8H/. 8BE406 56 Q.Q.48Nu $Q54624 50/..9h u,7754 H6.9 5 6I/EC8 7ER. 5 :7H.C/E48Ju 6B. 65E9N u(B. :.68 8BE406 Q.

D59. HC 56 Q. Q.48 57240Nu +B.4 6B. Q56 D5RE40 i$U$J $Q54624 65E9 6B. H49./68229 8B58

u" B59 :..4 0.88E40 6857. E4 U277;Q229 549 " B594g8 /.57E3.9 E8Nu *Q54 D59. B./ O/.6BJ 549

6B. Q56 4.L./ O/.6B./ 8B54 E4 ?$/9$/71&7 N

- %.8./ 1209542LEIBJ .11$/ DH$/K (9& 6$"( @2)/&&, =#.Q P2/RS %/5.0./J ->e-@J e[N



125

,**&#*f`S +UP "$ ?.BC.BD6!D `f("G,(&*_

*Q54J E4 1209542LEIBg6 E48./LE.Q E4 W9) (9& D&521 ?$7& Q(_ J 549 $Q54624 E4 4H$/")/ )/4H$/")/J 857R 5:2H8 8B. 6I.4. E4 ?$/9$/71&7 QB./. (.66E. 92.6 EDC./62458E246 58 5 C26B

C5/8;N (B.; :28B 65E9 8B58 8BE6 Q56 8B. OE/68 8ED. $Q54624 9E9 B./ L./6E24 2O 'B5/7E. 'B5C7E4

24 6I/..4N "8 Q2H79 :. /.aI/.58.9 ^? ;.5/6 758./ E4 $Q54624g6 D268 O5D2H6 /27.J #2/D5

*.6D249 E4 4+/"&( *)+1&5$,7 N

1H8 E4 8B. A/5C.LE4. kE9.2 *k*J QBEIB " :2H0B8 549 Q58IB.9J 56 Q.77 56 5 P2H8H:. LE9.2

8B58 5CC.5/6 82 :. O/2D 8B. *k*J 8B. 'B5C7E4 :E8 E64g8 8B./.N (.66E.g6 I2H48.66 5I8 E6 8B. 247;

EDE858E24 24 LE.QN ,66E9H2H6 A2207E40 8H/4.9 HC 62D. I2DC75E486 8B58 E8g6 DE66E40 O/2D

8B26. L./6E246J :H8 428 5 Q2/9 5:2H8 QB;J 2/ QB.4 Q56 8B. 7568 8ED. 54;:29; 65Q 8BE6 C5/8

2O 8B. D2LE.N " I2485I8.9 5 4HD:./ 2O C.2C7.J E4I7H9E40 A/5C.LE4. 549 62D. C.2C7.

E4L27L.9 QE8B OE7D C/.6./L58E24J 8/;E40 82 OE0H/. 2H8 QB58 B59 :.I2D. 2O 8B. 6I.4.N " 4.L./

B.5/9 O/2D A/5C.LE4.J 549 8B. 5/IBELE686 Q./. 56 CH337.9 56 "N

<E4577;J B2Q.L./J " 028 54 546Q./ 2O 62/86J 58 /5492DJ QB.4 /.a/.59E40 b2B4 U2/:57T6

E48./LE.Q QE8B A72/E5 $Q54624 E4 8B. I277.I8E24 @&)%1& W211 8$1P N $B. 65E9S

NNN+B.4 Q. I5D. 82 92E40 8B. EDC./62458E24 E4 4+/"&( *)+1&5$,7 J 8B.; Q548.9 D. 82

92 62D.24. 7ER. *2H0756 <5E/:54R6J 549 " 65E9J F+B; 924T8 " 92 8B. 'B5C7E4 8BE40 "

9E9 E4 `54B5497.9_K `/N +E79./ 65E9J F'54 ;2H 92 8B58_K ,49 " 65E9 ;.6J 549 8B58T6

B2Q E8 B5CC.4.9N #2QJ D; EDC./62458E24 2O 'B5C7E4 E4 `54B5497.9J H92#9 Q -+"("$A (9&A #+( )+( $/7 /)H (9&A #$/;( >2/7 2( p.DCB56E6 DE4.q I5D. 5:2H8 :.I5H6.

62D.24. B59 7.O8 5 9./:; B58 5/2H49 8B. 6.8 549 E4 :.8Q..4 6I.4.6 " CH8 E8 24 D;

B.59 549 685/8.9 Q2::7E40 5/2H49 7ER. 'B5C7E4J CEIR.9 HC 5 68EIR 549 8QE/7.9 E8J 549

E8 5DH6.9 ,7754 *Q54 62 DHIB 8B58 B. 65E9J F+. B5L. 028 82 CH8 E8 E4 8B. CEI8H/.

:.I5H6. ;2H 5/. 92E40 EDC./62458E24 6 2O 5 iH66E54 I2H48.66 E4 8B. C5/8; 6I.4.J 62

QB; 924T8 ;2H lH68 02 O/2D 8B58 E482 8B. 'B5C7E4_K 549 " 65E9J F<E4.JK 549 8B58T6 QB.4

" OE/68 9E9 8B. EDC./62458E24NNNQBEIB " DE0B8 599J Q56 O5/ :.88./ 8B54 8B. 24. E4

$H46.8 12H7.L5/9 :.I5H6. " 722R.9 D2/. 7ER. 'B5C7E4J D; O5I. Q56 /2H49./ 549 E4

8B26. 95;6 " B59 CHCC; O58N "8 Q564T8 54 .724058.9 O5I. 56 E8 E6 42QN " 6B2Q.9 5

CB2820/5CB 2O D; EDC./62458E24 82 'B5C7E4 24I. 58 5 9E44./ C5/8;J 549 B. 8B2H0B8 E8

Q56 BED6.7Or U. 65E9J F+B2 E6 8B58 D54 QE8B D._KNNN

U2/:57T6 E48./LE.Q QE8B $Q54624J " 428. QE8B 6594.66J 822R C75I. E4 ->mdN &LE9.487; E8 B56

:..4 5 7240J 7240 QBE7. 6E4I. 54;24. 65Q $Q54624T6 OE/68 'B5C7E4 EDC./62458E24J 549 E8 D5;

4.L./ :. 6..4 505E4N GER. 62 D54; 5/8E686J *Q54 B56 6HOO./.9 O/2D B5LE40 BE6 6E7.48 OE7D6

9E65CC.5/J 2/ 6H/LEL. E4 5 D5407.9 O2/DN ,6 5CC/.IE58E24 O2/ BED 0/2Q6J 62 6B2H79 8B.

.OO2/86 82 C/.6./L. BE6 Q2/RN





127

A72/E5 $Q54624T6 2Q4 Q2/96 5:2H8 8B. OE7DE40 2O 4($0& 4(,+#P D5; 0EL. 54 E9.5 2O 8B.

O..7E406 /59E58E40 O/2D 8BE6 7E887. BHD54 I2D.9;N +. 8B./.O2/. B5L. 82 8BE4R 5:2H8 8B.

C.2C7. 2O #.Q `5/8E46LE77. D..8E40 QE8B 8B.E/ 6BE4E40 549 .II.48/EI LE6E82/6 8B/2H0B 5 7240

EDC/2DC8H l2R.J 5 QE79 C5/8; QB./. 8B. `5/]HE6 9. 75 <575E6. E6 857RE40 9E/8; </.4IBJ <2/9

$8./7E40 E6 :5/RE40 2L./ 8B. RE96 24 8B. QB5/OJ 549 A72/E5 $Q54624 E6 .4050.9 E4 5 8B/..a

7.00.9 /5I. QE8B `5/0E. &L546NZ , I56H57J .4IB548.9 CEI4EI QB./. 428BE40 B56 82 :. 6B2Q4

:H8 8B. C7.56H/. 2O 6EDC7; :.E40 820.8B./N (B58T6 QB58 4($0& 4(,+#P E6 577 5:2H8J C75E4

O..7E406 68/5E0B8O2/Q5/97; 2OO./.9 549 /.I.EL.9J E4 54 E442I.48 0.68H/. QB./. I268HD.6 5/.

42 I24I.57D.48 549 7E0B84.66 E6 54 5/8 2O 7ELE40N

" I54428 :. 54;8BE40 :H8 QE797; .I6858EI QB.4 .4l2;E40 8B. 9;45DEI6 2O 8B. <5E/:54R6

6./E.6Jd :H8 " 6B577 59DE8 B./. 8B58 " Q2H79 0EL. 54; 549 577 <5E/:54R6 O2/ 4($0& 4(,+#P 2/

?$/9$/71&7 =->^d@N 1.;249 8B. 2:LE2H6 549 H4.]H57.9 5:E7E8; 82 9.6E04 5 6C5I. QB./. 8B.

0.2D.8/; 2O 8B. D2L.D.486 E6 58 24. QE8B 8B. 8B2H0B86J 8B. $Q54624 6./E.6 ? 6B.96 7E0B8 24

5 D2/. I/HIE57 56C.I8 2O *Q54g6 IE4.D5S BE6 ]HE.8 ]H.68 O2/ E48ED5I;J 8B/2H0B 8B.6. /5/.E4685486 QB.4 8B. I249HI8 2O 8B. 9/5D5 6..D6 82 :. E48.//HC8.9 549 8B. 6I/..4 D5; 0EL. 5

6.46. 2O 8B. CH76. 2O 8B. Q2/79N "4 BE6 758./ Q2/R6 *Q54 QE77 B5L. 82 OE0B8 B5/9 505E468 8B.

2996 2O Q2/8B7.66 6I/..4C75;6J C./O2/D./6 2/ C/29HI./6 82 OE49 5 Q5; 82 8B.6. C/EI.7.66J

C.5I.OH7 D2D.486J 56 QB.4W82 IB226. 247; 24. 5D240 923.46J :H8 24. QBEIB " IB./E6B

5:2L. 577W&75E4. $8.Q5/8 IH/76 B./6.7O 5/2H49 i24 i549.77 82 Q5/D HC BE6 9.59 :29; E4

?)"( D$/0&,)+" ?$/ .125& =->m-@N "4 D5RE40 4($0& 4(,+#P J *Q54J O/.. 56 5 6B228E40a:E/9J

Q2H79 2OO./ HC 5 6./.4. 549 B5/D24E2H6 O72Q QE8B 42 E48.48E24 :H8 82 O/5D. 8B. 2/9E45/;

l2;6 2O 54 2/9E45/; 0E/7N

(B. QB27. 6I.4. QB./. b.44; 549 )/D. .49 HC 6B.77E40 C.56 820.8B./ 8B/E776 D.N (B.

I2DE406 549 02E406 :.8Q..4 8B. RE8IB.4 549 8B. 9E4E40 /22D 5/. .75:2/58.9 E4 8B. D268

.OOEIE.48 549 6EDC7. Q5; =8B2H0B 8B. 68/ERE40 I726.aHC 2O $Q54624g6 O5I. C..CE40 8B/2H0B

8B. 6./LE40 B58IB E6 5/0H5:7; 54 H4O2/8H458. IB2EI. 8B58 9E6/HC86 8B. :5754I. 2O 8B. 6I.4.@



128

56 EO O2/ 8B. 627. CH/C26. 2O E48/29HIE40 8B. 6H:6.]H.48 /)/b&5&/( J QB.4 8B. QBE/7 2O B57Oa

7E.6 L54E6B.6 E482 8B. R42QE40 8.49./4.66 2O 5 :7E66OH7 D2D.48N )/D.T6 0.487. 0.68H/.

QB.4 B. 85R.6 5 6.58 82 l2E4 b.44; E4 8B. 6B.77E40 C5/8; E6 68/ERE40 O2/ E86 6H/C/E6E40

O/.6B4.66 549 6C24854.E8;N (B. 72L.7; DE4H8. 8B58 O2772Q6 E6 9E65/DE407; 6EDC7.J O59E40 2H8

E4 5 DH/DH/ 2O 5QRQ5/9 6DE7.6 549 5/87.66 I24OE9.4I.6 QE8B2H8 54; 6HC./O7H2H6 I295N #2

/22D B./. 82 :HE79 HC 54 .OO.I8WE8T6 56 EO *Q54 EDC/E48.9 BE6 6E0458H/. 8B/2H0B 8B.

5:6.4I. 2O 54; I2DD.485/; 2L./ QB58 E6 6B2Q4N ,49 E8g6 428 5 CE.I. 2O .-&,2#$/$J 42/ 5

IB.5C 92D.68EI 658E/.h E8g6 lH68 )/D. 549 b.44; :.E40 8B./. 820.8B./J QE8B 42 :.O2/. 2/

5O8./N +. 9E9 428 B5L. 82 Q5E8 O2/ 8B. B)+5&11& k$0+& 82 OE7D 5 ;2H40 I2HC7. 857RE40 5:2H8

72L. 549 9.58B E4 5 RE8IB.4 56 EO 8B.; Q./. E4 8B.E/ B2D.N

(B. /.OH657 2O 6C.I85I7. 92.6 428 7E. 247; E4 8B. IB2EI. 2O 8B. 6H:l.I8 D588./ =56 E4 8BE6

P2(#9&/ 6I.4.@h E8 E6 .D:.99.9 E4 5 C5/8EIH75/ Q5; 2O 6..E40 x 549 6B2QE40N ,6 54 .V5DC7.JEO *Q54 C7544.9 8B. 6B228E40 6IB.9H7. 82 I2E4IE9. QE8B 8B. W$(&, =+&&/T6 5//EL57 E4 82Q4J

E8T6 /.D5/R5:7. 82 6.. B2Q B. E042/.9 8B. CB2820.4EI C28.48E57 2O 6HIB 5 C/29HI8E24 L57H.

:.;249 E86 9/5D58EI OH4I8E24N `2687; 6..4 E4 8B. :5IR0/2H49W56 E4 8B. E//.6E68E:7. 6EVa

7.00.9 Q57R 57240 8B. :54R =F,D240 5I8/.66.6J 8Q2 E6 0229 D2/4E40W:H8 8B/.. E6 0229

4E0B8rK@J QB./. E8 D5/L.72H67; OE776 8B. O/5D. :.BE49 8B. 8/..6W8B. :258 E6 4.L./ 6B2Q4 2OO

2/ C75;.9 7ER. 54 5I. E4 8B. B27.N *Q54 720&"(&7 E8J 56 B. 9E0.686 8B.D 577N +BE7. 8B. C.2C7.

2O #.Q `5/8E46LE77. D5; B5L. 8B2H0B8 8B58 8B.; Q./. Q.7I2DE40 8BE6 577a685/ I568 E4 8B.E/

6D577 /EL./ 82Q4J 8B./. Q56 2:LE2H67; 247; 24. B268 O2/ 8B. OE7DaC5/8;J ,7754 *Q54N G22RE40

5O8./ .L./;8BE40WO/2D 8B. Q58./a:258 82 A72/E5 $Q54624WB. I246IE.48E2H67; 5L2E96 54;D504EO;E40 2/ 9E682/8E40 .OO.I8 8B58 Q2H79 C./L./8 8B. CH/E8; 2O 8B. O72QN +B.4 $Q54624

I75ED6 8B58 F,7754 B59 O2H49 62D. D;68./E2H6 Q5; 2O H47.56BE40 B./JK 6B. D5/R6 8B.

9EOO./.4I. :.8Q..4 I5C8H/.n/5C8H/. 549 /5C.N *Q54 R4.Q B2Q 82 CH8 .L./;8BE40 E4 O/248

2O BE6 I5D./5 E4 5 /.I.C8EL. D229J 8B/2H0B 6B5/.9 5L5E75:E7E8; E4 5 8.//E82/; 2O 8/H68J QE8B

*Q54 56 U26CE8577./aE4a'BE.ON (B. C/.IE6E24 549 8B. .I242D; 2O 8B. /.C/.6.4858E24 Q2H79

5ED 82 /.C/29HI. 8B. 6EDC7.68 0.68H/.6 QBE7. E77HDE458E40 8B.E/ H4EL./657 6E04EOEI54I.N



129

,D240 577 *Q54 OE7D6J 4($0& 4(,+#P E6 24. 2O 8B26. 8B58 D5//; E4 8B. D268 9.7EI58. Q5; 8B.

OH4I8E2457 C5/59E0D =8B. 0,$--$, 2O OE7D@ 549 8B. I26DEI 24. =QB.4 5 8.5/ D5; .IB2 8B.

QB27. H4EL./6.@N "O 4($0& 4(,+#P E6 24. 8B. D268 .VIE8E40 6E7.486 .L./ D59.J EO *Q54 D5; :.

8B. 0/.58.68 5D240 8B. I7566EI OE7DD5R./6J 8B58T6 :.I5H6. B. B56 57Q5;6 R42Q4WO/2D 8B.

L./; :.0E44E40W8B58 B. Q56 428BE40 I2DC5/.9 82 8B. D5IBE4. B. B59 B.7C.9 E4L.48J 549

8B. Q2/79 B. H6.9 E8 82 /.I/.58.N UE6 D5l2/ LE/8H.6 56 5 OE7DD5R./ 5/. BE6 D29.68; 549 BE6

0.4./26E8;N (B. /.I2DC.46. O2/ 6HIB /5/. LE/8H.6 B59 82 :. .4l2;.9 E4 8B. /.758EL.

5424;DE8; 2O 5 0.4EH6 QB2 9E9 428 :.5/ 8B. 68E0D585 2O BE6 2Q4 6.7Oa658E6O5I8E24N

- A72/E5 $Q54624 E 4H$/")/ )/ 4H$/")/ =<.78B5DS U5D7;4J ->X-@J êdaêmN

^ ":E9N

Z ,6 /.C2/8.9 58 8B58 8ED. :; 8B. 72I57 4.Q6C5C./N W&(U&1 D&-)#,$( J ,H0H68 ^[nê ->^?J+.68 kE/0E4E5 ,/IBEL.6 549 UE682/;

=QQQNQLIH78H/.N2/0nBE682/;n.48./85E4D.48n6850.68/HIR[-NB8D7@Nd (.4 OE7D6 QE8B *Q54 O/2D 89& X))7 *$7 ?$/ =->-m@ 82 89& Q,)/ ?$"P =->^>@

? U.E0B8 OE7D6 QE8B *Q54 O/2D i$U$ =->^Z@ 82 W9$( $ W27)HZ =->Z[@



130

8C! Q:RB ?.4T =->^>@SA)#& (U& $"G&#( <,'&$

$5:/E45 `5/]H.6(/546758.9 :; *5LE9 %B.7C6

u)4I. HC24 5 8ED.J 549 8B58 8ED. Q56 428 62 L./; 7240 502J QB.4 7E887. :2;6 9/.5D.9 2O

0/549 B./2.6 QB2 95/.9 549 9H.7.9J QB2 O2H0B8 549 Q24J QB2 7.5C.9 549 O7.Q 8B/2H0B

8B. 5E/J 549 QB2 57Q5;6J :H8 57Q5;6J I5//E.9 8B. 95;J 8B.E/ 9/.5D6 I5D. 8/H. E4 8B. O2/D 2O

*2H0756 <5E/:54R6NuW b.54E4. 156E40./-

89& Q,)/ ?$"P 68E77 I5//E.6 8B. O2/I. 2O 5 9..C7;aO.78 O5/.Q.77S E8 E6 8B/2H0B *2H0756

<5E/:54R6J 8B. 0/.58 6E7.48 685/J 8B58 8B. OE7D Q5L.6 2OO 54 ./5N U./2 2O B./2.6J BED6.7O 54

5VE2D 2O 577 8B. B;C428EI .4./0;J 8B. 5I8E24aC5IR.9 59L.48H/.6J 2O 8B. 0279.4 95;6 2O 8B.

6E7.48 OE7DN "8g6 ->^>J 8B. ;.5/ 2O 8B. I/56BJ :H8 5762J 56 E8g6 :..4 65E9J 8B. OE/68 ;.5/ E4

U277;Q229 BE682/; E4 QBEIB 8B. C/29HI8E24 2O 62H49 OE7D6 Q2H79 6H/C566 8B58 2O 6E7.486N ,

;.5/ E4 QBEIB 5 OE7D 7ER. 89& Q,)/ ?$"P I2H79J 8B.4J 5/E6. 56 5 O.E04.9 I2468/HI8E24 2O

4268570E5N <2/ 8B. OE/68 8ED.J <5E/:54R6 I54 :. B.5/9 B./.J E4 5 C/28/5I8.9 D242720H. 8B58g69.7EL./.9 E4 C75I. 2O 8B. C/2720H.g6 H6H57 E48./8E87.6N <2/ 8B. OE/68 8ED.J 5 B./2 C75;.9 :; 5

685/ QE77 9E. 58 8B. .49Wl2E4E40 BE6 8/E2 2O I2DC54E246 E4 8B. 0/.58./ 59L.48H/.6 :.;249N

,49 O2/ 8B. OE/68 8ED.J E468.59 2O u(U& &#*Ju Q. 5/. 2OO./.9 u(U& 1&A"##"#AJu E4 89& Q,)/?$"P g6 OE457 6B28N



131

<.Q 5I82/6 Q./. 7ER. <5E/:54R6J 8B. RE49 2O OE0H/. 82 QB2D DE6.a.4a6Ic4. B59 82 :.

6H:2/9E458.9N *Q54 R4.Q 8BE6J R4.Q 8B58 8B. D54 QB2 Q56 {2//2J QB2 Q56 i2:E4 U229J

QB2 Q56 (B. (BE.O 2O 150B959J 8B. 175IR %E/58.J 549 E4 BE6 ;2H8B 5 D29./4a95; *g,/850454

=*Q54g6 . ?)7&,/ ?+"P&(&&, J ->-e@J I2H79 566HD. 5 6HC./E2/ C/.6.4I.h R4.Q 8B.

.VC/.66EL. C2Q./ 2O BE6 :29; 8B/2H0B 82 BE6 OE40./8EC6h 549 R4.Q 8B58 B. I2H794g8 :.

:H/9.4.9 QE8B 6C.5RE40 2H8a72H9J 5 IB577.40. O2/ 5428B./ .V./IE6. 8B54 8BE6 24.N

$E7.48 OE7D Q2H79 :. 5 I2/2775/; 82 C5482DED. 56 DHIB E4 E86 9.L.72CD.48 56 E4 E86 9.DE6.N

(B. 5II.48H58.9 .VC/.66E246 2O :29E.6 549 O5I.6 DE0B8 :. /.59 E4 54 E468548J QBE7. 8B. O5I.

:.I2D.6 5 82C20/5CB; 2O .497.66 .L.486N (B. B./2g6 O5I.J .L./a6BEO8E40 H49./ 8B. C2Q./ 2O

8B. I726.aHCJ 2OO./6 54 E48/29HI8E24W8B. D268 .DC58B.8EI I244.I8E24 82 8B. 5H9E.4I.J 56

Q.77 56 8B. R.; O2/ 8B. 5I82/ 82 :.I2D. 5 685/N $2 8B. .D./0.4I. 2O 8B. $85/ $;68.D Q2H79

H6B./ E4 54 ./5 /EIB E4 B27; 5H/56 549 4.Q7;a5CC2E48.9 A296N (B. .V8/52/9E45/; 4.Q

E4L.48E24 Q2H79 2OO./ .48./85E4D.48J :H8 68E77 :. 6./E2H6 .42H0B 8B58 E8 Q2H794g8 75IR 5/8h

Q2H79 :. 5 O2/D 2O :H6E4.66J :H8 24. 5OO.I8E40 .42H0B 82 /.I577 QB58 .V8/52/9E45/;IE/IHD6854I.6 E8 85R.6 82 C/29HI. 5 7.0.49N +E8B 549 QE8B2H8 5/8E68/;J 8B. 0279.4 ;.5/6

Q2H79 8/546CE/. H49./ 8B. 8/EHDCB 2O 6C.I85I7.N

*Q54g6 I2468548 R45IR E6 82 .DCB56E3. "(),A(&112/0J 82 D.D2/E57E3. 75/0./ 8B54 7EO.

29;66.;6 I5//E.9 2H8 :; C./O.I8 B./2.6J 82 95337. 8B. I277.I8EL. ED50E458E24 QE8B 857.6 2O

59L.48H/. 549 /2D54I. 8B58 I2H79 247; B5CC.4 E4 5 D2LE. 8B.58./ =549 QB26.

I2//.6C249E40 0.4/.6 8295; 5/. 62D.8BE40 .76. 57820.8B./@N (B/2H0B2H8 8B. 7240 9.I59.6

2O 8BE6 *Q54E54 IE4.D5J .L./a0/2H49.9 E4 5/IB.8;C57 68/HI8H/.6J 8B. B./2EI OE7D6 2OO./ 8B.

D268 /.C.58.9 BE0B7E0B86 2O BE6 68;7.N GE8./5/; 595C858E246 2O C2CH75/ CEI8H/.6]H. 42L.76h

6850E406 E4 5II2/954I. QE8B 8B. 685495/96 2O 5428B./ ./5h I7EIBM6 8B58 C/27EO./58. 5II2/9E40

82 45//58EL. I24L.48E24 =12; `..86 AE/7nU5CC; &49E406@h 8B. I2DEI 68;7E40 2O IB5/5I8./6

549 .V500./58.9J 675C68EIR 0.68H/.6 0.4./58. 820.8B./ 8B. D268 :5/2]H. 2O I2D.9E.6h 577

D59. 8B. D2/. I2DC7.V :; 6;D:27EI .7.D.486 =7ER. 8B. vH..4g6 :590. E4 89& 89,&&?+"P&(&&," 2/ 8B. D.9577E24 6C7E8 E4 8Q2 E4 89& Q,)/ ?$"P @ 82 .4B54I. 8B. 45//58EL.N

,49 ;.8J EO *2H0756 <5E/:54R6T 657E.48 58B7.8EIE6D E6 QB58 D5R.6 BED 62 EDD.9E58.7;

6HE85:7. O2/ 8B. C5/8 2O 8B. B./2J QB58 R..C6 *Q54T6J .L./ E4 8B. 6./LEI. 2O 8B. 685/a6;68.DJ

O/2D 8B. D./.68 /.l2E49./ 82 8B. 5927.6I.48 EDCH76.6 2O 54 5H9E.4I. /5L.42H6 O2/ E9276 _ "4

/.I204E3E40 8B. 458H/. 2O BE6 682/E.6J *Q54 7E:./58.6 8B.DN +.77aQ2/4 682/E.6 :.I2D.C7E548J C/ED5/; D58./E57 O2/ I/.58E40 4.Q 68/HI8H/.6J 68/HI8H/.6 42L.7 549 C/.IE6.J Q2/RE40

58 5 L2/5IE2H6 6C..9 2O E442L58E24 82 C728 2H8 4.Q O2/D6 O2/ 279 OE0H/.6W577 C./C.8H58.9 :;

8BE6 4.Q.68 D.9EHD 2O IE4.D5N (5R. 89& Q,)/ ?$"P J E4 QBEIBJ 8B/2H0B *T,/850454T6 9.58BJ

<5E/:54R6 :E96 O5/.Q.77 :28B 82 BE6 5/8 549 8B58 2O 5 9;E40 ./5N , L./; 9.7E:./58. C5/577.7J

6E4I. E4 8B. .49 2O 8B. `H6R.8../ 8/E720;J 8B. I2DCH762/; 9244E40 2O 8B. D56R EDC7E.6 8B.

9E6627H8E24 2O :28B 8B. E9.48E8; 549 C2Q./ 2O G2HE6 |"k =8B. 6.7OaC/2I75ED.9 $H4 tE40 :;



132

9ELE4. /E0B8@ QB.4 B. E6 RE945CC.9 549 /.C75I.9 24 8B. 8B/24. :; BE6 8QE4 :/28B./N

GER.QE6.J 588.4H58E40 8B. .DCB56E6 24 8B. O5I. E4 8B. 62H49 ./5 Q2H79 5772Q 0/.58./

2CC2/8H4E8; O2/ 8B. C2Q./ 2O L2I57 .VC/.66E24N (B. 2C.4E40 6C..IB 56E9.J 89& Q,)/ ?$"P E6 5

6E7.48 OE7D 578B2H0BJ E4 ->?^J 8B./. Q2H79 I2D. 54 HC958.9 L./6E24 2O 8B. OE7D 8B58J :.6E9.6

C/.6.48E40 5 9EOO./.48 D24850.J Q2H79 /.C75I. 8B. E48./8E87.6 :; <5E/:54R6 b/NT6 45//58E24N

,49 H78ED58.7;J QB58 24. B.5/6 E4 BE6 L2EI. E6 7.66 54 .CE720H. 8B54 54 .CE85CBS u,49 62

C566.9 5 :/5L. 549 072/E2H6 D54WE4 B242/N )47; 8BE4RJ 549 Q. 7EL. 505E4N +. 7EL. O2/.L./r

<2/ QE8B H6J 42Q 56 .L./J E8g6 577 O2/ 24.J 549 24. O2/ 577ru

*HD56T 682/; Q2H79 :. 595C8.9 :; *Q54 58 7.568 OEL. 8ED.6S :2#9&12&+ =->-d@J . ?)7&,/?+"P&(&&, =->-e@J 89& Q,)/ ?$"P =->^>@J W921& @$,2" 41&&%" =->Z^@J 549 89& 89,&&?+"P&(&&," =->Z>@N ,49 EOJ 5D240 8B.6. OE7D6J 8B. OE/68 E6 I246E9./.9 7268J 8B. 7568J 42Q E4

62H49 549 QE8B2H8 <5E/:54R6J Q2H79 8H/4 2H8 82 :. 5 9E6568/2H6 .V./IE6. 2O .VI.66J 5 I56.

68H9; E4 8B. E46854854.2H6 2L./926. 2O 62H49 549 DH6EI 0.4./58.9 :; 8B. 857RE.6N

(B. OE0H/. 2O <5E/:54R6 I54 :. 6..4 56 54 .D:7.D 2O 8B26. OE/68 9.I59.6 2O 59L.48H/. OE7D6J

8B58 E48ED58.7; CB;6EI57 0.4/. D59. 82 072/EO; 8B. .VC72E86 2O 8B. B./2J 57Q5;6 5 D54N (B.

92DE454I. 2O 8B. D56IH7E4. E9.57J 6HC./E2/ E4 CB;6EI57 C/2Q.66 549 I5C5:E7E8E.6J

I2H/50.2H67; I24O/248E40 8B. D268 5D53E40 :5887.6 549 59L.48H/.6J D5R.6 O2/ 8B. D268

O.8E6BE68EI 0.4/. 2O E86 ./5S 42 28B./ 6B2Q6 :29E.6 E4 ]HE8. 8B. 65D. Q5;N "4 8BE6 O548568EI57J

I2DC5/8D.4857E3.9 0.4/.J OEV58.9 24 2L./7;aD56IH7E4. O.58H/.6 =8B58 5O8./ E86 ./5 Q2H79

C/2:5:7; C7.56. 247; 8B. `5I`5B24E546@J 8B. 65D. I7EIBM6 5/. .497.667; .L2R.9S E8 E6 8B.

B./2 QB2 QE46J 8B. LE775E4 QB2 0.86 QB58 B. 9.6./L.6J 549 5/. Q2D.4 QB2 5/. C75I.9 E4

6.I2495/; C26E8E246J E4 QBEIB 8B.E/ 72L. 8.496 82 :. 8B. /.Q5/9 O2/ 8B. .V./8E246 2O 8B.

B./2T6 ]H.68N $8./.28;C.6 I2C; 68./.28;C.6J 549 EO 8B./. E6 54 H492H:8.97; I246./L58EL.

6CE/E8 B5H48E40 8B.6. /.C.8E8EL. D28E246 2O 8B. 0.4/.J 6B2H79 Q. 5OOE/D *Q54 56 5

I246./L58EL. OE7DD5R./_ 1; 42 D.546N +. 5/. E4 8B. C/.6.4I. 2O 5 IE4.D5 2O I277E6E246J

I5C5:7. 2O 5II2DD2958E40 577 62/86 2O C5/8EIH75/E8E.6 8B58 D2LE.6 7ER. 89& Q,)/ ?$"P 549

89& 89,&& ?+"P&(&&," I54 59DE8N ,7D268 56 5 6./E.6 2O .VI.C8E246N *Q54g6 5/8W .L./;8BE40

8B58 E6 82 :. /.I577.9 O2/ 5 lH68 5CC/5E657 2O BE6 7.05I; :28B 8295; 549 82D2//2QWI54 :.

6..4 82 0/.58 9E68E4I8E24 E4 28B./ 2O BE6 OE7D6N <E7D6 8B58 BE0B7E0B8 O.DE4E4. O2/I.J E4 682/E.6

C/.6E9.9 2L./ :; Q2D.4 2/ O.D57. IB5/5I8./6 D.D2/5:7. 2O H4C5/577.7.9 IH44E40S OE7D6

7ER. d)"&((& =->Z>@J :H8 5:2L. 577 E4 8B. C/.IH/62/; .V5DC7.6 2O W)-$/ 89&A .1-)"(

6A/#9&7 =->?Z@ 549 41209(1A 4#$,1&( =->?m@N +E8B BE6 D566EL. :29; 2O CE24../E40 Q2/R=5/2H49 d[[ 8E87.6@J QE8B *Q54 24. :28B 56R6 549 546Q./6 8B. ]H.68E24 2O QB58 IE4.D5

6B2H79 :.N

- b.54E4. 156E40./J 421&/( 4($," =+.67.;54 f%S U542L./J ^[[[@J >>N



133

Separate But Equal #1: Tide of Empire (1929)

Initial Impressions from an Unsung Allan Dwan Picture



134



135



136



137



138

"#$%&&'(%")#*!"# %& !"# +,-./0

(12 31425 '6721 89:; 5<1 =9:>:?@1 5: %'( )*+, !-./ +,-A-0 B42 B >:65 6:@42 6<:95 5<B5 CB6 41D19

=@E>7F>G 91>1B612H !-, 0+ !-, +,-./0 76 '>>B4 ICB4J6 1B9>7165 8:9BG 745: 5<1 6:@42 19BK %5 76

8B6F74B574? 5: 611 B 87>;;BL19 C<:61 >B51 67>145 C:9L6 6:;157;16 811> >7L1 6:@42 =7F5@916M

16=1F7B>>G =B956 :8 %'( )*+, !-./ MB2B=5 5: 5<1 41C 51F<4:>:?GK %4 ;B4G CBG6 5<76

B2B=5B57:4 76 4:5 B4 B2B=5B57:4 B5 B>>K (<B5 76H <1 6<::56 ;B4G 6F1416 89:; 8B79>G C721

B4?>16 B42 1D14 F@56 E15C114 9::;6 74 B ;B4419 91;7476F145 :8 5<1 127574? 74 67>145 87>;6K

ICB4 611;6 5: 7;;127B51>G <BD1 E114 BCB91 :8 5<1 514214FG 6:@42 <B6M16=1F7B>>G

>:FB57:4 6:@42M5: F:4F9157N1 5<1 7;B?16K %J; 51;=512 5: @61 B2;75512>G >:B212 C:926 >7L1O91B>76;P B42 O2:F@;145B9GP 5: 216F97E1 ;@F< :8 !-, 0+ !-,* 5<1 59BFL74? 6<:56 5<9:@?<

5:C4 B42 B5 5<1 59B74 65B57:4Q 5<1 FB6@B> EB4519 E15C114 5C: E>BFL F<B9BF5196 74 B EB4LQ :9

5<1 1D:FB57D1 215B7>6 :8 6;B>> 5:C4 >781 74 5<1 6:@5<H 16=1F7B>>G 5<1 =7F47F 6F141 C75< 756 EB42

=>BG74? OI7R71P B42 ?79>6 ?15574? 5<179 8115 C15 74 B 6>:C =:42MB42 G15 C<B5 % 8742 ;:65

7451916574? BE:@5 5<76 87>; B91 5<1 CBG6 75 @4219F@56 B42 1R=>:216 5<1 61461 :8 O91B>765P :9

O2:F@;145B9GP S@B>75716 C1 ;BG 8742 74 75H 2769@=574? :@9 =19F1=57:4 B42 B66@;=57:46

BE:@5 C<B5 C1 B91 61174? :4 6F9114K (<1 87>; F:465B45>G 6<7856 EBFL B42 8:95< E15C114

5<161 5C: 514214F716H B O91B>765P B165<157F :4 5<1 :41 <B42H B42 B F:;=>151 91F:?4757:4 B42

@4D17>74? :8 5<1 B95787F16 :8 F741;B :4 5<1 :5<19K

(<76 1881F5 76 1=75:;7N12 8:9 ;1 74 5<1 :=1474? 61S@14F1K %;B?16 :8 B F:>>1?1 59BFL B42 871>2

1D145 >1B2 745: 9@44196 T@;=74? :D19 <@92>16K ' 5B>> E>:42 E:G 76 74 5<1 >1B2K U1 F9:6616 5<1

87476< >741 87965 B42 C746H 5<1 F9:C2 9:B96K #@2214>GH 5<1 87>; F@56 5: B D767E>G 6:8519H 6>7?<5>G

:@5 :8 8:F@6 6<:5K '6 C1 ;7?<5 E1?74 5: C:4219 78 5<76 76 B 51F<47FB> ;765BL1H 5<1 FB;19B

E1?746 5: 59BFL EBFLCB926K ):5 5<1 FB;19B 5<B5 91F:9212 5<1 7;B?16 C1 <BD1 E114

CB5F<74?H E@5 B4:5<19 FB;19B 5<B5 91D1B>6 5<1 7;B?16 :4 6F9114 5: E1 7;B?16 120'2, 5<1

87>;MF91B574? B4 7;B?1 C75<74 5<1 7;B?1K (<1 59BFL B42 871>2 1D145 76 4:5H 74 8BF5H V5<1

;:D71HJ E@5 ,W;; 41C6911> 8::5B?1 B 9::;8@> :8 89B5 E:G6 B91 CB5F<74? 74 5<179 89B5 <:@61K

(<1 FB;19B F:4574@16 59BFL74? EBFL 5: 91D1B> 5<1 6F9114 :45: C<7F< 5<1 7;B?16 B91 E174?=9:T1F512 B42 5<1 =1:=>1 CB5F<74?K #:;1:41 FB>>6 8:9 5<1 >7?<56 5: E1 5@9412 :4 B42 5<1

21;B6L74? :8 5<1 7>>@67:4 76 F:;=>151K X75<74 5<1 6=BF1 :8 :41 6<:5H C1 ;:D1 89:; 87F57:4 5:

4:487F57:4 5: 87F57:4H :9 76 75 B>> 87F57:4Y "9 4:487F57:4Y '4G 61461 :8 F:;8:95BE>1 F195B745G C1

<B2 B5 5<1 E1?74474? :8 5<1 87>; <B6 E114 FB>>12 745: S@1657:4K X1J91 CB5F<74? B ;:D71 B42

'>>B4 ICB4 2:164J5 CB45 @6 5: 8:9?15 75K



139



140



141



142





144

39:; <76 1B9>G 67>145 C:9L6 5: <76 >B51 =197:2 +<76 >B65 87>;H !+.0 3-,4(*+5. !-, "627(

+,-W,0H F:45B746 B 61S@14F1 :22>G 67;7>B9 5: 5<1 :=1474? :8 !-, 0+ !-,0H '>>B4 ICB4

1R=>:912 5<1 8:9;B> =9:=195716 :8 F741;BK 3:9 5<76 14?74119[87>;;BL19H 1BF< 41C

21D1>:=;145M59BFL74? 6<:56 +6:;1 F>B7; <76 74D1457:40H 6:@42H F:>:9H >:FB57:4 6<::574?M

=91614512 41C =:667E7>75716H 41C =9:E>1;6 5: 6:>D1 B42 41C CBG6 5: 1R=>:91 :41 :8 <76

8BD:9751 =9:=195716* F741;B57F =196=1F57D1K (<76 76 B 87>;;BL19 C<: @421965B426 B42

7457;B51>G L4:C6 5<1 F:216 :8 5<1 F741;BM<1 <1>=12 74D145 5<1;MB42 C<: C7>>74?>G

59B46?916616 5<1; 57;1 B42 B?B74 5<9:@?<:@5 <76 87>;6K



145

Separate But Equal #2: Chances (1931)




146



147



148



149



150

Separate But Equal #3: Black Sheep (1935)




151



152



153



154



155

&'X# "3 '((\'$(%")*8)98 %:#;)&# +,-.W0

]BR7;1 \14B@274(9B46>B512 EG ^7>> _9:<4

OX1>>H 5<1G C191 B667?412 5: ;1H E@5 % 657>> C:9L12 :4 5<1 6F97=56MB>CBG6 C75< 5C: 5<74?6

74 ;742ME@2?15 B42 6=112H 51;=:K %`2 1>7;74B51 65@88 5<B5 CB6 1R59B41:@6 B42 6=112 @=

65@88 5<B5 CB6 C975514 6>:C>GK ' C97519 65915F<16 B 65:9G :@5H B42 G:@`D1 ?:5 5: 87R 75 @=K

]BL1 75 ;:D1K (BL1 B 6F141 :8 5C: =1:=>1 675574? 74 B 9::; B42 59G 5: 87?@91 :@5 <:C G:@

FB4 ?15 5<1; CB>L74? 2:C4 5<1 659115 B42 ;BGE1 E@;=74? 745: B =196:4 4:C B42 5<14 :9

?15574? 61=B9B512 B6 =1:=>1 ?: E15C114 5<1;MB4G5<74? 5: E91BL 75 @=K a7D1 75 B 61461 :8

;:57:4K (<B5`6 C<B5 G:@ 2: C75< B4G 6F97=5 G:@ ?15 B<:>2 :8K ^1FB@61 C1 C9751 C75< 5<1

FB;19BH 4:5 C75 :9 =14 B42 C1`D1 ?:5 5: 91;1;E19 5<B5 B42 4:5 ?15 59B==12 EG

5<1 81>>:C C<: C97516 C75< C:926KP

M '>>B4 ICB4< bbb

^15C114 ,-.c B42 ,-.dH '>>B4 ICB4 2791F512 4741 ;:D716 B5 3:R C75< #:> X@95N1> B6

=9:2@F19K e4=9151457:@6 =9:?9B;;196 C75< >:C E@2?156 B42 >:C[L1G =198:9;196H 5<:61

B4:4G;:@6 6F97=56MF<1B= ;1>:29B;B6 :9 >7?<5 F:;12716M<B2 4: :5<19 =@9=:61 5<B4 5:

E1 1B6G[=BFL12 145195B74196K '42 5<B5J6 C<B5 5<1G B91H 674F1 ICB4 CB6 4:5 5<1 L742 :8

2791F5:9 5: ;BL1 <76 CBG EG 6@ED19574? B4 B667?4;145K ^@5 5<1G B>> 21;:4659B51 <76 BE7>75G



156

5: 59B468:9; 5<1 ;:65 F:;;:4 ;B5197B> 74 B 6@=19E 2791F5:97B> ;B478165: 5<9:@?151 F:459:> :8 5<1 6=BF1K '6 ]G9:4 ]1761> <B6 C975514 +BE:@5 85=-, >-*4+0H O5<76

7;=91667D1 >166:4 74 5<1 F9B85 :8 1881F57D1 65:9G51>>74? 74 WW ;74@516 :8 5:5B> 2791F5:97B>

F:459:> C:@>2 E1 B4 1R1;=>B9G :ET1F5 :8 65@2G 74 B4G 87>;;BL74? F>B66KPA 824' %(,.2+, ;BG

E1H B>:4? C75< 85=-, >-*4+H :41 :8 5<1 874165 1RB;=>16 :8 6@F< 188:95H C<191 1BF<

2791F5:97B> ?165@91 611;6 5: E1 746=7912 EG B42 14BF512 5<9:@?< 5<1 )1C5:4`6 >BC6 :8

;:57:4K

?2*.0 6-1@ ", +AB(C0 -0 *(.0 .0-D. -0 *(.0 -,E -, +AB(C0 2, =+02+, .0-D. 2, =+02+, 120' 0'( .-=(

.F((E -,E 2, 0'( .-=( E2*(C02+, 5,6(.. -C0(E 5F+, AD -, 5,A-6-,C(E G+*C(H X<G :4 1B95< 76

#51D1 \1B9214 +^97B4 I:4>1DG0 1451974? <76 <:;1 EB61 :887F1 74 #B4 39B4F76F: :4 B E7FGF>1Y

%5 2:164`5 ;B5519Q <1 T@65 2:16 75K (<1 ;:57:4 764`5 1RBF5>G @478:9; <191 +:5<19 >BC6 5<B4 5<1

,65 :41 B91 B>6: :=19B574?0H E@5 75 2:164`5 ;B5519 175<19Q C<B5 ;B55196 76 5<1 ;:57:4K ICB4`6

FB;19B FB5F<16 I:4>1DG 74 ;:57:4 B42 C:4`5 >15 <7; 65:= @457> 5<191 76 4:C<191 5: ?:K

e674? 5<1 8B65165 CBG 5: ?15 89:; 5<1 1459B4F1 5: 5<1 216LH ICB4 :ED7:@6>G E974?6 6:;151;=: 5: 5<1 6F97=5H B42 ?7D16 @6 B4 721B :8 5<1 6=7975 :8 <76 ;B74 F<B9BF519M;:91

1881F57D1>G 5<B4 B4G =B?1 :8 5<1 6197B> B2D145@916 :8 %'( ;+, +G #(F05,(H 8:9 C<7F< <76

F<B9BF519 619D16 B6 746=79B57:4KKK I:4>1DG C7>> 41D19 ?15 B4G 9165 @457> 5<1 142 F912756K

a:2B92 C:@>2 91;1;E19 5<1 =974F7=>1 C<14 87>;74? f1B4[$>B@21 ^97B>G FGF>74? B9:@42 5<1

>7D74?[9::; C<7>1 5B>L74? C75< '44B _B974BK

;(C+,E 6-1@ %'( -CC(6(*-02+, +G - A+ED 2. F-*-66(6 -,E E2*(C06D F*+F+*02+,-6 0+ 0'( ,(0 G+*C(-C02,4 +, 0'( A+EDI 2. 2, 0'( E2*(C02+, +G 0'( ,(0 G+*C(I -,E 2. 2,7(*.(6D F*+F+*02+,-6 0+ 0'(

=-.. +G 0'( A+EDH U191 F:;16 5<1 8911[8:9[B>> 87?<5K ^@5H C<B51D19 <76 21E5 5: 6>B=657FL B95H

ICB4 2:164J5 6=142 ;@F< 57;1 :4 5<1 8B5 ;B4g6L744G ;B4 9:@5741 B42 76 4:5 =B957F@>B9>G

B5 1B61 C75< EB99BFL[65G>1 F:;12GQ 6: <1 C9B=6 @= 5<1 F:489:45B57:4 C75< XB92 ^:42 74

5<1 EB9 B42 =918196 5: 2C1>> :4 5<1 6:4? B5 5<1 =7B4:K ^@5 5<1 ;:9474?[B8519 6F141H C<191

#51D1 \1B9214 B42 h22G ]75F<1>> +):9;B4 3:65190 BF5@B>>G ;115 74 5<1 >B5519J6 B=B95;145

8:9 5<1 87965 57;1H 1R1;=>78716 ICB4J6 7451457:4 5: 617N1 B4G :==:95@475G 5: ?7D1 B 61461 :8



157

;:57:4K 3:9 BE:@5 87D1 ;74@516H 5<1 5C: ?@G6 C:4`5 65BG @4:FF@=712 8:9 >:4?* ?15574?

2916612H =91=B974? B CBL1@= F:FL5B7>H ;BL74? 5<1 E12H 87>>74? 5<1 EB5<5@EH ;BL74? F:8811KKK

ICB4 L11=6 5<1; F:465B45>G E@6G 5B>L74? B42 ;:D74? B9:@42 5<1 6;B>> 8>B5H 89:; 5<1

EB5<9::; 5: 5<1 L75F<14K ]:91:D19H 5<1 5B>L74? 76 4:5 1RBF5>G BE:@5 =155G 5<74?6H B42 5<1

?B= E15C114 5<1 >1D1> :8 5<1 276F:@961 B42 5<1 67;=>7F75G :8 5<1 :9274B9G ?165@916

74514678716 5<1 :D19B>> 1881F5K

(<1 6B;1 B==9:BF< 76 @612 74 5<1 U:4:>@>@ :887F1 C<14 I:4>1DG T:746 5<1 >:FB> 51B;K %4

=B6674?H ICB4 81>5 5<1 4112 5: 6<:C B ;B= C<191 76 59BF12 5<1 CBG 89:; #B4 39B4F76F: 5:

5<1 U:4:>@>@ EB61M:@56721 B4G >:?7FB> 4B99B57D1 4112H B42 B6 <1 2:16 891S@145>G. B6 78 5:

;B9L <76 =19;B4145 5:=:?9B=<7F :E61667:4H 1D14 E1G:42 5<1 ?1:;159716 :8 674?>1 89B;16

:9 6F1416K

%'2*E 6-1@ ?+* (7(*D -C02+,I 0'(*( 2. -, (J5-6 -,E +FF+.20( *(-C02+,K I:4>1DG B42 f:1 #BCG19

+B6 @6@B>H 5<1 ;@? <1910 L4:C 5<1 6F:91 C<14 5<1G F<B61 1BF< :5<19 B9:@42 5<1 =7B4: B42

6@2214>G <BD1 5<1 6B;1 E97?<5 721B 5: @61 75 B6 B E@8819[C1B=:4K (<76 ?B?H C75<:@5 B4G

=91>@21 :9 14274?H 76 B6 74F:4?9@:@6 B6 75 76 6=:45B41:@6H B42 E974?6 B 91F57>741B9 8:9;B>

1419?G 745: 5<1 6S@B91 9::;H 5<1 5C: ;14 8BF12 :88 B6 78 74 B E:R74? 974?H C751 :8

D19G 1881F57D1 6<:56 B>:4? 5<1 27B?:4B> 5<B5 D795@B>>G ;B9L6 5<1 F:94196 5<9:@?< 5<1 5C:

:==:6751 2::96 745: 5<1 >CBG B42 5<1 E129::;K

O3:9 ;1H 75`6 ;B5<1;B57F6K (<191 76 4:5<74? ;:91 E1B@578@> 5<B4 ;B5<1;B57FB> =1981F57:4PHICB4 5:>2 ^:?2B4:D7F<H B42 5<191 764`5 ;@F< 5: B22 5: 5<B5K

, i1519 ^:?2B4:D7F<H %'( K-.0 L2+,((* +)1C j:9L* i9B1?19H ,-d,0H ,/AK

A ]G9:4 !(2.(6 H O'>>B4 ICB4HP "=(*2C-, 32*(C0+*.H k:>@;1 ,H 12K f1B4[i71991 $:@96:2:4 B42i71991 #B@DB?1 +)1C j:9L* !C9*-1 [8266 H <MNO0H ,,A

. #11 ^7>> _9:<4H l(<1 $>788 B42 5<1 3>@;1Hl ;(,.(. +G >2,(=- Am +A//.0H<55=*gg614616:8F741;BKF:;gA//.g81B5@91[B957F>16gF>788nB42n8>@;1gK



158

(X" IX')# %) ")h*&#: !)K: ?P&! 8:"Q:# +,-.d0

(12 31425(<9:@?< 756 5C: F:441F512 E@5 61=B9B51 65:9716H &,( !26( G*+= 8(-7(, 1R=>:916 ICB4J6 :85[

65@2712 5<1;1 :8 2:@E>16 B42 <76 659B51?G :8 91F:4F7>74?gF:>>B=674? 278819145 =:7456 :8 D71CH

74597FB51>G B42 1R=195>G C1BD74? 5<161 5:?15<19 C75<74 5<1 87>;J6 4B99B57D1 B42 8:9;B>

659@F5@91K &@FG XB>L19 +$>B791 (91D:90H L4:C4 5: <19 8971426 B6 O(1RHP B4 @=[B42[F:;74?

91=:9519H 91=>BF16 <19 ;B>1 =9121F166:9 74 5<1 =91669::; B5 5<1 5:C4 F:@95<:@61K '8519

E1B574? <19 5<911 ;B>1 F:>>1B?@16 74 =:L19 B42 5BL74? B>> 5<179 ;:41GH :41 :8 5<1; 61426

<19 @=5:C4 :4 B 8B>61 >1B2 5: ?15 EBFL B5 <19K %4 B4 B>> E>BFL 417?<E:9<::2M6:;15<74? :8 B

6>7?<5>G ;:91 6@E@9EB4 UB9>1; 4B;12 O]B=>1 U17?<56PM6<1 F:;16 BF9:66MB;7265 B

?9:@= :8 F<7>2914 5B= 2B4F74? @4219 5<1 ?@72B4F1 :8 ^7>> \:E746:4M>755>1H >:41 C<751 ?79>H

#:44G fBFL6:4K o@7FL>G 276F:D1974? 5<B5 5<1 ?79> 76 E174? 9B7612 EG B E>BFL C:;B4H 3>:9B

fBFL6:4 +39127 XB6<74?5:40H C<: F>B7;6 5: E1 5<1 ?79>J6 ;:5<19H &@FG <B6 <19 87965 E7? 65:9G

B42 6@2214>G 5<1 =9166 +B6 91=91614512 EG 5<1 ;14 6<1 E1B5 B5 =:L190 76 91=:9574? :4 B42

7459@274? @=:4 5<161 =1:=>1J6 >7D16K #::4H B C<751 C:;B4H ^B9EB9BH 651=6 8:9CB92 5: F>B7;

#:44G B6 <19 :C4K

(<1 87>; F:467656 :8 5C: ;B74 65:9716 E174? 91F:@4512 67;@>5B41:@6>GM&@FG B42 3>:9BJ6M

E@5 B 597=>1 89B;1* 5<1 89B;1C:9L :8 5<1 =974F7=>1 65:9G :8 5<1 F<7>2H

3>:9Bg#:44Gg^B9EB9BJ6Q &@FGJ6 =196=1F57D1H B6 6<1 >::L6 74 :4 3>:9Bg#:44Gg^B9EB9BJ6 65:9GHB42 1D145@B>>G 7459@216 745: 75Q B42H 874B>>GH ICB4 B42 5<1 87>;J6 :C4 89B;1 :45: 5<1 BF57:4H

B6 <1 >::L6 :45: &@FG >::L74? :45: 3>:9B B42 5<1 :5<196K (<191 76 1D14 B =B9B>>1> E15C114

ICB4 B42 &@FG 746:8B9 B6 <19 T:E 74D:>D16 <19 51>>74? :5<19 =1:=>1J6 65:9716 8:9 ;:41GK ^G

65916674? <19 65B5@6 B6 B4 :@567219 C75<74 5<1 E>BFL F:;;@475GH ICB4 <7?<>7?<56 <76 :C4

=:6757:4 B6 B 87>;;BL19H =9:D7274? 6:;1 F9757FB> 2765B4F1 5: F:467219 4:5 T@65 &@FG E@5

<7;61>8 B6 C1>>K 3>:9BJ6 7457;B51H =97DB51 C:9>2 76 4:5 5: 74514212 5: E1 6<B912 :9 ;B21

=@E>7FH G15 75 76H B4GCBGH 5<9:@?< 5<1 ;B66 ;127BH 8:9 5<1 6BL1 :8 &@FGJ6 FB9119 B42 <19

=B=19J6 =9:875 ;:57D1H T@65 B6 75 76 8:9 5<1 65@27:H A/5< $145@9G 3:RK %5 76 5<1 L742 :8

6146B57:4B>H >@972 6@ET1F5 ;B5519 ;B4G B =91[F:21 CB6 EB612 B9:@42K "41 FB4 7;B?741 <:CH

74 5<1 <B426 :8 B4:5<19 87>;;BL19H 5<1 6FB42B>:@6 4B5@91 :8 3>:9BJ6 6FB42B>:@6 F>B7; 5<B5

6<1J6 #:44GJ6 ;:5<19 ;7?<5 E1 =>BG12 @= 8:9 5<76 74<19145>G 6146B57:4B> DB>@1K ICB4H

74651B2H 1;=<B67N16 &@FGJ6 =196=1F57D1 B6 B4 :@567219[>::L74?[74 74 6@F8 89:; 5<1 ;B5197B> B42 B42 756 =:51457B>>G 6146B57:4B>7657F S@B>75716K \B5<19

5<B4 E174? B 87>; BE:@5 B E>BFL C:;B4 9B7674? B C<751 ?79>H 5<1 87>; 76 BE:@5 B 91=:9519 C<:

87426 B ?91B5H E@5 7459@67D1H 65:9G B42 5<1 =9:E>1;6 5<B5 FB4 FB@61 5<1 74D:>D12 =B95716K ^G

5<1 87>;J6 142H <BD74? 6114 5<1 1;:57:4B> 2@9166 3>:9BH ^B9EB9B B42 #:44G <BD1 <B2 5: ?:





160

"887F19 f:1J6 =>B74F>:5<16g@478:9;12 67216 B42 5<1 :46F9114 F<B4?1 :8 F:65@;1 <B6 5<1

B22757:4B> 1881F5 :8 65916674? <76 4B5@91 B6 B 87>; C'-*-C0(* H =9:D7274? B4 B2212 >BG19 :8

2765B4F1 89:; 5<1 ;B5197B>K X<7>1 5<76 76 B 65:9G 615 74 5<1 =916145 B42 1D14 BE:@5 5<1

2B4?196 :8 91F:@4574? 65:9716 5:: F>:61 5: 5<1 =916145H ICB4 4:415<1>166H 65916616 756 .0+*DV

,(..K X<15<19 615 74 5<1 =B65 :9 =916145H <76 87>;6 B91 .0+*2(.K " !+E(*, !5./(0((* 76 615 74

5<1 F:451;=:9B9G =916145 :8 ,-,d E@5 I:@?>B6 3B79EB4L6J 8B45B657FB> F<B9BF519 FB4 657>>

>7519B>>G F>7;E 5: 5<1 5:= :8 B F<@9F< 6511=>1 B42 =198:9; :5<19 @4E1>71DBE>1 81B56K #7;7>B9>GH

"887F19 f:1 FB4 ;16;197N1 B4 145791 417?<E:9<::2 :8 L726 B42 ?15 5<1; B>> 2B4F74? B6 74 B

;@67FB> :4>G 5:H 61F:426 >B519H =@5 :4 B F:B5 B42 <B5 74 :9219 5: E1F:;1 B4 :887F19 :8 5<1 >BCK



161

%5 76 :4>G B8519 5<76 8>B6<G 7459:2@F57:4 :8 B 2:@E>12 =196:4B>75G 5<B5 ICB4 7459:2@F16 3>:9B

B42 ^B9EB9B* 5<1 5C: ;:5<196 C<: 5:?15<19 =9:D721 5<1 F9@R :8 5<1 87>;J6 ;B74 =9:E>1;K

%;=>7F75 74 5<1 =9166 B42 =@E>7FJ6 276E1>718 76 5<1 8BF5 5<B5 5<1 27881914F1 74 6L74 F:>:9 ;1B46

5<B5 3>:9B FB44:5 =:667E>G E1 5<1 F<7>2J6 ;:5<19K ]B519475G 76 6597F5>G E7:>:?7FB> 74 5<1 C:9>2

:8 5<76 87>;K ^@5 ICB4H B6 <1 :8514 76 +611 %'( 8-6GVT*((E +,-,W0 :9 ;-26+*R. K-ED +,-p/00H 76

;:91 8:9CB92[5<74L74? 5<B4 <76 WF+J5( B42 5<1 27>1;;B C7>> E1 916:>D12H B8519

74519D1457:4 89:; 5<1 F:@95H C<14 ^B9EB9B 74D7516 3>:9B 5: ;:D1 74 C75< <19 B42 <19

<@6EB42 5: 9B761 5<1 2B@?<519 T:745>GK \16:>@57:4H 5<14H 5BL16 =>BF1 5<1 ;:;145 C<14 5<1

5C: F<B9BF5196 ;@5@B>>G 91F:?47N1 B42 BFF1=5 5<179 2:@E>12 4B5@91H C<14 5<1G 91F:?47N11BF< :5<19 B6 E:5< E174? >1?757;B51 ;:5<196K

(<1 916:>@57:4 :8 5<1 87>; 76H 5<14H D19G F:;=>1R :4 B 8:9;B> >1D1>H 8:9 916:>@57:4 :FF@96 4:5

:4>G C<14 5<1 =:7456 :8 D71C B91 F:>>B=612M&@FG ?B746 1;=B5<G 8:9 3>:9BH 6116 5<1 C9:4?

:8 <19 CBGH >1BD16 5<1 =B=19 5: ?7D1 @= 5<B5 L742 :8 C97574?ME@5 B>6: C<14 5<1 ;:5<196

91F:?47N1 1BF< :5<19MC<7F< 76 5: 6BG 5<179 :C4 2:@E>12 9:>1MB42 BFF1=5 5<B5 5<1G FB4

E:5< E1 #:44GJ6 ;:5<19K ICB4 5BL16 B>> :8 5<76 74 B42 @47516 B F:;;@475G C75< :41 :8 <76

874165 FB;19B ;:D1;1456* B 67;=>1 =B4H ;@F< >7L1 :41 <1 C7>> >B519 1R1F@51 74 >-6(,E-* 92*6

5: 67;7>B9 1881F5K #:44G B6L6 "887F19 f:1 5: 2B4F1 8:9 5<1; B42 =97:9 5: F@5574? 5: 5<1 874B>

6<:5 :8 "887F19 f:1H ICB4 =>BF16 <76 FB;19B 5: B66@;1 "887F19 f:1J6 =196=1F57D1H 74 :9219 5:

87>> 5<1 6F9114 C75< C<B5 811>6 >7L1 B FB4272 =:959B75 :8 5<1 =B95GH C75> 5<1 BF5:96 >::L74?

2791F5>G B5 5<1 FB;19Bg"887F19 f:1H 89:; >185 5: 97?<5H 91;74274? @6 5<B5 5<76H :4F1 B?B74H

+T@650 B 65:9G*



162



163



164

'&&') IX') q #U%\&hj (h]i&h*

(Uh ]') ')I (Uh ]'$U%)h

]B5<71@ ]BF<1915

8(2E2 +,-.d0

^15C114 ,-.d B42 ,-p/H '>>B4 ICB4 ;B21 5<911 L726 87>;6 C75< >755>1 #<79>1G (1;=>1M

5<14 B5 5<1 =1BL :8 745194B57:4B> ?>:9GM5<B5 6<:@>2 E1 6<:C4 74 1D19G 87>; 6F<::> B6 ;@F<

8:9 5<179 1R1;=>B9G F>B667F76; B6 8:9 5<1 747;75BE>1 CBG 74 C<7F<H C75< 91;B9LBE>1

74?14@75G B42 <@;7>75GH 5<1G BFF:;;:2B51 5<1;61>D16 5: B 8B79>G =::9 6F97=5 :9 675@B57:4 74

:9219 5: =@5 5<1; 74 5<1 619D7F1 :8 5<1 =@975G B42 8>@7275G :8 5<1 65:9GK

#<79>1G (1;=>1H 5<1 87965 U:>>GC::2 F<7>2 65B9H E:94 74 ,-.mH <B2 T@65 5@9412 514 B42 <B2

B>91B2G 6=145 ;:65 :8 <19 >781 74 6<:CE@674166K #<1 <B2 E1<742 <19H 89:; <19 6F9114 21E@5HF>:61 5: 8:95G 87>;6K U19 6@FF166 74 5<1 e47512 #5B516 B42 BE9:B2 CB6 F:467219BE>1K %8 IB9G>

rB4@FLH 5<1 ;BT:9 =9:2@F19 B5 A/5< $145@9G 3:RH CB6 >::L74? 5: =@5 <19 74 8(2E2H 75 CB6

E1FB@61 <1 CB6 D19G BCB91 5<B5 5<1 BF59166H B D1975BE>1 ?:26142 8:9 5<1 65@27:H CB6 B5 B

5@9474? =:745 74 <19 FB9119* F:4574@74? 5: <BD1 <19 5BL1 :4 EBEG 9:>16 CB6 E1F:;74?

=9:E>1;B57FQ <14F18:95< <19 7;B?1 74 ;:D716 5: <B2 5: BFF:;=B4G <19 =<G67FB> ?9:C5<K

rB4@FL CB6 291B;74? :8 B ;:91 <765:97FB> B42 4B99B57D1 14D79:4;145 8:9 <19 B42 f:<B44B



165

#=G97J6 D19G 8B;:@6 #C766[a19;B4 4:D1> :881912 <7; 5<1 721B> 8:@42B57:4K (: ;B4B?1 5<76

21>7FB51 5@9474? =:745 C<:61 :@5F:;1 CB6 @4F195B74H <1 FB>>12 @=:4 2791F5:9 ICB4H B4 1R[

>7?<574? 14?74119 C<: <B2 87>;12 5<1 E7??165 67>145 65B96 E@5 <B2 8:@42 <7;61>8 65@FL

6<::574? ^ =7F5@916 674F1 5<1 F:;74? :8 5<1 5B>L716K ICB4 617N12 5<76 :==:95@475G 5: 874B>>G

;:D1 @= 5: B E7??19 =9:2@F57:4H 1D14 78 #<79>1G (1;=>1H 74 <19 B@5:E7:?9B=<GH 91;1;E196 B

2791F5:9 74757B>>G E:912 C75< 5<1 721B :8 ;BL74? B ;:D71 C752K (C: 6<:CE7N

=9:81667:4B>6H 5C: L7426 :8 B47;B>6 +5<1 276F9115 274:6B@9 B42 5<1 >:@2 >755>1 ;:4L1G0

8:@42 5<1;61>D16 :4 175<19 6721 :8 5<1 FB;19B B42H 89:; 5<191H 2724J5 L4:C C<: CB6 ?:74?

5: >1B2 5<1 :5<19K

XB5F<74? 5<1 87>;6H 5<191 B==1B96 B F>1B9 27881914F1 74 5<1 4B5@91 :8 C<B5 76 0+6E 5: @6M

27659BF574? E@5 7467?4787FB45 >755>1 GB946 5<B5 276B==1B9 B8519 5<1 6F911474?MB42 C<B5 76

.'+1, 5: @6MD19G 27NNG74? B42 1RF7574? ;B5197B>K ^G =@5574? <76 <@;E>1 B9576B4J6 5B>145 74

5<1 619D7F1 :8 #<79>1G (1;=>1H B =@91 =9:2@F5 :8 5<1 U:>>GC::2 6=1F5BF>1H ICB4 1426 @=

B22916674? 4:5<74? ;:91 5<B4 5<1 65B9 6G651; 7561>8 B42 5<1 :88[F1451974?H 5<12761S@7>7E97@; 5<B5 76 756 9::5K (<1 87>;;BL19 =>BF16 <76 FB;19B B5 B F<7>2J6 <17?<5 B42

:9?B47N16 <76 145791 65:9G B9:@42 B L411[<7?< L72 C75< 27;=>12 F<11L6 C<: BF56H 674?6 B42

2B4F16 C754166K #<1 >7519B>>G >7D16 B5 5<1 F14519 :8 B C:9>2 74 C<7F<

B2@>56 B91 91>1?B512 5: 5<1 =197=<19GK

X<B5H 5<14H 2: 5<161 5<911 87>;6 91F:@45Y \:@?<>G 5<1 6B;1 5<74?K %4 8(2E2 +,-.d0H B >755>1

:9=<B4 74 5<1 F75G 76 F:42@F512 EG <19 B@45 5: <19 ?9B428B5<19J6H 74 5<1 <17?<56 :8 B4 72G>>7F

'>=741 D7>>B?1 74 5<1 6:@5<194 ^>BFL 3:9165K U1727 F:;;756 <1961>8 5: 5<1 F:G >755>1 F:55B?1

B42 <19 ?::2 <@;:9 E974?6 5<1 T:G :8 >781 EBFL 5: 5<1 F9BEEG B42 B6:F7B> :>2 ;B4H C<:

915@946 5: E1 B;:4? 5<1 D7>>B?196 B8519 B 5C145G G1B9 >:4? 6:>75@21K ^@5 5<1 F:99@=5 B@45

915@946 5: 651B> 5<1 F<7>2 74 :9219 5: =@5 <19 74 B E:@9?1:76 <:@61 74 5<1 F75G 41R5 5: B >755>1H

74DB>72 ?79> B42 @4219 5<1 CB5F< :8 B ;1B4[51;=1912 :>2 >B2GK (<1 ?9B428B5<19 ?:16 :88 74

61B9F< :8 <19 B42 :4>G 87426 <19 B5 5<1 142 :8 5<1 87>;K

%4 P(A(CC- +G ;5,,DA*++/ ?-*= +,-.m0H (1;=>1 B?B74 =>BG6 B4 :9=<B4 5<B5 B 6:;1C<B5

F9::L12 @4F>1H <19 ?@B927B4H <B6 59B7412 74 674?74? B42 BF574?K U1 145196 <19 74 B 9B27:

F:;=15757:4 <:6512 EG B F191B> E9B42 5<B5 76 >::L74? 8:9 5<1 D:7F1 :8 B >755>1 ]766 ';197FBK

#<1 FB@616 6=B9L6 5: 8>G E@5 B ;765BL1 >1B26 5: <19 >1BD74? 5<1 E@7>274? E18:91 5<1 =1:=>1 74

F<B9?1 FB4 ?15 5<179 <B426 :4 <19K U19 @4F>1H 276B==:74512H ?156 972 :8 <19 B5 5<1 <:;1 :8<19 B@45H B 65788[F:>>B912 ;B59:4 C<: >7D16 :4 B 8B9; :@56721 5<1 F75GK ):CH 5<1 B@45J6

417?<E:9 <B==146 5: E1 5<1 G:@4? =@E>7F765 C<: 91F:?47N16 5<1 41C B997DB>J6 D:7F1 5: <BD1

E114 5<1 E165 D:7F1 74 5<1 F:45165K U1 6156 @= B 91F:9274? 65@27: 74 <76 <:@61 74 :9219 5: ?15

5<1 F<7>2 5: 674? C75<:@5 5<1 L4:C>12?1 :8 <19 B@45H C<: 1426 @= 91F:?47N74? <19 5B>145K



166

374B>>GH 74 U+5,4 L(+F6( +,-p/0H B F:;127B4 F:@=>1 5BL16 74 B4 BEB42:412 EBEG B42 9B7616

<19 74 5<1 C:9>2 :8 ;@67F >6K ' 81C G1B96 >B519H C76<74? 5: ?7D1 <19 B O?::2P B42 65BE>1

<:;1H 5<1G 915791 5: B )1C h4?>B42 8B9;K ^@5 5<1 >:FB> =:=@>B57:4H 65@FL 74 5<179 CBG6H

89:C46 @=:4 5<76 8B;7>G :8 B957656 B42 6::4 5<179 >1B?@1 :8 21F14FG +@4219 5<1 2791F57:4 B

D7>1 =B59:41660 ;B4B?16 C75< 91>145>166 21519;74B57:4 5: F<B61 5<1; 89:; 5<179 >B42K '

65:9; EB>B4F16 :@5 5<1 675@B57:4* 5<1 BF9:EB5 8B5<19 6BD16 B ?9:@= :8 F<7>2914 6@9=97612 EG

5<1 65:9; B42 C746 5<1 >:FB>6J 59@65K

(<1 5<911 87>;6 B91 6=974L>12 C75< ;@67FB> 4@;E196 5<B5 B91 74619512 4B5@9B>>G 745: 5<1 >B65

5C: E@5 =B66 5<9:@?< 5<1 87965 :41 EG CBG :8 291B;6K

hBF< 57;1H 5<1 87>;6 65B?1 5<1 21=B95@91 :8 B >755>1 ?79> :@56721 :8 5<1 F75G B42 <19 B997DB> 74 B

E7? O2:>>J6 <:@61P +B F:55B?1 :9 8B9;0H B >781[67N1 =>BG?9:@42 C:@42 74 B 6=BF1 :@56721 :8

57;1 +5<1 '>=741 D7>>B?1H 5<1 F:@459G67210K (<161 72G>>7F 6156H >755>1 E@EE>16 :8 =1BF1

6<1>51912 89:; 5<1 ;:2194 C:9>2H B91 EB612 :4 B 8B79G5B>1 +:9 918@?10 B165<157F C<191 5<1F<7>2H B 4:;B2 C75<:@5 B55BF<;1456H 2761;EB9L6 B6 78 74 B 8B45B657FB> C:9>2 6<1 F<::616 B6

<19 <:;1M65BE>1H 87R12 74 1519475GM5<B5 CB6 :4>G CB7574? 8:9 <19 1G16 5: 91D1B> 756

14F<B4574? 8:9;6 B42 ;B4G B;@61;1456K hBF< 57;1H 5<1 (1;=>1[F91B5@91`6 59B468:9;B57:4

745: 6=1F5BF>1 76 :==:612 EG ?9:516S@1 B42 B9F<B7F 5G=16 :8 =1:=>1 +5<1 :>2 >B2716 B42 :5<19

:>2 EB?60 B42 <19 BFF:;=>76<;145 21>BG12 EG 5<1 5C7656 B42 5@946 :8 B4 :8514 =::9>G

C975514 65:9G +C75< 5<1 1RF1=57:4 :8 U+5,4 L(+F6(H C<:61 1R59B:9274B9G B42 =B957F@>B9>G

5C76574? 65:9G 21;G6578716 5<1 2:[?::276; :8 1B95<>G =B9B276160K ^@5 6<:C E@674166

<B==146 5: E1 5<1 16614F1 :8 5<76 6L7>>12 >755>1 E174? E@7>5 8:9 5<1 65B?1Q 75J6 <19 E1B574? <1B95H

C<:61 9<G5<; ;B99716 5<1 TBNN 5<B5 974?6 :@5 2@974? <19 ;@67FB> > 4@;E196K '42 C<B5

<19 :==:6757:4 5: 5<1 ;B59:46 B42 :>2 >B2716H 5<:61 =B9B?:46 :8 D795@1H 6BG6 76 5<B5 5<76 >755>1

L72J6 E:2GMC<7F91B2G =:L16 8@4 B5 5<1 B2@>56M76 61F915>G 5<1 FB99719H 74 2B4F1H 74 <19

1R<7E757:4 5: =1:=>1J6 1G16H 74 5<1 216791 8:9 <1961>8 6<1 B9:@616 EG B==1B974? :465B?1H :8 B

59@>G 6FB42B>:@6 +E1FB@61 6146@B>0 612@F57:4 5<B5 F:;16 89:; B4 B2<167:4 5: 5<1

=<7>:6:=<G :8 6<:C E@674166K

#57>> ;:91 59:@E>74?H 75 6<:@>2 E1 ;1457:412H 76 5<B5 74 B>> 5<911 :8 5<161 9:>16H #<79>1G

(1;=>1J6 F<B9BF519 <B6 4: B4F165:96K U19 =B91456 2:4J5 1R765Q 6<1 76 E:94 :8 4: B2@>5 C<:

>7D16 E18:91 :@9 1G16 :4 5<1 6F9114K #<1 B>CBG6 >B426 74 B 8:6519 <:;1 B42 8B>>6H B6 78 89:;

5<1 65:9LJ6 E1BLH 745: 5<1 <B426 :8 B2:=57D1 =B91456K %4 5<76 CBG 5<1 6=1F5B5:9 76 1B67>G;:D12MC<B5 76 ;:91 4B5@9B>>G ;:D74? 5<B4 B4 :9=<B4YME@5 5<76 F:465B45 51>>6 @6

6:;15<74? BE:@5 5<1 4B5@91 :8 B 4:5 145791>G <@;B4 F<B9BF519K %8 <19 5B>145 76 C75<:@5

?141B>:?G 75 76 E1FB@61 75 76 B ;B478165B57:4 :8 6<:C E@674166 7561>8H :8 5<1 6=7975 :8 6<:CE7NH

B F9:66 E15C114 ;@67F > B42 FB947DB> 6<:CK j16H #<79>1G (1;=>1 76 B ;:46519 :4 276=>BGK

'42 75 76H 87965 :8 B>>H <19 E:2G 5<B5 76 5<1 6<:CH B E:2G 5<B5 C1 FB4J5 =@5 74 B4G :8 5<1

FB51?:9716 :8 U:>>GC::2 <19:76;H :9 1D14 5<1 FB51?:9716 65@27: 87>;6 @6@B>>G 657FL F<7>2914K



167

' D19G 6;B>> E:2GH =>@4?12 74 5<1 ;722>1 :8 B2@>5 E:2716 E@5 T@65 B6 FB=BE>1 B6 5<1;H B42

:8514 1D14 E15519K (<76 574G F91B5@91 6<BL14 EG 5<1 65BFFB5: :8 5<1 6:4? ), &5* K2006( S++E(,

;'+(. 74 8(2E2 <B6 5: E1 6114* 6<1 <B6 41D19 >::L12 6: ;@F< >7L1 B 9:E:5K (<1 1B61 C75<

C<7F<H 74 5<1 8:>>:C74? 5C: 87>;6H (1;=>1 2:16 5B= 4@;E196 +l3785< 'D14@1l 74 U+5,4

L(+F6(0H 7427FB516 B 6@=194B5@9B> 8:9; :8 B@5:;B576;K (<1 6G651;B57F 915@94 :8 <19 89B4L

>B@?<519H <19 6;7>16 5<B5 611; 5: >7?<5 @= <19 8BF1 :4 F:;;B42H <19 27;=>16 5<B5 B==1B9

B42 276B==1B9 74 B 8>B6<H <19 6@2214>G ?@6<74? 51B96H =@6< 5<1 7;=91667:4 1D14 8@95<19*

C<B5 78 (1;=>1 CB6 B 59B7412 >755>1 B47;B> :9H 1D14 ;:91 2765@9E74?H B ;BF<741 ;B21 5:

5:@F< 5<1 6=1F5B5:9Y #<79>1G (1;=>1H B FGE:9?Y %5J6 B 5<1:9GK

"41 6F141 74 8(2E2 =9:D16 =B957F@>B9>G 7>>@;74B574?K X<7>1 5<1 <19:741 87426 <1961>8 B5 <19

67FL 897142J6 6721H 74 5<1 E7? E:@9?1:76 BE:21 :8 ]BG1481>2H B4 BF9:EB5 ?:16 2:C4 5<1 659115

C75 :9?B4 74 <76 <B426 B42 B ;:4L1G :4 <76 6<:@>219K (<1 ;:4L1G 641BL6 745: 5<1

<:@61 B42 @= 41R5 5: 5<1 ?79>6 B42 E974?6 F<B:6 5: 5<1 9::;H 1RF<B4?74? 2B4F1 ;:D16 C75<

>755>1 U1727K '5 :41 ;:;145H <1 76 8BF1 5: 8BF1 C75< <19H :4 B F<B79H B42 5<179 5C: 8BF16H2@974? B 6<:5[91D1961 6<:5H 1RF<B4?1 B C<:>1 619716 :8 ;799:912 ?97;BF16K (<191 76

6:;15<74? D19G 1R=>7F75>G 6=1F@>B9 74 5<76 6F141H 91>B574? #<79>1G (1;=>1J6 ;:D16 5: 5<1

;:4L1G74? :8 B F79F@6 B47;B>K

%5 76 >:?7FB>H 5<14H 5<B5 #<79>1G (1;=>1MB 8:9F1 :8 4B5@91H B ;@5B45 C75< =:C196 :8

14F<B45;145M:FF@=716 5<1 F14519 :8 ICB4J6 ;761 14 6FZ41H B6 <1 59716 <B92 5: =916145 B6

E165 B6 =:667E>1M;1B474?H F>1B9>GM5<1 BF59166J6 ;:D16H 5: ?7D1 5<1; 5<1 41F166B9G 89B;1

74 B 8:9165 :8 =9151R56 5<1 87>;;BL19 6L7>>8@>>G =B6616 :88 B6 41F16675716K (<@6H 5<161 5<911

87>;6 74D751 @6 D19G 67;=>G 5: B2;791 5<1 B47;B> :4 65B?1 5<B5 76 #<79>1G (1;=>1H E@5 5:

B2;791 <19 B6 5<1 65BL1<:>219 74 B 65:9G 5<B5 ;@65 E1 5:>2 B6 E165 B6 =:667E>1H >@F72>GK %8 :4>G

:41 F:@>2 E1 F<:614H 75 C:@>2 <BD1 5: U+5,4 L(+F6(H 5<1 ;:65 6@9=97674?* 7451?9B574?

1R=>7F75 9181914F16 5: )1C I1B> =:>757F6H 75 6@E5>G F:489:456 4:;B276; C75< 612145B974166H

B42 5<1 ;:9B>75G :8 B957656 C75< 5<B5 :8 E9BD1 =1:=>1K (<1 87>; 214:@4F16 5<1 B9F<B7F ;:916

:8 6<:9567?<512H 746@>B9 F:;;@475716H :==:674? 5<1; C75< 5<1 41C E>::2 :8 B G:@5<

7;=B57145 5: 5BL1 5<1 91746H (1;=>1 E174? 756 =@9165 74FB94B57:4K (<76 B>> F:4F>@216 C75< 5<1

6@E>7;1 65:9; 5<B5 6597=16 5<1 E>BFL B42 C<751 7;B?1 C75< 5:991457B> 9B74 B42 E1426 5<1

;B?4787F145 6156 @4219 5<1 C742J6 B66B@>5K

(: F:4F>@21H 78 C1 <B2 5: >:FB51 B O8:9F1P 74 ICB4J6 276F9115 B95H 75 76 =19<B=6 74 5<161 5<91187>;6 5<B5 C1 6<:@>2 >::L* 74 8@>87>>74? B F:;;B42 C75<:@5 5<1 >1B65 E75 :8 F191;:4GM

6<:CFB61 5<1 65B9 #<79>1G (1;=>1 74 B 41C 91?76519 :8 29B;B57F 87>;6M<1 B>6: 91D1B>6H

5<9:@?< 5<1 F>B975G :8 <76 =9B?;B576;H C<B5 >716 A('2,E 5<1 F:;;B42M5<1 6=1F5BF@>B9

;BF<741J6 F:459:> :D19 5<1 E:2G :8 756 G:@4?165 91=916145B57D16M5<B4L6 5: 5<B5 8B;:@6

D795@1 :8 59B46=B914FG 5<B5 B>>:C12 5<1 ;BT:9 F>B667FB> 87>;;BL196 5: 87>; 1D19G5<74? B6 78

5<9:@?B512 ?>B66K



168

Separate But Equal #4: Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938)




169



170



171



172



173

'X_X'\I ')I i\"eI "3 %(*f"') I'k%# %) X&;:%%: +,-.m0

]7F<B1> &71E19;B4'6 B ?>7651474? :ET1F5 74 5<1 =:65[F:21 <B4?:D19H X+.(00( +,-.m0 76 6:;15<74? :8 B4 :2275GH

E976L>G ;:D74? B>:4? B6 B 6<B9= F:;12G :8 199:96H 5<:@?< 615 :88 EB>B4F1 EG 5<1 9B5<19

@4@6@B> CBG 5<1 91>B57:46<7=6 E15C114 ;14 B42 C:;14 B91 2187412 6: E:>2>G EG ;:41GK

3:9 ^9B66B92 8B;7>G =B597B9F< IBD72 #9K +X7>>7B; $:>>719 #9K0H 6:46 IBD72 f9K +I:4 ';1F<10

B42 i71991 +\:E195 j:@4?0M74<1975:96 5: B 876< FB4419G 2G4B65G 74 )1C "9>1B46MB6 C1>>

B6 1D19G :5<19 ;B4 74 f"#h((hH C:;14 B91 FB4DB616 :4 C<7F< 5: =9:T1F5 5<179 FB=75B>765

2167916K X<14 IBD72 #9KH 21;:512 5: 915791;145 :4 B 6>14219 B>>:CB4F1H B44:@4F16 <76

14?B?1;145 5: UBDB4B >:@4?1 674?19 f:61551 +(B>B ^791>>0H 5<1 T@47:9 ^9B66B926H ?:74? B6 8B9

B6 5: C7>>8@>>G T1:=B927N1 5<179 E@674166H =@6< 5<179 8B5<19 5: )1C j:9L :4 8B>61 =91514616 5:;142 814F16 C7572 E@674166 BFF:@45H E@5 ;BL1 5<1 ;765BL1 :8 B66@;74? <76 6::4[5:[

E1 E9721 C7>> 91;B74 74 )1C "9>1B46K %4651B2H f:61551 21=B956 C75< <7;H 6@E6575@512 EG B

>BGBE:@5H C76=G 5:EBFF:[F>19L[5@9412[F<B451@61 +#7;:41 #7;:40H C<: 76 F:4D74F12 EG

47?<5F>@E :C419 ^B941G +^195 &B<90 5: 5BL1 :4 lf:61551l B6 B E9B42 4B;1M^B941G T@65

FB4J5 7;B?741 5<1 FB=75B> <1 C:@>2 >:61 6<1 C191 5: =198:9; @4219 B4G :5<19 4B;1K

(<1 :4>G 1459G =:745 74 X+.(00( 5: F:@4519 5<1 F:4574@B> =:661667D14166 :8 C:;14 5<9:@?<

>BD76< =9:;7616 :8 B ;:41G12 8@5@91 B42 C742:C[2916674?6 :8 F<B;=B?41 B42 8@96 76 ]BG

]:9976 +f:B4 IBD760H B 5<B4L>166 B66765B45 B42 C754166 5: 5<1 D1>D15[?>:D12 EB9EB976; :8 5<1

^9B66B926K #<1 1R7656 :@56721 :8 5<179 ;B6F@>741 1F:4:;7F6 4:5 :4>G E1FB@61 6<1`6 B4BCLCB92 8:915<:@?<5H E@5 B>6: E1FB@61 6<1 2:164`5 6<B91 B4G :5<19 F<B9BF5196` ;B4B?19[

6=1BLQ :8514 57;16 5B>L6 5: <1961>8H B6 78 6<1 C191 1R76574? 74 B4:5<19 87>; :9 19BK X<14 E:5<

^9B66B92 E9:5<196 >:61 5<1 B551457:4 :8 f:61551H i71991 =>BG6 B =9BF57FB> T:L1 :4 <19H ;BL74?

<19 EB>B4F1 5C: F<B;=B?41 ?>B6616 :4 <19 <B426H 74 5<1 87>;`6 C7557165 67?<5 ?B?Q l'>> 5<74?6

;BL1 ;1 2: 5<1 :==:6751l 6<1 65B516K X<14 6<1 B6L6 8:9 <1>= 89:; B <1>=>166 TB475:9H <1

91=>716 l% FB4`5 5:@F< 5<1 ?>B6616H ;B`B;H % 2:4`5 E1>:4? 5: 5<1 CB7519`6 @47:4Kl



174



175



176



177

]BG =9:D7216 ;:65 :8 5<1 87>;`6 B4B9F<7F ;:;1456H <19 1419?G F:;=>7FB574? 5<1 F<B;=B?41

E@NN B42 2765:9574? 5<1 C<7;6G :8 5<1 6:85[8:F@612 ;@67FB> 4@;E196K X<7F< 76 4:5 5: 6BG

5<B5 6<1`6 74 F:459:> :8 <19 216574G* 6<1`6 5<1 >1B65 8911 F<B9BF519 74 5<1 87>;H B5 5<1 ;19FG :8

5<1 <1B956 :8 ;14 <B92C7912 5: 5<179 EB4L BFF:@456H B42 29B??12 B>:4? B6 5<1 F:>>B519B>

2B;B?1 :8 5<179 ;166G B2D145@916K U19 E1<BD7:9H <:C1D19H 6@??1656 B =97;B> 91T1F57:4H

9B5<19 5<B4 F:;=>7F75G :9 F1>1E9B57:4H :8 <19 14D79:4;145* 75 6@??1656 B 216791 5: 215BF<

<1961>8 B42 ;:D1 1>61C<191H C<7>1 657>> >7D74? 74 5<1 6<B2:C6 :8 C:;14 6>7?<5>G ;:91

81;74741 B42 F:22>12K



178



179



180



181

'E:@5 8CBG 5<9:@?< X+.(00(H IBD72 #9K 65B516* l%`; B 8::> B42 ;:65 ;14 74 :@9 8B;7>G <BD1

E114 8::>6H BE:@5 :41 5<74? 74 =B957F@>B9* C:;14lMB8519H :8 F:@961H <1J6 E114 6C742>12 :@5

:8 B >B9?1 6@; :8 ;:41G EG <76 E9721[5:[E1K 3:9 ;14 74 5<1 F741;B :8 5<1 ./6H C:;14 FB4

:8514 E1 5<1 74659@;1456 :8 5<1 6C742>1H 5<:@?< 74 87>;6 >7L1 X7>>7B; I71519>1`6 9B=5@9:@6

X(1(6 P+AA(*D +,-.A0H 5<179 6C742>16 B91 DB>72B512 EG 5<1 :==91667D1>G 81C F<:7F16 5<1G

;7?<5 ;BL1K (<191 B91 4: 6@F< 8B45B6716 74 X+.(00(H 74 C<7F< C:;14 FB4 1B67>G 64BL1 5<179

CBG 5: 5<1 5:= :8 B 4B99B57D1 +7K1K 1F:4:;7F0 5:51; =:>1H B5 5<1 F:65 :8 :4>G 574G F:4D1457:4B>

E91BL6 :9 6>7=6 :8 5<1 ;B6F@>741 <1B95K (<1 91B>76; :8 ICB4`6 87>;6H :8514 57;16 6@??16574?

@5:=7B4 =:667E7>75716 B9:@42 5<1 12?16 :8 5<1 89B;1H =9:D7216 B4 B4F<:9 8:9 B 65:9716 5<B5H 74:5<19 87>;6H B91 B>> 5:: :8514 ;B21 8B45B657FB>Q ICB4J6 87>;6 BFF1=5 5<1 >@;=6 :8 5<1 =916145H

E@5 918@674? 5: 65:= 5<191H C<7F< 76 5: 6BG 5<B5 IBD76J 21>7?<58@> ]BG ]:9976 76 5<1 1=75:;1

:8 5<1 '>>B4 ICB4 F:46F714F1K



182

?P&#%):P !"P;8"K +,-.-0*#U'I"X# "3 I%#"\Ih\

37>7=1 3@95B2:

?*+,02(* !-*.'-66 +,-.-0

'>>B4 ICB4 41D19 <72 <76 5B651 8:9 F:;12GK %5J6 4:5 @4T@65 5: 6BG 5<B5H 6:;15<74? >7L1

U:CB92 UBCL6H <1 76 B 87>;;BL19 C<: 1R=9166 <7;61>8 74 B ;B4419 5<B5 76 1661457B>>G F:;7FKX1 4112H <:C1D19H 5: @421965B42 5<B5 F:;12G BFF:9274? 5: ICB4 76 4:5 B ;B5519 :8 T:L16

:9 >7?<519 591B5;145 :8 ;74:9 6@ET1F56 +B6 i1519 ^:?2B4:D7F< 6@??1656 C<14 21B>74? C75<

5<1 c/6 87>;6 74 <76 %'( K-.0 L2+,((* 0H E@5 5<1 8:9;B57:4 :8 B F195B74 =196=1F57D1K %5 76 B 65G>1

5<B5 91BF<16 756 =1BL 74 5<1 =91[F:21 2BG6 +79:47FB>>GH :41 :8 5<1 87>;;BL19`6 >1B65

=9:2@F57D1 =<B6160H B 65G>1 C<7F< ICB4 CB6 :41 :8 5<1 81C 5: F:4574@1 1;=>:G74? >B519K '

?::2 1RB;=>1 :8 FB4 E1 6114 74 <76 ;:65 8B;:@6 =:65CB9 87>;H ;267(* K+E(H C<:61 6F97=5

;7?<5 B5 87965 6@??165 B ^ ;:D71 824' #++, L4:FL[:88K ICB4`6 :C4 =:745 :8 D71CH <:C1D19H

6L1C6 5<74?6 74 B4:5<19 2791F57:4K (<1 619716 :8 ;768:95@416H :8514 1RBF19EB512 EG EB2

57;74?H =7>74? @= :D19 B4 C9:4?>G BFF@612 ;B4 +f:<4 iBG410H ;BL74? 1D14 <76 ;:65=>B@67E>1 1R=>B4B57:46 611; 6@6=7F7:@6H 6@??165 6:;15<74? ;@F< F>:619 5: B 6F91CEB>>

F:;12G >7L1 T*2,42,4 YF T-AD H C<7F<H B8519 B>>H 76 B>6: EB67FB>>G BE:@5 B ;B4 C<:61 =1981F5

>781 76 6G651;B57FB>>G 21659:G12 EG B4:5<19 =196:4J6 C7>>K

(<76 F:;7F =196=1F57D1 76 D19G 7;=:95B45 5: 5<1 CBG 74 C<7F< ?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 H 1D14 74 T@65

756 4B;1H 21>D16 745: :41 :8 ICB4`6 91F@9974? :E61667:46* 5<1 6=B57B> E:@42B9G >7416

E15C114 F7D7>7NB57:4 B42 276:9219K '6 B4 B2B=5B57:4 :8 5<1 >1?142 :8 XGB55 hB9= B42 5<1





184

=:4219:@6 B5;:6=<191 76 @4219F@5 EG B 81C 61>1F5 ?165@916 5<B5 :8819 5<76 91>B57:46<7= 756

4:E7>75GH B;7265 5<1 F<B:6 5<B5 C7>> 21519;741 5<1 BF56 :8 5<161 5C: ;14`6 BF56 89:; 5<B5

=:745 :4K %8 ?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 611;6 4:5BE>1 B6 :41 :8 5<1 2791F5:9J6 <1BD719 87>;6H 75`6

>B9?1>G 5<B4L6 5: $16B9 \:;19:J6 U:>72BGH C<:61 =91614F1 76 B4 15194B> 91;74219 :8 C<B5

;7?<5 <B==14 5: 5<:61 C<: 8B>> 5: 5<1 51;=5B57:46 :8 5<1 89:45719K

\B42:>=< #F:55`6 hB9= 76 :41 :8 5<1 9B91 87?@916 :8 >BC B5 5<1 F14519 :8 B ICB4 C165194K 3:9

B 87>;;BL19 C75< 91>B57D1 >755>1 F:459:> :D19 <76 ;B5197B>H 75 76 91;B9LBE>1 <:C <76

74F@967:46 745: 5<1 89:45719 611; 74DB97BE>G F1451912 B9:@42 F97;74B>6 + ",4(6. 2, :Z26(0H

?B;E>196 +%(,,(..((R. L-*0,(* 0H C9:4?>G BFF@612 ;14 +;267(* K+E(0H D7?7>B4516 +L-..2+,0H

C:;14 :8 7>> 91=@51 +>-006( [5((, +G !+,0-,-0MB>CBG6 87?@916 @4219 6@6=7F7:4K '6 5<179

F:@4519=B95H hB9=H 5<1 ?91B5 6<19788 :8 5<1 ';197FB4 C165H <191 E1F:;16 B4 B?145[B?75B5:9K

(<B4L6 5: ^@22 ^:1557F<19J6 87>;6H C1 B91 @612 5: F:46721974? \B42:>=< #F:55 B6 >BF:47F

87?@91 41?:57B574? B 619716 :8 29B;B57F 675@B57:46H E@5 74 ?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 <1 6<:C6 <7;61>8

5: E1 @4@6@B>>GH 1D14 1419?157FB>>G B47;B512K (<191 76 B 61>8[21659@F57D1 6591BL 5: #F:55J6=91614F1 5<B5 6@??1656 <:C 1B67>G 5<76 ;B4 ;7?<5 5@94 745: B4:5<19 I:F U:>72BGK ICB4J6

hB9= <B6 B UBCL67B4 F:;=1514F1H E@5 5<76 76 4:5 14:@?< 8:9 <7;* <76 BF56 B>CBG6 F:;1

BFF:;=B4712 EG B 61>8[BCB914166 5<B5 E159BG6 <76 1RF1667D1 F:487214F1K #F:55H 8B9 89:;

=9:T1F574? B ;B4 C<: E1B96 B >:4? <765:9G E1<742 <7;H B6 74 ^:1557F<19J6 87>;6H B>CBG6

611;6 91B2G 5: =B9>BG <76 <19:7F BF56 745: B 6<:CMB6 74 5<1 ;:;145 C<14 <1 FB99716 5<1

29@4L %427B4H T@65 B8519 E174? B==:74512 6<19788 8:9 5<1 87965 57;1K U76 1459B4F16 E974? 5:

;742 ICB4J6 :>2 <19: I:@?>B6 3B9EB74L6H E@5 75 76 B>;:65 B6 78 hB9= C191 BCB91 :8

3B79EB4L6 B42 L41C <:C B <19: 89:; B 67>145 87>; 6<:@>2 7459:2@F1 <7;61>8 5: 5<1 B@2714F1K

U76 74519BF57:46 C75< ^14 $B9519J6 74519;74BE>1 ?@487?<5196 E159BG 5<76 6B;1 5:41 :8

=9:D:FB57:4H B6 78 <1 C191 74FB=BE>1 :8 =B@674? 74 <76 F:465B45 61B9F< 8:9 5<1 41R5 =71F1 :8

BF57:4K U1 611;6 >166 B4 B?145 :8 5<1 >BC 5<B4 B ;B4 F:465B45>G E174? 516512 EG 5<1

6<B2:C6 =9167274? :D19 (:;E65:41K

ICB4H <:C1D19H 142:C6 ?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 C751D75G 5<B5 L11=6 5<1 87>; 8B9 89:; B4G

@441F166B9G 8B5B>76;K (<1 ;B4419 74 C<7F< ;@>57=>1 2167916 +:8 hB9=H I:FH f199G 5<1 <::L19H

15FK0 L11= F:>>7274? 745: :41 :5<19 F:;=>7FB516 5<1 BF57:4 74 B CBG 5<B5 B457F7=B516 5<1

659@F5@91 :8 <76 ;B997B?1 8B9F16 89:; B 81C G1B96 >B519K (<191 76H 16=1F7B>>GH B >7?<54166 5:

5<1 BF5:96` ?165@916H B42 1D14 B E9@51 BF57:4 >7L1 hB9=`6 FB99G74? 5<1 <::L19 :@5 89:; 5<1

6B>::4 ?B746H 74 5<1 <B426 :8 ^74471 ^B9416 B42 #F:55H B 6F91CEB>> S@B>75G 5<B5 2:164`5 6:;@F< @4219;741 5<1 C17?<5 :8 5<1 BF57:4 B6 91:97145 75* :41 ;:91 ?165@91 74 5<1 ?91B5

27:9B;B :8 89:45719 B4B9F<GK \:;19:J6 I:FH 16=1F7B>>GH :FFB67:4B>>G 91FB>>6 h2;:42 &:C1J6

=>BG19 89:; T6-C/ ;'((FH B5 87965 ?>B4F1 B ;@F< ;:91 1>1?B45 F:;12G BE:@5 B4:5<19 L742 :8

F7D7>75G 89:45719 +756 6@6=14212H (9B46B5>B457F 6=BF1 4:5 6: 8B9 BCBG 89:; (:;E65:410K

%4 <76 74519D71C C75< i1519 ^:?2B4:D7F<H ICB4 ;BL16 5C: @618@> :E619DB57:46 BE:@5

?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 * 5<B5 5<1 :97?74B> 721B 272 4:5 74D:>D1 5<1 87?@91 :8 XGB55 hB9=H B42 5<B5 <1



185

CB6 6B5768712 C75< (:;E65:41`6 EBFL>:5 615K ^:5< F>B7;6 =:745 5: <:C 5<1 87>; C:9L6 5<1

C<:>1 57;1 5: ;:D1 BCBG 89:; 5<1 =197:2J6 ;G5<:>:?G B42 5:CB926 B ;@F< ;:91 =9BF57FB>

=:745 :8 D71C BE:@5 5<1 21F767:46 5<B5 89:45719 ;:9B>75G 7;=:616 :4 756 F<B9BF5196K ]:D1

BCBG 89:; ;G5<:>:?GME@5 4:5H C1 ;7?<5 4:51H 89:; <765:9GH B6 5<1 87>; :=146 EG =>BF74?

(:;E65:41 74 5<1 F:451R5 :8 5<1 ?:>2 9@6< 5<B5 74 B CBG 1>@F72B516 1D19G BF57:4 5<B5 <B==146

B8519CB926K (<191 B91 ;:91 9181914F16 5: ;7474? 74 ICB4J6 C1651946 5<B4 74 5<1 C:9L :8

B4G :5<19 2791F5:9 :8 5<1 ?1491H B42 5<191 76 4: :5<19 1F:4:;7F BF57D75G 5<B5 1R=:616 5<1

41E@>:@6 =:6757:4 :8 X165194 5:C46 74 S@751 6@F>GH B =912B5:9G

BF57D75G* 5<1 97F<4166 :8 5<1 6:7> 89:; :41 >:FB57:4 912791F512 5: B4:5<19 8B9 BCBGK 39:; 5<1

;:;145 5<B5 ?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 E1?746H 165BE>76<74? 5<B5 (:;E65:41 CB6 8:@4212 74 ;7474?H

75 76 F>1B9 5<B5 C1 B91 >::L74? B5 B F:>:4G 9B5<19 5<B4 6:;1 ?14@741 =B95 :8 5<1 @47:4MB

=9:D76:9G 6=BF1 5<B5 76 5<191 67;=>G 5: E1 29B7412 :8 756 97F<16K hD19G5<74? <191 :=19B516 5:

6FB>1 5<1 87?@916 89:; 5<76 >B9?19 65:9G 5: B ;:91 ;74:9 :41 74 C<7F< 1D19G:41 <B6 5:

41?:57B51 5<1 E165 CBG 5: >7D1 B5 5<1 89:45719K ICB4J6 hB9= F:@>2 41D19 E1 XGB55 hB9= B6 <1

C:@>2 E1 5: 3:92H #5@9?16 :9 _B62B4 +78 5<1 87>; 9161;E>16 B4G :5<19 D1967:4 :8 5<1F<B9BF519 75 76 fBFS@16 (:@941@9`6 S2C'20- +,-cc00H E@5 :4>G B4:5<19 89:45719 ;B96K

%5 76 (:;E65:41 B42 4:5 hB9= 5<B5 ?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 21B>6 C75<H B42 78 B5 87965 75 611;6

659B4?1 5<B5 ICB4 6<:C6 6: ;@F< =9721 74 6@F< B4 :9274B9G 65@27: 5:C4H 75 76 74 6@F<

EB4B>75G 5<B5 5<1 87>; =>BF16 6: ;@F< :8 756 =:C19K (<191 76 B4 1B674166 5: <:C 5<1 67;=>1

B42 5<1 @4B2:9412 916:4B51 E1G:42 5<1;61>D16 74 ICB4H B42 78 <76 (:;E65:41 76

74519F<B4?1BE>1 C75< ;B4G :5<19 89:45719 5:C46H B>> 8:9 E15519* 5<76 4:57:4 :4>G 91748:9F16

B4:5<19 5<B5 C1 B91 21B>74? C757;756 :8 :9219H B42 5<B5 5<1 F<:7F16

59BF12 <191 1F<: 5<:61 :8 6: ;B4G :5<19 67;7>B9 >:FB57:46K %8 5<191 76 B 87>; 5<B5 ?*+,02(*

!-*.'-6 ;:65 :8514 E974?6 5: ;742H 75 76 4:5 B4:5<19 :8 ICB4J6 C1651946H E@5 U:CB92

UBCL6J @42199B512 >B65 87>;H P2+ K+A+ +,-d/0K &7L1 ?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 H 75 76 B 87>; 74 C<7F< 5<1

?::2 <@;:9 :8 5<1 675@B57:46 B42 5<1 ?165@916 2:4`5 S@751 @4219F@5 5<1 C17?<5719 5:41H B42

74 C<7F< 5<1 87>;;BL19J6 ?BN1 89B;16 B 89:45719 F75G 5BL14 :D19 EG 1D7>K ^:5< 87>;6 6@??165

5<1 6B;1 811>74? :8 F:465B45 2B4?19H 5<1 6B;1 61461 :8 1457F1;145 B5 1D19G 5@94K e4>7L1 756

F:;=B597:56 P2+ T*-7+ B42 :6 3+*-E+H 74 P2+ K+A+H f:<4 XBG41J6 ;:57D16 B91 =155G B42 <1

611;6 B>> 5<1 ;:91 5:@F<74? 8:9 811>74? D@>419BE>1H @4>7L1 ;:65 UBCL67B4 <19:16H 5: 5<1

B;:9B>75G B9:@42 <7;K

'6 74 P2+ K+A+H :41 :8 5<1 F1459B> D76@B> ;:5786 :8 ?*+,02(* !-*.'-6 76 :8 756 <19: F9:6674? 5<1;B74 659115 5<9:@?< B4 B79 :8 =:51457B> D7:>14F1K "41 :8 5<1 ?91B5 D795@16 :8 ICB4`6 F741;B

76 5<B5H B>:4? C75> 5<161 F:;74?6 B42 ?:74?6H <1 1R=>:916 <76 >:FB57:4 6: C1>> 5<B5 EG 5<1

57;1 5<1 8B;:@6 6<::5:@5 76 21F>B912H 75 FB4 E1 @421965::2 5<9:@?< hB9=`6 L4:C>12?1 :8

5<1 6=BF1K (<1 >BC :8 89:45719 E1F:;16 B S@1657:4 :8 ?1:;159G* 5<1 "K_K $:99B> 76 :4>G

91F:?47NBE>1 EG 5<1 4B;1 hB9= B42 B =>BS@1 7214578G74? 5<1 =>BF1Q 5<1 ;G5< 89:; <765:9G 76

1;=5712 :@5 EG 5<76 B>;:65 F:;=>151 B@651975GK X<B5 76 >185 :8 5<1 8BF1:88 76 :4>G 5<1

F195B745G 5<B5 C1 B91 C9B==12 74 6<B2:C6 8B9 89:; 5<1 ;159:=:>76K



186

;")K&PR; K"3U +,-p/0

$@>>14 aB>>B?<19

l(<1 )BDG`6 ?:5 5<1;H 5<1 )BDG`6 B>> 5<1G CB45H B>> 5<1G 4112K a11H 5<191`6 ?@46 B42 E:B56

B42 E@22716 B42 5<1 61BKl

M]G95>1H ;-26+*R. K-ED

O%5 C:@>2 611; 5<1 87965 27D767:4 <B6 4:5 F:487412 756 1419?716 5: 5B9?15 =9BF57F1Kl

M$:;;B4219 f:<4H ;-26+*R. K-ED

OI7B=196t h7?<5 E1>>6 B42 B 6<7=C91FLK %6 5<76 B CB9 ?B;1 :9 B L72271 =B95GYP

M$B=5B74 \:6F:1H ;-26+*R. K-ED

bbb

&7L1 95,4- 32, +,-.-0 ;B21 5<1 G1B9 E18:91H ;-26+*R. K-ED +,-p/0 F:4F1946 B 597: :8

6:>27196 C<:61 89B519475G 76 5<91B51412 EG :41 ;1;E19J6 7;=14274? ;B997B?1K %4 95,4- 32,I$@5519 +$B9G a9B450 B42 ]BF$<1641G +k7F5:9 ]F&B?>140 B91 @=615 EG ^B>>B45741J6 +I:@?>B6

3B79EB4L6 f9K0 4@=57B> 7451457:46K %4 ;-26+*R. K-EDI #F9B==G +IB4B '4291C60 B42 a::819

+XB>>G k194:40 B91 2765@9E12 EG IB44G +f:4 UB>>0J6 B881F57:46 8:9 #B>>G +)B4FG _1>>G0 B42

<19 B2:=512 F<7>2H B4 748B45 4B;12 #L7==19 +B4 79:47F 4B;1 B6H EG 5<1 142H 5<1 EBEG 76 B6

;@F< IB44GJ6 ;B6519 B6 76 5<1 FB=5B74 :8 <76 6<7=0K %4 E:5< ;:D716H 5<1 5C: @4[<75F<12 ;14

F:46=791 5: ?15 5<179 E159:5<12 =B> :88[5<1 <::LH BCBG 89:; 5<1 B>519H B42 8911 89:; C:;14K





188

(<1 ;14 :8 ;-26+*R. K-ED H B5 >1B65H 591B5 5<1 29B;B B6 5<1G C:@>2 5<1 >B65 29:= :8 E119 74 B

L1?K (<1 C:;14H <:C1D19H 811> 5<1 216=19B51 ?9BD75G :8 5<1 675@B57:4 ;:91 <1BD7>GK #B>>G 76

B4:5<19 :8 ICB4J6 >7E19B>H ;:2194H 6:F7B>>G =9:?91667D1 <19:7416K '66@;74? F@65:2G 8:9

#L7==19 B8519 <19 =B91456 C191 L7>>12 74 B4 BFF72145H #B>>G <B6 5: 8BF1 6:F715GJ6 6F9@574G B6 B

674?>1 =B9145 B5 B 57;1 C<14 F:4619DB57D1 DB>@16 =916F97E12 B ;:91 59B2757:4B> 5C:[=B9145

<:@61<:>2K $:@9574? E:5< IB44G B42 \:241G B5 5<1 6B;1 57;1M6:;15<74? 5<B5 C:@>2 <BD1

E114 ;:91 BFF1=5BE>1 :4[ B42 :88[6F9114 8:9 B ;B4H E@5 <B92>G 8:9 B >B2GM#B>>G 76 D71C12

C75< 6@6=7F7:4 EG <19 417?<E:96 B42 5<1 T@D147>1 F@65:2G F:@956K #F9B==G B42 a::819 ;7?<5

611 #B>>G B6 ;191>G 6F<1;74? 8:9 B <@6EB42H E@5 ICB4 :88196 B ;@F< ;:91 6G;=B5<157F

74519=915B57:4 :8 <19 F<B9BF519K #<1 2:164J5 611; 6: 7451916512 74 =@96@74? 9:;B4F1 :9

1464B974? B <@6EB42 B6 6<1 76 74 59G74? 5: E@7>2 B <:;1H 6@==:95 B F<7>2H B42 8742 B >781

=B95419 +@4>7L1 IB44GH C<: 76 T@65 :@5 5: <BD1 B ?::2 57;1H B42 C<:61 87965 91BF57:4 C<14

<1 145196 <19 <:;1 76 6<:FL 5<B5 5<191 76 4: 9B27:0K 3@95<19;:91H 78 <:;1 76 B =:51457B>

=976:4H #B>>G 76 5<1 :4>G :41 F:489:456 5<1 @4F195B745G <1B2[:4 +7>>@659B512 >7519B>>G C<146<1 =916616 <19 F<1FL 5: 5<1 EB96 :8 5<1 EBEGJ6 F97E0K

(<1 874B> 61S@14F1 :8 ;-26+*R. K-ED 916:>D16 5<1 29B;B C75>G B91 ;B99712H B42 B>> 5<179 8971426 +>B42>@EE19 B42 6B7>:9 B>7L10 B91 74 B55142B4F1K

;-26+*R. K-ED F@>;74B516 4:5 B F<:7F1 :8 ;B99712 D6K 61B >781H E@5 :8 874274? B4 721B>7N12

EB>B4F1 E15C114 <:;1 B42 C:9LH <:@61 B42 6<7=H >B42 B42 61BH ;B4 B42 C:;B4H <@6EB42

B42 C781H B2@>5 B42 F<7>2K '6 5<1 >B65 >741 :8 5<1 87>; 65B516H O' C12274?H C1>>H 75J6 BE:@5 57;1KP

hD14 6B7>:96 ;@65 ?9:C @=H B42 :D19?9:C4 E:G6 ;@65 6:;1 2BG ;B5@91K '8519 67R5G[87D1

;74@516H 75J6 57;1 8:9 IB44GH #F9B==GH B42 a::819 5: 2: T@65 5<B5K '42 4:C 5<B5 IB44G <B6

5712 5<1 L4:5H C<B5 2:16 5<1 8@5@91 <:>2 74 65:91 8:9 5<1 87>;6J :5<19 >:D196H a::819 B42

]G95>1 +f:B4 IBD760H B42 #F9B==G B42 a1:9?741 +_B5<B9741 '>2972?10Y X75< :41 ;@6L15119

?:41H 75 611;6 >7L1>G 5<B5 5<1 :5<19 5C: C7>> B>6: 6::4 E1 =@5574? BCBG 5<179 6C:926K



189

Xh&3'\h #('(h*U&Y#9 L:&LK: +,-p/0

rBF< $B;=E1>>

"00(,02+,I 6-E2(.\ #+02C( 0'( D+5,4 1+=-, +, 0'( *24'0 2. 0'( +,6D +,( .=262,4H

O%5 5BL16 ;:41G 5: 915791HP _75 +$<B9>:551 a9114C::20 51>>6 f:1 +fBFL "BL710H C<7F< 76 C<B5

5<1 :>2 6<:CE7N F:@=>1 59716 5: 2:* =7FL @= C75< 5<179 B2:=512 2B@?<519 X142G +#<79>1G

(1;=>10 B42 ;:D1 5: 5<1 6;B>> 5:C4 :8 #5:41871>2K (<1 1RF<B4?1 76 B4 7465B4F1 :8 27B>:?@1BE:@5 =196:4B> 74 B 87>; F:4F19412 C75< =@E>7F 874B4F16K i196:4B>[=:>757FB> 14F:@45196 8:9;

5<1 9@>1 74 U+5,4 L(+F6( +,-p/0* 5<76 597: :8 :@5672196H 5<1 ^B>>B45741 8B;7>GH 6<BL16 @= 5<1

>:FB> =:>757F6 :8 B 5:C4 C<:61 :>219H =:C198@> 916721456 B91 916765B45 5: )1C I1B>[65G>1

=:>7F716K #BG6 :41 165BE>76<;145 81>>:C* O#11;6 5<B5 E174? =9:?91667D1 B42 6=14274` :5<19

=1:=>1`6 ;:41G B;:@456 5: 5<1 6B;1 5<74?KP ^@5 5<1 ^B>>B457416 611 75 278819145>GK '6 f:1

;@55196 BE:@5 B E972?1 74 27691=B79 B5 :41 5:C4 ;11574?H O$:65 >166 5: 91=B79 5<1 E972?1

5<B4 5: E@7>2 B 41C :41KP j:@4? =1:=>1 B42 5<179 B>>716 21D:51 5<1;61>D16 5: 8@5@91



190

=:667E7>75716Q 5<:61 C<:`D1 E114 B9:@42 5<1 E>:FL B91 <1675B45 5: :=14 5<179 =:FL15E::L6

8:9 6@F< F:;;:4 1421BD:96K %4 ;B4G CBG6 U+5,4 L(+F6( 76 89B@?<5 C757E19B>

=B5194B>76; C<7F< FB656 6;B>> 5:C4 =1:=>1 B6 6>7?<5>G 8@44G B42 EBFLCB926K (<:61 D19G

5:C468:>LH ;1B4C<7>1H 2: 4:5 59@65 6@F< E7? F75GH OE7? ?:D194;145P =196=1F57D16K j:@5< B42

F91B57D75G 145B7> 8>1R7E>1 ;7426 B42 :=144166 5: 41C 721B6K #: _75H f:1H B42 X142G B91

DB@21D7>>1 D1519B46 C75< G:@4? <1B956K e=:4 B997DB> 5<1G 87965 1R=19714F1 5<179 <:;15:C4

B6 S@B745K _75 ;@616 BE:@5 O91B>H :>2[8B6<7:412 21;:F9BFGP <191H B42 <1 F<@FL>16 C<14 B

91672145 S@7=6 EBFL* OIB94 97?<5 75`6 :>2[8B6<7:412Q 5<76 B74`5 4: )1C I1B> F:@459GKP

U+5,4 L(+F6( E7426 @= 5<76 27D767:4 C7575 74 >176@91 5B6516K 3:9 7465B4F1H C<14 X142G

B6L6 :41 :>219 91672145 C<B5 =1:=>1 2: 8:9 145195B74;145H <1 B46C196 5<B5 5<1G 675 B9:@42

B42 CB75 8:9 6:;1:41 5: ;BL1 B 8::> :@5 :8 5<1;61>D16K (<1 #5:41871>2 165BE>76<;145`6

=:>757FB> EBFLCB924166 ;799:96 756 =9:D74F7B>76; C<14 75 F:;16 5: =B6674? 5<1 57;1K

U:C1D19H 5<76 B?:476; E15C114 >7E19B> 1>7516 B42 =9:D74F7B> F:4619DB57D16 76 4:5 5<1 C<:>1

65:9GK ):H 5<191 76 B>6: B 6@E5>19H 8B74519H E@5 =:51457B>>G ;:91 7451916574? >:?7F B5 C:9LK %5F:4F1946 B =B957F@>B9 >:?7F :8 72.5-62]2,4 21;:F9BFG B42 5<1 F:;;:4C1B>K

U+5,4 L(+F6( 65B?16 B )1C I1B> 21EB51 74 B =>BF1 C1 F:@>2 F:;=B91 C75< 74519165 5: 5<1

21;:?9B=<7F 291B;>B42 :8 X7>>7B; X1>>;B4`6 !-42C %+1, +,-pd0K (<1 ^B>>B457416

5<1;61>D16 B91 C1>>[59BD1>12 E@5 1R=19714F1 F@>5@9B> B42 ?1:?9B=<7FB> 276574F57:46 B5 B

91;:D1H 7K1KH 5<9:@?< 5<1 87>519 :8 5<179 DB@21D7>>1 9:@57416 B42 T:L1G BFF1456* =198:9;B4F16

:8 O6:@5< :8 5<1 ]B6:4[I7R:4 >741 u C75< ;G ;B;;GHP B UBCB77B4 <@>B 4@;E19H 7;75B57:46

:8 67;=>1 8:>L6 +O%`; T@65 6BG74` u ;1EE1P0K %4651B2 :8 7>>@659B574? B 5:C4`6 =:=@>BF1 B6 5<1

DB971?B512 B66:95;145 :8 57FL12 F146@6 E:R16 B42 :=747:4 5<B5 !-42C %+1, :88196H U+5,4

L(+F6( 76 B 4:5[1D14[276?@7612 B551;=5 5: 919:@51 5<1 B881F57D1 E:426 :8 a9B42;B B42

a9B42=B 74 8BD:9 :8 39B4L>74 I1>B4: \::61D1>5`6 =:>7F716K

$:461S@145>G 5<1 6S@B91 :>2 57;196 21;:4659B51H 6:;1C<191 E15C114 =:959B75@91 B42

FB97FB5@91H 6:;1 >:4?[65B4274? 97?<5[C74? ';197FB4 81B96 BE:@5 B 145195B74;145 1>751

1R19574? B ?97= @=:4 756 =@E>7FK (<76 76 ;@5B57:4 :8 5<1 F>B667FB> ]B9R765 721B :8 B 9@>74? F>B66

721:>:?GH +F:@=>12 C75< 211=19 B42 :>219 81B96 :8 :F<>:F9BFG0 1RF1=5 <191 5<1 O9@>74? F>B66P

76 2187412 74 519;6 :8 756 F@>5@9B> 65B5@6 B42 D767E7>75G 9B5<19 5<B4 756 :C4196<7= :8 5<1

;1B46 :8 =9:2@F57:4K (<76 76 =9127FB512 @=:4 B E1>718 5<B5 F@>5@9B> D767E7>75G 59B46>B516

2791F5>G 745: =:>757FB> =:C19K %5`6 i>B5:`6 '457[\1=@E>7FH 9@4 EG 5<1 =:156 +C<: B91 B>> )1CI1B> I1;:F9B560K 39115<74L74?H 8911[6=14274? 145195B74196 _75H f:1H B42 X142G 59B46>B51

B>;:65 61B;>166>G 745: F:451;=:9B9G k:>L76< B==91<1467:46 5:CB92 B4 1>751 >7E19B>

U:>>GC::2K '42 5<76 =9:?91667D1 EB657:4 5<91B5146 B5 B4G ;:;145 5: 5@94 :@5 5<1 OG:@4?

=1:=>1P +6G41F2:F<1 8:9 5<1 =:=@>765 ;:E0 B?B7465 5<1 ;722>1[F>B66 165BE>76<;145K



191

L6-J5(. -,E A-,,(*.H

U:C 2: G:@ =7F5:97B>7N1 B F:4S@165 5<9:@?< 21;:F9BFGY 'FF:9274? 5: U+5,4 L(+F6( 75 76 B

;B5519 :8 B==1B>74? 5: B4 B661;E>12 =@E>7FH >7L1 145195B7474? :4 B 65B?1K ^B2 F757N146<7= 76

>7L1 EB2 6=1F5B5:96<7=K +OX<B5`6[B ;B5519 C75< 5<161 =1:=>1Y UBD1 5<1G ?:5 2G6=1=67BYP0

(<1 I1E:927B4 6=1F5BF>1H B42 C<B5 C:@>2 F:;1 5: E1 L4:C4 B6 5<1 B551457:4 1F:4:;GH B91

<191 =91614512 74 74F7=7145 8:9;Q ,-p/ 611;6 BE:@5 97?<5K 39:; 5<1 =196=1F57D1 :8 5<1

5:C4`6 165BE>76<12 8:?1G6H 5<191 76 14:@?< 5: 2:* S@B745 F:8811 L>B56F<16H D7427F57D1 =1:=>1[

CB5F<74?K ^@5 8:9 5<1 ^B>>B457416 5<1 5:C4 =9161456 4:5<74?K I1F7274? @=:4 C<B5 BF5@B>>G

F:@456 B6 .+=(0'2,4 :9 ,+0'2,4H C<14 75 F:;16 5: 5:C4 >176@91H 76 B F:941965:41 :8 5<1 >:FB>

=:>757FB> S@1657:4K X1 ;7?<5 4:51 5<B5 5<1 ^B>>B457416` 6:>@57:4 76 B4 2==(E2-0(E 91>B57:4

B;:4? =1:=>1* 4: 6F91146 :9 1>1F59:47F F:;;@47FB57:46H 91B>>GH E@5 9B5<19 >7D1 5<1B591 B42

8BF1[5:[8BF1 ;11574?6 +2769@=57:46 74 5<1 C:;14`6 F>@E :9 5<1 6:2B 6<:=H B5 5:C4 > :9 745<1 6721CB>L0K &::L B5 5<1 F(*G+*=-027( 4B5@91 :8 5<161 145195B74196[F@;[F757N146H C<:

14?B?1 C75< 5<179 81>>:C F:;;@475G ;1;E196 B6 B4 B@2714F1K '5 5<1 ^B>>B457416`

915791;145 =198:9;B4F1H 5<1G 14591B5 5<179 B@2714F1 5: 65B42 8:9 5<179 :C4 B==>B@61K (<191

76 4:5<74? 27614?B?12 BE:@5 5<76 CBG :8 74<BE7574? 5<1 65B?1K %5`6 B ;B5519 :8 91BF<74? B

=@E>7F B42 1>7F7574?M14?7411974?H 1D14MB 916=:461K %5`6 74 5<1 B79 B42 74 5<1 8>16<H E@5 4:5

B5 5<1 ;:D74? =7F5@916K #11 E1>:C u



192

)=F62C20 *'(0+*2C +G 2=V=(E2-CD@ &, 0'( .C*((,I ^,+0'2,4 (7(* '-FF(,.H_ P24'0 0'(*(I 0'(

F+6202C-6 =+E(6 -0 0'( '(-*0 +G j:@4? i1:=>1`. F5A62C G+*5= -00(,02+, (C+,+=DI A5*2(E 2, -

=+,0-4( 2,.(*0H %'(*( 1-. -6.+ - <MOO .'+*0 G26= aE2*(C0(E AD P+D !-C/b 120' 0'( .-=( 0206(H

U+5,4 L(+F6( =7S@16 :41`6 F@97:675GM;G F@97:675GH B4GCBGM8:9 5<1 CBG 6:F715G +:9 T@65 B4

742@659GY0 B957F@>B516 B4 7;B?1 :8 7561>8 8:9 7561>8K '>> 5<1 6B;1* F>1B9 >7416 B91 29BC4Q 6:

>755>1 76 CB6512 <191K 39:; 5<1 87>;`6 :=1474?H C1 <BD1 5<1 67;=>1 1F:4:;G C<7F<

1;E>1;B57N16 ICB4`6 F>B667F76;K ' F9B41 6<:5 F@16 @6 5: B >:5 :8 748:9;B57:4 v B C:;B4E974?6 B EB6L15 5<9:@?< B4 B>>1GCBG 5: 5<1 EBFL 2::9 :8 B DB@21D7>>1 >K



193

&F(,2,4 C*-,( .'+0

H3:9 5<1 ;:D71 76 B>6: B E75 :8 B EBFL65B?1 ;@67FB>H C<7F< 5<76 :=1474? 6<:5 51>1?9B=<6Q

F<79=G ;@67F 89:; 5<1 65B?1 F:459B656 C75< 5<1 746765145 216=19B57:4 :8 5<1 C:;B4

21>7D1974? 5<76 =BFLB?1 +C1 2:4`5 L4:C 75`6 B4 748B45 X142G G150K (<76 =91>@21 5: 5<1

:9=<B4`6 E1S@1B5<;145 5: <19 21F1B612 8B5<19`6 E165 8971426 76H 74 8BF5H 65B?12 >7L1 B

;7F9:F:6; :8 5<1 =:>757FB> 659@??>1 B5 5<1 87>;`6 F:91K (<191 76 B 21;B42 :8 1R=14275@91* B

C:;B4 L4:FL6 :4 5<1 2::9H E@5 76 214712 1459GK 927( D+5* '(6FI F*+72E( =( -CC(..I 0-/( 0'2.

A-AD MB S@1657:4 :8 41F16675GK ]1B4C<7>1 =(-,,(..H 74 B>> F:44:5B57:46H 5<91B5146 5:

=91D145 5<1 a::2K %5`6 5<76 ?@>8 :D19 C<7F< 5<1 ^B>>B457416 611L 5: E974? #5:41871>2`6

59B2757:4[:9714512H @4<1>=8@> \1=@E>7FB4 F:46575@14FGK (<1G 745142 5: 2: 6: EG ?9BEE74?

B551457:4K (<1 1=:4G;:@6 F<7>2914`6 =198:9;B4F1 +Oj:@4? i1:=>1P0 76 74 8BF5 B F<11LG

=:>757FB> =9:5165 8:9 =9:?9166K %5 76 B>6:H 89:; 5<1 =196=1F57D1 :8 _75 B42 f:1 +C<: 6=@99125<1 =198:9;B4F10 =B59:47N74?K %5 76 5<76 =B59:47NB57:4 5: C<7F< 5<1 F:4619DB57D1 5:C4 B2@>56

916=:42H D:FB>>G B42 E:27>G 8:9F74? 5<179 F<7>2914 :88 5<1 65B?1K

%'( C*+1E E2..2F-0(.c S(,ED 6+.(. - A-006( G+* -00(,02+,H





195

T(42,,2,4d:,EH



196

U"\#h #h)#h*%P")K &? %8: Q)9)K"#%:; +,-p/0

]BR7;7>7B4 &1 $B74

O% 611 75H E@5 % 2:4J5 E1>71D1 75tP $:C=@4F<19 ]1B2:CJ6 +'42G I7D7410 91BF57:4 5: 5<1

=<G67FB>>G 1>B657FH 9BF7B>>G 8>@72 5:C4 1FF14597F ^:>: +]76FBG74? 6:;1 <B79[

9B7674? $:66BFL 65G>1 597FL 97274? F:@>2 2:@E>1 B6 5<1 F91B57D1 ;:55: E1<742 %*-26 +G 0'(

Q2426-,0(.K (<76 E911NGH ?9BF18@>>G 8914157FH B42 B>5:?15<19 21>7F7:@6 C165194 76 B F79F@6 :8

6<78574? 9:>16K (<B5 5<1 =>:5 F145196 :4 B4 @4219F:D19 >BC;B4 ?:74? B8519 B D7>>B74 C<: <B6

615 <7;61>8 @= B6 B =7>>B9 :8 5<1 F:;;@475G 74 :9219 5: 2189B@2 75 76 B 65B42B92 C165194 =75F<K

^@5 5<1 8@4 B42 1419?G :8 5<1 87>; 6=974? 89:; 5<1 CBG 74 C<7F< 1D19G ;BT:9 F<B9BF519 4:5

276?@7674? <76 :9 <19 7214575G 175<19 CB456 5: E1 6:;1:41 1>61H :9 5<74L6 <1 :9 6<1 76H :91426 @= E174? 6: 74 6=751 :8 5<1;61>D16K \B5<19 5<B4 B4 B4R7:@6 65B51 :8 B88B796H 5<1 87>;

F1>1E9B516 5<76 7465BE7>75G B6 >7E19B574?K \B5<19 5<B4 E174? 9::512 74 4:57:46 :8 8:9?74? B 41C

7214575G 74 5B421; C75< 8:9?74? B 41C F:@459G B42 6:F715G 74 5<1 C165H 5<76 ;@5BE7>75G 76

9::512 74 =198:9;B4F1H 74 F:4D74F74? :5<196 5<9:@?< 6<119 =19676514F1 B42 L1144166 B42H

=19<B=6 5: B >16619 21?911H 6L7>>K '42 9B5<19 5<B4 B 65B9 D1<7F>1H 5<76 B==1B>74?>G ?1419:@6

C:9L 76 D19G ;@F< B4 1461;E>1 =71F1 5<B5 BFF:926 6=BF1 8:9 1D19G:41 5: `=198:9;`K %5 76



197

=:667E>1 5<1 =19DB274? 61461 :8 89112:; B42 6=:45B4175G :C16 6:;15<74? 5: 5<1 8BF5 5<B5 B

2766B5768712 ICB4 6<@5 2:C4 =9:2@F57:4 B8519 B F:@=>1 :8 2BG6 B42 <B2 5<1 74757B>>G 6197:@6

6F97=5 91C975514 8:9 6@991B> F:;12GK j15H 74 6=751 :8 5<76H 75 76 B4 B66@912 87>;* 756 =BF74?H

D7?:9:@6 B42 21F767D1H E91B5<16 1D14>G C75<:@5 B <745 :8 F:48@67:4 :9 <1675B4FGK

ICB4 B42 C97519 UB9:>2 #<@;B51 7459:2@F1 5<1 B@2714F1 1B9>G :4 5: 5<1 9@>16 :8 5<1 =>BG8@>

C:9>2 5<1G <BD1 F91B512H C<14 =:6< E@5 FB=BE>1 1B65194 >BC;B4 (7; ]B6:4 +39B4F<:5

(:410H 6::4 5: E1 47FL4B;12 `_B46B6`H B997D16 :@5 C165K hD14 B6 <76 59B74 =@>>6 745: 5<1

65B57:4H 5<1 5:C4 <1 =@>>6 745: 76 21=7F512 B6 B <G=19E:>7FB>>G D7:>145 <1>><:>1 E@NN74? C75<

FB95::476< F<B:6 B42 ?@4=>BG 5<B5 F:;7FB>>G =9187?@916 5<1 1RF16616 :8 5<1 6=B?<1557

C165194 EG 5C145G[87D1 G1B96K _B46B6 87426 5<1 5:C4 >BC;14 <B42F@8812 5: B4 B66:95;145

:8 =:656 B42 <75F<74? 9B7>6 B42 ?:16 74 61B9F< :8 5<1 L1G6H 91=:9512>G 74 5<1 =:661667:4 :8

:41 #CB411 +^9:2197FL $9BC8:920H 5<1 8:91;B4 :8 B 41B9EG 9B4F<K #CB411 76 615 @= B6 B

8:9;72BE>1 EB2;B4H B42 <76 E@>>G[E:G B457F6 C<14 _B46B6 F:489:456 <7; 5: ?15 5<1 L1G6

611; 5: F:4879; <7; B6 6@F<K X<B5 146@16 76 B4 B;@674? F:489:45B57:4 :8 5<1 `1B65194E9B746` C75< C<7F< _B46B6 <B6 B99:?B45>G =9:;7612 5: F9BFL 5<1 FB61 <1 76 :4H B42 C165194

`<:961 61461` B42 9:=74? 6L7>>K hBF< 6721 <BD74? =9:D12 5<179 ;155>1H #CB411 76 91D1B>12 4:5

:4>G 5: E1 B 5<:9:@?<>G ?::2 ?@G E@5 5<1 87>;`6 1;E:27;145 :8 C165194 ;:9B> B@5<:975GK

U76 E1<BD7:9 B42 5<1 E12>B;751 F:42757:46 74 5<1 5:C4 B91 1R=>B7412 BCBG EG 5<1 67;=>1

8BF5 5<B5 75 CB6 #CB411 B42 <76 ;14`6 ;:45<>G 47?<5 :@5 B42 4: <B9; 2:41t '>> :8 :@9 74757B>

B66@;=57:46 B42 1R=1F5B57:46 B91 41B5>G :D195@9412 B42 B4G 8B75< 74 74757B> B==1B9B4F16

5<:9:@?<>G F:;=9:;7612K

#CB411 7;;127B51>G 5B>L6 <76 E:66 745: :881974? _B46B6 B T:E :4 <76 9B4F< B42 B 6:;157;16

E7FL1974? 8971426<7= 76 8:9;12H B>E175 :41 5<B5 74D:>D16 `1B65194 E9B746` 7;;127B51>G

B66@;74? 5<1 @4>7L1>G 7214575G :8 B4 1R=19714F12 F:C<B42K '>5<:@?< #CB411 76 1D72145>G

6@6=7F7:@6 :8 _B46B6` F:D19 65:9GH <1 41D195<1>166 BFF1=56 <7;K (<1 6@??1657:4 76 5<B5 1D14

78 7214575716 B42 F:D19 65:9716 B91 8>@72 74 %*-26 +G 0'( Q2426-,0(.H 5<191 76 B 8@42B;145B>

7451?975G 5: ?::2 =1:=>1 5<B5 76 91F:?47NBE>1 E1G:42 6@98BF1 59B==74?6K U:C 5<1G =916145

5<1;61>D16 76 B ;B5519 :8 F<:7F1K

(<76 721B 76 <7?<>7?<512 6<:95>G B8519CB926 74 :@5>B4276< 519;6 EG 5<1 67;7>B9 C1>F:;1

BFF:9212 5: ^:>:H ]76F> F<B9BF519H C<: 76 B>6: <7912 EG #CB411`6

@421965B42BE>G 2@E7:@6 E:66 :4 5<1 8:91;B4`6 74676514F1K ^:>: :88196 5<1 :46F91141;E:27;145 :8 5<1 87>;`6 4:57:4 :8 7214575G B6 D:>@45B9G B42 =198:9;B4F1[EB612 5BL14 5:

756 B4B9F<7F 1R591;1K ]:65 :8 5<1 :5<19 ;B74 F<B9BF5196 B91 175<19 =91514274? :9 B6=7974? 5:

E1 6:;1:41 :9 6:;15<74? 1>61Q ^:>: 76 74F:<1914F1 74FB94B51[ B42 75`6 4:5<74? 78 4:5

F:>:98@>K %459:2@F12 B6 B )B57D1 ';197FB4 2:74? B 5:;B<BCL 5<9:C74? BF5 C75>G E91BL74? B C742:C 2@974? 5<76 BF5K X<14 918@612 619D7F1

B5 B 6B>::4 :4 9BF7B> ?9:@426H <1 5<9:C6 :88 <76 F:65@;1 5: 91D1B> 5<1 59B==74?6[ B42 6L7>>



198

C75>C<7=[ :8 B #:@5< ';197FB4 ?B@F<: C75< B4 7;=:667E>G >:4? 4B;1K '6 5<1 87>;

=9:?916616H 75 91;B746 @4F>1B9 78 5<76 76 <76 91B> 7214575G :9 78 <1 76 74 8BF5 B \@667B4

<:961;B4K U1 51>>6 65:9716 :8 <76 59BD1>6 74F166B45>GH =9:;=574? ]1B2:C6 5: @=E9B72 <7;

B8519 B >:4? 6<B912 T:@941G O):CH >76514H T@47:9t % 59BD1>>12 5<9:@?< 8:@95114 F:@459716 :4

5<1 CBG 2:C4 <191 C75< G:@ B42 %J; 5:: 5@FL1912 :@5 5: ?: B4G 8@95<19tP ^@5 <76 ;:65

:@59B?1:@6 `7214575G` 76 B4 :D195>G B66@;12 :41H B <7>B97:@6 5@94 B6 B =B597F7B4 #:@5<194

>BCG19 +89:; 5<1 879; :8 lUBG16H UBG16H UBG16 -''',E 8-D(.l0 @612 >B519 74 5<1 ;:D71 5:

<1>= _B46B6 16FB=1 89:; TB7>K (<1 142 :8 5<1 87>; 6116 <7; B6 `$BF5@6 i151`H B 41C>G

B==:74512 9B4F< 8:91;B4 B557912 74 8>B;E:GB45 674?74? F:CE:G 87419GK '>5<:@?<

F:46765145>G E147?4H <1 76 74 1D19G :5<19 CBG 276F:4F19574?>G 74F:46765145K hD14 74 <76 >1D1>

:8 6L7>>* <1 1R1F@516 E91B5<5BL74? 81B56 :8 <:961;B46<7= B42 <76 7;=196:4B57:4 :8 5<1

>BCG19 76 6@FF1668@> 74 ?15574? _B46B6 :@5 :8 <76 F1>>H E@5 <76 5:;B<BCL 5<9:C74? ?:16 BC9G

B42H 2@974? 5<1 87>;`6 F>7;BF57F ?@4 EB55>1H <1 B551;=56 B4 1>BE:9B51 65@45 5<B5 8B7>6

;7619BE>GK

%5 76 7451916574? 5: F:;=B91 ICB4`6 1>1?B45 ?B;1 :8 7214575G[6<@88>74? C75D1 5<9:@?< 1R=>7F75 9:>1 =>BG74?H 3B-,4+ Y,C'-2,(E K

(B9B4574:`6 87>; 6<:C6 8:9;19 6>BD1 ITB4?: +fB;71 3:RR0 =9:?9166 5<9:@?1;B57FB>>G ?@7212 5<9:@?<:@5 EG 5<1 721B6 :8 C<751 ;14K (<1 E7? 27881914F1 74

:@5>::L 76 (B9B4574:J6 91D1914F1 5:CB926 5<1 =:C19 :8 5<1 7F:47FQ B =:61 659@FL :9 B4 751;

:8 F:65@;1 =B9B=<194B>7B B2:=512 76 591B512 B6 B 59@1 B42 67?4787FB45 1=7=<B4G 74 B42 :8

7561>8K ICB4`6 ?9B6= :8 5<161 ;B55196 76H 74 756 CBGH F:467219BE>G ;:91 6:=<7657FB512H 5<B5 :8

B ;B4 C<: CB6 74 :4 5<1 E795< :8 U:>>GC::2 B42 C75< B4 1R591;1>G =9:>787F 87>;;BL74?

FB9119 E1<742 <7; @45:@F<12 EG 5<1 6:95 :8 :D19[748>B512 21787FB57:4 BFF:9212 5: (B9B4574:H

B 2791F5:9 C<:61 87>;6 ;7?<5 C1>> <BD1 E141875512 89:; ;@F< >166 B551457:4K %4 ICB4H 5<1

F>B=59B= :8 6<:CE7N =916145B57:4 76 ?9765 8:9 5<1 ;7>>H E@5 <B92>G 6BF912 975@B>K (<9:@?<:@5

ICB4H C<B5 ;B55196 76 5<1 1419?G B42 74D1457D14166 :8 5<1 =198:9;196 E1<742 5<1 ;B6L6Q

5<1 ;B6L6 5<1;61>D16 B91 142>166>G 276=:6BE>1K %4 5<1 F<B9BF519 :8 ]1B2:C6H <1 1D14

F<11L7>G =9:=:616 B F<B9BF519 5<B5 91D19616 5<1 6:95 :8 >:?7F :8 ITB4?:`6 =B5< 5: >7E19B57:4H

B42 6: F:FL6 B ?145>1 64::L B5 5<1 P5446(. +G P(E 9-F F1>1E9B57:4 :8 5<1 X165 B6 B =>BF1 8:9

6<@FL74? 5<1 91=91667D1 59B2757:46 :8 :>2 C:9>2 6:F715GK ]1B2:C6 F>B7;6 5: E1 5<1

216F142B45 :8 B 8B;7>G :8 DB>156H :41 :8 C<:; 619D12 U149G k%%%Q <1 :88196 5:>19B512H 78 4:5

1RBF5>G 2167912H ?145>1;B4`6 ?145>1;B4 619D7F1 5: E:5< #CB411 B42 _B46B6K U76 B;E757:4 765: ;:D1 1B65H E1F:;1 B E@5>19 B42H 8:9 ?::2 ;1B6@91H 5BL1 @= 65B;= F:>>1F574?t (<1

E1B@578@> BE6@9275G :8 5<76 F:4F175 91B>>G 91656 74 5<1 =196:4 :8 '42G I7D741H EG 8B9 5<1 ;:65

E1>71DBE>1 F:C<B42[B42 ;:65 @4>7L1>G E@5>19 :9 6:4[:8[B[E@5>19 :4 276=>BGK (<1 >7E19B57:4

:8 :41`6 7214575GH ICB4 611;6 5: 6@??165H 76 4:5 5: E1 1B9412 B6 =B95 :8 B <765:97FB> =9:F166K

%5 76 61>8[?1419B512H ?B7412 EG 5<1 ?@65: B42 E1>718 :41 B==>716 5: B F<:614 9:>1K



199

(<76 61>8[21519;74B57:4 76 ;:65 2791F5>G 1R=916612 74 5<1 F<B9BF519 :8 ^B9EB9BH 5<1

9B4F<19`6 2B@?<519 C<: 21F7216 6<1 C7>> ;B99G B4 74757B>>G @47451916512 _B46B6K

h4F<B4574?>G =>BG12 EG i1??G ]:9B4 B6 B E:@4FGH 744:F145 5:94B2: :8 =>BG8@>H F<7>2>7L1

B92:@9H <19 5BF57F 76 5: 67;=>G L11= =@96@74? <7; 1D14 B8519 6:;1 =9155G 9:@?<<:@61

91T1F57:46 5<B5 74F>@21 2@FL74? <19 74 B CB519 59:@?<K %5 76 :4>G C<14 B =B957F@>B9>G 6;B95

B42 F:@9B?1:@6 BF5 :4 <19 =B95 <1>=6 _B46B6 74 <76 74D1657?B57:4 5<B5 <1 65B956 5: 915@94 <19

B881F57:46K (<76 59BT1F5:9G F:@>2 E1 6114 5: ;799:9 5<B5 :8 B4 B;E757:@6 BF59166 874B>>G

?15574? `4:57F12` B8519 91=1B512 8B7>12 B@2757:46K "4 5<1 :5<19 <B42H 75 918>1F56 9B5<19 EB2>G

:4 `1B65194 E9B746` _B46B6H 16=1F7B>>G F:;=B912 5: `<:961 61461` #CB411K %5 C:@>2 7;=>G

5<B5 _B46B6 76 BE>1 5: 916=:42 :4>G 5: 1R=>7F75 BF57:46 C<7>1 91;B7474? E>742 5: 5<1 =196:4B>

S@B>75716 :8 =1:=>1Q <76 6@2214 F<B4?1 :8 811>74?6 5:CB926 ^B9EB9B 76 B>;:65 2765@9E74? 74

756 6@=1987F7B>75GK (<76 E911NG E1?@7>1;145 F:459B656 6597L74?>G C75< #CB411`6 B==B9145 ?785

8:9 276F19474? ?::2 F<B9BF519 E141B5< 1D14 5<1 8BL165 :9 C1792165 6@98BF1K

^G 5<1 142 :8 5<1 87>;H 9:>16 <BD1 6<78512 B>> 9:@42K _B46B6 76 B4 @4>7L1>G 9B4F<19H ;B997125: ^B9EB9BK #CB411 76 B4 1D14 ;:91 @4>7L1>GH B42 4:5 145791>G F:4D74F12H `?145>1;B4`H

<1B274? 1B65 5: B 41C >781 C75< <76 <B==G DB>15H ]1B2:C6K '42 ^:>:H 74 <76 41C 74FB94B57:4

B6 `$BF5@6 i151`H 76 _B46B6` ;:65 @4>7L1>G 8:91;B4 C<: C7>> 2:@E5>166 146@91 <7; G1B96 :8

81957>1 2165BE7>7NB57:4K


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dwan-english 200/461 200

Separate But Equal #5: Rise and Shine (1941)












205

kh$("\ ]"^%&h#*YL )# !"T:K`; P&&! +,-pp0 g

9:%%)#9 9:P%):`; 9"P%:P +,-pc0

IB471> _B6;B4

l$:4651>>B57:4l +,-pp0 EG '>1RB4219 $B>219K i<:5:?9B=< EG f1667FB ]1T7B6H

' 5@94 @=:4 B 5@94 @=:4 B 5@94 @=:4 B 5@94K '>>B4 ICB4 B2B=512 X7>6:4 $:>>76:4 B42 "55:

UB9EBF<`6 ,-,- E129::; 8B9F1 YF 2, !-A(6`. P++= B6 B DBF@@;[=BFL12 ,-pp CB957;1

=7F5@91 65B9974? I14476 "`_1181 8:9 =9:2@F19 h2CB92 #;B>>K (<14H B8519 5C: 74519D1474?

ICB4[#;B>>["`_1181 87>;6 B42 E@5 :41 G1B9 >B519H ICB4 =9:F11212 5: B2B=5 B4:5<19 :8

X7>6:4 $:>>76:4`6 =>BG6H 5<76 :41 F:[C975514 EG 'D19G U:=C::2H 5<1 41B9[721457FB> ,-A,

F:;12G 9(002,4 9(*02(`. 9-*0(* K (<1 5C: =7F5@916 B91 6: 67;7>B9 B6 5: E1 1661457B>>G

74519F<B4?1BE>1K %8 5<76 41B9[7465B45 91=1B5gDB97B57:4 C1914`5 6@991B> 14:@?G @48>B==BE>1 2791F5:9H ICB4`6 61F:42 =9:2@F57:4 B>6: E7NB991>G 2@=>7FB512

"`_1181`6 =91614F1 EG FB6574? <7; B?B74 74 5<1 6B;1 9:>1 :8 B G1B9 1B9>719K (<1 B9F<15G=7FB>

6:@9F1 89:; ,-,- =9:D7212 B;=>1 659@F5@91 8:9 ICB46` $B>219[>7L1 ;:E7>1 =>BGMDB97B57:46

:8 ;:57:4H F:>:98@>H 2G4B;7F F:;E74B57:46 B42 C17?<5 276597E@57:4M91BF<74? 91=1B512

<17?<56H C75<74 B42 E15C114 5<1 87>;6H :8 >@F72>G 1RB6=19B512 ;B5F<;BL74?K (<1 EB>B4F1 76



206

B C:4219H B42 756 1R51467:4 5: 6@F14?5< B6 B 81B5@91 87>; ?>118@>>G 2127FB512Q E@5 5<B5

5<1 2791F5:9 C:@>2 <BD1 5<1 S@715 B@2BF75G +78 4:5 =19D19675GMB>5<:@?< B4 74519D71C C75<

^:?2B4:D7F< 7;=>716 75 CB6 BE:D1 B>> L7424166 5:CB926 B CB957;1 B@2714F1,0 5: 91=1B5 <76

=91FB97:@6H 27B?9B;;B57F 81B5 E974?6 745: 91>718 <:C B55@412 5<1 4:4FB45 ICB4 CB6 5:

6@F< F>1D19 B99B4?1;1456K

(<1 F:91 6F<1;B :8 E:5< 87>;6 76 5<B5 :8 B 61R 8B9F1* B DB?@1>G BE6145[;74212H 41C>G

;B99712 ;B4 +"`_11810 76 91;74212 EG B4 :>2 8>B;1 +!-A(6 ̀. ]BE1> 76 aB7> iB597FLQ 9(*02(`.

a19571H ]B971 ]FI:4B>20 :8 B4 7457;B51 ?785 <1 :4F1 ?BD1 5<1; +B 6>7= 8:9 ]BE1>Q a19571J6

?B95190K kB97:@6 1D:>D74? 91B6:46 B91 F91B512 8:9 5<1 <@6EB42 5: CB45 5<1 751; EBFL B42 8:9

5<1 :>2 8>B;1H <1961>8 6::4 5: ;B99GH 5: L11= 75K ^:5< 67216 B==9:BF< 5<1 "ET1F5 89:;

278819145 2791F57:46 E@5 611 5<1 6B;1 5<74?* =9::8 :8 B4 B;:9:@6 =B65H B4 BF57D1 78 4:5 L74LG

61R@B>75G B;:9B>>G =91F1274? B42 @4219?79274? E:5< "`_1181`6 B42 <76 1RJ6 F@99145H B42

=916@;BE>G 874B>H =B954196 74 >781 B42 >:D1K

&185* !-A(6 J6 6>7=H F79FB ,-ppK \7?<5* 9(*02(J6 ?B9519H F79FB ,-pcK

(<1 8>7;6G 74?14@75G :8 5<161 B==9:BF<16 76 5<B5 6114 89:; 5<179 916=1F57D1 B4?>16M5<1

"`_1181 F<B9BF519 CB456 5<1 "ET1F5 74 <76 =:661667:4 6: <76 C781 C:4`5 8742 :@5 BE:@5

]BE1>ga19571Q <76 1R CB456 75 6: <19 <@6EB42[5:[E1 C:4`5 8742 :@5 BE:@5 <19 =B65 C75<

"`_1181J6 F<B9BF519M5<1 2@: B91 F>1B9>G 87?<574? 8:9 5<1 6B;1 ?:B> G15 611; 5: E1 87?<574?

:41 B4:5<19K 'E:D1 B>>H 75 76 B 5BF57FB> 6F14B97: EB612 :4 5<1 F:;E74B57:4 :8 =196=1F57D1

+:8514 S@751 >7519B>>G0 B42 5<1 6=B57B> 5:=:?9B=<G :8 5<1 EB55>1871>2K X<B5 65:=6 E:5<

F<B9BF5196 89:; E@9474? :9 5<9:C74? 5<1 "ET1F5 BCBG 89:; 5<1 ?15[?: 76H 74 756 @5519>G

59B46=B9145 B42 B9E759B9G F:4597DB4F1H 5<1 L1G 5: 5<1 8B9F1`6 5:41 B42 8>1R7E>1 B?7>75G*

EB>B4F1H 21[65BE7>7NB57:4 B42 91[EB>B4F1 8:9 5<1 6BL1 :8 ;:57:4K (<161 B5597E@516 B91 5<1

5B9?156 8:9 ICB4`6 2791F57:4H B F195B74 7991D19145 <@;:9 6: :88<B42 5<B5 75 6<B216 B>;:65



207

7;=19F1=57E>G 5: 6B5791H F:;E7412 C75G 6=1F787F 61461 :8 =<G67FB> ;:D1;145 5<B5

14?B?16 C75< B42 1R=916616 5<1 6F97=56J 5BF57F6K

!-A(6 ̀. P++= B42 9(*02(`. 9-*0(* B91 ;1;E196 :8 5<1 :ET1F5 F<B61 6@E[?1491H C<:61

4B99B57D16 59BFL 5<1 ;:D1;145 :8 B4 :ET1F5 5<9:@?< 5<1 ;761 14 6FZ41H B4 :ET1F5 @6@B>>G

7;E@12 C75< ;15B=<:97FH 6G;E:>765 B42g:9 ;15:4G;7F ;1B474?6 B42 =:C196K '6 6@F<H 5<1

F<B616 B8519 6@F< ;1B474? 14@4F7B516 721:>:?716H =9:5B?:4765 ?:B>6H 1;:57:4B> 1R=91667:46H

B42 6: :4K \:@?<>G F:451;=:9B41:@6 B42 DB9712 1RB;=>16 74F>@21 5<1 w,/// 74 ICB4J6

:C4 %'( ),.2E( ;0+*D (1948), 5<1 978>1 74 '45<:4G ]B44`6 S2,C'(.0(* èO +,-c/0H B42 5<1

1B9974?6 74 ]BR "=<x>6` !-E-=( E(HHH +,-c.0H E@5 C<7>1 5<:61 87>;6 8:F@6 :4 :ET1F5

F79F@>B57:4H ICB4J6 2@: 76 BE:@5 674?@>B9 91F:D19G EG B4 7427D72@B>K (<161 751;6 B91

1D7214F1 :8 >::61 ;:9B>75G 5<B5 76 C7>2 74 5<1 C:9>2 B42 41126 5: E1 61F@912K (BL14 8@95<19*

8:9 5<161 <7?<>G F:45B7412 B42 B9F<751F5:47F 87>;6H 1D7214F1 :8 =B654166H :8 B 57;1>741 5<B5

1R7656 1R5197:9 5: 5<1 9::;6` B42 91>B57:46<7=6J F:487416H 41126 5: E1 6@==916612K %4 5<76

61461 5<1 6>7= B42 5<1 ?B9519 B91 59@1 #@991B>765 :ET1F56 5<B5 5<91B514 4:5 T@65 5<1 8BE97F :86:F715G E@5 >7519B>>G 5<1 8:9; 5<B5 1R=916616 B42 F:45B746 75* 5<179 91=916145B57:4 745:

F741;BK (<1 1457915G :8 E:5< 87>;6 1R765 8:9 5<76 =@9=:61H 6: 5<B5 :4F1 5<1 "ET1F5 76 FB@?<5

B42 27D16512 :8 756 =:C19H 5<1 ;:D716 ;@65 142MB42 5<1 C:9>2 97?<5 7561>8H 65BE7>7N12K X<B5

<B==146 74 E15C114 76 4: 2:@E5 5<1 F:4D1457:4B> 65@88 :8 ;B4G B E129::; 8B9F1K ^@5 5<76

2791F5:9 76 4B5@9B>>G 875512 8:9 6@F< B457F6K

ICB4`6 74519165 74 5<1 6=B57B> ;B==74? :8 F<B9BF5196 76 B5 B 8914157F =1BL C75< 5<161 ;:D716K

^7>> _9:<4 <B6 C975514 :4 OB2T:7474? 6=BF16P B6 5<1 O;:65 F:;;:4 6=B57B> =B9B27?; 8:9

ICB4`6 =>:56HPA C<7F< 742112 611;6 59@1H E@5 C<B5 ;BL16 5<1 87>;;BL19 6=1F7B> 74 5<76

91?B92 764`5 67;=>G <76 =>:5574? E@5 <76 F741;B* 5<1 ;:57:4 5<9:@?< 6=BF16K ICB4 76 B =:15

:8 D1F5:96H ;:D1;145 B42 2791F57:4B>75GQ <76 B2T:7474? 6=BF16 4:5 :4>G 619D1 5: 21>741B51

5<1 BF57:4 E@5 5: >74L 1BF< 61?;145 :8 756 59BT1F5:9G 5<9:@? ;:;145@; :8514

6@65B7412 8:9 756 :C4 6BL1H B42 6:;157;16 1D14 6@??16574? B4 7487475G :8 >74L74? D1F5:96H B6

78 1BF< 6=BF1 C191 B <74?1 :8 B >B9?19H 61>8[=19=15@B574? ;:D1;145K $<B9BF5196 B91

F:465B45>G 59BD19674? :41 6721 5: 5<1 :5<19MB42 :8514 EBFL B?B74K . O#7216P B91 87965 B42

8:91;:65 6=B57B>H E@5 @6@B>>G FB99G ;:9B> 7;=>7FB57:46H 1R=916612 F>1B4>G B42 2791F5>G 74 B

CBG 5<B5 76 B F:46765145 91;74219 5<B5 5<76 2791F5:9 E1?B4 <76 C:9L 1B9>G 74 5<1 67>145 19B

C<14 ;:9B>75G CB6 :8514 5:=7F 4@;E19 :41K %4 ICB4J6 F741;BH ;:9B>75G 76 59B46;@512 745:

F:;12716 B42 29B;B6 :8 L74157F B>>1?7B4F16H C<:61 6721[6CB==74?H F:65@;1[F<B4?74?H B42;:9B>[T@??>74? 297D1 5<1 L74157F 5:[74? B42 89:[74? 5<B5 ;BL16 @= 5<76 D1F5:9 F741;BK



208

" 0DF2C-6 .C(,( 2, e= 74 ]BE1>J6 \::;K %'( -**+1.fAD "E*2-, >5**Df2,E2C-0( C'-*-C0(*

7(C0+*.H



209

" 0DF2C-6 .C(,( 2, a15574? a19571J6 aB9519K %'( -**+1.fAD "E*2-, >5**Df2,E2C-0( C'-*-C0(*

7(C0+*.H



210

!-A(6`. P++= B42 9(*02(`. 9-*0(* B91 5<1 =@9165 1R=91667:4 :8 5<76 ;B441976;K ^:5< 65:9716

S@7FL>G ?15 B>> =B957F7=B456 74 5<1 8B9F1ME18@22>12 <@6EB42H 1RB6=19B512 C781H F:G :>2

8>B;1H B6 C1>> B6 B 615 :8 =9:= F<B9BF5196 5: 875 745: 5<1 9165 :8 5<1 65:9G`6 619716 :8

;76@421965B4274?6H 74F>@274? B ;B99712 F:@=>1 C<:61 87?<574?[;B997B?1 76 ;:91 6146757D1

5: 748721>75GM76:>B512 5: B <:@61 74 5<1 F:@459G C75< B6 ;B4G B2T:7474? 61F:42 8>::9

E129::;6 B6 =:667E>1K (<1 6F97=56 6597= F<B9BF5197NB57:46 2:C4 5: 5<179 F:91H >1BD74? 5<1

:651467E>1 F:45145 :8 5<1 87>;6 >755>1 ;:91 5<B4 5<1 ;:57:4 :8 5<1 E129::; 9:@421>BG F<B61

8:9 5<1 "ET1F5K (<1 <:@61`6 2:C465B796 76 @612 8:9 ?9:@= ?B5<1974?6 B42 276F@667:46H C75<

5<1 @=65B796H B>:4? C75< 5<1 9::8 5<B5 F:441F56 C742:C6 :@56721 5<1 E129::;6 +B42 74

9(*02(R. 9-*0(* H B4 B22757:4B> 5C:[65:9G EB940H B6 5<1 EB55>1?9:@42 5199B74 8:9 1>BE:9B51

817?474? B42 6=B9974?K

3:9 5<1 ;B5<1;B57FB>>G 74F>7412 ICB4Hp 5<76 615574? B42 =>:5 F:46575@516 B 97=1 14D79:4;145

8:9 B ;15<:27FB> B42 1R<B@657D1>G F:;=91<1467D1 5:@9 :8 F<B9BF519 F:;E74B57:46H F9:66[

;B997B?1 B>>7B4F16H 74419[91>B57:46<7= 6=B56H 51;=:9B9G F:B>757:46 B42 7427D72@B>D7?7>B4576;K ' 61S@14F1 74 !-A(6R. FB4 E1 ;B2274?>G ;B==12H 5<@6>G* 3 6=716 ' B42 $

L76674? 74 :41 9::; B42 ;1457:46 75 5: IH C<: 5<74L6 <1 76 5B>L74? BE:@5 ' B42 h L76674? 74

B4:5<19H C<7F< <1 6BCK &B519H 75 5@946 :@5 ' CB6 L76612 EG E:5< $ -,E hH B42H @=65B796H I B42

3 91B>7N1 5<179 ;765BL1H T@;=74? :4 'H C<: 76 4:C 87?<574? C75< ^ :D19 5<1 91D1>B57:4K X<7>1

9(*02(J6H >7L1 5<76* ' B42 $ 6S@BEE>1 74 $`6 E129::;H E@5 C<14 ^ 6<:C6 @= ' <7216 74 5<1

F>:615K '8519 ^ B42 $ >1BD1H ' 1R756 5<1 F>:615 B42 I 145196 5<1 9::;Q $ <1B96 5<1 5C: 74 <19

9::;H B42 5<1G 8>11 5: ' B42 ^J6 9::;H C<7F< 5<1G 1R75 B42 91[14519 $J6 9::; C75< hK %5`6

5<97>>74?>G 5127:@6H 5<1 2BC474? 91B>7NB57:4 5<B5 5<161 ;:D716 C7>> 611 5<179 =91;7616

5<9:@?< 5: 5<1 ;BR7;@; 5<916<:>2 @457> 5<1 F:@459G <:@616H B42 742112 5<1 9@457;1 B42

5<1 87>;6 5<1;61>D16H 611; 875 5: E@965 C75< 6=B57B>[F<B9BF519 F:4597DB4F16 B42 =196=1F57DB>

;76;B5F<16 74514212 5: <@65>1 278819145 =1:=>1 89:; :41 9::; 5: B4:5<19 @4219

1R<B@6574? =9151R56K

(<76 6=7975 :8 TB@45G ;15<:27FB>4166 ;BL16 75 875574? 5<B5 ICB4 C:@>2 T:74 5<1 F>7S@1 :8

B@5:[91;BL1 87>;;BL196H 5<:61 C<: F<:61 5: 91;BL1 5<179 :C4 ;:D716K +' ?9:@= C<7F<

4:5BE>G <1C6 F>:61>G B9:@42 5<1 F>B667FB> U:>>GC::2 1=:F<H C<7F< 6@F< 2791F5:96 B6 3:92H

U75F<F:FLH UBCL6H &@E756F<H ]F$B91GH "N@H B42 XB>6<H C75< 6:;1 ;:2194765 :@5>7196 >7L1

UB41L1 B42 fBF:E6Q ;B4G :8 5<161 C:9L6H 5<:@?< 4:5 5<1 5C: ICB4 87>;6H C191

=9:?9B;;12 EG '45<:>:?G 37>; '9F<7D16 74 F:>>BE:9B57:4 C75< $K ]B6:4 X1>>6 74 ]B9F<HA/,, 74 5<1 619716 O'@5:[\1;BL16PK0 (<1 91[FB6574? :8 I14476 "`_1181H 5<:@?<H 5BL16 5<76

=9:8:@42 ;15B[7465B4F1 :8 5<1 6@991B>76; :8 ICB4`6 :5<19C761 @4:E59@67D1 F741[

;B5<1;B57F6 5: B4:5<19 >1D1>M<1`6 >7519B>>G L11=74? B DB97BE>1 721457FB> B42 5<14 59G74?

:@5 5<1 8:9;@>B B?B74K (<1 BF5:9J6 2:@E>1 1R76514F1 B>6: 6@??1656 B4 1R5197:975G 5: 5<1

7427D72@B> 65:9G[C:9>26H B6 78 "J_1181 C191 B 59B46[F741;B57F 59BD1>>19 F:4574@B>>G ?15574?

65@FL 74 +:9 91[>7D74?H 91[291B;74?0 6:;1 ^:9?167B4H 9*+5,E'+4 3-D 47?<5;B91 :8 F<B674? B



211

59B46;:?978G74? :ET1F5 5<9:@?51912 <:@61 >BG:@56H 5@R12:J2 97DB>6 B42

E>:421gE9@41551 F:;E74B57:46K +' =B957F@>B9>G =19D1961 91B274? ;7?<5 611 "J_1181J6

9174FB94B57:4 B6 5<1 91B> "ET1F5 5<B5 41126 5: E1 61F@912 B42 59B4S@7>7N12K hD14 ;:91

1R591;1 C:@>2 E1 74F:9=:9B574? "A*+-E 120' %1+ U-,/. y,-ppz B42 T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,.

y,-pczH 5<1 74519F1274? ICB4[#;B>>["J_1181 87>;6H 745: B 6<B=1[6<78574? L74157F 5B=1659G :8

8758@> CB957;1 B4R715G B42 6578>12 1419?GK0 X7591B2G BE:@5

F:487?@9B57:4 B42 D71C=:7456 :8 F:487?@9B57:46H 5<76 6@E5>1 91D767:4H BL74 5: "N@J6 :E>7S@1

;:D1;145 89:; K-0( ;F*2,4 +,-p-0 5: K-0( "505=, +,-W/0 B42 ", "505=, "G0(*,++,

+,-WA0H 6@??1656 B D19G 6=1F787F L742 :8 ;:2@>B9H F@E765 65G>1 :8 87>;;BL74?K XB5F<74? 5<1

ICB4 87>;6 76 >7L1 CB5F<74? B ;B5<1;B57F7B4 6<:C <76 C:9LMG:@ @421965B42 41B9 5<1

D19G E1?74474? 5<1 6:>@57:4 E@5 <BD1 5: 27>7?145>G ;BL1 6@91 5<1 2791F5:9 F*+7(. <76

6:>@57:4 89:; B>> 67216K

%4 5<1 ;1B457;1H 5: B>>1D7B51 5<1 74<19145 B42 ;@>575@274:@6 =:667E7>75716 :8 675@B57:4B>

5127@; B42 5<1 61461M74F:991F5M:8 912@42B4FG C75<74 5<1 8B9F1H F:;16 5<1 FB918@>EB>B4F74? BF5 :8 >7?<54166 5: 5<1 =:745 :8 67;@>5B41:@6 897D:>75G B42 ;19F7>166 6:F7B>

6L1C1974?K (<1 F<B9BF5196 B91 6: 6FB9F1>G 2187412 1RF1=5 EG ;:57:4M5<9:@?< 2::96H :@5

C742:C6H @4219 E126H 5<9:C4 BE:@5H ?:74? 746721 B42 ?:74? :@5M5<B5 C1 611; 5: E1

CB5F<74? B <7?<>G D:>B57>1H G15 FB918@>>G 5@412 ;BF<741H B4 BE659BF5 F:4659@F57:4 :8 8:9F1

;:D74? ;B5519 5<9:@?< 6=BF16K +"J_1181J6 6@E>7;1 T@;=74166 76 :41 :8 5<1 =974F7=B>

1419?7N196H B6 75 76 74 <76 :5<19 ICB4 ;B6519=71F1H T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,.K0 (<76 89:5<G D:>B57>75G

@42196F:916 5<1 =>BGJ6 746727:@6 =916@;=57:4 5<B5 6@F< ?::2 8971426M>15 B>:41 5<1

;B99712 B42 5<1 14?B?12tMC:@>2 E1 6: S@7FL 5: 2:@E5 1BF< :5<19`6 8721>75G B42 ;:57D16K

3:9 B 615 :8 87>;6 74 C<:61 29B;B 5<1 CB9 9B?74? B9:@42 5<1 C:9>2 ?:16 EB91>G ;1457:412H

5<1 =91FB97:@64166 C75< C<7F< !-A(6`. P++= B42 9(*02(`. 9-*0(* ;:E7>7N1 <:;189:45

91>B57:46<7=6 611;6 B6 ;@FB574? 74 5<1 21=:=@>B512 6:F715G B5 <:;1K

(<1 87>;6 B91 FBE74 81D19 B6 9B@F:@6 8B9F1H 5<1 ;795<8@> 5@9474? :4 :41J6 :C4 74 B DBF@@;K

(<1 EBFL65BEE74? 5@94BE:@56H 591B5G[E91BL196 B42 51;=:9B9G B>>7B4F16 B>> 611; >7L1

659B5B?1;6 :8 CB9H E@5 CB9 B5 5<1 9B57:412 <:;1 89:45MF:467219 5<1 G1B96 5<1 87>;6 C191

;B21H C75< 5<179 =B>59G E@2?15 B42 61>8[6@887F7145 91?@9?75B57:4K !-A(6R. :=1474? 575>16

E9BN14>G 746765 B42 F:;=B91* OXB9474?t %4 6=751 :8 1D19G5<74? G:@ ;BG <BD1 <1B92 5: 5<1

F:459B9GH 5<76 76 B CB9 =7F5@91t %5 5BL16 ?91B5 F:@9B?1 5: E:;E ^19>74M5: 87?<5 5<1 fB=6 745<1 T@4?>16 :8 5<1 iBF787FM5: =@6< 5<1 )BN76 :@5 :8 '897FB B42 :88 5<1 ]:@45B746 :8 %5B>GM

^@5H 272 G:@ 1D19 59G 5: L11= B 61F915 89:; G:@9 C781Y ^9:5<19H 5<B5J6 CB9tP X<: C:@>24J5

?: ;B2 59B==12 74 6@F;H 74 6@F;;BL74? 746B475GH BF57D75G 8:9

5<1 61461 :8 BF57D75GK "9 =19<B=6 T@65 ;BL74? 5<1 ;:65 :8 C<B5 >755>1 :41 <B6Y ICB4 CB6H

B8519 B>>H S@751 =9:@2 :8 <76 1F:4:;G :8 ;1B46 B42 6@F< 5<74?6 B6 91[@674? 6156 8:9 :5<19



212

=9:2@F57:46K (<76 27=5GF< 5BL16 5<B5 742@6597B> 89@?B>75G 5: 41C >14?5<6K (<1 F:45B7412H

91FGF>12H 9187?@912 4B5@91 :8 5<161 C:9L6 >1426 4:5 :4>G B =9:8:@42 61461 :8 BE659BF57:4H

E@5 B>6: :8 B =<G67F6 >BE:9B5:9G 1R=197;145Kc ' E1B@578@> =>BF1 5: C:9L B42 5165 B42 =>BGM

E@5 756 41F166B9G F:487416 FB4 E1F:;1 6578>74?K '91 5<1 F<B9BF5196 ;B2 E1FB@61 :8 5<1 C:9>2

5<1G >7D1 74H :9 76 5<1 C:9>2 ;B2 E1FB@61 :8 5<1 L742 :8 =1:=>1 C<: 74<BE75 75Y (<179

89112:; 76 :8 B ;:D1;145 <1>2 74 F<1FL EG 5<1 :5<196 B9:@42 5<1; B42 5<1 6=BF16 E15C114

C<7F< 5<1G 97F:F<15K h>:S@145>G 8BF5@B> 91[B99B4?1;1456H 5<1G B91 L1=5 74 76:>B57:4 8:9 81B9

:8 F:45B;74B574? :5<196M:9 <BD74? 5<1;61>D16 7481F512K

, '>>B4 ICB4H OaB>>:=74? (745G=16PK %4519D71CK %4 S'+ 0'( 3(726 !-E( )0@ >+,7(*.-02+,. 120'

K(4(,E-*D ?26= 32*(C0+*.H i1519 ^:?2B4:D7F< +)1C j:9L* ^B>>B45741 ^::L6H ,--d0 ,,,K

A ^7>> _9:<4H l(<1 $>788 B42 5<1 3>@;1Hl ;(,.(. +G >2,(=- Am +A//.0H BFF16612 fB4@B9G ,cH

A/,.H <55=*gg614616:8F741;BKF:;gA//.g81B5@91[B957F>16gF>788nB42n8>@;1g. _9:<4J6 B957F>1H F7512 BE:D1H 76 87>>12 C75< 1RB;=>16K ]B4G :8 ICB4J6 X1651946 E974? 5: B

8:9189:45 EBFL B42 8:95< ;:D1;145H 89:; ?*+,02(* !-*.'-66 J6 +,-.-0 F:4574@B> ;:D1;145

89:; :41 6B>::4 5: B4:5<19 BF9:66 (:;E65:41J6 F1459B> 659115 5: %'( S+=-, %'(D "6=+.0

KD,C'(E J6 +,-c.0 =B9B27?;B57F 615574? :8 B $7D7> XB9[19B 5:C4 >7519B>>G :4 B E:9219

E15C114 ):95< B42 #:@5< C<7F< F<B9BF5196 59BD1> E15C114K ^@5 5<76 L742 :8 ;:D1;145

657FL6 5: ICB4 B42 59B46F1426 ?1491* #-7D S2G(J6 +,-.c0 EB61[<:==74?Q !-, 0+ !-,J6

+,-./0 61=B9B57:4 :8 5<1 6:4J6 T:E B5 5<1 EB4L :4 :41 6721 :8 5<1 659115 C75< <76 8B5<19J6

EB9E196<:= :4 5<1 :5<19Q "A*+-E 120' %1+ U-,/ J6 :6F7>>B57:4 E15C114 '@6671 ;B467:4 B42

eK#K '9;G EB61Q >-6(,E-* 92*6 J6 +,-pd0 5141;145 6S@B91 :8 E@7>274?6 5<B5 B>>:C ;:D1;145E15C114 :41 E@7>274? 5: B4:5<19 D7B =B57:6 B42 CB>>6Q 5<1 =B5<6 59:2 E15C114 2B@?<519J6

8>B5H B 59:>>:=1J6 8>B5H B42 B 418B97:@6 F9:66[659115 6B>::4 74 S'26( L-*2. ;6((F. +,-.A0MB

6B>::4 C<7F< <B6 B4 @4219?9:@42 =B66B?1 5: 5<1 65:91 41R5 2::9H E15C114 C<7F< ;B4G

=1:=>1 F:;1 B42 ?:K (<1 >765 :4>G 1R=B426K "5<19 87>;6H >7L1 8(2E2 +,-.d0H 3*2G01++E +,-pd0H

B42 ",4(6 2, :Z26( +,-pm0 <BD1 B ;:91 8B45B657F B==9:BF< 5: 6=B57B>>G ;B==12 ;:D1;145H

C75< F<B9BF5196 C<: 59BD1> E15C114 5C: =>BF16H C75< :41 =>BF1 E174? 4:;74B>>G O91B>P +74

5<:61 1RB;=>16H 5<1 F75GH 5<1 5:C4H 5<1 ;7410 B42 5<1 :5<19 E174? 4:;74B>>G 8B45B657F B42

:5<19C:9>2>G +5<1 ;:@45B74 D7>>B?1H 5<1 ?<:65 5:C4H 5<1 ]1R7FB4 D7>>B?10K

p U191J6 ICB4 74 5<1 ^:?2B4:D7F< 74519D71C* O#5:9716H 5: ;1H C191 ;B5<1;B57FB>

=9:E>1;6MB6 ;:65 =9:E>1;6 C191K (<191J6 B>CBG6 B ;B5<1;B57FB> 6:>@57:4 5: B4G5<74?K

i9:EBE>G 78 % <B2 B 51F<47S@1H 75 CB6 ;B5<1;B57FB>K +KKK0 KKK% 4:57F12 % CB6 C:9L74?

1F:4:;7FB>>GK ):5 74 B #F:56;B4J6 61461H E@5 74 519;6 :8 14?7411974? :9 ;B5<1;B57F6M5<1

1>7;74B57:4 :8 1R59B41:@6 ;B5519K +KKK0 ^@5 1D19G5<74? % 272 CB6 597B4?>16 C75< ;1K %8 %

F:4659@F512 B 65:9G B42 % <B2 8:@9 F<B9BF5196 74 75H %J2 =@5 5<1; 2:C4 B6 2:56 B42 78 5<1G

2724J5 <::L @= 745: 597B4?>16H 78 B4G :8 5<1; C191 >185 2B4?>74? :@5 5<191 C75<:@5 B 6@887F7145



213

91>B57:46<7= 5: B4G :8 5<1 9165H % L41C % <B2 5: 276FB92 5<1; E1FB@61 5<1GJ2 E1 B 27659BF57:4K

'42 G:@J91 :4>G 91>B512 5: =1:=>1 5<9:@?< 597B4?>16 :9 >7416K %8 %J; 91>B512 5: B 5<792 =196:4

B42 G:@J91 4:5H 5<191J6 6:;15<74? C9:4? 74 :@9 91>B57:46<7= 5:?15<19K "41 :8 @6 76 2B4?>74?K

#: % 6BGH VU:C 2: % 5712 5<B5 =196:4 5: G:@Y U:C 2: % F:;=>151 5<B5 >741YJ '42 % <BD1 5: C:9L

5<1 65:9G 6: % FB4 F:;=>151 5<B5 >741K %4 :5<19 C:926H F91B51 B 91>B57:46<7=H B4 74F72145H

6:;15<74? 5<B5 C7>> E974? @6 745: 5<1 1R5194B> 597B4?>1KP ICB4H OaB>>:=74? (745G=16HP W/[W,K

5 '?B74 5<B5 >::L B42 811> :8 91D19E19B57:4 B42 :6F7>>B57:4 74 F:48741;145K ):51 5<B5 9(*02(R.

9-*0(* 65B956 74 B >BE:9B5:9GK (<191 "J_1181 @4219?:16 B =9:F12@91 <1 <7;61>8 276F:D1912H

:41 C<7F< 8B7>6 B42 =9:2@F16 4:5<74? E@5 >@F74B57:46K %4 !-A(6R. P++= 5<76 5BL16 5<1

8:9; :8 B 2:;1657F 291B; 61S@14F1K



214

") h{$h##*)"(h# '\"e)I

TP:S;%:PR; !)KK)&#; +,-pc0

')I 3P)?%S&&3 +,-pd0

$B9>:6 &:67>>B(9B46>B512 EG IBD72 i<1>=6

T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,. +,-pc0 g 3*2G01++E +,-pd0

%K

T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,. +,-pc0 B42 3*2G01++E +,-pd0 8:9; 5C: 67216 :8 5<1 6B;1 F:74K X1 FB4

7?4:91 5<1 8BF5 5<B5 5<1 87965 8:9;6 =B95 :8 B FGF>1 :8 F:;12716 1R1F@512 EG '>>B4 ICB4 74 5<1

;72[,-p/6H B42 5<B5 5<1 61F:42 76 :41 :8 5<1 659B4?165 =9:T1F56 @42195BL14 EG B U:>>GC::2

87>;;BL19 74 5<1 6B;1 19BK X1 FB4 7?4:91 5<1 8BF5 5<B5H E15C114 1BF< :8 5<1;H ICB4 C:@>2



215

2791F5 :5<19 87>;6K X1 FB4 1D14 7?4:91 5<1 F:9916=:4214F16 E15C114 6:;1 :8 5<:61 :5<19

87>;6 B42 5<161 5C:K 3:9 4:CH % 2:4J5 CB45 B4G5<74? 5: 27659BF5 ;1H B6 C<B5 745191656 ;1 76

5: F:4F1459B51 :4 5<76 =B79H :4 5<179 611;74? :==:6757:4H 674F1 C<7>1 T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,.

B==1B96 5: E1 B 6B9FB657F 8BE>1 BE:@5 FB=75B>76;H 3*2G01++E 59BF16 75 5: 756 :97?746H 756 6:@9F1K

%4 5<1 8:9;19 87>;H B ;B4 :8 4: ?91B5 ?7856 <B6 5: >1B94 5: CB651 B ?91B5 B;:@45 :8 ;:41G 74

B E9718 6=BF1 :8 57;1 78 <1 76 5: 91F17D1 B4 74<1975B4F1 :8 ;7>>7:46K %4 5<1 61F:42H B ?79> 9B7612

:@56721 :8 5<1 6G651; >1B946 5<B5 B4G ?7D14 F:;;@475G 764J5 ?:D19412 EG 5<1 ^7E>1H E@5

9B5<19 EG 5<1 >BC6 :8 5<1 ;B9L15K (<1 ;B4 C<: <B6 1D19G5<74? 2:164J5 L4:C <:C 5: CB651

75K (<1 ?79> C<: <B6 4:5<74? 2:164J5 L4:C <:C 5: ?B74 B 5<74?K (<191J6 B S@1657:4 <191 :8

1F:4:;GH F741;B57FB>>G B6 C1>>H 674F1 T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,. 76 B ;747;B>765 8B9F1H 5:>2 C75< B4

B2;79BE>1 61461 :8 1>>7=676 B42H B5 5<1 6B;1 57;1H B4 BE@42B4F1 :8 F:;1EBFL6 B42 F:@4519[

F:;1EBFL6H B6 78 5<1 7;B?1 C191 9@4474? B?B7465 5<1 27B>:?@1Q C<7>1 D7F1[D196BH 3*2G01++E

76 B 27657>>12 =71F1 :8 ';197FB4BH 74 C<7F< :41 FB4 611 5<1 ;@>57=>1 6@E=>:56 6@E6@;12 745:

5<1 8BF1 :8 >755>1 )B5B>71 X::2H C<: BE6:9E6 B42 =9:F>B7;6 5<1; :4>GH 874B>>GH 5: E974? 5<1;

@4219 5<1 F:;;B42 :8 <19 :;47D:9:@6 ?BN1K X1 ;7?<5 6BG 5<B5 T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,. F:;16:@5 :8 B C:9>2 5<B5J6 E114 E:94 B41CH B8519 X:9>2 XB9 %%H :4>G 5: F:489:45 B4 1RF166 75 FB4J5

F:459:>K '42 C1 ;7?<5 6BG 5<B5 3*2G01++E B97616 89:; B C:9>2 5<B5 76 14274?H 5<1 ^7E>7FB>

@47D1961 :8 5<1 :97?746 :8 5<1 C:9>2H 74 :9219 5: 9165:91 75 5: 756 8:9;K ]:45G ^91C6519

+I14476 "J_11810 915@946 89:; 5<1 89:45 B42 87426 <7;61>8 8BF74? B F>14?1* <1 C7>> 74<1975

17?<5 ;7>>7:4 2:>>B96 78 <1 76 FB=BE>1 :8 CB6574? T@65 :41 ;7>>7:4 74 B F:@=>1 :8 ;:45<6K f144G

U:>>74?6C:95< +X::20 65B956 74 B 65B51 :8 4B5@91H F:45B;74B512 :4>G EG 91>7?7:@6 1>1;1456H

B42 >755>1 EG >755>1 F:;16 745: B F7D7>7NB57:4 5<B5 B5 87965 6<1 ;7659@656* 6<1 C7>> <BD1 5:

=:6757:4 <1961>8 B5 5<1 ?B516 :8 21B5< 5: E1 91E:94 B6 B4:5<19 =196:4K %4 6:;1 CBGH E:5<

87>;6 142 B5 5<1 6B;1 =:745H B5 B L742 :8 5<916<:>2 C<191 5<1G C7>> E1 59B46=:9512 5: B 41C

>781H C<15<19 :41 :8 ;B597;:47B> 916=:467E7>75716 :9 B2@>5<::2K

%%K

(<1 5<916<:>2 76 B5 :4F1 B4 7;B?1 B42 B 6<:5H C<7F< B91 5C: 278819145 5<74?6K ^:5< 87>;6

65B95 C75< B4 7;B?1 B42 142 C75BFL

;B4619DB45 F>1B46 5<1 C742:C :8 5<1 <:@61M5<1 6F9114 :8 5<1 ;:D71 5<1B519M6: 5<B5 C1

FB4 611 746721K '5 5<1 142H 5<1 2::9 F>:616 E1<742 5<1 5C: >:D196H C<: >1BD1 5: 9B578G 5<179

91>B57:46<7=H 6: 5<B5 C1 C:4J5 E1 BE>1 5: 611 B4G5<74? ;:91K '5 5<1 E1?74474? :8 3*2G01++E H

5<1 FB;19B 651B27>G B==9:BF<16 B 91?7:4 74 9@746H :@5 :8 C<7F< 5<191 97616 5<1 >@;74:@6 8BF1:8 f144GH @457> 75 <B6 91BF<12 5<1 =97DB51 ;:;145 C<14 6<1 6116 5<1 :@56721 C:9>2K '5 5<1

142H 75J6 5<B5 6B;1 8BF1 C<7F< C7>> :D195BL1 5<1 145791 6F9114H 6<78574? :@9 B551457:4 5:CB92

6:;15<74? C1J>> 41D19 611K ' 21;B9FB57:4 E15C114 5<1 745197:9 B42 5<1 1R5197:9* 5<1 8BF1 B6

;@F< B6 5<1 2::9 =9:;7616 7;B?16 5<B5 756 D19G 6<:5 C7>> F>:61 :88K (<1 65:9G F:4574@16

:@56721 :8 5<1 =>:5 74 5<1 6B;1 CBG 6: 5<B5H 5<9:@?<:@5 E:5< 87>;6H ;B4G 5<74?6 91;B74

@46114K X<G @61>166>G CB651 7;B?16Y ICB4J6 F741;B 611;6 5<1 74FB94B57:4 :8 6@F< B4



216

1F:4:;7FB> 6=7975K ^91C6519 87426 <7;61>8 7;=1>>12 5: CB651 T@65 B6 5<1 7;B?16 5142 5:

;@>57=>GK f144G =B6616 89:; 5<1 65B51 :8 4B5@91 5: F7D7>7NB57:4 T@65 B6 <19 6@99:@4274?6 C7>>

6@2214>G E1F:;1 E@65>74?H 6<785 89:; 5<179 74757B> 6:>75@21 5: 5<1 F:;;@4B> 65B51 5<B5 76

874B>>G B55B7412 B5 5<1 142K (<1 S@1657:4 76 <:C 5: BFF:@45 8:9 5<76 1RF166 74 6:;1 CBGK "4

5<1 :41 <B42H 75J6 5<1 F<B9BF5196 C<: C7>> 14BF5 75K "4 5<1 :5<19 <B42H 75J6 5<1 65:9G 7561>8K %4

T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,.H 5<1 1RF166 :8 CB651 ;@65 >1B2 5: 5<1 F:4F>@67:4 0'-0 0+ '-7( ,+0'2,4 2. 0+

'-7( (7(*D0'2,4K %4 3*2G01++E H 5<1 1RF166 :8 1D1456 E1B96 :@5 0'-0 F6(,0D .0-*0. 120' ,+0'2,4H

T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,. 59B46=7916 :D19 5C: ;:45<6 B42 G15H 75 91>BG6 B 61461 :8 <G=4:57F

=B9B>G676K 3*2G01++E 5BL16 =>BF1 :D19 EB91>G B C11L142 E@5 BFF9@16 1D1456 5<B5 611; B6

5<:@?< 5<1GJD1 5BL14 ;:45<6 5: >7D1 5<9:@?<K ICB4 65915F<16 B42 F:;=916616 57;1 74 6@F76; :8 <76 65G>1 E1F:;16 B4 :41797F 5<74?K U1H 5::H 76 CB6518@> 6: 5<B5 <1

FB4 F@9E <7;61>8 C<14 75J6 41F166B9GK %5J6 5<76 5<B5 F:;=97616 F>B667FB> F741;B B5 5<1 65B95 :8

756 F97676* 41D19 5: :D19651= 5<1 E:@42B9716H 4: ;B5519 C<B5 5<1 51;=5B57:4 5: 2: 6:K '42 75J6

5<76 51467:4 5<B5 6<:@>2 E1 4:512K

%%%K

%4 5<1 FB61 :8 ICB4H C<191 2:16 5<1 61F915 >71Y %4 T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,.H 1D19G5<74? <B==146

B6 78 746721 B FB=6@>1H C<191 5<1 F<B9BF5196 B==1B9 B42 276B==1B9 74 6=BF16 5<B5 611; 5: E1

7421=142145 89:; 1BF< :5<19H E@5 B91 74 91B>75G 74519F:441F512K (<1 <:@61 76 5<1 5199B74 :8

5<1 91B>H C<191 2:;1657F75G 8B>5196K (<1 :887F1 :88196 B ;761 14 6FZ41 :8 756 :C4H ;B6L74?

^91C6519J6 61F915H B6 C1>> B6 ICB4J6* 4:5 5<B5 B>> 5<1 C:9>2 76 B 65B?1H E@5 5<B5 75J6 B L742 :8

=@9?B5:9GH B >7;E: E15C114 ?::2 ;B44196 B42 5<1 F<B:6 :8 <@;B4 91>B57:46K (<1B519 7561>8

C7>> B==1B9 >B519H C<14 ^91C6519 21F7216 5: 74D165 74 B =>BG 5<B5 C7>> 8B7> ;7619BE>G :4

^9:B2CBGK %4 3*2G01++E H 5<1 87965 5<74? 5<B5 f144G <B6 5: >1B94 76 5<B5 OU:C B91 G:@YP 76 B

6:F7B> 8:9;@>B 5: C<7F< 5<191 76 4: 4112 5: 916=:42 B5 >14?5<K '42 <191 E1?746 <19 74757B57:4

:45: 5<1 =198:9;74? 65B?1H C<191 6<1 ;@65 =>BG[BF5 C7575G 5<B5 B91 4:5<74? ;:91 5<B4 B ;B6LK (<1 874B> 6<:5 76 5<B5 ;B6LH 0'( F(*.+,

'(*.(6G H C<: 4:C B44:@4F16 5<B5 5<1 6:F7B> :9219 76 =B9B2761K 3:9 5<76 :9219 5: 1R765H

<:C1D19H 756 >7;756 ;@65 E1 59B46?916612H C<7F< FB4 916@>5 B5 57;16 74 2B4?19K %4 :41

=B957F@>B9>G 2765@9E74? 6F141 74 T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,.H 5<1 =9:5B?:4765 76 6114 6@99:@4212 EG

B>F:<:>H =7>>6H =B74L7>>196K U1 91;B746 B6>11= C<7>1 5<1 ;::4 74 <76 B>;B4BF F:;16 5: >781 5:

6=1BL 5: <7;K (<76 B==B9757:4 :8 5<1 67476519 B66@;16 5<1 B==1B9B4F1 :8 B 47?<5;B91 5<B5 76

B>6: B ;:;145B9G 91=971D1 89:; 5<1 C:9>2H >7L1 B F<B6; 5<B5 6@2214>G B>>:C6 5<1 BEG66 5:E1 6114K 3*2G01++E H 8:9 756 =B95H ;:D16 89:; :9=<B4<::2 5: B F:;;@475G C<:61 :9219 76

:4>G B ?@761H 1B67>G E9:L14H B42 C<7F< F9BFL6 C<14 5<1 @4F:459:>>BE>1 B==1B96H 7>>4166H 5<1

5G=<@6 5<B5 I9K #51D1 X1E6519 +I1B4 fB??190H f144GJ6 F@65:27B4H <B2 =9127F512K '42 C<14

5<76 BE6:>@51 1D7> E16156 5<1 >755>1 ?79>H E:5< FB5B659:=<1 B42 ;79BF>1 C7>> 146@1K X75<

21>7FB51 6146757D75GH ICB4 6<:C6 5<1 2:F5:9 C:9L74?H 5<1 =<B9;BF765 B2;747651974? 5<1 >781[

6BD74? 619@;H B42 5<1 =97165 =9BG74?K (<161 B66:9512 6:F7B> 8@4F57:46 B91 74519C:D14H B5 5<1



217

6B;1 57;1 5<1G =:745 5:CB926 6:;15<74? F@9B57D1K (<1 6:F7B> =198:9;B4F1 C7>> 142 C75<

f144GJ6 7>>4166 T@65 B6 @=:4 ^91C6519J6 CBL74?H <76 >755>1 C:9>2 C7>> S@7FL>G E1 9165:912K

%kK

(<1 65B?16 :8 FB=75B>76;H 97516 :8 =B66B?1H 597B>6 5<B5 ;@65 E1 C:4H 5<916<:>26 5<B5 ;@65 E1

F9:6612H DB97:@6 =198:9;B4F16 B42 ;761[14[6FZ416H 4B99B57D1 97856 5<B5 6<785 89:; :41 65B51

5: B4:5<19u %4 5<161 5C: 87>;6 :8 ICB4H E:5< 6: 91=916145B57D1 :8 <76 65G>1H 1D19G5<74? 76

;:D74? <191[B42[5<191H 76 74 F:465B45 ;:57:4H E@5 75J6 :4>G 5<1 :@519 B==1B9B4F1 5<B5 C1

611H B6 78 5<9:@?519 5<B5 B5 57;16 E974?6 5<76 =9:?91667:4 5: B 5* 74 T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,.H

5<1 47?<5;B91 6F141 76 6114 5<9:@?< 5<1 1G16 :8 B L1G<:>1 EG B F:467219BE>1 ?9:@= :8

=1:=>1Q 74 3*2G01++E H 5<1 2:F5:9 C7>> @61 B ;7F9:6F:=1 5: 6<:C 5<1 ?79> 5<1 5G=16 :8 EBF5197B

916=:467E>1 8:9 5<1 7>>4166 5<B5 >B519 :4 C7>> 41B9>G E1 <19 21;761K (<1 ;15B=<:97FB> ;:578 :8

916@991F57:4 5<B5 76 =916145 74 E:5<H C<15<19 74 ^91C6519`6 BCBL1474? :9 5<1 91F:D19G :8

5<1 >755>1 ?79>H 91S@7916 74519;127B9716 5: F:45B74 5<1 675@B57:4H 5: 675@B51 75 74 B ;B4B?1BE>16=BF1K %4 5<B5 61461H f144G`6 l915@94 5: >781l 76 B6 F>:61 5: $B9> (<K I91G19`6 &*E(0 +,-cc0 B6

5: fBFS@16 (:@941@9`6 ;0-*. 2, !D >*+1, +,-c/0H 87>;6 74 C<7F166 1R=>7F75

l916@991F57:4l B>6: 5BL16 =>BF1M5<1 =9:2@F5 :8 5<1 :E6574BFG :8 B 87>;;BL19 C<: 65B?16 B

675@B57:4 B42 29BC6 75 :@5 5: 6@F1 <B6 5: ;B5197B>7N1K %4 &*E(0 H 75`6

f:<B4416 +i91E14 &192:988 \G10 C<: 5@946 <76 <:=1 745: B 91B>75G 74 5<1 =91614F1 :8 B ?9:@=

:8 1>2196 B42 :8 5<1 ?79> C<: <B6 297D14 <7; 5: 2: 75K %4 ;0-*. 2, !D >*+1,H iB96:4 a9BG +f:1>

]F$91B0 L411>6 5: =91G C75< <76 1G16 F>:612 B42H 59B468:9;74? 5<1 6=BF1H 746=7916 B 6:85

E911N1 5: F9:66 5<1 9::; @457> 5<1 C:;B4 BCBL16K (<1 766@1 76 :8 F91B574? 5<1 B21S@B51

F:42757:46H :8 E@7>274? @= B =198:9;B4F1 5<B5 B>>:C6 >781 5: E1 6114 B6 75`6 91E:94H 5<1 D19G

:ET1F57D1 :8 F741;BK %4 5<1 5C: ICB46H 5<1 ?BN1 :8 5<1 :5<196 76 C<B5 ;BL16 5<1 7;B?1 B9761

B41CH >781 91?B74 F:46F7:@64166K (<76 41C 651=H 4:C 89:; 65B676 5: ;:D1;145H 89:; B 657>>

>781 5: 5<1 E1B@5G :8 >7D74?H FB4 E1 :E619D12 B6 C1>> 74 :5<19 87>;;BL196 89:; ;:91 :9 >166

5<1 6B;1 19BK 3975N &B4?H 74 %'( S+=-, 2, 0'( S2,E+1 +,-pp0 B42 ;C-*6(0 ;0*((0 H >7519B>>G

F91B516 B C:;B4 +f:B4 ^144155 74 E:5<0 :@5 :8 5<1 ?BN1 :8 5<1 ;B4 C<: 2167916 <19

+h2CB92 aK \:E746:4H B?B74 74 E:5<0H C<15<19 5<9:@?< B4 11971 =B74574? :9 B 87?<5 74 B

21619512 659115 :4 B 9B74G 47?<5K '>8912 U75F<F:FLH 74 #+0+*2+5. +,-pW0H <B6 I1D>74 +$B9G

a9B450 915@94 '>7F7B +%4?972 ^19?;B40 5: 5<1 C:9>2 B8519 916F@74? <19 89:; 5<1 >7D74? 21B5<

5: C<7F< 6<1 <B2 E114 F:421;412 EG '>1RB4219 #1EB657B4 +$>B@21 \B7460K %4 K-5*- +,-pp0H

EG "55: i91;74?19H 2151F57D1 ]Fi<196:4 +IB4B '4291C60 E1F:;16 6: 74 >:D1 C75< B=B74574? :8 B 6@==:612>G 21B2 C:;B4 5<B5 5<1 675@B57:4 ;B4B?16 5: 91D195 5: 5<1 =B65H 5:

915@94 5<1 C:;B4 5: >781H 5: 5<1 65:9GK %4 U149G _74?`6 !-*42( +,-pW0H B4 145791 @47D1961H

5<B5 :8 B ;G5<7F :9 291B;G =B65H 76 74D:L12H B5 5<1 65B95 :8 5<1 87>;H EG B ;:5<19 B42 B ?79>

F:487412 5: B 9::; 5<B5 C7>> :=14 :@5 5<9:@?< 5<1 ?9BF1 :8 5<1 B95 :8 ;1;:9GK %4 f:<4 3:92`6

;'( S+*( - U(66+1 P2AA+, +,-p-0H $B=5B74 ^9755>16 +f:<4 XBG410 5B>L6 C75< <76 21B2 C781

C75< 6@F< F:4D7F57:4 5<B5H C<14 5<1 6<B2:C :8 5<1 G:@4? ">7D7B IB42972?1 +f:B441 I9@0 76



218

=9:T1F512 :4 5<1 ?9BD165:41H 75 611;6 B6 5<:@?> 5<161 <19:16 F91B51 675@B57:46 B=5 8:9 916@991F57:4H 74 6@F1?12 7;B?1H 5<B5 7;B?1 5<B5 F>B667FB> F741;B 6F:@96 8:9 5: >1?757;7N1 7561>8H 76 5<1 916@>5

:8 756 216791 5: >7D1K

kK

f1B4[i71991 $:@96:2:4 C97516 BE:@5 ICB4* l(<1 6@ET1F5 7561>8 76 7991>1DB45Q 5<1 D767:4

E1F:;16 B>>K X<191 B 2791F5:9 6@F< B6 &1: ]F$B91G ;7?<5 F:4T@91 @= 1;:57:4B> B887475716

C75< f1B4 \14:79H ICB4 @>57;B51>G ;@65 E1 F>B6678712 C75B57D1 B4B>G65 6@F< B6

jB6@T79: "N@ :9 \:E195: \:661>>747Kl , %5`6 B F@97:@6 F:;=B976:4H 674F1 216=751 5<179

@42147BE>1 9161;E>B4F16H "N@ B42 \:661>>747 B91 8@42B;145B>>G :==:612* 5<1 87965 51426 5:

8:F@6H 5: =>BG C75< 5<1 DB97BE>16 :8 B 6=BF1 B42 B 81C ?7D14 F<B9BF5196H :4 B 65B57F T:@941G

yD7BT1 74;|D7>zQ 5<1 61F:42 =918196 5: E9:B214 <76 871>2 :8 D767:4 F:4574@:@6>GH C<15<19 74

91>B57:4 5: 5<1 DB654166 :8 5<1 C:9>2 :9 5: 5<1 21>741B512 6@98BF1 :8 B 8BF1K "8 F:@961H B557;16 B 9::; B6 ;@F< B6 B 8BF1 FB4 F91B51 B4 145791 5199B74H E@5 5<B5`6 4:5 5<1 S@1657:4 <191K

(<1 766@1 :8 1F:4:;G 911;19?16 74 1BF< :8 5<161 FB616 674F1H C<7>1 "N@ 6BD16 @= 7;B?16H

\:661>>747 6=1426 5<1;K %64`5 75 B ;B5519H 5<14H :8 91BF<74? B =1981F5 1S@7>7E97@;H :8 6=14274?

C<B51D19 76 6BD12H :8 B997D74? B5 B ?9:@42 N19:Y %4 ICB4H 5<76 764`5 B55B7412 74 :4>G :41 87>;H

E@5 74 5<1 6=BF1 5<B5 1R51426 E15C114 5C: :9 ;:91 87>;6K 3:9 1RB;=>1H E15C114 T*(1.0(*`.

!2662+,. B42 3*2G01++E K (<1 87965 76 >7L1 B F:;7F D1967:4 :8 &B4?`6 S'26( 0'( >20D ;6((F.

+,-cc0H 74 C<7F< :4>G :41 :8 5<1 F<B9BF5196 2:164`5 6<B91 5<1 :ET1F57D16 :8 5<1 9165* 5<1

=6GF<:=B5<H C<: ;:D16 74 :==:6757:4 5: 6:F7B> ;:916H C<15<19 <1 E1 B L7>>19 :9 B

6=142B<:>7FK '6 8:9 5<1 9165H 5<1 6B;1 61461 1R7656 74 E:5< ICB46 :8 5<161 BDB97F7:@6

E>:C<B926H ;:57DB512 EG B;E757:4 B42 >@65 8:9 ;:41GH :E619D12 C75< 7FG 6<B9=4166H C75<

6597F5 F:4F767:4K (<1 >B5519 76 >7L1 B ;:91 :@5>B4276< DB97B57:4 :4 #B; X::2`6 &5* %+1,

+,-p/0H =:=@>B512 EG 87?@916 C<: L11= 5<1 =>:5 B42 7;B?16 1R=B4274? B42 1R=B4274? B6

5<1G 91D:>D1 B9:@42 5<76 :5<19 6:95H C<: 2:164`5 6<B91 5<1 ;:2165 =1F@47B9G 65B42B926 :8

<76 <@;E>1 F:;;@475G* <76 @47S@1 :E61667:4H B6 78 75 ;B21 <7; B4:5<19 =6GF<:=B5<H 76 5<1

74D1657?B57:4H 5: 1R59BF5 89:; 5<1 6;B>>165 T:5 :8 <76 ;7F9:6F:=1 6:;15<74? 14:9;:@6

6F7145787FB>>GK T*(1.0(*`. !2662+,. E1>:4?6 5: 5<1 ?9:@= :8 87D1 87>;6 5<B5 h2CB92 #;B>>

=9:2@F12 8:9 ICB4 E15C114 ,-pA B42 ,-pcK 3*2G01++E 76 74F>@212 74 5<1 =197:2 :8 <76

87>;:?9B=<G 5<B5 1R51426 89:; ,-pW 5: ,-cpH @4219 F:459BF5 C75< \1=@E>7FK X<B5 76 L4:C4

B6 5<1 l^ ;:D71l 76 ICB4`6 <:;1 5@98 8:9 BF57:4H B42 16=1F7B>>G 74 5<76 =197:2H C<14 #;B>> B6;@F< B6 \1=@E>7F B>>:C <7; B 87R12 871>2 C75<74 C<7F< 5: 1R=197;145H C<14 <1 76 BE>1 5:

91B>7N1 6;B>> DB97B57:46 C75<:@5 4112 :8 ?91B5 ;1B46H ;@F< B6 74 F<B;E19 ;@67FK '42 74

F:459B65 5: 5<1 F:65[F@5574? :8 5<1 =9:2@F57:4H 5<191 76 5<76 :@5=:@974? :8 918>1F512 >781H

E15C114 C<7F< 5<191 916@>56 B ?9:@42 N19:H 5<B5 =1981F5 =:745 :8 1S@7>7E97@; E15C114

BFF@;@>B57:4 B42 CB6518@>4166K ^7>> _9:<4 5BL16 @= 5<1 F:4F1=5 :8 l7;=9:2@F57D1

1R=14275@91Hl C75>1H 5: F<B9BF5197N1 ^91C6519KA '5 5<1 142 :8 5<1



219

87>;H ^91C6519`6 BFF:@45 E::L 91BF<16 N19:H E@5 B N19: 5<B5 C7>> =9:D721 41C S@B4575716 :8

;:41GK %4 5<1 6B;1 CBGH 5<1 ;15B=<:97F 1R=:6124166 :8 f144G +6114 74 5B55196 C75< :4>G B

E7E>1 B42 B 2:>>0H C7>> >1B2 5<1 2:F5:9 5: B E15519 1F:4:;7F 675@B57:4 5<B4L6 5: <76

1R=197;1456 C75< 5G=<@6K ^91C6519`6 81D19:@6 CB651 :8 ;:41G ;7?<5 E1 918>1F512 74 5<1

81D19 5<B5 f144G F:459BF56 B42 5<B5 @4;B6L6 <19 >781`6 B==B9145 89@?B>75GK (<1G E:5< 91BF<

E1G:42 5<1;61>D16H E1G:42 5<1 F>B667FB> ;:21> 5<B5 ^ ;:D716 :8819 74 ;747B5@91 5: 6<:C

5<1;61>D16 A244(* 0'-, 62G(K &7L1C761H ICB4`6 F741;B 5BL16 :88 89:; B =:745 :8 :@5CB92

=@975G +5<1 =@975G :8 5<1 =7:41196H B 4:57:4 4:C 91D7612 C75< 6@F< @9?14FG0 C75< 5<1 ?:B> :8

@4D17>74? 75H :8 1R=:674? 756 C974L>16H :8 6<:C74? 5<1 ;761 14 6FZ41 89:; C75<74 5<1 ;761 14

6FZ41H 5<1 916@991F57:4 :9 915@94 5: >781 B6 B 91[=9:2@F57:4 :8 5<B5 >781H :8 *(05*,2,4 20 0+

F*+E5C02+,K (<1 1RF166 5<B5 B>CBG6 51426 5: :@56597= 7561>8 74 F>B667FB> F741;B 76 C<B5H 74

ICB4`6 FB61H B66@;16 5<1 B==1B9B4F1 :8 6;B>>H @47;=:95B45 87>;6K (<1 ?9:@42 N19:H 5<14H 76

B>6: 5<B5 F:489:45B57:4 E15C114 5<1 7;;127B51 >1?7E7>75G :8 5<1 65:9G B42 5<1 27887F@>5G :8

=14159B574? 75 211= 74 756 74D767E>1 >B79K "9 ^91C6519`6 B456G ;:D1;1456 B?B7465 f144G`6

#:F9B57F FB>;K

, f1B4[i71991 $:@96:2:4 G i71991 #B@DB?1K "=(*2C-, 32*(C0+*.I 7+6H < +)1C j:9L* ]Fa9BC[U7>>H ,-m.0H ,/-K

A ^7>> _9:<4H l(<1 $>788 B42 5<1 3>@;1Hl ;(,.(. +G >2,(=- Am +A//.0H

<55=*gg614616:8F741;BKF:;gA//.g81B5@91[B957F>16gF>788nB42n8>@;1gK





221

>1BD1H <1 CB456 4:5<74? ;:91 5<B4 5: D7675 '4471 EBFL 74 )1C f1961G 8:9 5<179 5C:[G1B9

B447D196B9GK U76 5C: E@22716 F:4D74F1 <7; 5: ?: 'X"& 8:9 5C1>D1 <:@96 :8 E>766H B42 I:>B4

E1F:;16 :41 :8 C<B5 F9757F I:4B>2 i<1>=6 519;12 ICB4J6 O8@?757D16HP. 615574? 8:95 F:;=>7FB57:46* <1 ;@65 8::> B ?1419B> 97274? :4 <76 8>7?<5H 641BL =B65 5<1 B79

59B887F F>19L :4 5<1 5B9;BFH B42 2@974? B S@7FL =<:41 FB>> <:;1H B6L '4471 5: >71 5: 5<179

;B72K ^18:91 FB5F<74? B ;7247?<5 59B74 6: B6 5: 91;B74 @46114H <1 <7216 :@5 B5 5<1 ^:4?:

$>@EH C<191 <1 2@FL6 :@5 :8 74F97;74B574? =<:5:6 B42 1426 @= >G74? 5: <76 BFF:@45B45

(<:942GL1 +\BG;:42 XB>E@940H C<: <B6 6=:5512 <7;K (<1 ;:9474? B8519 5<179 E9718

14F:@4519H I:>B4 7467656 <76 C781 L11= <76 >755>1 6:T:@94 :4 5<1 2:C4[>:CH B6 1D14 <19 >155196

B914J5 6B81 89:; 5<1 1G16 :8 5<1 F146:96K

ICB4H 1D19 F:4F19412 C75< ;:57:4M:8 <76 BF5:96H <76 4B99B57D16H <76 FB;19BM659@F5@916

5<1 87>; 74 5C: ;799:974? ;:D1;1456K (<1 61F:42 8 :8 P(,E(]7+5. 41B5>G 8>7=6 5<1 6F97=5H

B42 :4>G @=6 5<1 B4R715GK '8519 5<1 CB9 1426H I:>B4 915@946 <:;1 5: >1B94 <76 C781 76 74

>BE:9K %5J6 B T:G:@6 :FFB67:4H <7>B97:@6>G F:>:912 EG 5<1 5:C4J6 >:?7FB> B66@;=57:4 5<B5 5<1EBEG F:@>24J5 =:667E>G E1 <76K 3:9 I:>B4 5: F>B7; 5<1 F<7>2J6 74<1975B4F1 =9:;7612 EG <76

>B51 @4F>1H <1 ;@65 =9:D1 <1 CB6 742112 <:;1 4741 ;:45<6 =97:9 B42 8B5<1912 <76 6:4K U1

9159BF16 <76 651=6 >::L74? 8:9 B4 B>7E7H E@5 <76 1RF1>>145 C:9L L11=74? <76 597= 61F915 =9:D16

0++ 1RF1>>145K I:>B4 6=79B>6 2:C4CB92H B==9:BF<74? 6:;15<74? F>:61 5: ;B24166H B L742 :8

i(#I 21FB216 E18:91 5<1 519; CB6 1D14 F:7412K

U1 D76756 (<:942GL1H C<: 6=:5512 I:>B4 74 5<1 F>@EH :4>G 5: 91B>7N1 5<1 BFF:@45B45 CB6

651==74? :@5 :4 <76 C781 B42 2:164J5 CB45 <76 59B46?91667:4 ;B21 =@E>7FK (<1 ;B72 D1978716

C<B5 '4471 5:>2 <19* I:>B4 CB6 FB>>74? <:;1 89:; h4?>B42H 4:5 &Ba@B927B '79=:95K U1 FB4J5

91>G :4 <76 6:>2719 8971426 5: F:99:E:9B51 5<1 65:9G C75<:@5 B2;75574? 5<1G OB7212 B42

BE15512 B 21619519HP C<7F< C:@>2 7;=>7FB51 5<1; B42 8:9F1 B F:@95[;B957B>K U1 D76756 5<1

?1419B> C75< C<:; <1 6<B912 B =>B41 8>7?<5H 21;B4274? 5: E1 F:@95[;B957B>12 8:9 <76

BF57:46Q 5<1 ?1419B> 5<74L6 I:>B4 <B6 ?:41 ;B2K U1 915@946 5: 5<1 ^:4?: $>@E 5: 59G B42

8742 =<:5:?9B=<7F 1D7214F1 :8 <76 65:= 5<191H E@5 5@946 @= 1;=5G[<B4212 B42 9B7616 5<1 791

:8 B 5:9F< 674?19J6 +aB7> iB597FL0 <@6EB42H B42 6@E61S@145>G <76 :C4 C781K "4>G C<14 #79

'9F<7EB>2 F:;16 5: 5:C4 2:16 I:>B4 874B>>G 611 B F<B4F1 B5 79918@5BE>1 =9::8H E@5 B6 <1

641BL6 745: '9F<7EB>2J6 <:51> 9::;H <1J6 B9916512 8:9 B4 B66B6674B57:4 B551;=5K

&7L1 5<1 =91;761 :8 T*(1.0(*R. !2662+,.MC<191 B ;B4 ;@65 6:;1<:C 6=142 wm ;7>>7:4 74:9219 5: ?15 B4 74<1975B4F1MP(,E(]7+5.J6 76 74?147:@6 F:;7F 6@ED1967:4K +'42 >7L1 5<1 615[

@= :8 T*(1.0(*R.H :9 _1B5:4J6 ;(7(, >'-,C(. +,-Ac0H 75 =:6756 B4 741R597FBE>1 F:441F57:4

E15C114 5<1 BE6@92 21;B426 :8 8B;7>G B42 5<1 =:667E7>75G :8 874B4F7B> >:66K0 ^@5 5<1 87>;

B>6: :88196 6:;15<74? ;@F< 97F<19* I:>B4 ;@65 ?: 89:; ;BL74? <7;61>8 74D767E>1 5: >7519B>>G

=9:D74? <76 1R76514F1K U76 =>7?<5 91=9161456 4:5<74? >166 5<B4 5<1 659@??>1 :8 1D19G 6:>2719

915@9474? <:;1 89:; EB55>1* <BD74? 5: @4219?: 5<1 5:@?< 59B46757:4 89:; B4 B4:4G;:@6



222

F:? 74 5<1 ?7B45 742@6597B> ;7>75B9G F:;=>1R 5: 1;E9BF74? >781 B6 B @47S@1 7427D72@B>K U:C

2:16 <1 875 745: 5<76 41C 6:F715GY X<: 76 <1 B4G;:91Y ' 8B5<19Y ' >7B9Y '4 B551;=512

;@921919Y (<191J6 B <B@4574? ;:;145 C<14 I:>B4 6:956 5<9:@?< :>2 =<:5:6 B5 5<1 ^:4?:

$>@EH B42 87426 :41 <1 E1>71D12 ;BG <BD1 FB=5@912 <76 >7L14166 5<B5 47?<5K %4 :41 :8 5<1

87>;J6 :4>G F>:61[@=6H C1 611 5<B5 I:>B4 74 8BF5 2@FL12H B42 5<191J6 B4 1;=5G 6=BF1 >185 74

5<1 ;722>1 :8 5<1 =<:5:K

^%'(*( ) -=HHH_ ^)0R. ,+0 - 7(*D 4++E 62/(,(..H_

O'>> % L4:C 76M5<76 76 B <1FL@DB =:65[CB9 C:9>2HP I:>B4J6 ;B72 51>>6 <7; @=:4 <76 915@94

<:;1K %42112H 5<1 188:95 5: 91B2T@65 5: 5<76 41C ';197FB 74 P(,E(]7+5. =9:D16 B>;:65 B6

27887F@>5 B42 F:48@674? B6 75 2:16 74 X7>7B; XG>19J6 <B99:C74? 29B;B %'( T(.0 U(-*. +G +5*

K27(. +,-pW0 :9 f:<4 U@65:4J6 2:F@;145B9G K(0 %'(*( T( K24'0 +,-pW0K (<1 87>; E1?746 C75B4 74 TB7> 8:9 5<1 6@==:612 B66B6674B57:4 B551;=5Q 75J6 B =B957F@>B9>G

2:@9 4:51H C75< I:>B4J6 6<:1>BF16 B42 E1>5 F:4876FB512 EG B ?@B92 8:9 81B9 :8 B 6@7F721

B551;=5K (<161 ;:9E72 :D195:416 B914J5 5: 6@??165 5<B5 P(,E(]7+5. 764J5 8@44GM75 76H B42

97:5:@6>G 6:K %8 B4G5<74?H 5<1 B4R7:@6 B5;:6=<191 :8 >B51 Vp/6 ';197FB =>BG12 =1981F5>G 745:

ICB4J6 21D7>76< 61461 :8 <@;:9K '6 <1 5:>2 i1519 ^:?2B4:D7F<H O% 2:4J5 FB91 C<B5 G:@J91

2:74?M5<1 ;:65 D7F7:@6 29B;B :4 1B95< 76 T@65 :4 5<1 9B??12 12?1 :8 E174? D19G 8@44GKPp

^@5 ICB4 @616 5<1 F:;12G B6 B 6=974?E:B92 5: ?15 B5 6:;15<74? 211=19K



223

(<:@?< 5<1 CB9 >::;6 >B9?1 :D19 ICB4J6 Vp/6 F:;12716H 5<191J6 B ;B9L12 27D721 E15C114

5<1 514:9 :8 5<1 CB957;1 B42 =:65[XX%% 575>16M5<1 8B9F16 B91 ;:91 89B457FH 5<1 \1=@E>7F

87>;6 ;:91 6:@>8@>K (<1 65:9716 8:9 !-A(6R.H 9(*02(R.H B42 T*(1.0(*R. C191 B>> EB612 :4 67>145

F:;12716H C<7>1 5<:61 8:9 P(,E(]7+5. B42 ),.2E( ;0+*D :97?74B512 2791F5>G C75< ICB4 B42

<76 C975196 ]B9G &::6 B42 \7F<B92 #B>1K (<1 >B5519 87>;6 B551;=5 5: ?9B==>1 C75< C:9>2

=9:E>1;6 <1B2[:4H B42 4:5 67;=>G 27659BF5 B@2714F1 B551457:4 C75< 89:5<G 145195B74;145K

P(,E(]7+5. 276574?@76<16 7561>8 8@95<19 C75< 5<1 FB6574? :8 '>E195 B6 I:>B4H B 91;B9LBE>G

=>B74 E@5 14:9;:@6>G B==1B>74? F<B9BF519MB ;B4 2187412 B>;:65 1RF>@67D1>G EG <76 >:D1

8:9 <76 C781K '>E195J6 6B2H 6>:C 29BC> 76 C:9>26 B=B95 89:; I14476 "J_1181J6 75F<G =B9B4:7BQ

75J6 B FB61 65@2G 74 <:C B4 BF5:9J6 9<G5<; B881F56 B 2791F5:9J6 B==9:BF< 5: <76 ;B5197B>K

X<14 ICB4 >1B9412 '>E195 <B2 674?74? 5B>145H <1 F<B9BF5197657FB>>G B2B=512 5<1 87>; 5:

74F:9=:9B51 5<1 6L7>>H B2274? B =B79 :8 ;@67FB> 6F1416 5<B5 E::L142 I:>B4J6 597= <:;1K "4

<76 8>7?<5 5: )1C f1961GH I:>B4 T:G8@>>G 674?6 O%JD1 ^114 X:9L74? :4 B \B7>9:B2P B42 O\:CH\:C j:@9 ^:B5P 74 5<1 F:FL=75 B>:4? C75< <76 81>>:C 59::=6K "4 5<1 915@94 8>7?<5 5:

h4?>B42M87>;12 EG ICB4 74 B4 721457FB> FB;19B 615[@=M<1 =198:9;6 B ;:D74? 6:>:

9142757:4 :8 5<1 h4?>76< 8:>L EB>>B2 O3B91 (<11 X1>>P* O%J; ?:74? BCBGH E@5 %J; F:;74? EBFL

g %8 % ?: 514 5<:@6B42 ;7>16KP

ICB4 74T1F56 5<161 6;B>> 5:@F<16 :8 >G97F76; 5<9:@?<:@5H ;:;1456 5<1 8B9F16 611; 5::

<B99712 5: 1D19 65:= 8:9K &::L B5 5<1 5C: 21>7FB51 6F1416 E15C114 I:>B4 B42 #79 '9F<7EB>2 74

5<1 E@4L19 h4?>B42H C<191 5<179 276F@667:46 :8 '4471J6 FBL1 B91 745199@=512 EG 5<1

:;74:@6 :88[6F9114 6:@426 :8 E:;E6 8B>>74? 41B9EGK "9 5<1 CBG ICB4 87>;J6 I:>B4J6

597@;=<B45 91@47:4 C75< <76 C781* 74 B ?:9?1:@6H C:92>166 674?>1 5BL1 >:4?[6<:5H '4471

CB756 EG 5<179 FB9H 146<9:@212 74 6<B2:CH B6 I:>B4J6 67><:@1551 =1196 B9:@42 5<1 F:9419K '5

5C: 1426 :8 B 27B?:4B>H 5<1G ;115 74 5<1 ;722>1 :8 5<1 89B;1H B42 5<1 6F:91 6:85>G 6C1>>6K

+$9757F _145 f:416 B=5>G FB>>6 75 O:41 :8 5<1 81C ;:;1456 :8 =1981F5 <B==74166 74 ;:D716KPc0

^@5 5<1 6@E61S@145 6F141 76 T@65 B6 E1B@578@>* I:>B4 6>:C>G CB>L6 5<9:@?< 5<1 <:;1 <1 >185

E1<742 B G1B9[B42[B[8 =97:9 B42 67;=>G 5BL16 74 5<1 B5;:6=<191M?722GH :D19C<1>;12H

F:;8:9512 EG 5<1 67?<5 :8 <76 =7=1 9BFL B42 O67>>G :>2 6>7==196KP OhD19G5<74?J6 1RBF5>G B6 G:@

>185 75HP '4471 51>>6 I:>B4Q <1 =7FL6 @= B ;G6519G E::L <1 CB6 91B274?H ;:D12 <:C '4471

;B9L12 5<1 =B?1 <1 CB6 :4 C<14 <1 6<7==12 :88 :D1961B6K +O% 87?@912 6:;1 2BG C<14 5<1CB9 CB6 :D19 G:@ ;7?<5 CB45 5: 8742 :@5 C<: 2:41 75KP0 (<1 6F141 F:@>2 1B67>G =>BG B6

591BF>GH E@5 ICB4 2:C4=>BG6 5<1 61457;145 C75< ;127@; 6<:56 B42 :4>G B F:@=>1 :8

FB;19B 615[@=6K %5J6 5<1 1;:57:4B> F:941965:41 :8 5<1 87>;H B 916=751 89:; B>> :8 I:>B4J6

B4?@76< B6 C1>> B6 B ;:D74? 597E@51 5: 5<1 6;B>> =>1B6@916 :8 65BE7>75GH B 6579974? 91;74219 :8

5<1 67;=>1 5<74?6 C1 87?<5 8:9K



224

"8 F:@961H P(,E(]7+5. @>57;B51>G 1426 <B==7>G* (<:942GL1 76 E>BFL;B7>12 745: B2;75574? <1

B42 I:>B4 C191 E:5< B5 5<1 F>@E 5<B5 47?<5 +I:>B4J6 2@FL74? 2@974? 5<1 =<:5: :881912 =9::8

:8 (<:942GL1J6 74276F9157:40K I:>B4J6 7214575G 76H B5 >:4? >B65H B8879;12H B42 <1 C746 874B4F7B>

61F@975G 8:9 <76 8B;7>G 5<9:@?< 5<1 74<1975B4F1K '42 <1 :4F1 B?B74 ?B746 5<1 =>1B6@91 :8

742@>?74? 74 '4471J6 FBL1K (<1 6F141 915@946 I:>B4 5: <76 >7D74? 9::;H B42 5<1 87>; F:;16

8@>> F79F>1K +(<1 87965 6<:5H :D19 5<1 87>;J6 F912756H 76 :8 5<1 1R5197:9 :8 5<1 I:>B4 <:;1K0 (<1

91CB926 =9:D1 5<1 659@??>1 CB6 C:95< 75Q 75J6 B>CBG6 B 59B46F142145 61457;145H E@5

16=1F7B>>G 74 ,-pWK

ICB4 611;6 5: 5BL1 6=1F7B> =>1B6@91 74 615574? @= +:8514 BE6@920 <@92>16 8:9 <76 F<B9BF5196

5: :D19F:;1H E@5 5<B5 61461 :8 <B92[C:4 D7F5:9G 76 6:;15<74? <1 B>6: DB>@12 74 <76 :C4 >781K

O"E65BF>16 B91 ;191>G F>14?16 8:9 ;1 5: 6@9;:@45HP ICB4 5:>2 >-'2(*. E5 >2,(=- :8 <76

CBG :8 C:9L74?KW '42 >7L1 5<179 F91B5:9H <76 F<B9BF5196M5: E:99:C B =<9B61 89:; "G0(*

8+5*.J =9:5B?:4765 iB@> UBFL155MOT@65 CB45 5: >7D1KP (<1GJ91 @465:==BE>1 8:9F16MC:997196

E@5 B>6: CB997:96MF:465B45>G EB991>74? 5<9:@?< :41 :@5>B4276< =>:5 F:4597DB4F1 B8519B4:5<19H B>> 74 5<1 <:=16 :8 915@9474? 5: 5<1 67;=>1 E@674166 :8 >7D74?K

, #51=<14 U:>214H O(<1 ]:D716 (<B5 %46=7912 ]B9574 #F:96161HP #(1 U+*/ %2=(.H ]BG A,H,--.K 'FF16612 :4>741* <55=*ggCCCK4G57;16KF:;g,--.g/cgA,g;:D716g5<1[;:D716[5<B5[746=7912[;B9574[6F:96161K<5;>K

A i1519 ^:?2B4:D7F<H "66-, 31-,@ %'( K-.0 L2+,((* +)1C j:9L* i9B1?19 i@E>76<196H %4FKH,-d,0H ,.AK

. I:4B>2 i<1>=6H >+7(*2,4 9*+5,E@ :..-D. G+* #+1 +)1C j:9L* $9:5:4 i9166H ,-W-0H WmK

p ^:?2B4:D7F<H ,.-K

c _145 f:416H L'D.2C-6 :72E(,C(@ ;(6(C0(E ?26= >*202C2.=K +]722>15:C4H $(* X16>1GB4e47D19675G i9166H A//d0H ,cpK

W i<1>=6H dpK



225

"#$%&'() *&%&"+%,

'-.+ -&$/ . 0"*&( 1.0().

12345678293 %:;<<

=& >7?<@AB6 C;46 67 D96 67 629 @773E & F4D?39@ 629 C4A@7C C7?<@ G9 H?4>I93JK

L.A@M '9N4A9 4A !"#$%#% '())( OPQRSTPQUVW

XXX

&A 245 955;M =$29 Y34FF462 $3;@4647AZKP [72A '733 C7?<@ 5;M 62;6 =7F ;<< 629 @439>6735 7F 629

Y34FF462 $3;@4647A C27 :;4A6;4A9@ >;39935 C9<< 4A67 629 57?A@ 89347@Z .<<;A 'C;A C;5 629

<9;56 ;FF9>69@ GM 629 9:93D9A>9 7F 629 0?3A;? 63;@4647AJK '733 C;5 7A9 7F 629 F4356 67

@9F9A@ 629 @439>673 F37: >3464>;< ?A\9A62?54;5:Z ;A@ 627?D2 245 ;3D?:9A65 69A@ 6784D97A27<9 629 F4<:5 3;6293 62;A 4<<?:4A;69Z 46B5 67?D2 67 >7A6956 62;6 245 955;M5 ;39 57:9 7F

629 :756 39589>6F?< :?54AD5 7A 'C;AB5 >3;F6 9N93 C34669A, =. >?6\4A 67 ; <;3D9 ><759\?8Z 73 ;

>?6\G;>I 67 ; <7AD 5276Z 4A 629 834:;< 87C93 7F 629 >2;AD9 4A 4:;D9 54]9 ;<7A9Z 5?DD9565 ;

A7G4<46M 7F 9:7647A 62;6 45 @439>6 ;A@ 9FF9>64N9JK

-2;6 45 :756 Y34FF4624;A 4A 'C;AB5 >4A9:; 45 629 @9F4A4647A 7F 9N93M624AD 4A G4A;3495Z 627?D2

C462 Y34FF462 46 >7:95 F37: 245 @9G6 67 PQ62 >9A6?3M 629;639 ;A@ :73;<46ML245 F4<:5

9<;G73;69 C4624A 62959 395634>647A5Z <4I9 245 3;@4>;< *+,%-%. /0#1")# OPQ^PWZ C24>2 @;395 67

63;A5F73: 245673MG77I _4A>7<A 2;D47D3;82M 4A67 ; -;DA934;A 62?A@935673: 7F ;364F4>9 ;A@

9:7647AZ 73 '0,$- "2 % 3%$0"# OPQPUWZ C24>2 45 57 7FF9A54N9 839>459<M G9>;?59 46 7FF935 ?5

G<;>IF;>95 ;5 A7624AD G?6 >;3677A N4<<;4A5 67 ;A6462954]9 ; 29374>Z "<M:84;A `<;AJ a?6 C462

'C;AZ G4A;3495 ;39 ; 39587A59 67 629 C73<@Z ; C;M 67 @9F4A9 ;A@ 629A 2?3349@<M 837@?>9 ;

527CJ /45 [;A?5\F;>9@ N4547A 7F @3;:;64> >7AF<4>6 45 ?5?;<<M 629 395?<6 7F ;A 9A62?54;564>;<<M

956;G<4529@ F34>647A G96C99A 6C7 G73@934AD 69334673495J .5 a4<< `372A 2;5 C34669A 4A =$29

1<4FF ;A@ 629 b<?:9ZKV 6245 45 'C;AB5 4AF4A469<M 39<4;G<9 ;A@ 39?5;G<9 F4<::;I4AD 8;3;@4D:J

/9 6;I95 ; 546?;647AZ <77I5 ;6 629 4A693473 >43>?465 >7AA9>64AD ;<< 629 >7:87A9A65Z ;A@ 5965 67

C73IJ /7C9N93Z ;5 'C;AB5 45 ; >4A9:; 7F 629 <4693;<L7F G762 N4547A5 7?654@9 ;A@ 7?654@93

N4547A5Z 9N9A C29A 29 45 @9<4A9;64AD C2;6 ;889;35 ;G563;>6 7A F4356 D<;A>9L29 F;<<5 G;>I

;D;4A ;A@ ;D;4A 7A ; @9N4>9 F73 <4AI4AD C73<@5Z 5>9A95Z ;A@ 5673495, 629 C4A@7CJ

-4A@7C5 ;39 629 D39;6 5MA9>@7>295 7F 'C;AB5 >4A9:;J 0739 F?AZ 5A9;IMZ :M569347?5Z ;A@

>75:4> 62;A ; 'C;A4;A @773C;MZ 245 C4A@7C\C;M5 ;39 8;55;D95 67 629 A9c6 C73<@ 7F

F4>647AJ $29M 9A;G<9 :7N9:9A6 G96C99A 4A54@9 ;A@ 7?654@9 O<4693;<<MW ;A@ 7A9 596 7F 3?<95

;A@ ;A76293 O;G563;>6<MWJ _4I9 >2;8693\:;3I935 F73 629 :7N495Z 629M F4D?39 4A :;AM

4:8736;A6 5>9A95Z ;A@ G39;I ?8 629 :739 G734AD 7A95J (N9A 4A 629 <;69 :7N495Z 629 9N93\

9N7<N4AD 'C;A C;5 564<< 39<M4AD 7A 245 7<@ 6;>64>5J b37: 629 4A54@9 7F 629 $93346734;< a;AI ;6



226

629 9A@ 7F !"#$%#% '())( OPQUVWZ 07A6;A;Z F434AD 7?6 7F 629 C4A@7C ;6 <;C:9AZ D965 246 4A

629 G9<<MJ $29AZ 59>7A@5 <;693Z 7A9 7F 629 D?A5<4AD935 7?654@9 7A 629 873>2 56985 4A F37A6 7F

629 C4A@7CZ ;A@ ; G?<<96 >?65 6237?D2 24: ;A@ 629 D<;55J /9 56;DD935 ;A@ >7<<;8595 4A 629

G;>ID37?A@Z ;A@ 07A6;A; 5<?:85 @7CA 4A 629 F739D37?A@J -9 <77I 7?6 6237?D2 629 84>6?39

C4A@7C ;5 $7: a3;@F73@ OY973D9 a39A6W ;8837;>295 7A 27359G;>IJ /9 >;<<5 7?6 07A6;A;B5

A;:9Z ;A@ 629 527764AD 56785 ;5 629 :9A ;<< 39>7DA4]9 24:J 'C;A >7:87595 <;693;<<M ;A@ 4A

@9862Z 2939 ;5 4A :;AM 7F 245 76293 F4<:5J /45 >;:93; 45 ;6 ; 8754647A 7F F<9c4G4<46MZ A9;3 ;

C4A@7C 73 ; @773Z ;A@ 29 :7N95 67 >7N93 C2;6 29 >;AZ 7F69A 54@9C;M5Z 73 F73C;3@J /939 C9

2;N9 62399 4:;D95 4A 7A9, 07A6;A; G94AD 246Z 629A 629 D?A5<4AD93 @M4ADZ ;A@ 629A G;>I 7A

293 ;5 529 @3785 67 629 D37?A@J &A G96C99A 45 629 C4A@7CJ

!"#$%#% '())( OPQUVW

='C;AB5 4:;D95 ;39 G9;?64F?< A76 57 :?>2 ;5 F73:;< 9A646495 ?A67 629:59<N95Z ;5 4A 62943

9c4569A>9 ;5 >4A9:;64> ?A465JK^ $245 :;M d?56 G9 :M 7CA >;6;>239564> ;8837834;647A 7F

'733B5 C73@5Z G?6 =9c4569A>9 ;5 >4A9:;64> ?A465K >7A>94N95 7F 'C;AB5 629;639 ;5 ; F<?33M 7F

4:;D95 ;A@ :7:9A65 4A5?FF4>49A6 67 9c456 7A 62943 7CAZ ;5 629M :4D26 4A (459A5694AJ a?6 &B@

;3D?9 62;6 'C;AB5 5>9A95 @7 9c456 7A 62943 7CAZ 62;6 629M >;A 5?56;4A 629:59<N95Z ;A@ 62;6

629 @439>647A 29 6;I95 629: 45 <4I9 62;6 7F ; 8279A4c 39D9A93;64AD F37: 629 ;5295J 'C;AB5

;554@?7?5A955 C462 F3;:4ADZ >;:93; :7N9:9A6Z ;A@ 9@464AD D4N95 9N9A 629 :756 83763;>69@

;A@ 9<;G73;69 596\849>9 ; 39:;3I;G<9 59A59 7F G;<;A>9 ;A@ 87459J

-4A@7C5 4A 'C;A 6M84>;<<M G39;I ;8;36 629 ?A4N9359 4A67 @4FF939A6 59<F\>7A6;4A9@ C73<@5Z

;A@ M96 4A 4%)(#5%, 60,) OPQReWZ 9N93M624AD 45 ; C27<9J f9984AD 6237?D2 >?36;4A5 73 F;<<4AD

6237?D2 C4A@7C5Z 9N93MG7@M 2;5 62943 8;36 4A 6245 C73<@J (N9A 629 >;:93; 8<;M5 ; 37<9J &A

629 789A4AD 59H?9A>9Z C9 :7N9 ;5 4F 7A ; ><7?@J f;634>4; "g+94<< O[;A9 b3;]99WZ ;889;34AD

F37: A7C2939Z @?>I5 7?6 7F 6C7 C4A@7C5 ;5Z 7?654@9Z 629 >;:93; D<4@95 GMJ %29 3?A5 F37:

629 F4356 67 629 59>7A@Z ;A@ ; G<?9G43@ ;<4D265 7A ; 6399 G3;A>2 78875469J b7<<7C4AD 629

;A4:;69@ >;<9A@;3 ;A@ 629 646<95 62;6 ;39 629 F4356 4:;D95 4A 629 F4<:Z 629 F4356 :7647A 45 ;



227

<;693;< 7A9J .5 629 >;<9A@;3 N;A45295Z 245 >;:93; 5C4AD5 4A67 N49C ;A@ @795AB6 5678

5C4AD4AD, C9 C4<< :7N9 6237?D2 C;<<Z ;A@ F<773Z ;A@ 7?6 7A67 629 563996J !%# $" !%# 677

G9D4A5 C462 ; 54:4<;3 >3;G\C459 :7647AE 2939 46 45 >7:8759@ C462 8978<9 ;A@ C2469 3;>4AD\

5634895Z 3;6293 62;A C462 G?7M;A>M 7A 629 >;:93;B5 8;36J

!%# $" !%# OPQ^hW

f;634>4; 56985 G;>I F37: 629 C4A@7C ;A@Z >;:93; 8;AA4ADZ :7N95 ;>3755 629 377: ;A@ 4A67

; F3;:9 >7:8759@ ;5 62399J .5 4A ; )9A743 F4<: C9 599 629 G4D :7N9:9A6 ><75956 67 ?5Z 629

:43373 837d9>64AD G;>I ;6 ?5Z ;A@ 629 64AM F4D?395 H?496 ;6 C73I 4A 629 @456;A>9J "A9 7F 629

F4D?395L; A94D2G73L>;<<5 7?6 67 629 >;<9A@;3 D43< 6237?D2 629 C4A@7C ;A@ 529 <77I5 ?8

;A@ C;N95 G;>I ;6 24:J $?3A4ADZ 529 :7N95 67 396349N9 293 2;6 F37: 629 G9@J $29 >;:93;

F7<<7C5J %29 ;@d?565 293 G34: 4A 629 :43373Z ;A@ 629A :7N95 ;37?A@ 629 G9@ ;A@ 7?6 629

@773J a9F739 39;>24AD 46Z 293 2;A@ D956?395 >;5?;<<M 7?6 67C;3@5 629 59>7A@ C4A@7CZ C24<56

29359<F 564<< 4A :7647A ;A@ >7A64A?4AD 293 :9<7@MJ .A@ 629A C9 ;39 4A 629 >7334@73Z

@95>9A@4AD 629 56;435L54@9C;M5Z 5<4>4AD 6237?D2 629 596J f;634>4; 8;?595 ;A@ D39965

;A76293 A94D2G73 <9;F4AD 6237?D2 8756 G954@9 629 69<9827A9Z G9F739 569884AD 7?654@9J



228

'7CA 629 F37A6 56985Z 7A 629 563996Z 9N93M7A9B5 4A 7A 629 F?A, >24<@39A F37<4> GMZ D9A6<9:9A

5:4<9 ;A@ 648 62943 2;65Z 7<@ <;@495 54AD ;<7ADZ C456F?< f;634>4; 56?:G<95 4A67 6C7 69:893;69

8;3;57<9@ <;@495Z ;A@ 529 9A>7?A6935 629 5;:9 G<?9G43@ ;6 629 29;36 7F 6245 57ADZ A7C 7A

629 648 7F ; <;:88756J

4%)(#5%, 60,) OPQReW

'C;Ag5 :7N495 9c456 4A ;A 7F6\4DA739@ :4@@<9 H?;A@;3M 62;6B5 A76 H?469 . 73 a F73

/7<<MC77@ F4<:5J $29 5673495 29 @9;<5 4A ;39 5278C73A ;A@ ><?AIMZ 629 5965 ?A4:839554N9Z

;A@ 629 ;>6735 A76\677\D77@J

a?6 G9 62;AIF?< F73 629 :;A C27 527765 C462 5>455735 4A 245 9M95J

P [72A '733Z =$29 Y34FF462 $3;@4647AZK 70). 4"..(#$ O0;3>2T.834< PQeRW UPJ

V a4<< `372AZ i$29 1<4FF ;A@ 629 b<?:9Zi 8(#9(9 "2 40#(.% VS OVhh^WZ2668,TT59A5957F>4A9:;J>7:TVhh^TF9;6?39\;364><95T><4FFj;A@jF<?:9TJ

^ '733 UPJ



1_.%%&1 T .+$&\1_.%%&1

';A49< `;5:;A





k

_#_# *.)'(+

.<34D26 M7?AD <;@495Z <96 ?5 G9D4AJ +7C C9 C4<< 56;36 C462 629 2;A@ 8754647A 4A 629 :4@@<9

]7A9 A?:G93 7A9Z 629 f;<: %?84A9J +?:G93 6C7 629 f;<: f37A9J +?:G93 62399 629 f;<:

*9364>;<J $95549Z @9;3Z 629 f;<: *9364>;< 527?<@ G9 3;459@ 4A D9A6<9 693373J )9:9:G93 ;5 M7?

:7N9 4A67 629 :7N9 62;6 M7?g39 C462 ; >;@J

$(%%&(

. >;@l

_#_# *.)'(+

. A9F;347?5 5>7?A@39< C2759 4A69A647A5 ;39 A76 27A73;G<9J

$(%%&(

&g: 5?39 aM37Ag5 4A69A647A5 ;39 27A73;G<9Z _?<?J

_#_# *.)'(+

-27l

f.$)&1&. "B+(&__

%29 :9;A5 aM37A [7A95J

$(%%&(

/9g5 ;<C;M5 :;I4AD 629 f;<: *9364>;< 67 :9J

_#_# *.)'(+ a?6 5?88759 aM37A C939Ag6 7?6 C462 M7?J

$(%%&(

&g@ d?56 <4I9 67 599 24: 7?6 C462 ;AM7A9 9<59LC9g39 83;>64>;<<M 9AD;D9@J

Y&)_

'795 29 IA7C 46l

Y&)_%

O<;?D2693W

_#_# *.)'(+

17:9Z >7:9Z >7:9 A7C D43<5m 17:9 <96g5 63M 46 ;D;4Am f;634>4;Z f;634>4;Z 27C :;AM 64:95

2;N9 & 67<@ M7?m n7? 527?<@ G9 C9;I ;A@ C4<64AD ;A@ 64:4@Z ;5 4F 629 N93M ;43 ;37?A@ M7?

C939 >2;3D9@ C462 8934<J

f.$)&1&. "B+(&__

a?6 62;6g5 A;:GM\8;:GMZ _?<?J &g: A76 ;F3;4@ 7F ;AM624ADJ



_#_# *.)'(+

0M @9;3Z @7 M7? C452 67 G9 ; 56;3l . D39;6 56;3l "3 @7 M7? C452 67 @458?69 629

>2;:847A5248 C462 03J [;:95 [J [9FF3495l +7C $-%$:9 :739 <4I9 ; <;@MJ

f.$)&1&. "B+(&__

O54D24ADW

. <;@Mk

_#_# *.)'(+

f;634>4;Z <4F9 45 ; G77I 7F 964H?9669 ;A@ 3?<95J n7?g39 G73A ; D43< G?6 M7? 2;N9 67 <9;3A 67 G9 ;

<;@MJ Y43<5 :;M G9 ;663;>64N9 67 G7M5Z G?6 7A<M <;@495 ;663;>6 D9A6<9:9A ;A@ 7A<M D9A6<9:9A

;39 34>2J

k





4%)(#5%, 60,) ; .<<;A 'C;A < PQRe =

XXX



k



k





k

1_()`

Y99 62;6g5 @4ADM, ;>6?;<<M 4A 834A6m

%$(f/(+ b"%$()

_77I ;6 62759 >?3<M\>?95Z 45Ag6 62;6 9<9D;A6l

1_()`

_96g5 599 C2939 46 5;M5 M7? C3769 46m

%$(f/(+ b"%$()

-9<<Z & D?955 46 @795Ag6 5;MJ

"$/() 1_()`

'4@ M7? D96 :?>2 F73 46l

%$(f/(+ b"%$()

"2 29 @4@Ag6 8;M :9 ;AM624ADJ

1_()`

'4@Ag6 M7? 9N9A D96 ;AM 37M;<6495l



%$(f/(+ b"%$()

_4569Am /9g5 @74AD :9 ; G4D F;N73 d?56 67 834A6 46J '4@Ag6 >2;3D9 :9 ; >9A6J

"$/() 1_()`

/7C ;G7?6 62;6 :4A5639< :;AZ 123456MZ @4@Ag6 29 8;M M;l

%$(f/(+ b"%$()

1936;4A<M A76m &g: 837?@ 67 2;N9 24: 54AD 46J

1_()`

Y99Z 46 <77I5 <4I9 M7? 7?66; D96 ; <466<9 57:9624Ag d?56 F73 624AI4Ag 46 ?8J

k





('-&+ fJ 1/)&%$n

/7C :;AM >73I 7893;5 @4@ M7? 8?6 6245 57AD 4Al k.39 M7? 63M4AD 67 :;I9 :9 ; <;?D24AD

567>Il &gN9 5?AD i"2Z %?5;AA;i F37: f4665G?3D2 67 +9C "3<9;A5Z :;@9 46 629 :756 878?<;3

57AD 4A ;<< 245673MZ 8932;85Z ;>6?;<<M :M N93M 63;@9:;3IJ .A@ M7?Z M7? D4N9 46 67 9N93M

4:46;673 &gN9 D76J '7Ag6 M7? IA7C C27 6245 57AD G9<7AD5 67m

k

%$(f/(+ b"%$()

$2;6g5 27C & D76 4A67 637?G<9J

'#++&+Y b"%$()

-2;6 637?G<9l

('-&+ fJ 1/)&%$n

$2;6g5 C2;6 2;889A5 C29A M7? D4N9 ;C;M 624AD5 62;6 @7Ag6 G9<7AD 67 M7?J

k

&+(o 01'"-(__

k4F M7? @;39 57?A@ 9N9A 7A9 A769 7F 62;6Z 62;6 624ADm k&gN9 2;@ A7624AD 9<59 2;::939@ 4A67:M 29;@ F73 ; :7A62J %7:9 >29;8 :4A5639<5 9N9A 8<;M9@ 46 4A 629 5639965 7F f4665G?3D2L7A

64A\G;59@ @3?:5m &F & 9N93 F4A@ 7?6 C27 C3769 62;6 624ADZ & @9><;39 &g<< 52776 24: 7A 54D26m

k0M 9;3 2;889A5 67 G9 63;4A9@ 4A 629 ><;554>5J

k

JJJJ



k

[(.+&( 01'"-(__

.39 M7? 8978<9 7?6 7F M7?3 :4A@5l

('-&+ fJ 1/)&%$n

-2;6B5 629 :;6693Z 27A9MZ C2;6B5 629 :;6693l

[(.+&( 01'"-(__

'7AB6 M7? 39;<4]9 &A9] 45 63M4AD 67 D4N9 ; 39>46;<l

('-&+ fJ 1/)&%$n

)9>46;<l &5 62;6 C2;6 M7? >;<< 62;6 5H?;CIM >;693C;?<4AD ?8 62939l

[(.+&( 01'"-(__

0M ;@N4>9 45 62;6 M7? G762 3?A F73 M7?3 <4N95J

('-&+ fJ 1/)&%$n

-2;6 ; C;M 67 639;6 ;A ;?@49A>9J .?@49A>9m /9ML&B<< 527C M7? 27C 6245 56?FF C73I5J

[(.+&( 01'"-(__

-;46 ; :4A?69Z @795 %69N9 IA7C M7?B39 6;I4AD 245 :?54>l

('-&+ fJ 1/)&%$n

0M @9;3 M7?AD <;@MZ 629 C27<9 C73<@ 45 ;G7?6 67 IA7Cm

kJ



kJ

('-&+ fJ 1/)&%$n

_9A@ ;A 9;3Z D77@ 8978<9Z <9A@ ;A 9;3J _;@495 ;A@ D9A6<9:9AZ & ;: (@C4A fJ 123456MJ &6 45 :M

834N4<9D9 ;6 6245 64:9 67 G34AD M7? ; :756 C9<>7:9 5?383459J n7? >7?<@ 2;3@<M 2;N9

9c89>69@ 2939 629 :756 4:8736;A6 :?54>;< 9N9A6 7F 629 M9;3Z 8932;85 7F 7?3 64:95Z G?6 62;6

45 M7?3 D77@ F736?A9 67A4D26J &5AB6 629 @45>7N93M 7F D9A4?5 629 24D2956 27A73l .A@ C2;6 4F &

69<< M7? 62;6 629 A9C956Z G34D26956 6;<9A6 7F 7?3 @;M 45 34D26 2939 4A 6245 N93M 377:m

#AG9<49N;G<MZ &B: 67<@ 62;6 7A<M 7A9 73 6C7 7F M7? ;39 9N9A ;C;39 7F 629 4@9A646M 73 9N9A 629

9c4569A>9 7F 6245 D9A4?5 4A M7?3 :4@56J #AIA7CAZ ?A>9<9G3;69@JJJ

k



k

0)%J 01'"-(__

"2 %69N9Z M7? 527?<@AB6 2;N9Z 62;6B5 M7?3 5;<;3M F73 C99I5J

%$(f/(+ b"%$()

$245 45 :M F4356 5698 7A :M 37;@ 67 39F73:J

0)%J 01'"-(__

)9F73:Z %69N9l

%$(f/(+ b"%$()

&B: 56;364AD 7?6 67 837N9 :M59<F 67 &A9]J b37: A7C 7AZ &B: @9N764AD :M59<F 67 A7624AD G?6

629 ><;554>5J

[(.+&( 01'"-(__

-7AB6 62;6 G9 ; <466<9 G46 @?<<l

&+(o 01'"-(__

& 624AI 46B5 629 :756 9A>7?3;D4AD 624AD &BN9 9N93 29;3@ 24: 5;MJ

…















> ?,(%. "2 @(%#0( ;A0$- $-( /0B-$ ',"A# C%0,= O.<<;A 'C;AZ PQUVW

***





253



254



255



256



257

8*3?8 D7 >ED @>!* OPQRQW,

*9 )"#B %9 F"G A"#H$ +( 2",B"$$(#

0;349\f49339 '?2;:9<

+946293 629 78839554N9 .:934>;A 8756C;3 M9;35 A73 629 >3?524AD 83959A>9 7F [72A -;MA9

73 9N9A 629 :756 >4A9824<4>;<<M 39A7CA9@ F4<:5 7F .<<9A 'C;A O<4I9 80)I(, /"5( OPQURWW >;A

:;A;D9 67 @9;@9A C2;6 7A9 C7?<@ 2;N9 67 >;<< 629 =D3;>9K 4A 8%#59 "2 >A" @0.%J $29 F4<: 45

39D?<;3<M H?;<4F49@ ;5 ;A 9c9:8<;3M =F<;D C;N4AD F<4>IZK ;5 ; :7@9< 7F 8;634764> >4A9:;Z ;5 ;

=8;634764> N924><9K F73 [72A -;MA9Z ;5 ; F4<: 7F =.:934>;A N;<?95ZK ;5 629 iH?4A69559A64;<

0;34A9 17385 :7N49iJ &A 52736Z ; 849>9 7F 8378;D;A@; :;A?F;>6?39@ GM /7<<MC77@ 4A ;

><;554> G<9A@ 7F >7::93>4;< 788736?A45: ;A@ 4@97<7D4>;< ;<4DA:9A6J $29 F4<: C7?<@ 2;N9

G99A ;3>296M8;< 9A7?D2 67 2;N9 956;G<4529@ ; D37?8 7F 3983959A6;647A5 <;693 39>M><9@Z

;@;869@Z ;A@ H?769@J . :7@9< 7F A;33;64N9 9FF4>49A>M O7F 9$",F$())0#BW ;A@ 839>4547A 4A 629@954DA 7F 629 >2;3;>6935Z 629 F4<: 45 9>279@ 4A 76293 F4<:5J _96g5 d?56 >469 2939 629

4A637@?>673M 59H?9A>95 4A C%)) "2 !"#$(JG.% O_9C45 04<9567A9Z PQUPL; =0;34A9 F4<:K 7A

629 a;66<9 7F "I4A;C;L73 K%L( $-( C0B- 6,"G#5 O)4>2;3@ a377I5Z PQU^WZ C24>2Z 7A ;

589>6;>?<;3 A?:G93 7F 874A65Z <77I5 <4I9 ; >78M>;6 O`739; 398<;>4AD 629 f;>4F4>WJ

n96 629 4:8395547A 62;6 9:93D95 F37: >7::7A >7::9A6;3495 45 62;6 57:9624AD O; M(N#(N

9%09NOG"0W 839N9A65 629 F4<: F37: G94AD 6237CA 4A C462 629 84<9 7F iC;3 F4<:5i 73 629 84<9 7F

=F4<:5 C462 [72A -;MA9JK %7:9624AD D795 G9M7A@ 629 54:8<9 39>7DA4647A 7F 629 A;33;64N9

9c8936459Z 629 ;>673B5 9FF4>49A>MZ 73 629 7N93;<< @4DA4F49@ 837@?>647A N;<?9J a9M7A@Z ;5 C9<<Z

A756;<D4; F73 ; >4A9:; 62;6 A7 <7AD93 9c4565J %7:9624AD 5<485 d?56 7?6 7F 39;>2J

!"#$#%&'()*+

PQRQJ -73<@ -;3 && 45 564<< 83959A6 4A 629 9N93M@;M <4N95 7F .:934>;A5Z 4A 62943 G7@495 ;A@ 4A

62943 :9:73495J $29 :756 5?>>955F?< F4<:5 ;6 629 9A@ 7F PQRQ ;39 C;3 F4<:5Z 7Gd9>65

9A63?569@ C462 629 6;5I 7F 9c;<64AD .:934>;A N;<?95 4A 629 G956 O87554G<9W 527C G?54A955

8;>I;D4ADJ .:934>;A >4A9:; 45 4A 629 5637AD 4@97<7D4>;< D348 7F 629 =6243@ C;3ZK 629 7A9

788754AD 17::?A45: ;A@ 629 b399 -73<@J (N9A :739 62;A 629 F4<:5 837@?>9@ ;A@

39<9;59@ @?34AD 629 C;3Z 62959 8756\C;3 C;3 F4<:5 ;39 7A ; :45547AJ

&A [?A9 PQUh 629 `739;A -;3 7FF4>4;<<M G9D4A5J $29 17A6;4A:9A6 $2973M 2;@ G99A

F73:?<;69@ ;5 9;3<M ;5 b9G3?;3M PQRpJ $29 5;:9 M9;3Z /#.1 O629 /7?59 #A\.:934>;A

.>64N46495 17::46699W 2;@ G9>7:9 ; 56;A@4AD >7::46699J

-24<9 '739 %>2;3M 45 8398;34AD -4<<4;: -9<<:;AB5 '%$$)(B,"G#5 OPQRQW F73 0Y0 ;A@

o;A?>I /9A3M `4ADB5 KA()I( D:4)"1L C0B- OPQRQW F73 b7cZ 629 837@?>93 ;6 )98?G<4>Z (@:?A@



258

Y3;4AD93 O29 2;5 837@?>9@ E%L( "2 $-( P(5 E0$1- 62939 4A PQRS C462 [72A -;MA9Z C462 ;

5>3486 GM /;33M a37CAZ ;A@ 29 C4<< 837@?>9 +4>27<;5 );MB5 7)F0#B /(%$-(,#(1L9 F73 )`" 4A

PQUPW 2;889A9@ 67 >;6>2 7A 629 F37A6 8;D9 7F ; A9C58;893 629 C73@5 =%;A@5 7F &C7 [4:;JK

$2939 45 <466<9 64:9 G96C99A 629 C3464AD ;A@ 629 56;36 7F 837@?>647AJ -9 IA7C 62;6

837@?>647A 7A<M <;565 6C7 :7A625 ;A@ 62;6 C4627?6 629 :;6934;< >7A634G?647A5 7F 629

0;34A9 17385 5?>2 ; 837@?>647A C7?<@ 2;N9 G99A 4:87554G<9J '958469 ; G4D G?@D96 F73 ;

=5:;<<K 56?@47 <4I9 )98?G<4>Z 629 D9A93;< 9>7A7:M 45 64D26J

$29 0;34A95 D96 4AN7<N9@ 7A ; D3;A@ 5>;<9 4A ; 837@?>647A 62;6 OG9M7A@ 62943 7CA <7AD

63;@4647A 7F 59<F\837:7647AW >7?<@ >7A634G?69 67 3956734AD 62943 %9:893 b4@9<45 G<;]7A

6;3A4529@ GM ; <;>I 7F F9@93;< F4A;A>4ADJ $29M 837N4@9 4A563?>6735Z :9AT9c63;5Z 9H?48:9A6

;A@ <7>;647A5J $29M ;<57 837N4@9 62943 8378;D;A@; F4<:5 q F776;D9 5276 7A 629 F37A6 <4A95 GM

>;:93;:9A ;66;>29@ 67 629 17385J (N93M624AD O837d9>6Z 5>3486Z :9;A5W 4:87595 629

A9>95546M 7F ?54AD F776;D9 F37: 629 17385B >7:G;6 82767D3;82935J $29 >7A>986 45 A946293

A9C A73 OGM 629 C;MW 6M84>;<<M .:934>;AJ -;3 F4<:5Z A7 @7?G6 :739 57 62;A 76293 F4<:5;G7?6 39>9A6 245673M :4c @7>?:9A6;3M ;A@ F4>647A;< 4:;D95Z ;5 ;A 629 4A637@?>647A 67 629

5673M 73 57:964:95 @?34AD 629 F4<:, ; 837@?>647A A9>95546M ;A@ ; D?;3;A699 7F 629 i39;<Zi ;5

4F 46 C939 4:87554G<9 67 @7 C4627?6 @7>?:9A6;3M F776;D9 4A F37A6 7F ;A ;?@49A>9 837F7?A@<M

:;3I9@ GM 629 9c89349A>9 ;A@ F;:4<4;3 C462 629 4:;D95 599A @?34AD 629 C;3J



259

-#%./0 1##0/2)

=-73<@ -;3 && C;5 >7N939@ F37: 56;36 67 F4A452ZK 629 2456734;A ;A@ >7\5>399AC34693 F73

%849<G93DB5 837@?>647A 8-""$0#B E%, 5;4@ 9N9A 4A VhhhZ N454G<M ?A;F3;4@ 7F 2;56M

D9A93;<4];647A5JP /9 ;@@9@ 62;6 =629 4:;D95 7F 6245 C;3 G?3A9@ r629s 9M95 ;A@ 5843465K 7F

.:934>;A5J .:934>;A 589>6;6735 7F 629 M9;35 PQRP\PQRU 5;C ; 2?D9 ;:7?A6 7F 4:;D95 7F

629 >7AF<4>6, G;66<95Z @3;F6 >;<<5Z 39:;3I;G<9 G47D3;82495Z 7A\629\D37?A@ F776;D9L4:;D95

73D;A4]9@ ;A@ >7A637<<9@ GM 629 :4<46;3M C462 /7<<MC77@B5 5?88736 O/;< )7;>2 56?@475

63;4A9@ >7:G;6 82767D3;82935T>;:93;:9AWJ %6?@475 9@46Z ;@@ 57?A@ ;A@ 834A6 52736 F4<:5

C462 629 F776;D9 F37: 629 >;:93; 7893;6735 ;66;>29@ 67 7F ;<< 629 G3;A>295 7F 629 :4<46;3MJ

$2959 :9A 345I 62943 <4N95, 67 @7>?:9A6 45 67 F4A@ 629 34D26 8<;>9Z 67 F4D26 F9;3Z 67 N;3M 629

;AD<95 4A 73@93 67 527C :739 73 G96693Z 67 ?A@9356;A@ C2;6 45 2;889A4AD ;A@ C2939Z ;A@

;G7N9 ;<< 67 F4<: 629 =G7M5JK

3$45 067*5 06) 89/2:::

[79 )759A62;<B5 F;:7?5 82767 F73 629 .557>4;69@ f3955V 4A5>34G95 4659<F 4A 629 >7<<9>64N9

.:934>;A 4:;D4A;647A ;5 577A ;5 46 G9D4A5 67 >43>?<;69 4::9@4;69<M ;F693 629 9N9A6J .A

4A56;A6;A97?5 9:G<9:Z ;A 4::9@4;69<M 4>7A4> 5A;85276J $29 39>7DA4647A 45 57 4::9@4;69

62;6 46 45 564<< ?59@ 67@;M C462 :739 73 <955 39<9N;A>9 73 437AMJ^ $29 9N9A6 C;5 ;<57 F4<:9@ GM

629 >;:93;:;A a4<< Y9A;?56 4A >7<73 Pp::J Y9A;?56 C;5 I4<<9@ 7A &C7 [4:; 7A 0;3>2 R62J/45 4:;D95 ;39 9@469@ ;D;4A ;A@ ;D;4A 4A67 C;364:9 52736 F4<:5J

&A Y3;4AD93B5 837d9>6Z 629 F<;D 98457@9 2;5 67 G9 629 ?<64:;69 D3;A@ F4A;<9Z 629 Q+(,

>7A><?547A 67 629 >2;3;>6935B @954DAJ $29 39>7A563?>647A O629 F4356 9N93W 7F 629 F<;D 5>9A9 45

629 9A@4AD 67 629 5673M 8978<9 IA7C D74AD 4AJ +7 F4<: ;G7?6 &C7 [4:; >;A G9 C4627?6 629

iF<;D 3;454ADiJ )759A62;<g5 82767 ;A@ 629 9N9A6 4659<F 2;N9 G9>7:9 7A9J #<64:;69 4>7A T

98457@9\9:G<9:J



260

;<=> ?7

$29 837d9>6 'C;A 45 7FF939@ 45 57:9624AD <4I9 ;A i;<39;@M :;@9 ;A@ ;<39;@M 599Ai F4<:J /9

45 G94AD ;5I9@ 67 ;88<M 245 <7AD\69569@ IA7C 27C ;A@ 245 >;8;>46M F73 C73I4AD C462 :7@956

G?@D965 67 629 :;I4AD 7F ; =837F46;G<9K C;3 589>6;><9 4A 693:5 7F 64>I96 5;<95 ;A@ 7F

;?@49A>9 9@4F4>;647AJ a?6 629 837d9>6 ;<57 G3;A>295 7FF F37: ;A 9A59:G<9 7F >7A@4647A5 62;6

D7 G9M7A@ 56?@47 <7D4> ;A@ 87<464>7\:4<46;3M <7D4>J &F C9 C;A69@ ;A 4:;D9 7F 629 F4<::;I93B5

8754647AZ C9B@ 4:;D4A9 24: 4A 629 :4@@<9 7F ; A96C73I 7F 3983959A6;647A5, 629 9:G<9:\

4:;D9 ;A@ 629 564<< F3952 :9:73M 7F 629 >7:G;6 F776;D9Z ;A@ 629 637895 D7N93A4AD 629 C;3

D9A39 G762 4A F4>647A ;A@ 4A 629 837@?>647A5 7F 629 .3:9@ b73>95 &AF73:;647A b4<:5 O.b&bWJ

=$29 8;6693A 7F C;3 4A 629 f;>4F4>K, 6245 45 27C 629 >7::9A6;3M 7F 7G,F 0# $-( R%10201

O39<9;59@ 4A 0;3>2 PQRUWL; 52736 F4<: 83959A69@ <4I9 ; @7>?:9A6;3M 7A 629 a;66<9 7F

f9<9<4? 4A %9869:G93\+7N9:G93 PQRRL@95>34G95 629 59H?9A>9 7F =6M84>;<K ;>647A5 7F

7893;647A5 7A 629 f;>4F4> &5<;A@5J -;3 52736 F4<:5 2;N9 ;<39;@M 956;G<4529@ 629 5>3486

F7<<7C4AD 629 @9N9<78:9A65 7F :4<46;3M 39;<46M, 6348 67C;3@5 629 45<;A@Z G7:G4ADZ <;A@4ADZ

8?52 67C;3@5 629 4A693473J -462 629 69334G<9 9c>98647A 7F 629 :?3@937?5 D3784AD ;<7ADZ

;G7?6 C24>2 A7624AD 45 G94AD 5;4@ OF37: 629 ;G59A>9 7F 4:;D95 7F f9;3< /;3G73 67 629

<9;@935B 4A464;< :456;I95 ;A@ 629 >4N4<4;A >;5?;<6495 4A 629 f;>4F4>WZ ;<< 629 8;6693A5 ;39 4A

8<;>9Z 62759 7F 629 7893;647A5 ;A@ 62759 7F 629 9$",F 7F 629 7893;647A5J $29M ;39 ;<< 4A 8%#59Z629M >;AA76 A76 G9 4A 46J

R%$$(,#9S $29 D37?8 7F 0;34A95 4A 8%#59 :?56 39F<9>6 629 .:934>;A :9<64AD 876 629 C;M C;3

F4<:5 2;N9 @9F4A9@ 46 F73 ; <7AD 64:9, ; :4c 7F 962A4>46495 ;A@ 57>4;< D37?85Z ; :96;8273 F73

.:934>;A =@4N93546MK >7:4AD 67D96293 ;37?A@ 629 8;634764> >;?59J $29 =F;3:93K O; M7?AD

89;5;A6 C27 ?A@9356;A@5 629 N;<?95 7F <;A@WZ 629 =>7:9@4;AK OF37: a377I<MAWZ 629 =_;64AK

O&6;<4;A 73 _;64A7Z ;<C;M5 6;<IM ;A@ 3957?3>9F?<WZ A76 67 :9A647A 629 =[9CK O847?5 ;A@



261

@45>3996W ;A@ 629 4A69<<9>6?;< O69;>293Z 9AD4A993 73 d?56 39;@93 7F G77I5WJ &A 629 =f;>4F4>

F4<:ZK 629 <;6693 45 7F69A 4A >2;3D9 7F 629 N74>9\7N93 A;33;647AZ ; 837>9@?39 52;39@ GM G762

:4<46;3M 52736 @7>?:9A6;3M ;A@ F4>647A F4<:5J b37: 629 =0;34A9 39:9:G934ADK <4I9 4A K"

$-( 8-",(9 "2 >A" @0.% OPQRUW 67 629 d7?3A;<456B5 ;>>7?A6 4A 6G%5%)1%#%) ?0%,F O_9C45 %94<93

F73 b7cZ PQR^WZ 46 45 4:8736;A6 62;6 629 69c6 5;M5 =C9K 73 =&JK &A 52736Z 62;6 46 45 ><9;3 62;6 629

5673M 45 G94AD 67<@ GM 57:97A9 C27 45 ; F4356\2;A@ C46A955 73 8;364>48;A6J &A 8%#59Z 629

i>7:9@4;Ai 45 &6;<4;A .:934>;AZ 629 A;33;673 O'?AA9W 45 ; 5>277<69;>293 ;A@ 629 [9C @495

C24<9 :?3:?34AD ; F4A;< 83;M93 4A /9G39C 62;6 -;MA9 >7A><?@95 C462 ; 8;4AF?< =.:9AJK &B<<

<9;N9 46 ?8 67 629 39;@93 67 <456 629 :4554AD >2;3;>6935Z 629 =:4A73i >2;3;>6935 ;A@ 67 F4<< 4A

629 <456 7F 629 76293 A;33;64N9 ;>>95573495 O73 83785WJ $29 5H?;@5 >7::;A@9@ GM [72A

-;MA9T%63MI93 A9N93 @98;36 F37: 629 >7@95 7F >7:G;6 F4>647AJ $29 ;>647A5 62;6 8?A>6?;69

629 =f;>4F4> F4<:KL563;4D26 7?6 7F F4<: 3987365LD7 6237?D2 62943 iF4A;7@4F4>;647A 4A

8%#59 "2 >A" @0.%, 629 ;334N;< 7F 629 39>3?465Z G776 >;:8Z G7;6 6348Z ;AD?4529@ C;464AD A76

IA7C4AD 629 =6;3D96ZK :9964AD ;37?A@ 629 :;8T:7@9< 7F 629 45<;A@Z <;A@4ADZ 84AA4AD @7CA

GM 9A9:M F439Z 4A693N9A647A 7F 629 .43 b73>9 ;A@ G7:G4ADZ G?AI93 62;6 G<7>I5 629 ;@N;A>9Z8?52 67C;3@5 629 4A693473 7F 629 45<;A@5Z <;G7347?5 @34N4AD 7?6 7F 629 9A9:MJ

.37?A@ 6245 5>29:;64> 7F ;>647A5 O62;6 39F<9>6 ; D77@ 8;36 7F 629 563;69D4> 39;<46M 7A 629

F49<@WZ 76293 :7@9<5 >7@4FM G92;N4735 ;A@ =9c89349A>95K, <966935 67 ;A@ F37: <7N9@ 7A95Z

>2;8<;4A5 ;A@ 3;GG45 ;A@ 62943 34695 G<9554AD 629 57<@4935Z 827675 4A 29<:965Z M7?AD 57<@4935g

;CIC;3@A955 O629Mg39 564<< >24<@39AWZ G;33;>I\377: <4F9 7A 629 G7;6J .A@ ; 69334G<9

@45>7N93M 62;6 629 57<@4935 4A 629 f;>4F4> @7AB6 52;39 C462 62759 F4D264AD 4A (?3789, 629

d?AD<9Z 629 29;6Z 629 63784>;< A4D26 O2?:4@Z 4AF9569@ C462 4A59>65Z :?@@M ;A@ @;AD937?5WJ

'C;AB5 63784>;< A4D26L73D;A4]9@ ;37?A@ 629 >7AF<4>6 G96C99A 6C7 :9A C24<9 ; D37;A

9>2795 7?6 7F F3;:9L2;5 ; ?A4H?9 F73>9, 46 G9;35 ; @7?G<9 N47<9A>9J *47<9A>9 7F 629

546?;647AZ N47<9A>9 4A54@9 629 :9AJ

$29 C27<9 7F 6245 5>29:;64> 45 G;629@ 4A ; 29;36M 3;>45: 4A 629 639;6:9A6 7F 629 [;8;A959

O54:8<M 8?6Z 629 =+485K ;39 A7A\2?:;A5W ;A@ 62943 3983959A6;647A O:?56;>29Z >3?9< D34:;>9

;A@ 5;:?3;4 5C73@W C24>2 45 G;39<M 69:8939@ GM 57:9 39F939A>95 67 629 H?;<46M 7F 62943

63;4A4ADJ /7564<9 &A@4;A5Z G;54>;<<MJ _96B5 G349F<M 39:;3I 2939 62;6 629 ;3:MB5 >7:G;6 F776;D9

@7>?:9A65 f"-5 O>936;4A<M 3;39W 59:4\A?@9Z @;]9@ ;A@ ;<:756 >3;]M C462 F9;3Z C24<9

N74>9\7N93 A;33;647A5 ;5 9;3<M ;5 PQRR 39>7DA4]9@ 629 @9693:4A;647A ;A@ :4<46;3M ;36 7F 629

[;8;A959 637785J $29 F4>647A F4<:5 >;:9 67 46 <;693J

O.A@ >;Ag6 7A9 5;M 629 5;:9 ;G7?6 [72A -;MA9l -;5 29 A76 ;<39;@M =:7@9<9@lK b73

9c;:8<9Z ;5 629 893F9>6 T%5,( T%5,"#( 7F 07A6D7:93M 1<4F6 4A /;CI5B P(5 P0I(, OPQRSWZ

;A76293 F;6293\57A 5673MkW

'C;A 45 @9;<4AD C462 ; C94D26M 4>7A4> ;A@ A;33;64N9 5M569:Z :;@9 9N9A 29;N493 GM 629

;@@4647A 7F 629 F;:7?5 F<;D 3;454ADJ +76 67 :9A647A 629 F;>6 62;6 629 837d9>6 45 A76 5?88759@



262

67 i>39;64N9<M @98;36i F37: 629 >7@95 OF;3 F37: 46W G?6 4A569;@ 67 39\956;G<452 629:Z 67

39A9C 62943 N;<?9 ;A@ 5639AD62Z 67 837@?>9 i834:9 9c;:8<95iJ $29 >7A@4647A 7F 5?>>955,

G34AD N49C935 67D96293 ;37?A@ ;A 7N93C29<:4AD :7A?:9A6J $29 >?<:4A;647AZ 4F C9 :;M

>;<< 46 62;6Z 7F 629 :;6693, 629 ;3:M =837>?395K 'C;A 57:9 7F 629 F;:7?5 5?3N4N735 7F 629

&C7 [4:; 9N9A6 4A 73@93 67 O39W8<;M 62943 37<95 ;A@Z 4A 8;364>?<;3Z 629 62399 5?3N4N735 7F 629

F;:7?5 F<;D 3;454ADJ .A@ 629 39;< F<;DJ

'C;A IA7C5 ;<< 6245J &6B5 5;4@ 62;6 29 627?D26 7F 76293 ;>6735 62;A -;MA9 F73 629 37<9 7F

%63MI93J /9 9N9A 7FF939@ 46 67 Y9A93;< (35I4A9J /9 IA7C5 62;6 D9664AD -;MA9 C7?<@ G9 ;

D77@ =;@@9@ N;<?9K 67 245 C73I ;A@ 629 F4<:J /9 59A@5 245 ;>6735 67 G776 >;:8 O(35I4A9837N4@9@ 245 67?D2956 @34<< 593D9;A6WZ 29 D4N95 629 39;< 7FF4>935 3;6293 <7AD 5>399A 64:9 4A

629 &C7 [4:; 59H?9A>95 ;A@ 29 G349F<M 5?337?A@5 -;MA9 67D96293 C462 629 62399 5?3N4N735J

/9 564>I5 67 6245 ;669A647A 67 =39;< <4F9 9FF9>6K ;A@ 39837@?>647A 62;6 45 8;36 7F 629

>7::45547AJ /9 73>29563;695 5965Z >;:93;5 O54c F73 629 G;66<95 5>9A95 7A &C7 [4:;WZ 6;AI5Z

9c63;5 ;A@ 629 9@464AD 4A 39>73@ 64:9J .A@ 29 @9<4N935 ; A9C .:934>;A 9:G<9: 67 245

837@?>93, 629 ?<64:;69 8;6693AJ

a?6 29 2;5 .09( (# 91U#( 4A :4A@Z ;A@ C2;6Z :7397N93Z .09( (# 91U#( >7?<@ 5;MJ .5 ;

F4<::;I93 C27 2;5 IA7CA F73 ; <7AD 64:9 C2;6 69<<4AD ; 5673M :9;A5Z ;F693 2?A@39@5 7F

F4<:5Z 4A ; 56?@47 62;6 C;5AB6 ; =:;d73ZK ;6 pR M9;35 7<@Z .<<;A 'C;A :;MG9 C7A@935 C2;6 7F

N;<?9LG9M7A@ 465 8395>34G9@ 37<9L6245 8;634764> 7Gd9>6 >7?<@ 5;MJ -2;6 >7?<@ G9 @7A9

C462 4:;D95 ;<39;@M O39W837>9559@ GM >4A9:;Z C462 9c89349A>95 62;6 2;N9 ;<39;@M G99A

39>7?A69@Z C462 >7@4F49@ A;33;64N95J /7C 67 ?59Z G9M7A@ 629 G?4<@4AD 7F ;A 4>7A4>

:7A?:9A6Z 6245 A;33;64N9 =677<G7cZK C2939 9;>2 849>9 45 5634>6<M @9F4A9@l $29 F4<::;I93B5

39587A59 45 ;G7?6 :9;5?39 ;A@ G;<;A>9J 'C;AZ ; F4<::;I93 F37: 629 %4<9A6 (3;Z IA9C N93M

C9<< 62;6 54A>9 629 :?3:?3 7F C73@5Z @4;<7D?9Z d7I95Z C459>3;>I5Z >;6>2823;595 ;A@ F;AF;39

2;5 G99A ?A<9;529@Z 57:9 C73I 45 A99@9@ 4A 73@93 67 :;I9 29;3@ C2;6 2;@ 67 G9 29;3@J



263

!4(0($2 -#%./0 1##0/2) ($0# 06) 1("0(#$

$29 837@?>647A 7A<M <;565 6C7 :7A625 ;A@ 629 8756\837@?>647A <;565 A7 <7AD93 62;A 629

56?@47B5 >3?9< 56;A@;3@5J &5 6245 C2;6 9c8<;4A5 629 F;>6 62;6 629 9@464AD 527C5 A7 63;>9 7F

3959;3>2 4A67 629 ?A?59@ :;6934;<5 7F >7:G;6 82767D3;82935l "3 45 46 4A569;@ ; :;6693 7F

A9N93 D74AD G9M7A@ C2;6 629 .:934>;A 589>6;673 2;@ ;<39;@M 599Al

$29 A;N4D;647AZ <;A@4AD ;A@ G;66<9 59H?9A>95 4A 8%#59 :;4A<M @3;C 7A 62399 52736 F4<:5Z

57:964:95 39\?54AD ; 593495 7F 52765 C4627?6 39\9@464AD 629:J E0$- $-( !%,0#(9 %$ K%,%A%

C;5 39<9;59@ 4A 0;3>2 PQRRZ 7G,F 0# $-( R%10201 4A 0;3>2 PQRU ;A@ K" $-( 8-",(9 "2 >A" @0.%

4A [?A9 PQRUJ E0$- $-( !%,0#(9 ;A@ K" $-( 8-",(9 "2 >A" @0.% C939 834A69@ 4A $9>2A4>7<73

F73 @45634G?647AJ

8%#59 :;I95 6C7 ?595 7F 629:, ;5 39;3\837d9>647A5 67 4A5936 629 ;>6735 4A67 =39;<

G;>ID37?A@5ZK ;A@ ;5 9<9:9A65 7F 59H?9A>9 >7A563?>647AJ 17A63;3M 67 6G%5%)1%#%) ?0%,F LC2939 629 ?59 7F >7:G;6 F776;D9 C;5 :9>2;A4>;< ;A@ 3;6293 >;5?;<<M @9;<6 C462 6237?D2

<;]M 398964647A5 O8?39 =54DA5 7F 39;< <4F9K 7>>;547A;<<M 6237CA 4A67 629 5673MWL'C;A C73I5

C462 D39;6 839>4547AJ . 839>4547A 4A 9@464AD 67D96293 F4>647A;< ;A@ >7:G;6 F776;D9 C462

5M569:;64> :;6>2 >?65Z 73 ;5 ><759 67 :;6>2 >?65 ;5 87554G<9 O4A 629 :7N9:9A6Z @439>647AZ

F37: 7A9 7Gd9>6 73 9<9:9A6 67 ;A76293WZ ;A@ 7F69A 4A 5276\39N9359 5276 59H?9A>95J

%63MI93T-;MA9 6237C5 ; D39A;@9Z 629 9c8<7547A 46 837@?>95 45 =39;<ZK OM96 39N9359@ 67 593N9

629 :;6>2 >?6WJ

-2;6 629 >2;3;>6935 %,( )""L0#B %$ 45 629 >7:G;6 F776;D9J



264

(A7?D2 67 527>I 629 ;@9865 7F 73627@7cM 4A 693:5 7F 39589>64AD 629 39D4:9 ;A@ 56;6?5 7F

4:;D95l &6 45 :739 4A6939564AD 67 A769 62;6 629 4:;D95 F37: 629 >7:G;6 F776;D9 ;39 A9N93

=@45D?459@JK $29M I998 62943 D3;4A4A955 ;A@ 629 837G<9:5 C462 629 A9D;64N9 4F A76 7F 629

834A65, <7C @9F4A4647AZ 56;4A5 ;A@ 5>3;6>295 62;6 527CZ 4A 629 @4FF939A>9 G96C99A 7A9 5276

;A@ ;A76293Z 62943 734D4A ;A@ 56;6?5J .A@ 629 @7>?:9A6;3M 4:;D95 ;39 A76 =><9;A9@K 7F 629

=G7M5K <77I4AD 4A67 629 >;:93;J -2;6 45 F73G4@@9A 4A ><;554>;< F4>647A 45 A7 <7AD93 629 3?<9,

629 >7:G;6 F776;D9 ;669565 62;6 =6245K 2;889A9@ ;A@ 8;364>48;695 C462 629 F4>647A 4A

>7A563?>64AD 629 ?<64:;69 3983959A6;647A 7F 9N9A65J -;3 @7>?:9A6;3M F4<:5 @4557<N9 4A67

629 F4>647AJ

'C;A ?595 ><759 52765 ;A@ ><759 ?85 7F 629 57<@4935Z ;A ;?@;>47?5 ;A@ 345IM >274>9Z D4N4AD

629 ;<39;@M\599A O4A $9>2A4>7<73W 4:;D95 ; A9C 87554G4<46MZ F7?3 M9;35 ;F693 &C7 [4:;Z 67

=<77I ;6K 629 589>6;673J

b37: 7A9 67 629 76293 ;A@ 67 629 6243@, 629 F4<:4> <4AI ;<<7C5 629 ><759 ?8LF<9964AD<M

N47<9A6L67 G9 629 >7A64A?;647A 7F 629 @7>?:9A6Z 73 :;MG9 67 O,(W$-0#L 46J $29 734D4A;<

52736 F4<:5Z 27C9N93 F73:;669@ 629M :;M G9Z ;39 5634I4AD F73 62943 2;352A955Z 62943

9c24G4647A 7F G7@495 ;A@ C7?A@5Z 629 @9;62 D956?395Z 629 @4573@93 ;A@ 629 @9563?>647AZ

>;@;N935 7F 57<@4935 F<7;64AD 4A 629 C;693 O;6 $;3;C;WZ F;>95 :;@9 624A GM 2;3@52485 73 8;4AZ

<756 D;]95Z 39;< @9;62 7A >;:93;J

8%#59H9 6;5I 45 67 956;G<452 G#5(, %#"$-(, 2",. 4A 8978<9B5 :9:73495 ; N47<9A>9 629MBN9

;<39;@M C46A9559@J

@6) A06)B C0#B&

'C;A ;>>7:8<45295 6245 GM @45>3996<M @458<;>4AD 629 >9A693 7F 629 F4<:, 629 ;5>9A6 67C;3@5

629 9:G<9: O629 F<;D 3;454ADW 45 ;<57 ; N7M;D9 4A67 629 :;5>?<4A9 85M>29J .A@Z :7397N93Z ;

56?@M 7F 629 @99893 :9;A4AD 7F 629 57<@493B5 9c89349A>9, ; H?95647A ;G7?6 39:9:G934AD 46

;A@ 27C 67 39:9:G93 46J +76 27C 67 D7 6237?D2 46 G?6 C2;6 @7 C462 46J &6 45 <955 ;G7?6

G9>7:4AD ; :7A?:9A6 62;A <4N4AD ;F693C;3@5J



265

$29 67A9 45 596 4A 629 F4<:B5 789A4AD :4A?695J &6 C4<< G9 <955 ; :;6693 7F @45>7N934AD

=%93D9;A6 $93373B5KR @99893 H?;<46495L629 A;33;64N9 >7@95 5;4@ 46 ;<< 4A ;@N;A>9L62;A 7F

9c8<734AD C2;6 673:9A65 ;A@ 598;3;695 :9A 4A 59;3>2 7F ; >7AA9>647AZ 4A 52736Z 46 C4<< G9 ;

F4<: ;G7?6 <7N9J %63MI93 45 673:9A69@ GM 629 ;G59A>9 7F ; 57AJ 17AC;M 45 673:9A69@ GM 629

83959A>9 7F ; F;6293J . 57A C2759 F4N9 M9;35 7F 54<9A>9 2;N9 6?3A9@ 4A67 ; D2756 ;A@ ; @9;@

F;6293 C2759 D2756 45 9N93MC2939J

1(27B)* #8 06) ;#7.9)

8%#59 837D395595 F37: @7?G<9 67 @7?G<9Z F37: >7?8<9 67 >7?8<9Z F37: 39F<9>647A 67

39F<9>647AJ b37: ; 5>3486 62;6 G34AD5 67D96293 629 D;:?6 7F 8;6693A5 ;A@ ><4>2t5 ;37?A@ 629

;<39;@M F;:4<4;3 >2;3;>693 7F 629 =G3?6;< <9;@93 C462 ; 59>396K O;A@ 62?5 2;3@G74<9@ -;MA9WZ

'C;AB5 @954DA 7F 629 59H?9A>95 ;A@ 7F 62943 @?3;647AL629 G;<;A>9 7F 629 9@464AD ;A@ 629

.09( (# 91U#( 7F 629 @4;<7D?9L>39;695 ;A ;<:756 @4]]M4AD D;:9 7F :433735 4A C24>2 629

>2;3;>6935 ;39 ;<C;M5 :739 62;A 629:59<N95J

$29 >9A63;< F;6293\57A >7?8<9 45 :;A4F9569@ 4A @7?G<95 ;A@ >7::9A69@ ?87A GM 8;3;<<9<

8;435J .37?A@ 629 F;6293\57A >7?8<9 45 ; >2743, 546?;647A5 56;D9@ ;5 N;34;647A5 7A 629 :;4A

546?;647AZ 62;6 C73I 67 :;I9 C2;6 45 G9M7A@ 629 54AD<9 F;6293q57A 39<;647A5248 3957A;69

;A@ G9 29;3@J &A 629 34D4@ F3;:9C73I 7F 629 =f;>4F4> F4<:ZK 'C;A @98<7M5 629 :?<648<9 F73:5

7F ; A7N9<J . A7N9< ;G7?6 F99<4AD5 ;5 629M 2;889A 7A 629 :;5>?<4A9 54@9J

$29 %63MI93q17AC;M OF;6293q57AW 39<;647A5248 45 >7A563?>69@ 4A 6C7 9H?;< 8;365J $29 F4356

8;36 O629 >7AF<4>6W @3;C5 ; 8;3;<<9< G96C99A 629 95>;<;647A 7F 629 N93G;< N47<9A>9 ;A@ 629

95>;<;647A 7F 629 82M54>;< N47<9A>9J 17AC;MB5 :9;A93 ;A@ :9;A93 C73@5 67 %63MI93 ;39

39587A@9@ 67 C462 ;A 4A>39;54AD 4A69A546M 7F 629 @95439 67 I4<<J .A@ 9;>2 7A9 F4A@5 24:59<FZ

;<693A;69<MZ ;<:756 39;@M 67 I4<<, ;6 $;3;C;Z 17AC;M M9<<5 ;6 %63MI93 67 <;?A>2 ;A ;55;?<6 7A

; G?AI93 ;5 4F 29 C;5 59A@4AD 24: 67 @49 ;A@ %63MI93 59347?5<M 6239;69A5 17AC;M C27 >;<<5

24: ; :7A5693J $245 :7N9:9A6 2;5 465 @7?G<9, ;A 7<@ >7AF<4>6 >39;69@ $27:;5B ;A4:7546M

67C;3@5 %63MI93J .6 $;3;C;Z $27:;5 >7::465 ; :;d73 :456;I9 GM <9;N4AD 245 F9<<7C

57<@4935 C4627?6 ;::?A4647AJ -29A %63MI93 F4A@5 7?6Z 629 6C7 :9A F4D26J (N93M

39<;647A5248 2;5 82M54>;< 56;I95E 9N93M 39<;647A5248 D37C5 ?A64< 46 39;>295 629 6239527<@ 7F

:?3@93 4A 73@93 67 3957<N9 4659<FJ

Y;:9 7F :433735, 17AC;M >7AF4@95 4A '?AA9 O629 A;33;673W 245 @95439 67 :;33M 629 M7?AD

C7:;A 29 2;5 d?56 :96J $245 2937q>7AF4@;A6 >7?8<9 62;6 C4<< 396?3A <;693 7A O17AC;M

>7AF4@95 4A '?AA9 62;6 29 2;5 ; 839:7A4647A 7F @9;62WZ 2;5 ; i6C4Ai, 629 %63MI93qa;55

>7?8<9Z 4A 5>9A95 C2939Z F73 629 :756 8;36Z a;55 83769>65 %63MI93 GM >7A56;A6<M ;5I4AD 24:

67 39;FF43: 629 649 62;6 G4A@5 629:J %63MI93 9N9A >;<<5 24: ;A =7<@ :;4@K ;A@ 7A9 7F 629

57<@4935 >;<<5 24: ; =@7D F7<<7C4AD 245 :;5693JK



266

17AC;Mq'?AA9Z %63MI93qa;55, 6C7 F4D?395 7F F349A@5248Z 6C7 F4D?395 7F 629 A99@ F73

>7AA9>647AJ

$29 A96C73I 7F >7?8<95 4AN7<N95 G762 :;4A ;A@ 59>7A@;3M >2;3;>6935J $7 629 .<<457Aq

17AC;M >7?8<9 62;6 @;A>95 4A 629 ;C9 7F <7N9 ;6 F4356 54D26 39587A@5Z <4I9 ; D34:;>9Z

%63MI93B5 D37695H?9 @;A>9 C462 629 <9F6\2;A@9@ 57<@493 C27 45 <9;3A4AD 67 ?59 245 G;M7A96J

$7 629 95>;<;64AD 82M54>;< N47<9A>9 G96C99A %63MI93 ;A@ 17AC;MZ 39587A@5 4A :;d73 629

5966<4AD 7F 5>7395 G96C99A $27:;5 ;A@ %63MI93 ;A@ 4A :4A73Z 629 >7A56;A6 @458?695 7F 629

4A598;3;G<9 G3762935 F37: f24<;@9<824; O=>46M 7F G376293<M <7N9ZK 629 i>7:9@4;Ai 39:;3I5WJ

-2;69N93 62943 @4FF939A>95 4A ;D9Z 4A @3;:;64> :7:9A65 ;5 4A 8<;MF?< :7:9A65Z ;<< 62959

:9A 2;N9 637?G<9 >7A>94N4AD ;A 9c8395547A ;A@ ; >43>?<;647A 7F ;FF9>65 G96C99A 629:J

$29 :;4A >2;3;>6935 7F 8%#59 "2 >A" @0.% ;39 >39;6?395 @9834N9@ 7F 5899>2 O4A >7A63;56 67

629 6;<I;64N9A955 ;A@ C459>3;>I4AD 7F 629 59>7A@;3M >2;3;>6935WJ $29M :?56 <9;3A 67 589;I

O;A@ 67 6;2 76293WJ 17AC;M 39F?595 67 6;7:95 F37: %63MI93 >;A7A<M G9 629 N74>9 7F 629 @9>9;59@ F;6293Z 629 2?:4<4;64AD C73@5 7F ;A 4:8<;>;G<9

4"..%#5%$",(J %63MI93 >7A>9@95 67 a;55, =&F M7? @7AB6 6;;?59 29 @795AB6 @;39 6;;A

>7:9@4;A 5;M5 67 24:Z =n7? 2;N9AB6 587I9A 67 :9 54A>9 $;3;C;JK .A@ C2;6 ;39 C9 67 :;I9

7F 629 =<466<9 N74>9K 62;6 2;?A65 17AC;M ;A@ :;I95 24: 5;M 62;6 29 C7AB6 >7:9 G;>I F37:

629 A9c6 G;66<9l

04@C;M 6237?D2 629 F4<:Z 629 17AC;Mq%63MI93 39<;647A5248 >2;AD95 @3;:;64>;<<M, 629

593D9;A6 5;N95 629 <4F9 7F 629 57<@493 C27Z ;G573G9@ 4A ; <96693 F37: 245 C4F9Z @795AB6 599 ;

:456237CA D39A;@9 <;A@ ;6 245 F996J $29 7A9 G?3A4AD C462 ; @95439 67 G9 ; F;6293 5;N95 ;

57AJ $245 57AZ 4A 6?3AZ G9>7:95 ; F;6293 C462 ; C4<< 67 G39;I 629 <4A9 7F @95>9A6 O67 A76

>7AF73: 67 629 78839554N9 b;6293WJ f;3;<<9< C462 6245 39N935;<Z 7A &C7 [4:;Z 17AC;M 5;N95

%63MI93B5 <4F9Z ;66;>I9@ GM ; [;8;A959 5A4893J .A@ 629 <96693 17AC;M C;5 39;@4AD 62;6 596 ;<<

6245 7FF F4A@5 465 8;3;<<9< 4A 629 87562?:7?5 <96693 629 D37?8 <4569A5 67 ;F693 %63MI93B5 @9;62J

&6 45 2;3@<M >936;4A 62;6 629 17AC;M C27 >7A><?@95 629 F4<: GM 5;M4AD %63MI93B5 F964524]9@

=%;@@<9 ?8K 67 245 >7:3;@9 45 7A<M ;A 2943J /9 45 d?56 ;5 :?>2Z ;5 629 5673M 2;5 >7A563?>69@

24:Z ; :;A C27 2;5 <9;3A9@ 67 589;IJ

.<<457AZ 17AC;MB5 C;364:9 C4F9Z 45 9>279@ GM 0;3MZ 629 C7:;A %63MI93 :9965 4A ; G;3J%63MI93B5 C4F9g5 ;G59A>9 O529 45 A;:9@ 0;3MW 45 9>279@ GM .<<457AB5 ;G59A>9J %63MI93B5

;G59A6 57A 45 9>279@ GM 629 4:;D9 7F 17AC;MB5 57A OC27 29 7A<M IA7C5 6237?D2 ;

82767D3;82WJ a96C99A 62959 0.%B(9 7F 57A5 45 ; 39;< >24<@Z 629 7A9 G9<7AD4AD 67 629 <7A9<M

C7:;A C2759 H?496 >7?3;D9 >;<:5 %63MI93B5 673:9A6J . 39;< >24<@ 62;6 %63MI93 :456;I95 F73

; <466<9 D43<J &6 45 O7F >7?359W ; <466<9 G7MJ



267

$2959 6C7 C7:9A ;A@ 6245 >24<@ 62;6 45 ;6 7A>9 D43< ;A@ G7M ;39 4A A7 C;M :4A73 >2;3;>6935J

8%#59 45 ; :;AB5 F4<: 62;6 'C;A @45>3996<M 6?3A5 4A67 ; F4<: %+"G$ :9AJ 'C;AB5 5?G6<96M

@795 A76 A99@ 67 =H?;A646;64N9<MK @9N9<78 629 37<9 7F C7:9A, C2;6 45 56;D9@ 6C4>9

O.<<457AT0;3MW 45 629 4@9; 62;6 C7:9A ;39 629 N93M >7A@4647A F73 629 87554G4<46M 7F

:;5>?<4A9 5899>2 F399@ F37: 629 673:9A65 7F 834@9 ;A@ D27565 7F 629 b;6293J .<<457A ;A@

0;3M G34AD 17AC;Mq%63MI93 O6C7 F4D?395 7F ; 5;:9W F37: 7A9 9$%$( 67 ;A76293J

1(27B)* #8 06) -#7D9)

$29 :;5>?<4A9 >2;3;>6935 4A 8%#59 "2 >A" @0.% C733M ;G7?6 G94AD <7N9@ q <7N4AD C733495

629:J $29M <4N9 4A ; C73<@ 7F :9A =<7AD4AD F73 <7N9K C2939 629 H?95647A 7F F4<4;647A G9>7:95

; H?95647A 7F <4F9 ;A@ @9;62J $245 4AA93 A7N9< 27<@5 67 629 G;<;A>9 62;6 'C;A :;4A6;4A5 ;A@

839593N95 F37: ;AM 9c>95595 6237?D2 629 984> >2;3D9 7F 629 >7:G;6 73 @439>6<M

=:M627<7D4>;<K 98457@95J $29 >?664AD ;A@ F3;:4AD 837>99@ C462 ; D3;::;64>;< 34D73 62;6

39N9;<5 629 F4<:B5 @998\59;69@ 629:9 C4627?6 >7:8<;45;A>9 ;A@ C4627?6 9N93>7:837:454AD 465 @45>39647AJ

$29 D37?85 7F 57<@4935 ;39 F4<:9@ F37A6;<<M 4A 56;64> 52765 C24<9 629M ;>6 ;A@ 589;I O4A ;

69A6Z 7A G7;3@ ; 5248Z 7A 629 G;66<9F49<@WJ $29 D37?8 45 ;<:756 A9N93 G37I9A ?8 GM 629

5V1"GT%B( ;5 <7AD ;5 46 ;>65 ;5 ; D37?8 OC296293 d7I4AD 73 F4D264ADWZ ;5 <7AD ;5 46 45 ; :;6693

7F 7G593N4AD 629 39<;647A52485 62;6 63;N9359 46J $29 >7?8<95 O%63MI93T17AC;MZ %63MI93Ta;55Z

96>JW 6;I4AD 5276 =39N49C5K 629 >2;3;>6935Z 567884AD 7A 7A9 >7?8<9 ;A@

629A ;A76293Z ?A64< 46 39;>295 629 :;4A >7?8<9 7F %63MI93q17AC;MJ

$29 >7?8<9 45 ;<57 629 :;d73 N45?;< F4D?39J

.A@ F4A;<<MZ 629 ><759 ?85Z <4I9 629 5276\39N9359 5276 59H?9A>95 4A :9@4?: 52765L3?86?34AD

629 H?;54\629;634>;< F37A6;<46L7A<M 4A693>9@9 ;6 >936;4A I9M :7:9A65 4A 629 =76293 5673MK,

C29A 629 C73@5 5634I9J %7 62;6 629 C73@5 <4693;<<M T(#($,%$( 629 4:;D9J

$29 2;3@93 629 C73@ O73 <77IWZ 629 :739 46 :?56 G9 :;6934;<<M 4A5>34G9@ 4A67 629 F;>95J



268

.5 4A 629 =><4:;cK 7F 17AC;MB5 2;69 F73 %63MI93 ;A@ %63MI93B5 C7?A@9@ <7N9J %63MI93 45

>7:4AD F37: 0;3MB5Z 629 54AD<9 C7:;A C462 629 >24<@Z >7:F7369@ ;A@ C462 245 :4A@ :;@9

?8 67 5678 =>3M4AD F73 24:59<FJK /9 <965 a;55 @3;D 24: 4A67 ; G;3J $29M 599 629 D37?8 ;A@

17AC;M >9<9G3;64AD 629 G4362 7F 17AC;MB5 57AJ &A 76293 C73@5Z %63MI93 45 D74AD F37: 629

>24<@277@ 7F 629 57A5 67 629 57A C27 45 D37C4AD ?8J %63MI93 ;<<?@95 67 245 7CA 57A C29A 29

69<<5 17AC;M O4A 5?G56;A>9WZ =-;46 64<< 29 D965 67 G9 69A ;A@ @795AB6 C3469 ;A@ M7?g<< C;A6 67

8?A>2 24:JK $29 D37?8 39:;4A5 4A 629 G;>ID37?A@Z ; @45>3996 >2743 62;6 C46A95595 629

@3;:; O629 76293 693: F73 6245 >7?8<9 45 629 N49C93WJ

$29 F3;:9 D965 ><7593 67 17AC;MZ C462 %63MI93 7A 629 9@D9J /9 45 56;A@4AD ?8Z %63MI93 45

54664ADE ;A 4AN93547A 7F 629 8754647A5 7F ;?627346M G96C99A 629 M7?AD ;A@ 7<@J 17AC;M 2;5

G9>7:9 ; F;6293J /9 69<<5 %63MI93 62;6 29 27895 245 57A C7Ag6 G9 <4I9 %63MI93 73 17<7A9<

17AC;M O946293 7F 629 2;69@ F;62935W G?6 62;6 29 C4<< G9 =4A69<<4D9A6Z ;669A64N9Z >?<64N;69@

;A@ ; D9A6<9:;AJK 17AC;MB5 <;56 59A69A>9 45 4A5>34G9@ 7A %63MI93B5 F;>9Z 39F?54AD 24: ;AM

34D26 67 39587A@, ='7 C9 ?A@9356;A@ 9;>2 76293lK $245 59A69A>9 7A<M D;4A5 465 @7?G<9:9;A4AD O'7 C9 29;3 9;>2 76293lT'7 C9 ?A@9356;A@ 9;>2 76293lW G9>;?59 46 45 29;3@ 7N93

; 5276 7F %63MI93B5 F;>9J $29 5276 45 52736Z d?56 9A7?D2 64:9 67 599 ; 5<4D26 64> 4A [72A

-;MA9B5 <9F6 9M9J .A@ >?6J &6B5 7N93J $29 G<7C C;5 @9;<6 GM 629 >?664ADJ +7 >7:8<;45;A>9J +7

8;6275J $29 F4<: 396?3A5 67 629 :9@4?: 5276 7F 629 62399 >2;3;>6935 62;6 789A9@ 629 5>9A9

;A@ %63MI93 >2;595 ;C;M 629 57<@4935J "A<M 629 %63MI93qa;55 >7?8<9 39:;4A5Z F;>4AD ?5J

-29A %63MI93q17AC;MB5 39<;647A5248 524F65Z 629 5;:9 F4D?39 45 ?59@ 67 9c83955 62943

;FF9>647AJ



269

(;3<493 4A 629 F4<:Z 6245 F4D?39 2;@ 54DA4F49@Z 4A ;A 7N93C29<:4AD i5276\39N9359 5276 4A

24@4ADi G96C99A 17AC;M ;A@ %63MI93Z 62;6 46 C;5 4:87554G<9 F73 62959 :9A 67 589;I 0# $-(

9%.( 9-"$ C4627?6 @34N4AD 9;>2 76293 :;@J 17AC;M 45 >7AF4@4AD 4A '?AA9 C24<9 %63MI93Z

<M4AD A9c6 67 a;55Z <4569A5 67 24:J b37: 629 2937\>7AF4@;A6 >7?8<95Z 629 @4;<7D?9 :7N95 67

><7593 52765 7F 629 6C7 :9A C27 ;39 A76 589;I4AD 67 7A9 ;A76293 G?6 C27 629 5276\39N9359

5276 G34AD5 67D96293 ;37?A@ ; iA7A\29;3@iJ =_9;N9 ; <466<9 G46 7F M7?359<FZ ;5 <7AD ;5 M7?

C7AB6 G9 F73D7669AK, 46B5 %63MI93 C27 29;35 24:J a?6 46 45 A76 67 24: 62;6 46 45 G94AD 5;4@J

17A563?>647A5 4A >7?8<95 ;A@ 4A :433739@ 4:;D95J '7?G<9@ :9AJ

&A 6245 9>7A7:M 7F .09( (# 91U#( C24>2 45 3989;69@ ;6 9;>2 5698 7F 629 39<;647A5248 G96C99A

629 :;4A >2;3;>6935 ;A@ C24>2 D965 629 ;>6735B G956 893F73:;A>95Z :9@4?: 52765 ;A@ ><759

?85 ;39 A9N93 629 9;5M 57<?647A5 7F 629 >29;8 >7::93>9 7F 839@4>6;G<9 9:7647A5J $29 F;>95

7F 629 >2;3;>6935T;>6735 4AN;@4AD 629 5>399A ;39Z H?469 <4693;<<MZ 629 4AN;547A 7F 629 5>399A

GM 9:7647AJ



270

C(9)$0 1(9%E /$4 30 06) !$45 06) 19/2

$29 F<;D ;889;35 F4N9 64:95 G9F739 629 39837@?>647A 7F 629 F<;D 3;454ADJ &6 45 D4N9A 67 629

D37?8B5 >7:9@4;A );D;]4 629 &6;<4;A .:934>;AJ &65 4>7A4> F73>9 45 @45634G?69@ ;:7AD56 629

=>7::7A 8978<9K 7F 629 >2;3;>6935J a9F739 $;3;C;Z );D;]4 <9;3A5 27C 67 F7<@ ; F<;D 4A ;

5>9A9 C2939 629 2;3@<M 9c>469@ <;56 59A69A>9 O=-2;6 @BM; IA7CKW :;M G9 39@99:9@ GM 629

59H?9A>9B5 @7>?:9A6;3M >2;3;>693J .6 $;3;C;Z 6245 5;:9 );D;]4 :45595 629 7>>;547A 67

27456 245 F<;D ;A@ 6?>I5 46 OC9<< F7<@9@W 4A67 245 52436J $29A 629 4>7A G9>7:95 :739 839>459, ;

:;6>2 >?6 ;557>4;695 629 F<;D C;N4AD 7A $;3;C; C462 629 F<;D C3;889@ ;37?A@ ; >73859 4A

629 >7:G;6 F776;D9 O599 ;G7N9WJ +7 A99@ F73 'C;AZ 629 9A9:M 7F >7:8<;>9A>MZ 67

=39837@?>9K ; G?34;< ;6 59; 5>9A9J $29 :9:73M 7F 629 ;<39;@M\599A 4:;D95 5?FF4>95J $245

2;889A5 ;<57 G9>;?59 6245 F4<::;I93 7F G;<;A>9 >7A6;4A5 ;AM 87554G<9 F<77@4AD 7F 629

:7:9A6 GM 629 =;<39;@M IA7CAZ ;<39;@M 599AJK "A 629 G7;6 6;I4AD 629: 67 &C7 [4:;Z );D;]4

6;I95 7?6 245 F<;D ;A@ 5;M5 29 45 @9693:4A9@ 67 3;459 46 7N93 $7IM7J $29 <;56 64:9 62;6 ;

F?347?5 );D;]4 C4<< G9 @9834N9@ 7F ; >2;A>9 67 3;459 245 F<;D C4<< 2;889A 7A &C7 [4:;, 629F<;D %63MI93 >7AF4@95 67 629 62399 5?3N4N735 45 ;A76293 7A9J

$7 396;4A 73 @9F?59 629 9:7647A 629 C9<<\IA7CA 7Gd9>6 C7?<@ 837@?>9 0# %5I%#1( ;A@ 67

>7A563?>6 629 4>7A GM >7AF4@4AD 46 67 ; :4A73 >2;3;>693, 6C7 C;M5 67 D4N9 ;A76293 <4F9 67 629

4A9N46;G<9Z ;A64>48;69@ :7A?:9A6Z 57 62;6 A7 7A9 C4<< 67?>2 46 F73 ; <7AD 64:9J



271

&6 @795AB6 6;I9 <7AD 67 599 27C :?>2 8%#59 45 629 C73I 7F ; 54<9A6 F4<::;I93J $29 5>9A9 ;6

629 9A@ 7F 629 F<;D 3;454AD 45 7A9 7F 629 :756 7GN47?5 54DA5 7F 62;6J %63MI93 D4N95 629 F<;D 62;6

:?56 G9 8<;A69@ 7A 07?A6 %?34G;>24 67 ; =F4356 5H?;@i, 6245 45 629 :7:9A6 7F 629 >;:97 7F

629 62399 5?3N4N735 C2939 C9 A764>9 ;G7N9 ;<< 62;6 &3; /;M95Z 629 7?654@93Z 45 <77I4AD

9<59C2939 ;5 4F 29 C939 A76 62939J

_;56 @4;<7D?9 G96C99A 17AC;M ;A@ %63MI93, 629 =<466<9 N74>9K 7F F9;3 2;5 @45;889;39@J .A@ =&A9N93 F9<6 57 D77@ZK %63MI93 5;M5J . 5A4893B5 G?<<96 2465 24: 4A 629 G;>IJ /9 F;<<5 G;>IC;3@5J

-24<9Z 4A 629 G;>ID37?A@Z 629 >7:G;6 82767D3;82935 ><4:G 67C;3@5 629 5?::46Z $27:;5

F4A@5 7A %63MI93B5 G7@M ;A ?AF4A4529@ <96693 67 245 57AJ /9 39;@5 46 ;<7?@ 67 629 76293

57<@4935 ;5 629M >37?>2 ;37?A@ 629 G7@MJ $29 F4<: >?65 F37: F;>9 67 F;>9J 17AC;M 6;I95 629

<96693 ;A@ 5;M5Z =&B<< F4A452 46 F73 24:JK "N93 629 57?A@ 7F ; @3?: 37<< >7:95 629 F4356 5276 7F

629 39837@?>647A 7F 629 F<;D 3;454ADJ a4<< Y9A;?56B5 5276 C;5 A76 9A7?D2, 677 52736Z F3;:9@

677 ><759J &6 45AB6 :7A?:9A6;< 9A7?D2Z A76 ;5 :7A?:9A6;< ;5 629 82767J 'C;A >?65 67D96293

62399 52765 7F 245 >;39F?< 39837@?>647AZ A76 7A9 :739, 9A7?D2 57 62;6 245 :;4A >2;3;>6935

3;459 62943 9M95 O7A9 GM 7A9Z 4A ><759 ?8W ;A@ 629A D96 ?8 C24<9 629 0;34A95 2M:A G9D4A5Jb4A;< 5276 7F 629 39837@?>647A, 629 F<;D 45 3;459@J . A9C 593495 7F ><759 ?85 7A 629 F;>95 67

629 57?A@ 7F 629 2M:AZ 6245 64:9 A76 C462 62943 29;@5 ?8Z G?6 ;5 4F 629M C939 C;6>24AD 629

F<;D 5>9A9 4A F37A6 7F 629:Z ;D;4A56 ;<< 3?<95 7F 58;64;< >7A64A?46MJ



272

17AC;M <7C935 245 9M95 67C;3@5 629 F;:7?5 5276 7F %63MI93B5 @9;@ G7@MZ 245 F;>9 ;D;4A56

629 D37?A@J

&6B5 4A ; ><759 ?8 62;6 17AC;M 3;4595 245 9M95 ;D;4A ;A@ 9c><;4:5Z =%;@@<9 ?8ZK 629 9c8395547A

%63MI93 527?69@ 67 D96 629: :7N4ADJ . 5276 7F 629 D37?8 6?3A4AD ;37?A@ ;A@ C;<I4AD ;C;M

4A 629 5:7I9 7F ;A 4AN454G<9 G7:G4AD 3;4@ 7N93 C24>2 ;889;3 629 C73@5 =$29 (A@JK

$245 9A@4ADZ ;5 =:7A?:9A6;<K ;5 46 :;M 599:Z 45 629 >7AN93D9A>9 874A6 7F 629 6C7 5673495,

;A 9A@4AD C462 ;A 9@4FM4AD :7:9A6 O629 <96693 G9F739 629 F<;DWZ ; 29;NM 5>399AC3464AD

;364F4>9Z C2939 629 57?A@ >7?<@ G9 :4554ADZ 398<;>9@ GM ; 646<9 >;3@ 62;6 C7?<@ 6;I9 465

8;62964> >7<73 F37: 629 >?664ADZ 629 9@464AD ;A@ 629 A7A\>7A64A?46MJ 'C;AB5 76293 5673MZ 7A

629 76293 2;A@Z @9:;A@5 62;6 629 2;352956 59A69A>95 4A %63MI93B5 <96693 q =& C;A6 M7? 67 G9

<4I9 :9 4A 57:9 624AD5 G?6 A76 <4I9 :9 4A 762935 q &g: ; F;4<?39 4A :;AMK q G9 -(%,5 J &A'C;AB5 D3;::;3Z 46B5 7A ; ><759 ?8 62;6 46 45 29;3@Z C24>2 :?56 G9 ; ><759 ?8 7F 17AC;MJ

-29A 629 F<;D C4<< 2;N9 G99A 3;459@Z 46 C4<< A76 G9 ;6 46 62;6 17AC;M C4<< G9 <77I4AD G?6

4A569;@ ;6 ; A;:9 ;A@ ; C7?A@ 7A ; F;>9<955 G7@MJ 17AC;MB5 F4A;< 3957<?647A ?A@7?G69@<M

6;I95 7A ; 59A59 62;6 D795 G9M7A@ 629 ><4>2t ;A@ 3296734> 7F 629 837d9>6J $29 8<;>9 29 6;I95

45 A76 d?56 629 >7A64A?;647A 7F ; 57<@493B5 7G<4D;647AJ &6 45 A76 629 F<;D 62;6 @9>4@95 629 C27<9

:7N9:9A6J &6 45 ; 67?>24AD G7@MZ ;A ;G5?3@ @9;62Z ;A ?A599A F;>9J 17AC;MB5 8<;>9 45 4A 629

>7:8;AM 7F :9AJ



273

380)BF/B4*

(N93M624AD 2;N4AD G99A =67<@ 4A ;@N;A>9ZK ;<< 62;6 C;5 <9F6 F73 'C;AL; 8;5547A;69

5673M69<<93 7F F99<4AD5LC;5 837G;G<M 7A<M C2;6 45 F?A@;:9A6;<Z C2;6 45 @998J -2;6 245

.09( (# 91U#( :;I9 62959 :9A 3983959A6 O4A><?@4AD 4"..(#5%$",( -;MA9W 45 ;A

;A623787<7D4>;< H?95647A, C2;6 C4<< :9A 5" C462 C;3 9c89349A>9l _4N9@ 73 599A O>4A9:;64>

73 39;<WZ 629 9c89349A>9 7F C;3 45 7A9 7F 629 :7:9A65 C2939 39<;647A52485 G96C99A 8978<9

6;I9 7A ;A 4A69A546M F7394DA 67 =9N93M@;M <4F9JK 17AC;M 5;M5 46Z ;6 629 G9D4AA4AD 7F 629 F4<:,

=-29A M7? D96 7?6 2939Z M7?B39 ><759 67 624AD5JK

$7 D7 F?36293Z 67 599 @99893 4A67 624AD5Z 67 <9;N9 57:9624AD F73 7A959<FZ A76 67 G9 F73D7669A,

F73 %63MI93 ;A@ 17AC;ML'C;AB5 @7?G<9 N74>9L46 45 ; :;6693 7F 95>;84AD ;554DA9@ 57>4;<

37<95 ;A@ :;<9 F7<I<739 ;A@ 1"#9$,G1$0#B 629 9c89349A>9 7F C;3J +946293 ;5 ; 398754673M 7F

><4>2t5 A73 ;5 629 398964647A 7F 4A293469@ D956?395J $7 A76 F73D96 45 A76 ; :;6693 7F

:7A?:9A65Z 46 45 :;I4AD 87554G<9 629 F399 627?D26 7F 9c89349A>9Z 7?654@9 7F 629 4@97<7D4>;<4Ad?A>647A5 7F 629 64:95J

$245 C4<< ;<57 G9 7A9 7F 629 H?95647A5 4A 80)I(, /"5(, 27C 67 :;I9 7A9B5 7CA 8;62 6237?D2

629 d?AD<9 7F 5673495L;<39;@M 599A ;A@ ;<39;@M IA7CAL7F ><4>2t5 ;A@ 839d?@4>95Z 4A 73@93

67 69564FM ;G7?6 629 8;56 ;A@ >39;69 ; F?6?39J $29 7A<M 39587A59 4A 629 59>396 A7N9< 7F 8%#59

45 67 ;>>986 629 D;:9 7F 9:7647A5Z 67 <7N9 ;A@ 67 589;IZ 4A ; 2?:;A >7::?A46M F399@ 7F 629

D27565 7F 788395547AJ

b73 (@D;3@7 17];34A5IMZ ."5(9$%.(#$(

P %69829A (J .:G3759 4A 8-""$0#B E%,S E",)5 E%, >> 4".+%$ 4%.(,%.(#J

V 0;34A95 3;454AD 629 .:934>;A F<;D 7A 07?A6 %?3;G;>24 b9G3?;3M V^Z PQRUJ .A@ @7AB6

F73D96 7)%B9 "2 DG, 7%$-(,9J

^ &6B5 9N9A 629 G;545 F73 ; F;:7?5 82767D3;82 7F F439F4D26935 7A QTPPJ

R $29 b39A>2 646<9 7F K%L( $-( C0B- 6,"G#5 O8(,B(#$ )% $(,,(G, WJ



274

8WPPX3?XP OPQUhW

1?<<9A Y;<<;D293

XXX

8G,,(#5(, OPQUhW G9<7AD5 67 629 5;:9 C95693A\A743 >M><9 7F 629 <;69 PQRhB5 62;6 C7?<@

4A><?@9 .A@39 @9 $762B5 P%.,"5 OPQReW < );7?< -;<52B5 RG,9G(5 OPQReW ;A@ 4")",%5"

K(,,0$",F OPQRQWZ )7G936 -459B5 ')""5 "# $-( !""# OPQRSWZ 0;3I )7G57AB5 P"GB-9-"5

OPQRQW < ;A@ .A627AM 0;AAB5 K-( 7G,0(9 OPQUhW ;A@ E0#1-(9$(, :YZ OPQUhWJ $2959 :7N49552;39 4A >7::7A ; N45?;< ;9562964>Z >2;3;>693 596Z ;A@ <;>I 7F :73;< >9A693 :739

39:4A45>9A6 7F 20). #"0, 62;A 629 63;@4647A;< C95693A )7765 7F 6245 D9A934> 524F6 >;A G9

63;>9@ G;>I 67 [72A b73@B5 87964> >7:8754647A5 ;A@ 57:G93 ?A@93>?339A65 4A !F ?%,)0#B

4)(.(#$0#( OPQRpWZ 629 56;3I :73;<46M 8<;M 5?337?A@4AD ; <MA>24AD 4A -4<<4;: .J -9<<:;AB5

K-( D[N'"A >#105(#$ OPQR^WZ ;A@ 9N9A _4<<4;A Y452B5 85M>24> 63;?:; ;A@ 2;<<?>4A;673M

4:;D4A4AD5 4A *4>673 %d75637:B5 K-( E0#5 OPQVSWJ

$29 5673M 45 ;A ?A@93C73<@ 27359 7893; 62;6 39N7<N95 ;37?A@ 13M56;< f;<;>9 a;3 u 1;54A7

7CA93 Y39D '9<;A9M O[72A 1;337<<WZ ;A@ 629 893:?6;647A5 7F <4;457A5 G96C99A 24:59<FZ 245

G956 F349A@ [72AAM /;<9 O-4<<4;: 124ADWZ ;A@ ; 8;43 7F 5456935Z 629 D77@\D43< [;A96 a;367A

O0;34; f;<:93WZ ;A@ 293 D7<@\@4DD4ADZ :;A\9;64AD 545693 *47<9A6 O*93; );<567AWZ C24<9Z <7>;<

%2934FF -4<<4;: /7C;3@ O-;<693 a39AA;AW 5>7?35 7?6 39;57A 67 <7>I ?8 '9<;A9MJ

'9<;A9MZ <4I9 'C;A 24:59<FZ 45 ; :;A C27 ?595 245 2;A@5 ;A@ 245 :4A@J $2959 9N93\83;>64>;<

>3;F65:;A\4AA7N;6735 >7?<@ G9 F7?A@ 6237?D27?6 'C;Ag5 F4<:7D3;82MZ F37: '7?D<;5

b;43G;AI5B 5C;52G?>I<935Z :;A48?<;64AD 629 58;>9 ;37?A@ 629:Z 67 $M37A9 f7C93B5





276

$29 4A6938<;M 7F <4D26 ;A@ 52;@7C 45 ; 56M<4]9@ D;:9 7F 89359>?647AL7A9 62;6 9c9:8<4F495

629 C;M 62;6 'C;A C;5 ;G<9 67 @3955 O;A@ 39\@3955W <;>I<?5693 a\5965 4A67 >4A9:;64>;<<M

>2;3D9@ ;A@ 4A634>;69<M @96;4<9@ 58;>95J $29 3956 7F 629 F4<: 6;I95 8<;>9 834:;34<M 4A@7735Z

G?6 2939 677Z 'C;A >7?A6935 245 58;64;< <4:46;647A5 6237?D2 D9A937?5 @9>73;647A5 67

;:8<4FM G762 629 H?;<46M ;A@ N7<?:9 7F 245 5965J $29 @9>73;647A5 7F 629 13M56;< f;<;>9 a;3 u

1;54A7 599: :739 5?469@ 67 ; D<755M 0Y0 837@?>647A 62;A ; f7N936M )7C 7;693 F37:

)98?G<4>J 12;A@9<4935Z :433735Z @9A59<M 8;6693A9@ C;<<8;893Z 624>I >?36;4A5Z ;A@ ;3>29@

@773C;M5 837N4@9 @9862Z 69c6?39Z 9<9D;A>9Z ;A@ 524::93 67 C2;6 ;39Z :756 <4I9<MZ 39>M><9@

5965 F37: C95693A5 8;56J 'C;A G34AD5 629 58;>9 67 629 >;:93;Z 3;6293 62;A 6;I4AD 629

>;:93; 6237?D2 629 58;>9, 64D26 :9@4?: 52765 :;I9 C2;6B5 62939 599: 67 584<< 7N93J

%4:4<;3<MZ *47<96 ;A@ [;A96B5 27?59Z @9>I9@ 7?6 4A @9>73;64N9 C;<< 8;893Z 6;G<9678 5>?<86?395Z

F3;:9@ 84>6?395 7A >37C@4AD 9N93M C;<<Z @773 F3;:95Z <;3D9 C4A@7C5Z ; 56;69<M F4398<;>9Z

C;<< 73A;:9A65Z ;A64H?9 <;:85Z >;A@<9564>I 27<@935Z ;A@ 9N9A 584I9@ G9@87565 3959:G<4AD

:9@49N;< 6736?39 C9;87A5L7FF93 629 4:8395547A G762 7F ; 89357A;< 58;>9 62;6 45 N93M<4N9@\4AZ ;5 C9<< ;5 ; >4A9:;64> 596 C2759 G?@D96 C7?<@ 599: :?>2 24D293 62;A 46 ;>6?;<<M

C;5J

12;3;>6934564>;<<MZ 'C;A :;352;<5 245 3957?3>95 F73 7A<M 629 :756 >3?>4;< >;:93;

:7N9:9A65Z C24>2 599: ;<< 629 :739 9c839554N9 4A 629 >7A69c6 7F 245 63;@4647A;<<M 56;64>

@9>7?8;D9J . 589>6;>?<;3 >3;A9 5276Z :739 5?DD9564N9 7F Y973D9 1?I73Z *4>673 b<9:4ADZ 73

;AM 7F 629 76293 0Y0 <73@5 7F :;d956MZ 789A5 629 C9@@4AD 7F /;<9 ;A@ [;A96E ;A@ 4A *47<96B5

527884AD 9c>?3547A @7CA 0;4A %63996Z 629 >;:93; :7N95 <;693;<<M ;<7AD 629 563996 67

F7<<7C5 293 F37: N9A@73 67 N9A@73J a762 4A464;69 6C7 7F 629 F4<:B5 7A<M 89357A;G<9 5>9A95,

629 C9@@4AD 39>98647A 7F 629 F73:93Z ;A@ ; 5637<< 6237?D2 67CA 4A 629 <;6693J $29 563996

599:5 ;<4N9 C462 89@95634;A5 4A 6245 <;6693Z 789A\;43 5276Z G?56<4AD C462 629 M7?AD ;A@ 7<@Z

8978<9 >7:4AD ;A@ D74AD F37: G924A@ ;A@ 4A F37A6 7F >;:93;J .5 4A 4%)(#5%, 60,) OPQReWZ >

?,(%. "2 @(%#0( OPQUVWZ ;A@ 8A(($-(%,$9 "# R%,%5( OPQU^WZ C9 599 'C;A 2939 ;6 245 :756

89357A;G<9, 62939B5 ; <7N9 ;A@ ;FF9>647A F73 ;6:7582939Z F73 5:;<<\67CA 8978<9Z ;A@ F73

@;4<M <4F9Z 629 5736 62;6 D965 7N93<77I9@ 4A :756 :7N495J -;6>24AD 6245 59H?9A>9Z <4I9 629

G;>I56;D9 >;3A4N;< D<4:8595 4A 8A(($-(%,$9 "# R%,%5(Z 7A9 C45295 62;6 62959 :7:9A65

>7?<@ <;56 F73 :739 62;A d?56 :939 59>7A@5Z 62;6 'C;AB5 >;:93; >7?<@ 8;55 F37: 89357A 67

89357AZ <4AD934AD <7AD F73 ; :739 4A64:;69 9A>7?A693J &A569;@Z 629 @9:;A@5 7F ; >7::93>4;<

A;33;64N9 F4<: <4:46 245 4A693;>647AJ %7Z 'C;A 7N93F4<<5 629 5>399A C462 :739 8978<9Z :739;>64N46MZ :739 @96;4<Z ;A@ :739 <4F9 62;A 629 5>399A >;A 87554G<9 >7A6;4AJ &6B5 ; :;3N9<7?5

59H?9A>9Z 7A9 7F 629 F9C 9c;:8<95 7F 29;36 4A ;A 76293C459 >7<@ ;A@ G;339A A743J

a?6 'C;A 5;N95 629 :756 N45?;<<M 4:839554N9 59H?9A>9 F73 <;56Z ;5 '9<;A9M ;669:865 67

7?63?A %2934FF /7C;3@ C24<9 F933M4AD *47<96 5;F9<M ;>3755 629 09c4>;A G73@93J -2939;5

:756 7F 8G,,(#5(, 45 >7:8759@ 4A 64D26 :9@4?: ;A@ :9@4?:\<7AD 52765Z 2939 'C;AZ 8?<<4AD

245 >;:93; C;M G;>IZ >7:87595 629 F4A;<9 4A 9c639:9 <7AD 52765 62;6 :;c4:4]9 629 N45?;<



277

9c8;A59 7F 629 :7?A6;4A5 ;A@ :4A4;6?34]9 629 >2;3;>6935 4A F<4D26J &A ; C;MZ 629 984>

837873647A 7F 62959 4:;D95 39>;<<5 629 @95936 N456;5 @?34AD 629 >;A;< @4DD4AD 59H?9A>95 7F

'C;AB5 >7:8;3;64N9<M G4D\G?@D96 8G(J , G762 98457@95 52;39 ;A 9<9:9A6;< 584346?;<45:Z ;A

7:4A7?5 ;6:7582939 599:4AD<M 4A ;C9Z 9N9A ;F3;4@Z 7F 629 87C93 7F 9;362Z C4A@Z ;A@ 5;A@J

/939Z 'C;AB5 4:;D95 @3;C 7?6 @998 52;@7C5 62;6 >;3955 629 F7<@5 7F 5;A@ ;A@ 37>IM

>39N4>95Z ;A@ <4AD935 7A 629 ><7?@5 7F @?56 ?A@93 629 87?A@4AD 273595B 277N95Z 3454AD <4I9

82;A67:5 F37: G9<7C 629 9;362J /;352 d;DD9@ 37>I5 ;A@ F;627:<955Z ;<<\>7A5?:4AD

52;@7C5 >7:G4A9 67 F73: 57:9 69334FM4AD D97D3;82MZ ; A4D26:;39 58;>9 7F 7:4A7?5

:;d956ME 465 4:8754AD 56;6?39 <77I5 67 @4:4A452 G762 629 54]9 ;A@ 54DA4F4>;A>9 7F 629

>2;3;>6935 ;A@ 62943 :736;< @3;:;J $29 8978<9 :;M G9 F4D264AD F73 <4F9 73 @9;62Z G?6 629

D3;A@9?3 7F 629 <;A@5>;89 7N9352;@7C5 629 :9;A4AD<955 ;A@ F?64<46M 7F 62943 >7AF<4>6J .5

(<:739 _97A;3@ @95>34G95 4A 245 A7N9< 7",$F /%9-(9 D#(Z =$2939 C;5 A7624AD 7?6 62939 G?6

5IM ;A@ 37>I5 ;A@ @95936 D37C62 62;6 <77I9@ ;5 4F 46 C7?<@ A9N93 @49Z G?6 7FF939@ ; :;A A7

2789 7F <4F9JK

%276 @7CA GM 5A48935Z '9<;A9M ;A@ *47<96 @49 4A 9;>2 76293B5 ;3:5J 8G,,(#5(, B5 F4A;< 5276 45

; 3;39 :7:9A6 7F 5M:G7<45: F73 'C;AJ .5 >;:93; <77I5 563;4D26 @7CA ?87A 62943 G7@495Z 46

5<7C<M 34595Z ;5 627?D2 62943 57?<5 C939 <9;N4AD ;A@ ;5>9A@4AD 67 29;N9AJ .5 ; >4A9:;64>

D956?39Z 'C;AB5 >;:93; :7N9:9A6 7FF935 ; 5C9984AD 9:7647A;< 9c89349A>9 F73 629 N49C93Z

; 584346?;< ?8<4F6 62;6 9A34>295 ;A@ :7N95 ?5 7?654@9 629 G7?A@;3495Z 7A>9 ;D;4AZ 7F ;A

76293C459 A9;6<M >43>?:5>34G9@ @3;:;J







280

8EXXKCX*PK8 D3 R*P*?X OPQU^W

';N9 `923

$237?D27?6 245 837@4D47?5<M <7AD ;A@ 837@?>64N9 >;3993Z .<<;A 'C;A I986 245 C73I F3952

O;A@ 24:59<F 9:8<7M9@W GM >2;AD4AD D9A395 ;A@ 524F64AD :77@5 9N93M F9C M9;35J $29

58;359 -95693A @3;:;5 7F 245 9;3<4956 C73IZ 4A 629 C;A4AD @;M5 7F 629 A4>I9<7@97AZ F<7C

4A67 629 9c?G93;A6 >7:9@M ;A@ F<?4@ ;>647A 7F 245 '7?D<;5 b;43G;AI5 F4<:5 7F 629 <;69 699A5Z;A@ 629A 4A67 629 @3;:;64>;<<M A?;A>9@ 37:;A64> >7:9@495 62;6 >2;3;>6934]9 245 PQVh5

C73I C462 Y<734; %C;A57A O62939 45 A7 @7?G6 :?>2 :739 67 6245 89347@Z G?6 57 :?>2 7F

'C;AB5 9;3<M C73I 2;5 G99A <756 62;6 9N9A G37;@ D9A93;<4];647A5 ;39 @4FF4>?<6WJ $29 ^h5 F4A@

24: F?<<M 9AD;D9@ C462 629 57>4;< 455?9 F4<:5 7F 629 89347@Z F37: 629 ;A64\C;3 4-%#1(9

OPQ^hW 67 629 >7:8<9c 639;6:9A6 7F 3;>9 39<;647A5 4A D#( !0)( 2,". C(%I(# OPQêWE <;69 4A

629 @9>;@9 29 N9935 ;G3?86<M 4A67 G37;@ >7:9@M OK-( 6",0))%Z PQ^QWZ ; N94A 29 F7<<7C5 4A67

629 :;A4> F;3>95 7F 629 C;3 M9;35 OWT 0# !%+():9 P"".Z PQRRWJ

$29 9A@ 7F 629 C;3 F4A@5 'C;A ?A@93 >7A63;>6 67 )98?G<4>Z C2939 629 69A73 7F 245 C73I

524F65 ;D;4AJ $29 F3;A64> 8;>9 7F 629 C;364:9 >7:9@495 39<;c95 4A67 ; <M34>;< :7@9Z ;A@

9<9:9A65 7F F;A6;5ML4:837G;G<9 >74A>4@9A>95Z 599:4AD<M :43;>?<7?5 9N9A65Z >2;3;>6935

C27 5?@@9A<M G?356 4A67 57ADL>7:9 67 >2;3;>6934]9 C2;6 & 624AI 7F ;5 629 =:;D4> 39;<456K

89347@ 4A 'C;AB5 C73I, ; D39;6 9c8;A547A 7F C;3:62 ;A@ 7864:45: 62;6 <9;@5Z :M569347?5<M

;A@ 4A9c73;G<MZ 4A67 629 >77< ;G563;>647A 7F 629 F4A;< @9>;@9 7F F4<:5Z :;@9 F73 629

4A@989A@9A6 837@?>93 a9A9@4>6 a7D9;?5J





282

62943 A9D<9>6 7F 62943 >24<@39A, /7<:95 /93G936 4A X%9$ 805(< E(9$ 805( OPQVeWZ Y3;A6

046>29<< 4A !%# $" !%# OPQ^hWZ *4>673 0>_;D<9A 4A E-0)( R%,09 8)((T9 OPQ^VWZ (@:?A@ _7C9

4A ')%1L 8-((T OPQÛWJ %4DA4F4>;A6<MZ 46 45 629 ;G;A@7A9@ 57A5 C27 C;<<7C 4A ;AD93 ;A@ 59<F\

846M OY973D9 "Ba349A 4A X%9$ 805(< E(9$ 805(E f24<<485 /7<:95 4A !%# $" !%#WZ C24<9 629

;G;A@7A9@ @;?D26935Z F37: 0;347A ';N495 4A 6($$0#B !%,F !%,,0(5 OPQPQW 67 +;6;<49 -77@

4A ?,02$A""5 OPQReW >7>I 62943 >24A5 ;A@ D96 7A C462 62943 <4N95J

-29A 8;39A65 ;39 83959A6 ;A@ ;>>7?A69@ F73Z ;5 629M ;39 4A ;A 9H?;<<M 4:8754AD A?:G93 7F

F4<:5Z 'C;A 7F69A 8<;M5 629 546?;647A F73 >7:9@MZ C462 629 >24<@39A :;A;D4AD 62943 8;39A65B

637?G<9@ :;334;D95 73 >2;764> 9:7647A;< <4N95J 'C;A 9Ad7M5 @9N9<784AD 8;3;<<9< 8<765 62;6

3;AD9 ;>3755 D9A93;647A5Z ;5 4A ]"G#B R("T)( OPQRhWZ 4A C24>2 %243<9M $9:8<9 :9@4;695

G96C99A 293 ;@7864N9 8;39A65Z ; 8;43 7F 37C@M N;?@9N4<<4;A5 O[;>I ";I49 ;A@ 12;3<7669

Y399AC77@W ;A@ 629 9<@935 7F 629 >7A593N;64N9 +9C (AD<;A@ 67CA 67 C24>2 629M 2;N9

396439@Z 73 7,0(#5)F X#(.0(9 OPQR^WZ 4A C24>2 6C7 H?;339<57:9 7<@ :9A O12;3<95 -4AA4AD93

;A@ 12;3<95 )?DD<95W 6239;69A 67 @453?86 629 9AD;D9:9A6 7F 62943 >24<@39A O[;:95 13;4D ;A@+;A>M `9<<MWJ (H?;<<MZ 46B5 629 >24<@39A C27 9A@ ?8 6;I4AD >2;3D9 7F C4@7C9@ 8;39A65Z <4I9

[;A9 b3;]99 4A 1;<9A@;3 Y43< OPQReWZ C27 D?4@95 293 F;6293 O*4>673 0>_;D<9AW 4A67 ;

39<;647A5248 C462 293 @;A>4AD 69;>293 O&39A9 )4>2WZ 73 629 G3762935 4A 629 PQ^SB5 @"9($$(

O'7A .:9>29 ;A@ )7G936 n7?ADW C27 63M 67 56993 62943 8<;MG7M F;6293 O-4<<4;: 17<<493Z %3JW

;C;M F37: ; D7<@\@4DD4AD >2;A69?59 O$;<; a439<<WJ

.<< 7F 62959 629:95 >7:9 67D96293 4A 8A(($-(%,$9 "# R%,%5( OPQU^WZ 7A9 7F 'C;AB5 <9;56

IA7CA F4<:5Z G?6 67 :9Z 7A9 7F 245 :756 G9;?64F?< ;A@ F?<<M 39;<4]9@J $29 <;56 7F 629 F7?3

:?54>;<5 'C;A :;@9 ;6 )98?G<4>Z 8A(($-(%,$9 45 ; 59H?9< 7F 57365 67 629 ;88;39A6<M

5?>>955F?< > ?,(%. "2 @(%#0(Z ; PQUV )98?G<4> 589>4;<Z 837@?>9@ 4A 629 56?@47B5 6234F6M G?6

?A56;G<9 $3?>7<73 837>955Z C24>2 F9;6?39@ 629 69A73 a4<< %243<9M ;5 PQ62 >9A6?3M >7:87593

%69829A b75693Z 629 G;3467A9 );M 04@@<967A ;5 (@C4A fJ 123456MZ 629 :4A5639<\527C

893F73:93 C27 878?<;34]9@ b75693B5 :?54>Z ;A@ 629 5783;A7 (4<99A 123456M ;5 629 [9;A49 7F

629 646<9Z ; F4>647A;< OG?6 9:4A9A6<M 'C;A4A4;AW >2;3;>693 C27 F;<<5 4A <7N9 C462 b75693 ;A@

395>?95 24: F37: 293 :;A48?<;64N9 545693 O;A76293 F;N73469 'C;A 8<76 @9N4>9WJ

"A<M 04@@<967A C;5 ; 56;3Z 7F ; 5736Z 2;N4AD >7:9 @439>6<M F37: 629 F7?3 M9;3 a37;@C;M 3?A

7F *##0( 6($ ]"G, 6G#Z 4A C24>2 29 5;AD 78875469 (629< 093:;AJ %243<9MB5 F?6?39 >9<9G346M

C7?<@ >7:9 C462 6C7 F4<: 4A C24>2 245 F;>9 C;5 A76 599A, 837N4@4AD 629 N74>9 F73 629 f34A>94A 629 PQUQ '45A9M F9;6?39 8)((T0#B '(%G$F Z ;A@ [939:M a3966B5 54AD4AD N74>9 O="A 629 %63996

-2939 n7? _4N9KW 4A 1?I73B5 PQpR !F 7%0, /%5F J =&A637@?>9@K 4A @(%#0(Z 629 8936Z G<7A@9

123456M :;@9 A7 :739 F4<:5 ;F693 293 )98?G<4> >7A63;>6 9c8439@Z 627?D2 293 54AD4AD >;3993

>7A64A?9@E A76;G<MZ 529 ;889;39@ 78875469 [72A );466 4A ; PQpU 39N4N;< 7F 4%,"G9() @439>69@

GM )4>2;3@ )7@D935L; 849>9 62;6 52;395 57:9 '+. C462 'C;AB5 8A(($-(%,$9J



283

@(%#0( C7?<@ <;3D9<M G9 ;A 9c>?59 F73 'C;A ;A@ 245 D4F69@ :?54>;< @439>673Z )7G936

.3:G3?5693 O?A;>>7?A6;G<M ?A>39@469@ 7A 629 F4<:WZ 67 ;559:G<9 ; A?:G93 7F 8?G<4>

@7:;4A 57AD5 4A67 ; :?54>;< 39N?9 62;6 5?DD9569@ 7A9 7F 0Y0B5 ON;56<MW G4DD93 G?@D969@

57ADC34693 :?54>;<5Z <4I9 E",59 %#5 !G901 OPQRSW 73 K-,(( /0$$)( E",59 OPQUhWJ .@@4AD ;

59>7A@ 5783;A7Z _?>4<<9 +73:;A OF3952 F37: 629 -;3A935 :?54>;< F<78 R%0#$0#B $-( 4)"G59

A0$- 8G#9-0#( OPQUPWW 67 629 >;56Z 8A(($-(%,$9 "# R%,%5( 599:5 67 2;N9 G9D?A 4A ; 54:4<;3

4:8?<59Z C462 b75693 ;?D:9A69@ GM [72;AA %63;?55 ;A@ ; A?:G93 7F <95593 IA7CA PQ 62

>9A6?3M >7:875935Z A7A9 7F C27: C7?<@ 563;4A )98?G<4>B5 >7FF935 C462 37M;<6M 8;M:9A65J

a?6 4A 8A(($-(%,$9 "# R%,%5(Z ; F;3 :739 ;:G4647?5 ;A@ 4A :;AM C;M5 :739 89357A;< 9FF736

62;A @(%#0(Z 629 @9862 7F 'C;AB5 >7::46:9A6 45 ><9;3 F37: 629 F4<:B5 F4356 587I9A C73@5, ;

>2;3:4AD G46 7F @7DD939< 62;6 9N7I95 `7I7:7Z &A@4;A;Z 7A =; 57F6 [?A9 @;MT57:9 94D26M

M9;35 ;D7JK $29 N9359 45 'C;AB5 7CAZ ;5 ;39 57:9 7F 629 76293 <M34>5 29;3@ 4A 629 F4<:Z ;A@

629 N74>9 G9<7AD5 67 [;:95 `43IC77@Z ; :9:G93 7F 'J-J Y34FF462B5 a47D3;82 567>I >7:8;AM

C27: 'C;A 2;@ @439>69@ 4A F7?3 F4<:5 4A PQVh O4A><?@4AD =$29 %>7FF93ZK C24>2 `9N4Aa37C<7C 2;5 39>9A6<M 39@45>7N939@WJ

`7I7:7 C;5 A76 F;3 F37: 629 #A4N93546M 7F +7639 ';:9Z C2939 'C;A 2;@ 56?@49@ 9<9>634>;<

9AD4A9934AD F37: PQh^ 67 PQheZ G?6 629 4@M<<4> 04@C95693A 67CA 7F =%C99629;365KL9N7I9@Z

C462 ;:;]4AD 9>7A7:MZ 6237?D2 6C7 4A693473 5965 ;A@ C2;6 <77I5 67 2;N9 G99A ; G349F

<7>;647A 6348 67 _;I9 .337C29;@L2;5 <466<9 G;545 4A 39;<46M O`7I7:7 C;5Z ;A@ 39:;4A5Z ;A

4A@?5634;< >46MWJ &F 62939 45 ;A 4::9@4;69 >7AA9>647A F73 'C;AZ 46 45 837G;G<M 4A 629 F4D?39 7F

a4<< %243<9MB5 >2;3;>693Z a4<< Y;:G<9L; :9@4>;< @7>673 C27 2;5 D4N9A ?8 83;>64>4AD 245

837F95547A 4A F;N73 7F 893F73:4AD C462 ; 63;N9<4AD :9@4>4A9 527CZ d?56 ;5 'C;A 2;@

;G;A@7A9@ 245 9AD4A9934AD 56?@495 4A F;N73 7F d74A4AD 629 5>;3>9<M :739 39589>6;G<9 9;3<M

:7647A 84>6?39 4A@?563MJ a4<<B5 G956 F349A@ ;A@ 63;4<93\:;69 45Z 54:4<;3<MZ ; <;CM93 C27 2;5

6237CA 7N93 629 <;C 67 8?35?9 245 8;5547A F73 87963ME 8<;M9@ GM /;33M 1;39MZ [3JZ [4: )4<9M

6?3A5 7?6 67 G9 [;:95 -246>7:G )4<9MZ ; 2456734>;< F4D?39 C27 <;693 G9>;:9 ; 878?<;3 8796J

&A I9984AD C462 629 :;D4>;< 67A9 7F 629 F4<:Z 29 F39H?9A6<M 589;I5 4A 32M:9J

'C;AZ ;<C;M5 ; :;5693 7F 563?>6?39 ;A@ 8;>4AD G?4<@5 629 F4<: OF37: ; 5>3486 GM /7?567A

a3;A>2Z C27 9;3<M 4A 245 >;3993 2;@ C34669A 629 8<;M 62;6 G9>;:9 -4<<4;: -9<<:;AB5

A4D26:;3452 8%2( 0# C()) OPQ^PWW ;5 9559A64;<<M ; A7A\5678 593495 7F :?54>;< A?:G935Z C24>2

593N9 <955 ;5 9:G9<<452:9A65 67 629 8<76 62;A 465 G;54> A;33;64N9 ?A465J O$29 54AD4AD 567857A<M @?34AD 629 :9<7@3;:;64> >7:8<4>;647A5 7F 629 <;56 ;>6Z ;5 'C;A 563;69D4>;<<M 27<@5

G;>I 629 9:7647A;< 39<9;59 62;6 629 >2;3;>6935 F4A@ 4A 893F73:;A>9 ?A64< 629 F4A;<

3957<?647AJW

$29 F4<: 789A5 C462 ; :;D4>;<<M 837F95547A;< 893F73:;A>9 7F ; %63;?55 C;<6] OC462 ;@@9@

<M34>5 GM 'C;AW GM ;A 73>29563; 7F >24<@39A ;33;M9@ ;>3755 629 873>2 ;A@ F37A6 <;CA 7F

`;62<99A $7CA59A@ O_?>4<<9 +73:;AWZ `7I7:7B5 839:4939 :?54> 69;>293 ;A@ 629 :76293 7F

293 56;3 8?84<Z 629 54AD93 ;A@ 84;A456 %M<N4; O123456MWJ . 837875;< F37: 629 67CAB5 56?FFM





285

'C;A >7N935 62959 4:837G;G<9 4A>4@9A65 C462 5?>2 5899@ ;A@ >7A>4547A 62;6 629M >7:9 67

599: G762 <7D4>;< ;A@ 4A9N46;G<9J -462 245 9AD4A993B5 59A59 7F 563?>6?39Z 29 ?595 7A9 8<76

563;A@ 67 394AF73>9 ;A@ ;@N;A>9 629 76293, a4<< ;A@ %M<N4;B5 G?@@4AD 39<;647A5248 O46 45Z 7F

>7?359Z 5834AD64:9Z ;A@ 629 63995 7F `7I7:7 ;39 4A G<77:W ;C;I9A5 `;62<99AB5 :9:73495

;A@ @73:;A6 F99<4AD5E 1;:B5 39>7DA4647A 7F 245 8;39A6;< 39587A54G4<46M 67C;3@ %M<N4;

39I4A@<95 245 <7N9 F73 `;62<99AZ ;A@ 8?<<5 24: 7?6 7F 245 457<;647A ;A@ 59<F\846MJ .A@ F4A;<<MZ 46

45 4A F4A@4AD 62943 63?9 8;36A935 62;6 `;62<99A ;A@ %M<N4; @45>7N93 629 F399@7: ;A@ 59<F\

>7AF4@9A>9 62;6 'C;A ;@:4395 57 :?>2 4A 245 C7:9AJ

8A(($-(%,$9 "# R%,%5( 9A@5 C462 ; 58<9A@4@ :7:9A6 7F 3;@4>;< 39A?A>4;647AL;5 629 6C7

C7:9A ;G;A@7A 62943 27:9Z 62943 >7::?A46MZ ;A@ 629 39589>6;G<9 :4@@<9 ><;55 <4F9 629M

2;N9 G?4<6 F73 629:59<N95LC462 ; d?G4<;A6 39d9>647A 7F :;6934;< D;4A ;A@ 57>4;< 8754647A

C2759 8;3;<<9< C7?<@ G9 2;3@ 67 F4A@ 4A 629 >4A9:; 7F 629 PQUh5Z 73 7F ;AM 76293 93;J .5 629

527CB5 C;D7A5 8;55 ;D;4A 4A F37A6 7F 62943 27?59 O6245 64:9 :7N4AD F37: <9F6 67 34D26Z D4N4AD

629 F4<: ; I4A@ 7F >43>?<;3Z 5M::9634>;< ><75?39 ;5 C9<<WZ 629 C7:9A G;39<M 29546;69 G9F7396237C4AD ; F9C G9<7AD4AD5 4A67 >;3896G;D5 ;A@ d74A4AD 62943 :9A 7A 629 G?>IG7;3@ 7F 629

<9;@4AD N924><9J $29M @7 A76 <77I G;>IL62939 45 A7 A756;<D4; 4A 6245 A756;<D4> F4<:Z 7A<M ;

59A59 7F ;A 9693A;<<M ?AF7<@4AD 83959A6Z 7F ; :7N9:9A6 62;6 C4<< A9N93 9A@J 'C;A <9;N95 629

9c?G93;A6 <;56 <4A9 7F @4;<7D?9Z C462 465 69;54ADZ :?<648<9 :9;A4AD5Z 67 /;33M 1;39MB5 8796,

=-9B39 37<<4ADmK



286

-(_1"0( $" f"*()$n )"-,

ED!*3 KCX] */!D8K /]34CX? OPQU^W

.<F7A57 139587$3;A5<;69@ GM ';N4@ f29<85

'C;AZ 73 >4A9:; ;5 ; @MA;:7:9693J 09;5?34AD F73>9Z N934FM4AD 629 673H?9Z >;<4G3;64AD 629

>9A634896;< ;A@ >9A634F?D;< 69A547A, 629 5276Z 57:964:95 :;DA964>Z 76293 64:95 ;<<7C5 4659<F

G9 >;3349@ ;<7AD 7A 629 5639AD62 7F 465 :7G4<46M ;A@ D7 C2939 46 C;A65J -2;6 C9 2;N9 2939 45

; 39>489 7F ?A@9A4;G<9 8?346MZ 6M84>;< 7F 629 I4A@ 7F 847A993 'C;A C;5Z 7A9 @998<M

>7A>93A9@Z 4A 245 9;3<4956 F73:?<;5Z C462 629 9>7A7:M 7F 629 D;DE C462 C2;6 :4D26 G9 >;<<9@Z

<96g5 5;MZ '%J0#0%#E ;A@ C462 5?DD95647A5 7F ;<< 62;6g5 G94AD @7A9 ;A@ ?A@7A9 d?56 7FF\5>399AJ

E".%# K-(F *)."9$ /F#1-(5 OPQU^W 45 :;3I9@ GM ?A;@?<693;69@ >7:9@MZ ;A@ 6245 45

8932;85 629 C;M 4A C24>2 629 F4<: >;A ;A@ 7?D26 67 G9 627?D26 7F ;5 ; I4A@ 7F 837676M89 F73

465 4::9@4;69 5?>>95573 80)I(, /"5( OPQURW ;A@ 9N9A F73 ;A76293Z 39<;69@ 646<9Z @"-##F 6G0$%,O);MZ PQURWJ

$29 I9M 2939Z ;5 4A 57 :;AM 'C;A F4<:5Z <495 4A 629 A9;3 837c4:46M 7F 4A64:;69 9:7647A 67 629

67AD?9\4A\>299IZ ;5 4F 629 F4356 C939 67 N47<9A6<M G?356 4A ;A@ 594]9 ?5 62;AI5 67 629 59>7A@E

629 F73:93 3959:G<4AD ;A 4339587A54G<9 @458<;M 7F 629 <;6693 O<4I9 C2;6 $;3;A64A7Z F73

9c;:8<9Z C7?<@ 589A@ M9;35 ;669:864AD 4A ; :739 D2756<M I9MZ 67 N;3M4AD 395?<65WJ $3;>95Z 4F

C9 C;A6 67 599 46 62;6 C;MZ 7F ;A 4@9; 7F ><;554>;< >4A9:; 4A C24>2 46 C;5 564<< 87554G<9 67 63?56

4A 629 3954<49A>9 7F D9A395 O567>I84<95 7F >7AN9A647A5 ;A@ F;:4<4;3 D956?395W 4A 73@93 67

>7AN9M ; :955;D9 ;G7?6 629 >;8;>46495 7F :;AI4A@ 67 4:837N9 4659<FJ $2;6 45 67 5;M 62;6 GM>7A64A?4AD 67 624AIZ ;5 'C;A :4D26 2;N9Z 62;6 <7N9 45 39;<<M ; :43;><9Z ; 834:;3M F73>9 7F

63;A5F73:;647AZ 46 G9>7:95 4:87554G<9 67 5?339A@93 9N9A ;6 629 7?65I4365 7F 629 4A@?563MJ

.A@ 57 67 5?3N4N9 4A ; G37629<Z ;5 %;<<M 0;345 O[7;A _95<49W :?56 4A 629 5673MZ :9;A5 F73D9664AD

;G7?6 ;<< >7:8<;4A65Z 5H?99]4AD 7A959<F 4A67 ; <7C\>?6 @3955Z ;A@ 8;4A64AD ; 837:4A9A6

G9;?6M :;3I 7A67 563;69D4> <7>;647A5J $245 45 C2M 'C;A 527?<@ G9 >7A54@939@ A76 7A<M ;5 ;

a\:7N49 :;5693L9N9A 4F 629 ;<:756 <MA>29@ C7:;A ;A@ 629 N;347?5 5?887364AD >2;3;>6935

;6 293 54@9 C7?<@ 2;3@<M 8;<9 G9F739 629 293795 7F 76293 7?656;A@4AD -95693A5 :;@9 4A 629

:;3D4A5 7F 629 93;Z <4I9 7",$F 6G#9 Ob?<<93Z PQUeW 73 K(,,", 0# % K([%9 K"A# O_9C45Z PQUSWL

G?6 ; :;5693 C73I4AD 4A a\:7N495 F73 C27: A946293 ;A 4:87N934529@ G?@D96 A73 :9;A5

C7?<@ C9;I9A 245 9c63;73@4A;34<M 5?G6<9 :459 9A 5>vA9 73 :;3 245 96275Z 62;6 7A9 >;A A76

39F?59 67 <7N9 629 >39;6?395 62;6 7A9 F4<:5J



287



288

&A 62;6 59A59Z ;:7AD56 629 :756 ?3D9A6 ;A@ @MA;:4> 563;69D9:5 7F 629 5?GD9A39Z C9 :4D26

39593N9 ; 589>4;< 8<;>9 F73 $-( ,(909$%#$ 9-"$ Z F4<:9@ ;<:756 C4627?6 9:82;545Z :;3I9@ GM 62;6

:7N4AD 54:8<4>46M :9A647A9@ ;G7N9 6237?D2 C24>2 >4A9:; G9>7:95 54:8<M ; >7A>9A63;647A

;A@ @458<;M 7F 9<9:9A6;< F73>95J $245 45 27CZ ;F693 629 789A4ADZ C24>2 4A693C9;N95 C462

57:9 >7:4> 8;A;>29L; F4356 9>27 7F a?w?9<Z ;A@ A76 629 7A<M 7A9Z 4A ; F4<: 4A C24>2 $76693

:756 3959:G<95 %4<N4; f4A;<L>;595 7F N47<9A>9 ;A@ @9;62 O629 14N4< -;3Z 629 84<<;D95 7F 629

29;36<955 875595Z 629 <MA>24AD 4A a73@93 146MZ ;A@ 629 ;55;?<6 7F x?;A634<<g5 );4@935Z 9c9>?69@C462 ;<< 629 @4<4D9A>9 ;A@ @96;>2:9A6 7F 629 >;N;<3M 4659<FWZ 'C;A F4A;<<M ;<<7C5 ?5 ; G39;6293

67 83959A6 57:9 7F 629 >2;3;>6935J $;I4AD 629 874A6 7F N49C 7F x?;A634<< Oa34;A '7A<9NMW ;A@

245 C4F9 `;69 O.?@39M $76693WZ 629 5276\39N9359\52765 956;G<452 ; 2;3@Z F4c9@ F3;:9C73IZ <4I9

629 9FF9>6 7F F;>4AD ; 82767D3;8293 7A 62943 8;3;@9 67 4::736;<46M, 62939 45 %;<<MZ ;A@ 62939

D795 17<9 n7?AD93 73 [9559 [;:95Z 9A6934AD 73 @45;889;34AD F37: ;A 7FF\5>399A 58;>9 62;6 45

F9<6 ;5 57:9624AD :739 ;G563;>6 62;A ; 39;<4564> 9c69A547A 7F ; 2?:;A D;]9L;A@ :739 <4I9 ;

:96;82M54>;< G;>I 56;D9J 14A9:; 5965 62959 F;695 4A67 :7647A ;A@ ;D3995 67 5?589A@

d?@D:9A6 g64< 629 9A@Z C29A C9 C4<< IA7C C2;6 39;57A5 62959 :9A ;A@ C7:;AZ A7C <77I4AD

9;>2 76293Z 2;N9 67 <49Z 67 @34AIZ 67 56;36 3?AA4ADZ ;A@ 67 :7N9 6237?D2 'C;Ag5 52765J

%?>2 >7A63;>647A5Z <4I9 5>?<86?3;< F7<@5 4A 64:9Z 27<@ G;>I 629 58;64;< 6?3:74<Z 629 69A@9A>M

67C;3@5 :7N9:9A6 ;A@ :;5H?93;@9Z 629 69:86;647A 67C;3@5 629 >;3A;N;<95H?9Z ;A@ 46g5

2939 62;6 'C;Ag5 >4A9:; G9>7:95 9N9A :739 ;>?69J f93 1;3:9<7 a9A9Z 629 7A<M 624AD 62;6

>;A ;>6?;<<M 2;889A 4A ; :7N49 629;693 45 F73 629 F4<: 4659<F 67 G39;IZ ;A@ 46 C7?<@Ag6 G9 C37AD

67 ?A@9356;A@ 629 +"G$%5( 2939 4A 6245 G37;@93 59A59JP $29 4::4A9A>9 7F ; 5?@@9A 3?86?39Z

C24>2 2;5 G99A 8<;M9@ C462 4A >4A9:; GM 829A7:9A;<7D4565 ;A@ :7@93A4565 ;<4I9Z 39<;695

9N9A 67 629 :756 >7@4F49@ >4A9:;Z ;A@ >7?<@ G9 627?D26 7F ;5 7A9 7F 629 59A573M ;A@

4A69<<9>6?;< 9c89349A>95 F37: C24>2 i><;554>;3?@9<M 4:89357A;69 ;>6395595 ;A@ 629 C4A@7C5

;39 39N9;<9@ 67 G9 A7624AD :739 62;A :;669@ 39;3\837d9>647A5Z 'C;AZ ;5 29 2;@ G99A @74AD ;6

<9;56 54A>9 PQPp O!%#-%$$%# !%5#(99WZ ;A@ C7?<@ @7 7A>9 ;D;4A ; M9;3 <;693 4A 629 56;36<4AD

6C4565 7F 80)I(, /"5(Z <9;N95 629 F4<: ;6 ; 56;A@\564<< ;6 629 <9;56 9c89>69@ ;A@ <9;56

;8837834;69 :7:9A65J .A@ 57 46g5 2939Z C29A 629 546?;647A5Z 629 ;6:7582939Z ;A@ 629

>2;3;>6935 9c24G46 629:59<N95 8345:;64>;<<MZ 62;6 629M 39N9;< 629:59<N95 ;5 F73:?<;647A5 7F ;

F3;D4<9 83959A6 C2939 ;AM624AD >;A 2;889AJ .<<93D4> 67 >MA4>45:Z 629 F4<::;I93 <77I5 ;6 245

>2;3;>6935Z 629AZ F73 ;<< 62943 87554G4<46495Z F73 62943 789AA955 67 >2;AD9Z ;A@ 629 9@D95 7F 629

5276 6;I95 7A ;A76293 >7AA76;647AJ $245 45 C2;6 2;889A5 C29A `;69 x?;A634<<Z 3?62<955Z >7<@\

G<77@9@ :?3@9393Z <9N9<5 C462 %;<<M ;A@ 629 3956 7F 629 5;<77A D43<5 ;A@ 39><;4:5 293 7<@89357A;<46MZ 293 A;:9L`466M 0>17ML;A@ 293 ;5843;647A O;<C;M5 629 @39;:W 67 G9>7:9

29359<F ;D;4A 4A ;A76293 8<;>9J &A ; F9C 59>7A@5Z >;:8 ;A@ 8;37@M ;39 ;G;A@7A9@Z 629 52765

>7;<95>9Z ;A@ 629 7FF\5>399A 58;>9 45 54DA;<9@ 7A\5>399AE 62939 ;39 A7 634>I5J #A4A6939569@ 4A

5673M<4A9L629 D39;6 646<9 7F 629 F4<:Z <4I9 7A9 7F a39557Ag5Z 2;5 ;<39;@M 59A69A>9@ 629

A;33;64N9 67 465 9A@L'C;AZ C27 C;5 ;<C;M5 <955 7F ; -%TTF (#50#B 62;A )%9$ 9(1"#5 ,(91G(

I4A@ 7F @439>673LY34FF462g5 <4A9;D9LC27 D965 67 629 3957<?647A 7A<M ;6 629 6;4<\9A@ 7F 629 <;56

399<Z 9c63;>65 7?6 245 639;5?39Z 629 89359N93;A>9 7F D77@A955 ;A@ 7F 629 A9>95546M 7F 5;>34F4>9





"#$

%&'()*+,- . (//*0,-0 -1 /(*2 3- 4(&&-2%5!"#$%& #()% 67#89:7

(;<= 0>?@AB C;< 4DEE FBAG;

7 +BDHD;CEE= IJKEDLG>< CL ED;>B ;A@>L MAB @G> N>BLJL 3N3 D; OICD;P



!"#""$%& ()" *+&%$,$-"%( !"#$%& ()*%

./ 01+%2 3 ()45&)( ()+( ()$# 67*48$"&"* ,5%-($4%# 9$:" +% )45;&9+##2

*$%5("9/ ;"&59+($%& ()" ,95< 4, =1)+(

-4*"# $%= +%> =1)+( &4"# 45(?=

3%,4;*+($4% ,5%-($4%# +# @5;" "%";&/

+%> ()" %+;;+($8" 4."/# 4%9/ ()" 94&$-

4, ()" -)+;+-(";#A >"#$;"? B%

5%,4;&"((+.9" *4*"%(2 =-9+##$-+9= $,

/45 1$992 1)"% ()" -$%"*+ 4, #";$"#

+%> &"%;"#2 4% ()" -5#@ 4, ()" CD#2

+--"9";+("> +%> ("%>"> (41+;> ()"

>$+&;+**+($-? E)" +",%& )- ./012345&

*4*"%( 4, -$%"*+2 ()" *4*"%( ()"

F*+-*+)4%$+%#G 1+%("> (4 @;"#";8"

5%>"; &9+##? E)" *4*"%( 4, 01+%?

E)" *4*"%( 4, H4)% I+/%"?

7J";&" 0+%"/ KFH45;%+9 >" 9A+%

@+##LG?2 +&2-"0 %4? M2 MNNMO?





!"#$%$& (#)*$"





3, !"#$%& ()*% #4*"($*"# (+:"# 4% ()" P5+9$($"# 4, + ,;$"Q"2 $(# ,;$"Q"# +;" @";@"(5+99/

*"%+-"> ./ + ()$;> >$*"%#$4%? E)" #(4;/ ."&$%# 1)"% ()" ,;4%(+9$(/ 4, ,45;

#(;+%&" )4;#"*"% "%(";$%& (41% 4% ()" R() 4, H59/ -499$>"# 1$() ()" ,;4%(+9$(/ 4, +

&;45@ 4, 94-+9 :$># 4% )49$>+/?

B #(;5&&9" ,4; @41";2 ,4; ()" 1$99 4, + (41%2 !"#$%& ()*% $# + ,$9* 4, -499$#$4%#?



E4 -45%("; 1)+( ()"/ -9+$*"> 1";"

;"-:9"## +((+-:# ./ STBU2 + &;45@

4, S499/144> 9$.";+9# 9"> ./

#-;""%1;$("; I)$9$@ 05%%"2 1$()

S5*@);"/ 64&+;(2 V+5;"% 6+-+992

W>1+;> X? !4.$%#4%2 0+%%/ Y+/"2

X"%" Y"99/ +%> 4()";#2 "#(+.9$#)">

()" U4**$(("" ,4; ()" Z$;#(

B*"%>*"%( KUZBO? E)" UZB

(;+8"9"> (4 [+#)$%&(4% (4 9"%> $(##5@@4;( +# ()" "9"8"% =5%,;$"%>9/

1$(%"##A= ."&+% ()"$; ("#($*4%/?

E)" -4**$(("" >$#$%("&;+("> +,(";

()" >",$+%( ("#($*4%$"# 4, ()"

S499/144> E"%?

!623*"3, +),%61%&7 8&%29"3, :42&6

3, !"#$%& ()*%#""*# (4 ;"-+99

()"#" "8"%(# +(

-";(+$% @4$%(#2 $(A#

@;4.+.9/ %4

+--$>"%(? E)" ,$9*

1+# 1;$(("% ./

Y+;"% 0"[49,\

MNDN7MN]N2 + 9",(7

1$%& #-;""%1;$(";

;:44)"36<%36 "3

=)3*5&2/> 1)4

1+# .9+-:9$#("> $%

()" #"-4%> 1+8"

4, STBU

)"+;$%&#? B,(";

!"#$%& ()*% #)" )+>

%4 ,5;()"; *4($4%

@$-(5;" -;">$(#?

Z+-$%& ,;4%( $# + @49$($-+9 &"#(5;"2 +# $( 1+# 1)"% S499/144>A# ,$%"#( #(44> (4&"()"; +&+$%#( STBU?

E)" ,+:" *+;#)+9 K0+% 05;/"+O 1)4 1+%(# (4 :$99 0+% KH4)% I+/%"O +%> (+:" "8";/()$%& )" )+# $#

%+*"> ^-U+;(/?



?@%A&% /) -)3* )- B237 C1D7 C%A&% "30#"3%* 6) -)&,%6 C% *)3A6 93)C $%&D <501 2E)56 1"<F

?G%/ "6A* E% %2/D 6) 12$% *)5E6/ C)5#*3A6 "6 H&%/0)66I +1%3 C% C)5#*3A6 12$% 6) *) 23D61"3, -)& 1"<F

@1%3 "3 61% J)5&/% )- 15<23 %$%36/7 "6

E%0)<%/ 3%0%//2&D -)& )3% 4%)4#% 6)

*"//)#$% 61% 4)#"6"02# E23*/ C1"01 12$%

0)33%06%* 61%< C"61 )3% 23)61%&7 23* 6)

2//5<% 2<)3, 61% 4)C%&/ )- 61% %2&617 6/%42&26%FFF

@1%3 "3 61% 0)5&/% )-FFF

@1%3 "3 61% 0)5&/% )- 15<23 %$%36/FFF

@1%3 "3 61% 0)5&/% )- 61% 15<23"/6FFF

@1%3 "3 61% 0)5&/% )- 15<23 %$%36/7 "6

E%0)<%/ 3%0%//2&DFFF





!"#$%&" !"#$%& ()*% ()*+*$,& $ &""&$-./0

@49$($-+9 #$(5+($4% 1)";" &;45@# -9+#)2

#"@+;+(" +%> #)$,(2 $( %""># + ,4;5* _ +

#(+&" _ 1)";" ()"#" (;+%#,4;*+($4%# -+% ."

@4;(;+/"> +# $, 4% + .9+-:.4+;>? [$() $(#

9+;&" 4@"% #@+-" ()" #(+.9" #";8"# ()$#

@5;@4#"? E)"#" #)4(# 4, 0+% +%> !4#" #@"99

45( ()" B6U# 4, ()" ,;$"Q"79+%&5+&"2 +# +,#%- ). /0% 123% 1$2 )3 #)%*&" $4*"$2, 2)/"$45)&+ 67 ,"$*& "$*4."*8 9/ +1.& &1)+ 3*)5 :"/).*;&

3.45 -" &"" )41 ()" ;59"# ."&$% (4 ."

-4*@9$-+("> ./ >"@()\ + >$+&4%+9 +%> +

#@+-" 4@"%$%& 5@ .")$%>2 1$() 944:# 1$()$%

()" #)4( ()+( >$;"-( 45;# 1$()45( +%/ %"">,4; *4%(+&" ()+( .;$%&# $% 45(#$>" 944:#\

1$()45( #5(5;"?

[$()$% ()" #49$>+;$(/ 4, ()" ();"" #)4(# ,;4*

()" ,$;#( #(+.9" #-"%" + &+@ 4@"%# #)41$%&

()" .+-:&;45%>? 3( $# @95&&"> *4*"%(+;$9/

./ !4#"A# ,+()";2 ()" ;$-)"#( *+% $% (41%2

1)4 #($99 #$>"# 1$() )$# +--5#"> #4%7$%79+1?

: !1)6 "3 61% 8209



B 944: 4,, ;"$%(;4>5-"# ()" "%"*/ -+*@2 1$()$%

1)$-) ()" 9+1 K()" H5>&" +%> ()" J)";$,,O +;"

+9;"+>/ -+5&)(2 +%> 5%>";*$%"> ./ ()" 944:# 4,

(41%#@"4@9" 1)4 +;" +9;"+>/ 1+8";$%& +.45(

()" +--5#+($4% .;45&)( ./ ^-U+;(/2 ()" ,+9#"

*+;#)+9?

=`5;= #$>"2 0+%A# #$>"2 $% 1)$-) !4#"A# .;4()"; $#

()" )4()"+> K+# )" 1$99 ." 9+("; 1)"% (5;%#

+&+$%#( 0+%O2 %41 +@@"+;# ,4; 1)+( $( $#\ +%"<(;+79"&+9 ,4;* 4, 8$&$9+%(" a5#($-"? K=V"(A# #)44(

45; 1+/ 45(2= ()" .;4()"; 5;&"#?O 6")$%> ()"

(;$42 1)4 +;" $*@9$-$(9/ #5@@4;("> ./ ()"

,+*$9/A# *4%"/2 ()" ,+()"; ."&$%# (4 #)41

-4%-";% +( ()$# -4%,;4%(+($4% (+:$%& @9+-" $% +

:$%> 4, %4 *+%A# 9+%>\ + @5.9$- #@+-" K()"

#(+.9"O ()+( $# %4%"()"9"## %4( +% 4,,$-$+9 #@+-"?

KE)" 4%9/ 4,,$-$+9 #@+-" $# ()" H5>&"A# 4,,$-"?O





J";&" 0+%"/2 1)"% )" 1;4(" =!$4 V4.4\ b$"99"##" >5 ^"*"= $% MNcM2 #5--"">"> $% .;$%&$%& ()"

(;+>$($4% ;"@;"#"%("> ./ S+1:# K+%> *4;" ;+>$-+99/ ./ 01+%O 5%>"; ()" 9+1 4, =#5(5;"= ./

,$%>$%& =1;$($%&2= =#@+-$%&2= =()" 4,,7#@+-"= )$>>"% $% S+1:#A -$%"*+2 1)$-) $% ()" CD# )+>

*4;@)"> $%(4 &;45@$%&# +%> -)4;"4&;+@)$"# 4, #-59@(5;+9 *+##"# $% )5*+% ,4;* 9$:" #4 *+%/

J(;+5.7S5$99"( ,$9*# (4 -4*"?

)$*#"9, ./ >$#@9+/$%& 1$()$% )$# 41%

-$%"*+ 4, #@+($+9 $%("&;$(/ ()" 9+1 4, ()" ,$9*

#";$"# ()"4;$Q"> +# #5(5;"\ =B= #(4@# (+9:$%&

+%> $# ;"@9+-"> ./ + 84$> 4, #4;(# 77 + )49"d

=6= ,$99# ()" )49" K=#5(5;"#= $(O +%> #(+;(#

(+9:$%& $% (5;%2 9$:" + #)4;(7;"8";#" #)4(

*">$+("> ./ ()" $*+&$%+;/ 84$> H"+%7I$";;"`5>+;( -+99# ()" B.#"%( `%"?

B ,;$"Q" ,;+&*"%( ,;4* B-;4@49$#? 3# ()$#

0+%A# )4;#"2 ()" %4*$%+9 @;"("<( ,4;

"8";/4%" &+()";$%& +( ()" #(+.9"e 3% ()" ,$9*2

1" %"8"; #"" $( _ +%4()"; :$%> 4,

=#(;5-(5;$%& +.#"%-"?=

B ;"-5;;"%( (/@" 4, @9+%7#"P5"%-" $% J$98"; V4>" >4"# ()" 4@@4#$(" 1)"% + )49" #5>>"%9/ 4@"%#

5@ $% ()" *$>>9" 4; 4% ()" 9",( #$>" 4, ()" #-;""%2 +%> #4*"4%" ,$99# $(? 3(A# +# $, 01+% 1";" +*5#$%&



F3, ()+(A# ()" -+#" K0+%"/

-4%($%5"#O2 *4>";%

,$9**+:";# (;$"> (4 #941

>41% ()" )45;&9+##2 (4

#)41 -";(+$% &;+$%# $%

-94#"5@?G

: LM:NO PQ !:OB



B# $% B2##% 35E% 2##2 &%/6"/623R2

KS5$99"(7J(;+5.2 MNcNO2 $(A# ($*" (4

;"($;" (4 ()" .+;?

E)$# $# ()" ,$9*A# #"-4%> %47*+%A#9+%>2 $(# #"-4%> -"%(";?



E)" >$8$#$4%# $% 0+%A# #$>"

+@@"+;"> $% ()" #(+.9"d )";" ()"

#+*" ()$%& )+@@"%# (4 ^-U+;(/A##$>"? 694-:$%& 0+%A# +(("*@(

(4 .;$." 4%" 4, )$# *"%2 ^-U+;(/

#("@# $%(4 ()" .;"+-)2 .5( 0+%

4@"%# +%4()"; &+@ ,4; H4)%#4%

K1)4* 0499/ )+# #@4((">

+# ()" 1"+: 9$%:O (4 "#-+@"?



+ &;+$% 4, #+%>\

S%53% -%<<% T /2

-%3U6&% #"/236 53%#%66&% KH"+%7U9+5>"

!45##"+52 MN]fO



E)+( >+%&";45# )49" $% ()" -+%8+# -+% (5;% $%(4 + 1$%>41?

@"3*)C/



65( ()" 1$%>41 4, ()" ("9"&;+@) 4,,$-" $# + @$-(5;" 1$%>412 +% $%(";%+9 >45.9"

4, ()" ,$9* $*+&" K+( 9"+#( $% ()$# ,$9*O ()+( +9#4 ,$&5;"# ()" ("9"&;+@)A# ;49" 4,

-4%%"-($%& ()" (41% (4 ()" &;"+("; 14;9> 4, 1)$-) $( $# + >45.9"2 1)";" ()"

#/%"->4-)" 4@"%# 4%(4 $%,$%$(/?



+&561 23* N##5/")3







0499/A# ;44* $# + #(+&" #"(2 1$() -)+;+-(";#

"%(";$%& ,;4* #(+&" 9",( 8$+ ()" 1$%>41 +%> #(+&"

;$&)( 8$+ ()" >44;2 +# $% + Z"/>+5< ,+;-"? =[)+( >4

/45 ()$%: ()$# $#2 Z;"%-) ,+;-"ge= #+/# 0499/2 "%> +(

()+( 8";/ *4*"%(2 ()+%:# (4 ()" *5#$- .4< ()+(

)+# .""% @9+/$%& ()" 1)49" ($*"2 ()" #-"%"

."-4*"# + >+%-"?

N3$"626")3 6) 61% B230%



[)"% 0499/ 5#)";#

^-U+;(/ 45( +( ()" "%>

4, ()" #-"%"2 1" #"" +

(+.9"+5 4% ()" 1+99 4,

()" -4;;$>4; _ 4%" 4,

()" #)+9941 .4<"# $%@$-(5;" ,;+*"#

-4%(+$%$%& -5(745(# ()+(

+;" +99 48"; ()" )4("9?

E)$# 4%" -4%(+$%# + -5(7

45( 4, + >+%-"; $% .9+-:

+%> 1)$("2 @;4.+.9/

U494*.$%" ,;4* ()"

-4**">$+ >"9A+;("?

"

=B #+84$; P5" 9+ >+%#"5#" %A"#( @+# 5%" ,"**" P5$ >+%#"2 @45; -"# *4($,#

a5<(+@4#"# P5A"99" %A"#( @+# 5%" ,"**"2 *+$# 5%" *"(+@)4;" ;"#5*+%( 5% >"#

+#@"-(# "9"*"%(+$;"# >" %4(;" ,4;*"2 &9+$8"2 -45@"2 ,9"5;2 "(-?2 "( P5A"99" %"

>+%#" @+#2 #5&&";+%(2 @+; 9" @;4>$&" >"# ;+--45;-$# "( >A"9+%#2 +8"- 5%"

"-;$(5;" -4;@4;"99" -" P5$ ,+5>;+$( >"# @+;+&;+@)"# "% @;4#" >$+94&5"" +5(+%(

P5" >"#-;$@($8"2 @45; "<@;$*";2 >+%# 9+ ;">+-($4%\ @4"*" >"&+&W >" (45(

+@@+;"$9 >" #-;$."?= K^+99+;*L2 F6+99"(#GO



JNO.H(:!+NJ!





FE)" -$%"*+ $# @9+#($- ,$;#(2 $(

;"@;"#"%(# + #4;( 4, *48$%&

+;-)$("-(5;" 1)$-) $# $%

-4%#(+%( +--4;> 77 $% ()" #(+("

4, "P5$9$.;$5* >/%+*$-+99/

@5;#5"> 77 1$() ()"

#5;;45%>$%&# +%> 9+%>#-+@"#1)";" $( $# ";"-("> +%> ,+99# (4

()" "+;() +&+$%?G KW9$" Z+5;"2

:&6 )- J"3%4#2/6"0/ 2 MNhhO

F3 ."9$"8" ()+( &;"+(

+;-)$("-(5;" -4%#$#(# 4,

-4%#(;5-($%& + .5$9>$%&

+%> $% #+/$%& +,(";1+;>\

[)+( +;" 1" &4$%& (4

>4 $% )";"eG

KH"+% !"%4$;2 MNCCO

J$98"; V4>" 1+# >"#$&%"> +%> ,$9*"> (4 ."

@;4a"-("> $% f702 .5( -4*$%& +( ()" "%> 4, ()" ,$;#(1+8" 4, f70 ,$9*#2 $( *+/ %"8"; )+8" .""% #)41% $%

()+( ,4;*+( _ 9$:" B"2# V -)& V5&*%& 2 1)$-) 1+#

;"9"+#"> =,9+(= +%> ,$%+99/ #)41% $% f70 $% ()" "+;9/

]D#2 1)"% ()" @;4-">5;" 1+# *+:$%& + -4*".+-:?

V"(A# )4@" ()+( >5;$%& ()" -5;;"%( f70 .44* ()$#

-499+.4;+($4% ."(1""% ()" @;4>5-($4% >"#$&%"; 4,

J"6"R%3 W23% +%> ()" 9+#( &;"+( @4"( 4, #@+-" $%

-$%"*+ 1$99 ." 5%"+;()"> +%> ,$%+99/ #)41%?



F[)+( 1+# ()" +;( 4, B99+% 01+%e I;$%-$@+99/ ()$#\ )" +91+/# *+>" ()" #+*" -$%"*+2 +# $,

()" ;"#( 4, -$%"*+ )+> 4%9/ "8498"> ("-)%$-+99/ +%> $% $(# ,4;*59+"i S" 1+# + &;"+(

#(4;/("99";i?S" 1+# +9#4 + &;"+( @4"( 4, #@+-"\ [)"()"; $% )$# ,$;#( #$9"%(# 4; )$# 9+("; -494;

,$9*#2 4%" ,$%># ()" #+*" -4%#(+%( "<+9(+($4% 4, #@+-" KP5$(" -94#" (4 ()+( 1)$-) +%$*+(">

Y"+(4%Oi? E)$# (;+>$($4% 4, ()" *4#( "<+-( ;"@;4>5-($4% 4, #@+-" $# "##"%($+99/ B*";$-+%

K*4;" ()+% S499/144>$+%O +%> $# 9$%:"> (4 ()" -$%"*+ 4, #9+@#($-: K^+-: J"%%"((O +%> ()"

-$%"*+ 4, *"94>;+*+ +%> -4@#7+%>7;4..";#\ $( $# -4%#(+%( $% X;$,,$()2 +%> 1+# "<("%>"> (4

-4*">$"# ./ 0"^$99" +%> V5.$(#-)2 65( 3 ."9$"8" $( $# [+9#) +%> 01+% 1)4 4,,"; ()" *4#(

."+5($,59 "<+*@9"#?

HWBj7UVBT0W 63WEEW\



F???E)" +.$9$(/ (4 ;"-;"+(" ()" (4(+9$(/

4, + #"(($%& $% ()" #@"-(+(4;A#

$*+&$%+($4% +5&*"%(# ()" ,4;-" 4, ()"

#(4;/i? 01+% .;45&)( ()$# +;( (4

@";,"-($4%? 3% )$# 9+(" ,$9*# ()" ,""9$%&

4, )+;*4%/ +;$#"# ,;4* ()" $%#($%-($8"

+@@9$-+($4% 4, ()" #"-;"( &"4*"(;$-+9;59"# )" )+> >"8"94@"> $% ()" #$9"%(

@";$4> K;59"# ()+( +;" +@@+;"%( $% )$#

fD# @+;4>$"# 1$() ()" !$(Q 6;4()";#

+%> +9#4 $% +1% N&)3 V2/9O? B%> )"

:%"12 ()$;(/ /"+;# .",4;" Y5.;$-: $%

XYYZ 2 )41 (4 *+:" *+;8"945# 5#" 4,

()" 5@@"; ">&" 4, ()" ,;+*" KQ&)36"%&

V2&/12#O?



64&>+%48$-)\ k45 %"8";()45&)( +.45( @4#(";$(/e

01+%\ S+;>9/ "8";

()45&)( +.45( 6)<)&&)C?

F???U4**" H+-P5"# E45;%"5;2 01+%+8+$( 5% #"-;"( >" ,+.;$-+($4% P5$ "#(

+5 -4"5; >5 -$%"*+ "( P5$ #A"#( @";>5?

I+# @+;-" P5" 9" -$%"*+ +5a45;>A)5$

%A"% "#( @+# >$&%"2 *+$# @+;-" P5A5%

#"-;"( >" ,+.;$-+($4%2 -A"#(

$%(;+%#*$##$.9"? F

:##23 BC23 )3 2 AQ#D"3, :A ;:<%&"023 Q"#< J)<423D> "36%&")& /%67 0"&02 Z[ZX

KJ21"%&/ *5 0"3\<2 2 %4? ffh2 Z".;5+;/ MN]hO



=J@+-" $# ()" ($*" /45 %""> (4 &4 (4 #4*"4%" "9#"?= KX4>+;>2 MN]DO





322

#"

.EYG : G><FBC ?:99:E>TC1 NO:? "K9CA? 2-A9?CB 0>B@C7 9>@CG ;>G J:EEBC ;A<C :DEC9 : E><C :=:IR

/C 9CEO9?G EA E;C Q>?@BI )CBA D:<>BIL :? AB@ JAOFBC =>E; T>T:J>AOG E=>? @:OM;EC9G 2ZTA??C

@C -:9BA [ ZTA??C @C -:9BA7L A?C AD =;A< ;:G \OGE K>9E;C@ "K9CA?YG GA?R #;C B:?@ E;CI B>TC

A? >G A=?C@ KI +A? +A<>?MA 2(>J;:9@ /:BC7 : M9CC@I B:?@BA9@ =;A @C<:?@G 9C?E E;:E E;C

)CBA D:<>BI J:??AE F:IR +A<>?MA ;>9CG : M9AOF AD E;OMG EA KO9? @A=? E;C )CBA ;:J>C?@:L

=;>J;L >? >EG D>DECC? <>?OECG GE:?@>?ML >G F9CGC?EC@ :G : G><FBC ;C:TC? A? C:9E;R #;C AB@

=A<:?L ;C9 ;OGK:?@L :?@ :?@ E;C <AE;C9 AD NO:?YG J;>B@ :9C Q>BBC@R #;C EAOM;C9 @C -:9BA

G>GEC9 CGJ:FCG :?@ ECBBG "K9CA? =;:E ;:G ;:FFC?C@]E9>MMC9>?M ;>G VOCGE DA9 TC?MC:?JC

E;:E @9>TCG E;C 9CGE AD E;C D>B< DA9=:9@R "?C KI A?CL "K9CA? ;O?EG @A=? E;C FC9FCE9:EA9G AD

E;C <:GG:J9CL GCCQ>?M JA?DCGG>A?GR +O9>?M C:J; C?JAO?EC9 ;C >G DA9JC@ EA Q>BB :?@ <ATC A?RU:JQBOGEC9 FAB>JC<C? 2BC@ KI : K:MMIHKAEEA<C@ (:I<A?@ PO99L GCJ9CEBI A? "K9CA?YG G>@C7

;O?E AO9 ;C9A DA9 ;>G <O9@C9AOG J9><CGR *DEC9 : K9:TO9: FO9GO>E AD E;C D>?:B Q>BBC9 >?EA E;C

G?A= J:FFC@ <AO?E:>?GL :?@ <A<C?EG KCDA9C E;C FAB>JC<C? :9C DA9JC@ EA MO? "K9CA?

@A=?L @C -:9BA <:?:MCG EA >?DA9< ;>< E;:E ;>G >?D:?E GA? GO9T>TC@ E;C D>9CL :?@ E;C B:GE

B>T>?M Q>BBC9 <:QCG : JA?DCGG>A? EA E;C B:=<C? KCDA9C M>T>?M OF E;C M;AGER *BB >G G:TC@W

F9CGO<:KBI "K9CA? J:? GE>BB <:99I E;C =A<:? =;A BAAQG CX:JEBI B>QC ;>G F9CT>AOG

JA<<A?HB:= =>DCL 9:>GC ;>G J;>B@L :?@ KCJA<C E;C ;C:@ AD E;C :EA<>J D:<>BI E;:E +A<>?MAYG

;C?J;<C? J9OCBBI GE9>FFC@ :=:I D9A< ;><R .?@>DDC9C?E ?:EO9C :?@ ;O<:? K9OE:B>EI :9C

ATC9JA<CL :?@ E;C M9AO?@=A9Q DA9 : DOEO9C -:B>DA9?>: AD <>@@BC JB:GG D:<>B>CG >G B:>@R

#;C :TC9:MC GFCJE:EA9 CXFCJEG : D>B< EA G:E>GDI >? E;C <C:?>?M AD >EG GEA9I :?@L FC9;:FGL >?

E;C DCCB>?MG :?@ C<AE>A?G AD >EG J;:9:JEC9GR * T>C=C9 AD <A9C @>GJC9?>?M E:GEC <>M;E CXFCJE

KC:OEI >? E;C ATC9:BB GE9OJEO9C AD : D>B<L >? E;C O?>EI AD 9;IE;<G :?@ JA?EC?E :J9AGG >EG

=;ABCR NO@MC@ A? E;CGC T:BOCGL !'(()*+ :FFC:9G O?GFCJE:JOB:9 D:>BO9CR #A BATC >E IAO <OGE

BAAQ DA9 E;C KC:OE>CG AD C:J; G;AE :?@ MB:?JC]?AE :G : =;ABCL ?CJCGG:9>BIL KOE >? :?@ AD

E;C<GCBTCGR



323

$"

0C <OGE :B=:IG GFC:Q AD E=A :OECO9G AD !'(()*+1 E;C A?C =;A <ATCG E;C KA@>CG 2+=:?7

:?@ E;C A?C =;A B>M;EG E;C< 2*BEA?7R ^>C=C@ D9A< : @>GE:?JCL >E >G :B<AGE ><FAGG>KBC EA

@CD>?C =;C9C E;C E;AOM;EG AD A?C KCM>? :?@ E;C AE;C9 C?@R .D J9>E>JG EC?@G EA FOG; :=:I E;C

J>?C<:EAM9:F;C9 :G :OE;A9 >? D:TA9 AD E;C @>9CJEA9L >E >G D9CVOC?EBI DA9 ?A AE;C9 9C:GA? E;:?

JA?TC?>C?JCR #;C DA9JC AD *BEA?YG F9CGC?JC @C<:?@G =C JA?G>@C9 ;>< A? CVO:B DAAE>?MR



324

&"

,CAFBC :9C :B=:IG =:BQ>?M KI >? E;C @>GE:?JCL @9>DE>?M KI >? E;C K:JQM9AO?@L O??AE>JC@ KI

E;C GE:9G :?@ O?:DDCJEC@ KI E;C @9:<:R *? C?E>9C =A9B@ ;ATC9G :E E;C C@MCG AD E;C D>B<R !AE :

?:EO9:B>GE>J =A9B@L E;AOM; >EG JA?EC?EG :9C VOAE>@>:?R .E >G : =A9B@ AD <O9<O9G :?@ JABA9GL

D>MO9CG :G ;ABBA= :?@ <IE;>J :G E;C F9AE:MA?>GEG E;:E @9>TC E;C ?:99:E>TCR !A?@CGJ9>FE

>?@>T>@O:BG J:99I AOE E;C>9 @:>BI E:GQGL G;:@A=G DBA= :J9AGG =:BBGL :?><:BG F:JC D9CCBIR #;C

GFCCJ; >G ?C>E;C9 9C:B>GE>J %F:?>G;L ?A9 E;C JA<DA9E:KBC *<C9>J:? $?MB>G;]>?GEC:@L

F;9:GCG :9C :BB FAA9BI E9:?GB:EC@ D9A< E;C DA9<C9 >?EA E;C B:EEC9L DOBB AD :=Q=:9@ 9;IE;<G

:?@ <>GFB:JC@ C<F;:G>GR !AE : F;AEAM9:F;L KOE : D9CGJA >? M:O@I JABA9GL FC@@BC@ EA E;C

DBAA@G AD EAO9>GEGL C?E>EBC@ _U>DC >? "B@ -:B>DA9?>:R_ PI CXEC?G>A? AD E;>G JA?JCFEL =C J:? BAAQ

:E E;C D>B< :G : GC9>CG AD F:>?E>?MG 2F:9E JB:GG>J:BL F:9E Q>EGJ;7R



325

'"

'>9GE G;AEL FAGE J9C@>EG1 : <:? A? : ;A9GCW KC;>?@ ;>< : B:IC9 AD JA=GW KC;>?@ E;C< : B:IC9

AD <C? A? ;A9GCG <AT>?M D9A< G>@C EA G>@CW E;C? : 9>TC9L E9CCGL : ;>BBW E;C ;A9>À?R *GOJJCGG>A? AD GCF:9:EC :?@ >?@CFC?@C?E D>CB@GR 0C =>BB GCC @>DDC9C?E TC9G>A?G AD E;>G

9CJC@>?M JA<FAG>E>A? FB:IC@ AOE :M:>? :?@ :M:>?L =>E; *B<AGE ><<C@>:ECBI DABBA=G E;C

>?E9A@OJE>A? AD +A? +><C?MAL E;C T>BB:>?L GE:?@>?M >? G>B;AOCEEC G<AQ>?M : J>M:9>BBAR *

9:>B>?MR * BC@MC =>E; : JB:I FAER +>9ER * <:? A? : ;A9GCL BAAQ>?M K:JQR * DAO?E:>?R 0A<C?

@A>?M E;C =:G;R 'O9E;C9 K:JQL <C? MA>?M :KAOE E;C>9 KOG>?CGGR $TC? DO9E;C9L :? C<FEI

GVO:9CL GE:>9GL : ;AOGCL : ;>BB =>E; E9CCGR !'(()*+ >G : DB:E ?:99:E>TC JA<FAGC@ AD <:?I DB:E

D>CB@GL KOE E;C 9CGOBE >G E;9CC @><C?G>A?:BW B>QC +>G?CIYG #+*3 45)6. '+2 65. #.-.+ 73'/-.(

234ab7 8 !'(()*+ >G >? CGGC?JC : GC9>CG AD MB:GG FB:ECG AD ATC9B:FF>?M F:>?E>?MGL 9CGOBE>?M >? :

GC?G:E>A? AD @CFE; DA9<C@ D9A< : GC9>CG AD E=A @><C?G>A?:B B:IC9GR

* B:EC9 G;AE AFC?G EA :? C<FEI GVO:9C =>E; :? :9J; >? E;C @>GE:?JC :?@ KCIA?@ E;:E : E9:>B

:?@ =AA@GR * =A<:?L <AT>?M :=:I D9A< E;C J:<C9:L =:BQG J:B<BI EA=:9@G : GCE AD GE:>9GR

"K9CA? 9>@CG E;9AOM; E;C :9J;L EA=:9@G E;C J:<C9:L =;>J; GBA=BI F:?G EA DABBA= ;>G F:E;L

E;C? K:JQ EA >EG A9>M>?:B D9:<>?MR * <:? J:99I>?M : KO?@BC AD GE>JQG J9AGGCG E;C GJ9CC?

D9A< 9>M;E EA BCDEL =;>BC "K9CA? <ATCG D9A< K:JQM9AO?@ EA DA9CM9AO?@L :?@ E;C =A<:?SG

<ATC<C?E JAO?EC9G ;>GL <AT>?M :=:I D9A< E;C BC?G EA=:9@G E;C K:JQM9AO?@R * <:?

C?EC9G D9A< E;C BCDE G>@C AD E;C D9:<C EA E:QC "K9CA?YG ;A9GC :G ;C @>G<AO?EGR #;C =A<:?

GE:9EG ;C9 =:I OF E;C GE:>9GR #;C <:? =>E; E;C GE>JQG CX>EG A? E;C BCDER #;C <:? E:QCG E;C

;A9GC :?@ KCM>?G EA =:BQ EA=:9@G E;C :9J;L =;>BC "K9CA? =:BQG EA=:9@G E;C J:<C9:R

'9A< E;C KAEEA< AD E;C D9:<CL : @AM C?EC9GL 9O??>?M EA=:9@G "K9CA?R #;C =A<:?

:FF9A:J;CG E;C EAF AD E;C GE:>9GL E;C <:? :?@ ;A9GC JA?E>?OC GE9:>M;E K:JQ EA=:9@G E;C

:9J;L :?@ "K9CA? :?@ E;C @AM CX>E E;C BCDE G>@C AD E;C D9:<CR #;C ?CXE G;AE ><<C@>:ECBI

KCM>?G =>E; ?A DC=C9 E;:? b GCF:9:EC FB:?CGR '9A< E;C >?EC9>A9 AD : 9AA<L E;C J:<C9:

BAAQG AOE E;9AOM; : @AA9=:I EA=:9@G : FA9J;R "K9CA? C?EC9G A? E;C 9>M;ER PCIA?@ ;>< >G

: GCE AD =AA@C? GE:>9GR PCIA?@ E;C GE:>9GL : <:? =:BQG D9A< BCDE EA 9>M;ER PCIA?@ ;><L :

GCJA?@ <:? <>99A9G ;><L =:BQ>?M 9>M;E EA BCDER ,:GE E;C< :9C E9CCG :?@ DBA=C9GR PCIA?@



326

E;:EL :? C<FEI GF:JC AD @>9EL : =:BB \OEE>?M F:9E>:BBI >?EA E;C D9:<C D9A< E;C BCDEL :?@ D>?:BBI

DABBA=C@ KI E;C =:BBG AD KO>B@>?MGR #;>G T>C= B:GE A?BI : DC= GCJA?@GL O?E>B *BEA? F:?G EA

DABBA= "K9CA? >?EA E;C >?EC9>A9 AD E;C KO>B@>?MR

#;CGC AKGCGG>TC GCVOC?JCG AD B:IC9G JAOB@ KC ATC9BAAQC@L KOE A?JC ?AE>JC@L E;CI E:QC ;AB@

AD E;C D>B<1 C:J; GF:JC :FFC:9G 9>@@BC@ =>E; AFC?>?MGL @AA9GL =>?@A=GL M:ECGR $TC9I =>@C

G;AE KCJA<CG DBAA@C@ =>E; FAGG>K>B>EIR %BA=BIL KOE GO9CBIL E;C JA<FAG>E>A?G E9:?GJC?@ E;C

?:99:E>TC D9:<C=A9Q E;CI ;:TC KCC? FB:JC@ =>E;>?R



327

("

/A=L A?C :GQGL @ACG E;C DA9< AD E;>G D>B< 2B:IC9 OFA? B:IC9L FB:?C OFA? FB:?C7 :@@ EA E;C

?:99:E>TCc .E @ACG?YER #;CI 9O? F:9:BBCBR .? !'(()*+8 DA9< :?@ JA?EC?E :9C ?AE ;:9<A?>AOGW

E;CI G><FBI CX>GE :BA?MG>@C A?C :?AE;C9 DA9 E;C G:<C de <>?OECGR

#;C JA?GE:?E F:9:@C AD =>?@A=GL @AA9=:IGL F:GG:MCGL :BB>CG :?@ E9CCG KCJA<C : M:<C DA9

E;C CIC "?C J:? :B<AGE DCCB +=:?f*BEA?L : K>E KA9C@ FC9;:FG 2G;AAE>?M E;C>9 g?@ AD a

=CGEC9?G >? 3456H :?@ ;A= <:?I =CGEC9?G ;:@ E;CI >?@>T>@O:BBI =A9QC@ A? KCDA9C E;CGCc7L

E9I>?M EA @>GJATC9 : ?C= EIFC AD GF:JC >? CTC9I G;AER #;C>9 <OBE>HFB:?C :FF9A:J; M>TCG E;C

CXEC9?:B D>MO9CG GA<CE;>?M EA GE9ABB E;9AOM;R #;C <OBE>EO@C AD =>?@A=G M>TC <A9C E;:? :

MB><FGC AD F:>?EC@ K:JQ@9AFGW E;CI M>TC OG : T>C= AD :? C?E>9C =A9B@ CX>GE>?M \OGE AOEG>@C

E;C KAO?@:9>CG AD AO9 ?:99:E>TCR



328

)"

+=:? >G A?C AD J>?C<:YG <:GEC9G AD F9AGJC?>O< GE:MCJ9:DER />G :FF9A:J; EA <ATC<C?E

E;9AOM;AOE !'(()*+ >G CGGC?E>:BBI E;C:E9>J:B1 >E >G @C9>TC@ D9A< : GE:E>J D9:<C :?@ E;C EC?G>A?

AD KA@>CG <AT>?M >?L AOE :?@ :9AO?@ >ER #;C :?MBC AD T>C= >G MC?C9:BBI <C@>O<H=>@CW KA@>CG

:9C F9CGC?EC@ >? E;C>9 C?E>9CEI :?@ >?DA9<:E>A? >G JA?TCIC@ E;9AOM; E;C <ATC<C?E AD

:JEA9G KA@>CG <A9C E;:? E;C JA?EA9E>A?G AD E;C>9 D:JCGR -:<C9: <ATC<C?EL <A?E:MC :?@

AFE>J:B CDDCJEG :9C ?AE DAO?@:E>A?:BR *G >? E;C:EC9L E;C K:G>G >G E;C F9CGC?JC AD : KA@I >? :

GF:JCL :?@ E;C <ATC<C?E AD E;:E KA@I >? 9CB:E>A? EA E;C GFCJE:EA9YG CICR

)OJ; JAOB@ KC <:@C AD +=:?YG C:9BI J:9CC9 =A9Q>?M :G :? :GG>GE:?E EA +R0R 89>DD>E;R .?

89>DD>E; =C GCC E;C J>?C<:E>J CGGC?JC AD _KA@>CG >? GF:JC_ >? : F9><>E>TC <A@CL GEIB>GE>J:BBI

>?JA?G>GEC?E 2DABBA=>?M ?A 9OBCGL >?GEC:@ =9>E>?M E;C<7L :B=:IG GC9T>?M : K:G>J C<AE>A?:BOE>B>EIR +=:? E:QCG E;>G C<AE>TC GEIBC :?@ @CTCBAFG >E >?EA J:BJOB:EC@ JA<FAG>E>A?R PI

>?DOG>?M 89>DD>E;YG >?GE>?JEO:B GE:M>?M =>E; : JC9E:>? GCBDHJA?GJ>AOG?CGGL +=:? KCJA<CG E;C

GECFF>?M GEA?C EA=:9@G E;C B:EC9 M9C:E _E;C:E9>J:B_ D>B<<:QC9G 2(>TCEECL "B>TC>9:L B:EC +9CIC9L

CEJR7R #;>G >G ?AE EA G:I E;:E +=:? CGJ;C=G :BB J:<C9: <ATC<C?E A9 <A?E:MCW 9:E;C9 >E >G

E;9AOM; E;C:E9>J:B JA<FAG>E>A? E;:E +=:? :99>TCG :E E;C JA9C AD ;>G J>?C<:R />G :FF9A:J;

:BBA=G ;>G :O@>C?JC EA BAAQ >?EA :?@ E;9AOM; C:J; GF:JCL >?GEC:@ AD KC>?M ><<C9GC@ =>E;>?

E;C<R #;C JC?E9:B DAJOG >G ?AE E;C KA@>CG E;C<GCBTCGL KOE E;C GF:JC :9AO?@ E;C<R

*G AFFAGC@ EA E;C BI9>J:BHF9><>E>TC :FF9A:J; AD 89>DD>E;L A9 "B>TC>9:YG <A@C9?>GEL ;IFC9H

:=:9C GEIBCL +=:? C<C9MCG :G : JB:GG>J>GER /C >G E;C G>BC?E @>9CJEA9 =;A CTABTC@L KOE ?CTC9

:K:?@A?C@ E;C GEIB>GE>J >@C:BG AD E;C 343eGR #;C JA<FAG>E>A?:B F:9:@>M< 9C<:>?G E;C:E9>J:B

>? CGGC?JCL ?AE ATC9E:QC? KI E;C @AJO<C?E:9I CBC<C?EG AD F;AEAM9:F;IL ?A9 E;C

>??AT:E>A?G AD <A?E:MC KCIA?@ E;C K:G>J 89>DD>E; <A@CBR /C DABBA=G E9:@>E>A?L KOE OGCG E;C

9OBCG EA GO>E ;>G @>GE>?JE>TC E:GECGR 0A9Q>?M :BA?M =>E; *BEA?L : GE:?@H>? DA9 89>DD>E;YG P>E`C9L

+=:? J:B<BI 9C@>GJATC9G <ATC<C?E =>E;>? E;>G D9:<C=A9QL K>E KI K>EL A?C G;AE :E : E><CR



329

*"

#;C :JE>A? AD E;C ?:99:E>TCL B>QC E;C <>GCHC?HGJC?CL >G ?AE FGIJ;ABAM>J:BL KOE F;IG>J:BR #;C

D>B< >G FO?JEO:EC@ KI : GC9>CG AD T>ABC?E GE9OMMBCGL GF:9QC@ KI E;C >?>E>:B T>ABC?JC :M:>?GE E;C

)CBA D:<>BIR .?EC9CGE>?MBIL MO?G A?BI JA<C >?EA FB:I >? E;C D>9GE :?@ B:GE AD E;CGC GJC?CGR

#AGG>?M E;C EIF>J:B =CGEC9? G;AAEAOE :G>@CL !'(()*+ >G D>B< AD Q?>TCGR /A=CTC9L >EYG ?AE :

K9OE:B =A9QL ?A 9'+:5* &*6*/)*;( 2345g7 A9 <5. &'=.2 #>;/ 2345a7L =>E; E;C>9 G;A=G AD

<:?SG J9OCBEI EA=:9@G <:?L :?@ E;C DA9JC AD KA@I :M:>?GE KA@IR .?GEC:@L !'(()*+ >G

GA99A=DOBR #;C :JE>?ML <AGEBI @>GFAG:KBCL >G @AEEC@ =>E; 9C<:9Q:KBC <A<C?EG AD F:>? :?@

9C:B>`:E>A?L :?@ E;C T>ABC?E GE9OMMBCG JOB<>?:EC >? GC?G:E>A?G AD BAGG 9:E;C9 E;:? T>JEA9IR

!C>E;C9 E;C J9><CG E;C<GCBTCG ?A9 E;C TC?MC:?JC :9C MBA9>AOG]E;CI :9C G<:BBL F:E;CE>JL

<>GMO>@C@R

#;>G G:@?CGG >G EOJQC@ :=:I E;9AOM;AOE E;C D>B<L <AGE CBCM:?EBI >? E;C D:JC AD E;C MAA?

FB:IC@ KI UA? -;:?CIL N9RL =;AGC CTC9I MB:?JC JA?E:>?G : @CGAB:E>A? :E A@@G =>E; E;C G><FBCGJO<K:M ;C FA9E9:IGR *DEC9 E;C K9:=B >? E;C K:9L -;:?CI MB:?JCG OFL : K9>CD <A<C?E AD

9CDBCJE>A?L :? >??C9 F:>? ?AE F:TC@ ATC9 KI @9>?Q :?@ MBA9I :?@ CT>B]=>E; E;C 9C:B>`:E>A?

E;:E ;C ;:G @A?C GA<CE;>?M =9A?M >? E:Q>?M >??AJC?E B>DCR %OJ; <A<C?EG K9C:Q E;C D:J:@CL

FOG; F:GE E;C GJ9>FEL :?@ FB:JC E;C GFCJE:EA9 D:JC EA D:JC =>E; : ;O<:?>EI =;>J; GCCFG

E;9AOM; E;C GC:<G AD AE;C9=>GC DB:E J;:9:JEC9>`:E>A?GR #;C GC?G:E>A? M>TC?L >? E;CGC K9>CD

<A<C?EGL >G :G C<AE>A?:BBI ATC9=;CB<>?M :G :?I FGIJ;ABAM>J:B 9C:B>G<R



330

+"

#;C D>?:B <ATC<C?E]>?EA E;C <AO?E:>?G]>G B:9MCBI GCF:9:EC D9A< =;:E ;:G F9CJC@C@ >ER

#;C A9:?MCfE:? K:GC JABA9 >G 9CFB:JC@ KI : KB>?@>?M =;>ECL D9:<C@ KI KBOC :?@ M9CC?R #;C

K:JQM9AO?@ D>MO9CG =;A <ATC GA >?G>GEC?EBI E;9AOM; E;C 9CGE AD E;C D>B< @>G:FFC:9W E;C

JA<FBCX FB:?CG AD O9K:? :9C:G :?@ >?EC9>A9G 9CFB:JC@ KI E;C CXF:?GCG AD E;C C?@BCGG 9A=G

AD ;>BBGL E9CCG :?@ <AO?E:>?GR #;>G C<FEI =A9B@ DCCBG :G >D >E =C9C CEC9?:BW :?@ E;C GE9OMMBC

OF E;C <AO?E:>? B>QC E;C GJ:B>?M AD <AO?E "BI<FOGR #;C G<:BB?CGG AD E;C JC?E9:B @9:<:

KCJA<CG :FF:9C?E ?CXE EA E;C GJAFC AD E;C T>GE:GR #;C JBAO@G 9ABB >?L DABBA=C@ KI @:9Q?CGGL

:?@ E;C J:<C9: <ATCG JBAGC9L AOE AD E;C 9C:B>EI AD BAJ:E>A? :?@ >?EA : GC9>CG AD JA?GE9OJEC@

GCEGR . =AOB@ O?GJ>C?E>D>J:BBI CGE><:EC E;:E !'(()*+ >G 9AOM;BI 5e FC9JC?E GEO@>A :?@ 5e

FC9JC?E BAJ:E>A?R *BEA?YG FO?J;IL ;>M; JA?E9:GE #CJ;?>JABA9 F;AEAM9:F;I O?>D>CG E;>GFAEC?E>:B T>GO:B @>GF:9>EIR />G J:<C9: <:?:MCG EA 9CGE9:>? E;C GFBC?@A9 AD E;C -:B>DA9?>:

B:?@GJ:FC :?@ CBCT:EC E;C :9E>D>JC AD E;C J;C:F GCEG EA E;C G:<C F>EJ;R #9:?G>E>A?G KCE=CC?

BAJ:E>A? :?@ GCE :9C ;:9@BI \:99>?MW E;C JA?E9AB AD JABA9 :?@ ECXEO9C >G EAA JA<FBCECR #;C

_9C:B_ BAAQG GA D:QC E;:E E;C <:?OD:JEO9C@ DCCBG B>QC @AJO<C?E:9IR #;C D>?:B J:K>? CJ;ACG

E;C >?EC9>A9 AD E;C )CBA ;:J>C?@:L :?@ :G E;C E9:MC@I >G =:G;C@ :=:I =>E; G=C:E :?@ G?A=L

E;C J:<C9: MB>@CG F:GE @C -:9BA :?@ 0>B@CL EA=:9@G >EG D>?:B 9CGE>?M FB:JC1 : J:K>? =>?@A=L

BAAQ>?M AOE :E : D:QC E9CCL =>E; : F:>?EC@ K:JQ@9AF AD <AO?E:>?G :?@ GQIR #;C :=Q=:9@

<O9<O9>?MG AD E;C J;:9:JEC9G @9>DE :?@ @>DDOGC :M:>?GE E;C KBOCH=;>EC B:?@GJ:FCL :?@ >? E;>G

D>?:B MCGEO9CL +=:?f*BEA? 9C<>?@ OG E;:E =;:E >G KCIA?@ E;C =>?@A= >G AD CVO:B

><FA9E:?JC EA @9:<: =>E;>? E;C J:K>?R



331

!,"

0;:E G:TCG !'(()*+ D9A< KC>?M E;C DAAE?AEC E;:E >E GCC<G >G :? :FF9A:J; E;:E GOFC9GC@CG >EG

GO9D:JC JA?EC?ER +=:?f*BEA?YG :MC?@: >G ?AE >? E;C ?:99:E>TC KOE >? E;C C?T>9A?<C?EW E;C>9>@C:G C<C9MC D9A< =>E;>? E;C ><:MCG 9:E;C9 E;:? KC>?M FB:JC@ A? EAF AD E;C<R .D +=:? ;:G

BA?M B>?MC9C@ >? E;C G;:@A=G AD ;>G JA?EC<FA9:9>CG >? /ABBI=AA@L >E >G KCJ:OGC ;C >G :

DA9<:B>GE :B<AGE EA : D:OBER #;C :GFCJEG AD : D>B< OGO:BBI 9CM:9@C@ :G ><FA9E:?E :9CL :E KCGEL

=A9Q<:?B>QC >? !'(()*+R .E >G >? E;C>9 GC?GC AD J9:DE :?@ JA?E9AB AD GF:JCL E;C>9 :K>B>EI EA

DA9<OB:EC : ?:99:E>TC D>B<L ?AE :G : GEA9I KOE :? AK\CJEL E;:E +=:? :?@ *BEA? FOG; OG F:GE

:?I FC9JC>TC@ <C@>AJ9>EIL E;9AOM; E;C =>?@A=L :?@ EA=:9@G E;C GOKB><CR



""#

$%%&'( )*+,&(-./

!"##$% '(%%) *+ ,*)#")" 012345

(678 .9:8;<:6









* * *





























* * *

* * *





























* * *

* * *





























* * *

* * *





* * *

* * *





















* * *



















* * *



Stills are from the following films:

THE MOST DANGEROUS MAN ALIVE (Dwan, 1961) YOUNG PEOPLE (Dwan, 1940)

BACK TO THE FUTURE (Zemeckis, 1985)ROBIN HOOD (Dwan, 1922)

TIDE OF EMPIRE (Dwan, 1929)CATTLE QUEEN OF MONTANA (Dwan, 1954)

MANHATTAN MADNESS (Dwan, 1916)MANHANDLED (Dwan, 1924)

SLIGHTLY SCARLET (Dwan, 1956)SUEZ (Dwan, 1938)

THE WOMAN THEY ALMOST LYNCHED (Dwan, 1953)MONTANA BELLE (Dwan, 1948/1952)

STAGE STRUCK (Dwan, 1925)THE IRON MASK (Dwan, 1929)

WAY DOWN EAST (Griffith, 1920)INTOLERANCE (Griffith, 1916)

THE GIRL WHO STAYED AT HOME (Griffith, 1919)UP IN MABEL’S ROOM (Dwan, 1944)

and the following paintings:

Mary Magdalene (Jusepe de Ribera, 1641)St. Mary of Egypt (Jusepe de Ribera, 1641)

Gina Telaroli, May 2013







403

"#$%&" '( #"")!"#$%! '( )*+,$ *+,--.

%/012 3451/6

'/1075189: ;< =1>4: &?95@7A0 8?9 B4/78 @1/8 CB !-./01 23 )456/ *+,--.D 1 0C8E18E155 40FC079G2908415 9>908 H4I?8 @177 27;< 200C84F9:J '?9 KC/L9/7 CB 8?9 B1HC27 959@?108 ;/99:9/ CB M2/H1D NK90 OCC/9*M1/;1/1 #810K<FL. 1/9 FC0>40F9: 8?18 8?9 9>45 7@4/48 CB 1 84I9/ ?17 L4559: 10 959@?108JP9>9/8?95977D Q9789/0 /917C0 @/9>1457) 7@4/487 :C0R8 591>9 8/1FL7D 10: 7C 8?9 C05< @C774;4548</9H14040I 47 8?18 8?9 959@?108 K17 :9>C2/9: ;< 1 B597?E10:E;5CC: 84I9/S 8C K?4F? 8?9/9 4710 1::484C015D ;4C5CI4F15 9T@510184C0) 8?9 959@?108 K17 15/91:< G2489 C5: 10: 917< @/9< BC/10< @/9:18C/J



404

'?9 79G290F9 CB 8?9 84I9/R7 F1@82/9 H4I?8 @28 27 40 H40: CB 8?9 F959;/189: :415CI29;98K990 /91548< 10: 4H1I40184C0 8?18 %0:/U M1V40 KC25: @/C@C79 40 WXC/;4::90OC081I9W YWOC081I9 A089/:48WZJ Q?90 NK90 8?/CK7 ?9/795B 8CK1/:7 8?9 84I9/D 8?9 7?C8C@907 2@ 10: ?94I?8907 8?9 4H@/9774C0 CB /91548<[K9 B995 17 8?C2I? NK90 10: 8?9 84I9/K9/9 75CK5< HC>40I F5C79/ 8CI98?9/D 17 8?9< 547890 8C 91F? C8?9/ B/CH 1B1/J A0 8?9 HCH908CB 8?9 1881FLD 1 B4/78D 1BB9F84>9 7?C8 CB 8?9 84I9/ 407@4/97 8?9 4H1I40184C0S K9 ?91/ NK907F/91HD K9 799 ?9/ B155D 10: \278 17 G24FL5<D ]4H M/9F10R7 *^C;9/8 ^<10. I20B4/9 78/4L97 48781/I98S 8?47 740I59 7?C8 47 @/979089: ;98K990 8KC 7?C87 CB 8?9 F18) 487 591@E1881FL 10: 4875178 ;/918?D B15590 8C 8?9 I/C20:J '?9 89H@C/15 591@ CB 91F? CB 8?979 8?/99 7?C87 F51/4B4978?9 C@9/184C0 CB HC081I9 10: :9HC078/1897 W8?18 8?9 @/4H1/< H189/415 CB 8?9 B45H 47128?9084F 10: 8?18D 09>9/8?95977D R48 47 F409H1JRW+ '?9 79G290F9 9T@C797 8?9 54H487 CBHC081I9D ;28 157C 487 >4/829) 8?9/9 47 10 1;790F9 FC0>9<9: ;< K?18 K9 :C0R8 799 :2/40I8?9 I207?C8D 1 @C774;4548< BC/ 4H1I40184C0 8C H998 /91548<D BC/ 8?9 7@4/48 CB 8?9 84I9/ 8C;9FCH9 @/97908 17 K955J

'?9 ;1FL:/C@ BC/ 8?9 1F84C0 CB !-./01 23 )456/ ;91/7 8?47 :415CI29 B/CH K48?40) 8?18 47DK48?40 8?9 KCC:7D 1HC0I78 8?9 ;91787D 10: 40 8?9 89H@597 K?9/9 8?9 M2/H979 /4897 81L9@51F9J '?9 798840I BC/ 8?9 B45H 47 17 1@@/C@/4189 BC/ 781I40I 8?9 1:>9082/9 CB 1 .7/5/.215

1-./089: -3612789: 17 48 47 BC/ /9H14040I 40 / ;8619-839 <7151 -3612789: 1-./01- 4-J '?9B2I484>9 H9084C09: 1;C>9 47 ]4H M/9F10D 10: ?47 IC15 47 >9/< @/9F479) 8C B599 B/CH 8?C79K?C 1FF279 ?4H CB 8?9 :918? CB 8?9 M2/H979 @/40F9J M/9F10 :47FC>9/7 1 @C774;4548< 8C ?4:9?4H795B 40 NK90R7 ?C279J '?9 @/C81IC0478 ?C5:7 1 H<789/< K48?40D ;28 8?9 4089/978 ?9/9 470C8 40 B40:40I C28 K?18 48 47D 740F9D C0 8?9 C09 ?10:D 8?9 909H< ?17 15/91:< 100C20F9:K?9/9 ]4H M/9F10 47D B/CH 8?9 ;9I40040I CB 8?9 B45HD 10: C0 8?9 C8?9/ ?10:D 48 :C970R8 81L9

5C0I 8C 408248 8?18 8?9 B2I484>9 47 B15795< 1FF279:J '?9 H<789/< 48795B 470R8 40 K?18 8?9F?1/1F89/ 47 ?4:40ID ;28 40 8?18 =K10 K1087 27 8C 81L9 F5C79 0C84F9 CB 8?47 H<789/4C270977DK?18 1/4797 40 8?9 B4/78 HCH908 8?18 M/9F10 10: NK90 9TF?10I9 I510F97J _9 ?4:97 20:9/8?9 01H9 CB O1/840 10: 908/2787 ?9/ K48? 1 B9K /2;497 K48?C28 :47F27740I ?47 C/4I407J #?917L7 0C G29784C07D 10: ?9 I1407 ?47 71B98< 40 8?9 /9B2I9 CBB9/9: ?4H ;< 8?47 20L0CK0KCH10J %0: 8?47 47 ?CK 8?9 @/9H479 47 9781;547?9: 8?18 K455 155CK 27 8C 20:9/7810: 8?9/95184C07?4@7 ;98K990 8?9 F?1/1F89/7 CB 8?9 B45H) 8?9< 099: 8C ;9 4I0C/108 CB 91F? C8?9/ 40C/:9/ 8C 8/278 C09 10C8?9/ 17 K955J M98K990 8?47 FC2@59D 1 :9F474>9 I9782/9 K455 ?C5: 8?9H8CI98?9/ BC/9>9/) NK90 L99@7 8?9 \9K957 40 ?9/ 71B9 K?459 40747840I 8?18 W<C2R55 ?1>9 8C781< ?9/9 0CKWS 8?94/ 204C0 47 FC0F94>9: 8?/C2I? K?18 47 L9@8 79F/98D 17 8?9 BC55CK40I

4H1I9 89784B497) K?459 8?9< 9H;/1F9D 8?9 :1/L0977 CB 8?9 04I?8 F/99@7 408C 8?9 /CCH 10:B2/84>95< C>9/81L97 ;C8? 8?94/ ;C:497J

Q9 0CK HC>9 408C 8?94/ 78/10I9 /95184C07?4@ K48? 1 8?4/: F?1/1F89/D K?C ?17 8C @51< ;<8?9 71H9 /2597J '?47 47 F1@8140 $1/:4I10 *=1>4: X1//1/.D K?C ?17 FCH9 8C 1//978 M/9F10JNK90 ?95@7 M/9F10 8C 97F1@9D $1/:4I10 BC55CK7 ?47 8/145D 10: 7?9 :C970R8 :951< 40 FCH40I1B89/ 8?9HD 0C8 7C H2F? 7C 8?18 7?9 F10 ;9I 8?9 B2I484>9 8C 82/0 ?4H795B 40D ;28 7C 8?18 7?9



405

F10 781< K48? ?4HD K18F? ?4HD .39253= ?4HJ %0: 7C 4B M/9F10 9H;C:497 8?94/ 79F/98D 7?9 478?9 C09 K?C 47 @25540I 8?9 78/40I7 ;9?40: 8?9 78C/<[598R7 /9H9H;9/ 8?18 K9R/9 C0 ?9/89//140[K?C 47 8?9 HC8C/ CB 8?9 B1;25184C0[8?9 NK90`=K10 @1/15595 7?C25:0R8 ;94I0C/9:[10: 8?47 47 K?< 7?9 I4>97 B/99 /94I0 8C $1/:4I10D 7C 8?18 1I140 8?9 8?/99 F104089/79F8 10: 8?9 1F84C0 FC084029J M/9F10 47 1//9789:D 04I?8 B1557D 10: 1 M2::?478 89H@5979/>97 17 7?9589/S K9 FC084029 40 8?47 BC/94I0D 20L0CK0 510:) WK?9/9 8?9< 591>9 CBB9/40I7BC/ 8?9 7@4/487DW 7?9 F514H7J '?9 F?1/1F89/7R 7599@ 47 4089//2@89: ;< 1 ;10: CB 8?49>97D NK907?/49L7D $1/:4I10 17L7 8?9H 8C 598 ?9/ ICD 10: K?90 C09 CB 8?9 78/10I9/7 54B87 ?47 L04B9DM/9F10 4089/>9097S 09T8D 48 47 8?9 F1@8140 K?C 1774787 ?4HJ '?9 90H48< ;98K990 8?9 8KC?9/C97 ;9I407 8C B1:9D ;28 $1/:4I10 78455 FC08/C57 M/9F10R7 B189S <98 0CKD 8C ?47 ICC:BC/8209D 8?9 7482184C0 B54@EB5C@7) $1/:4I10 47 849: 2@D ?9 47 0C8D 10: NK90 47D 8?C2I? /18?9/5CC795<[C0F9 1I140D 1 H981@?C/ CB 8?9 B1;25184C0 7?9 /9@/979087) 7?9 F10 20849 $1/:4I1010: FC084029 4089/F9:40I 40 8?9 78C/<J M/9F10 97F1@97D ;28 52FL K455 ?1>9 8?9H H99840I1I140 8?9 BC55CK40I 04I?8 20:9/ 8?9 71H9 /CCBD 0CK 8?18 CB 1 :4BB9/908 89H@59J '?9 09T8HC/040ID NK90 7C20:7 8?9 IC0I) WO< @9C@59 H1< ;9 5CCL40I BC/ H9DW 7?9 71<7 17

\2784B4F184C0S ;28 7?9 47 901;540I 8?9 C;54I18C/< ;18859 ;98K990 8?9 8KC ?9/C97 8C BC/I988?18 8?9<R/9 909H497 10: ?95@ 91F? C8?9/ B4I?8 1I14078 8?C79 K?C K108 M/9F10R7 ?91:J

'?9 8/1\9F8C/497 CB 8?9 F?1/1F89/7 1/9 1589/9:D 8?94/ :97840497 8/107BC/H9:D 91F? 09K90FC2089/ BC/F40I 8?9H 8C :989/H409 C0F9 1I140) Q?C 47 F?1740I K?CaS Q?18 47 91F? C095CCL40I BC/ 40 /95184C0 8C 8?9 09T8aS Q?18 47 91F? C09 5CCL40I BC/ 40 ?4H795Ba (/89I1 <N17798 KC25: K/489 8?18 H10 47 1 FC0840215 B1F490:2H Y20 G29?1F9/ZD C09R7 CK0 FC0840215817L CB F?CC740I C09R7 C@84C07 10: H1L40I :9F474C07 18 9>9/< 4089/79F84C0D 8C K?4F? b52c7=2F? 1::7 8?18 M940I F10 C05< /97C5>9 487 1H;4I248497 1H;4I2C275<J WM9BC/9 8?9

FC0840I90F497 CB 54>40I 8?9/9 CBB9/7 48795B 8?9 FC0:484C015 W4BW[W4B C09 8?40ID 8?9010C8?9/W[10: 8?47 47 8?9 >4815 @/972@@C7484C0 8?18 ;978 952F4:1897 C2/ 78189 CB B52TD CBB59T4;4548< 40 8?9 KC/5:JWd AB 8?9 F?1/1F89/7 CB !-./01 23 )456/ 51FL FC?9/90F9 48R7 ;9F12798?9< <495: 8C 72F? B52F82184C0D 8?18 47D 8C 8?9 0182/9 CB 8?94/ ;940ID CB M940IJ PC8?40I4089/9787 =K10 HC/9 8?10 8?18 8?9< B255< /91F? 8?47 @C408 CB M940I[8?9 7@9F81F59WKC25:0R8 KC/L 4B 8?9 4084H189 78C/< K170R8 /4I?8DW ?9 :9F51/97 40 ?47 5C0I 4089/>49K K48?&989/ MCI:10C>4F?e[10: ?9 81L97 FC0F/989 4089/978 40 8?47 ;940I K?C79 FC0:484C0 471H;4I2C27J 'C /91F? 8?9 @C408D =K10 81L97 8KC @18?7J (0 8?9 C09 ?10:D ?9 :954H487 ?471:>9082/97 K48? F51/48<D K48?C28 10< 8/4FL7 C/ ?C597D 0C8?40I F/<@84FS 8?18 47 8C 71<) 8C1>C4: BCII40977 40 C/:9/ 8C F591/ 2@ 10< BCI 8?18R7 15/91:< 8?9/9D 8C ;9 ;9889/ 1;59 8C 799

8?9 C@1G290977 CB 8?47 ;940IJ (0 8?9 C8?9/ ?10:D ?9 51<7 C28 8?9 1F84C0D 17 _1KL7 KC25:157C L0CK ?CK 8C :CD 17 0C8 8C 9>9/ :155< 18 C;781F597 ;28 ;9889/ C>9/591@ 8?9HS C/D K?181HC2087 8C 8?9 71H9 8?40I) ;< @1<40I 1889084C0 8C 8?9 /95184C07?4@7 8?18 1/9 9781;547?9:>12<119 8?9 1F84C0 10: 487 1I9087D /18?9/ 8?10 FC0F908/189 39 8?9 1F84C0 10: 487 1I90878?9H795>97J A8R7 K?18 =9592V9 71K 40 _48F?FCFLJ %0: ?9/9D K9 F10 157C /9BC/H25189 8?9G29784C0D WM28 K?C L4559: _1//<aW 40 /95184C0 8C 8?9 @/40F9D ;9F1279 9>90 L0CK40I 8?18M/9F10 K17 8?9 17717740D K9 :C0R8 099: 8C L0CK 48D 10: 8?47 47 K?< =K10 H1L97 48 F591/



406

K?C 47 K?C B/CH 8?9 781/8J %7 40 8?9 _48F?FCFLD K?18R7 /959>108 ?9/9 47 0C8 8?9 F/4H9D ;28K?18 ?1@@907 ;98K990 8?C79 K?C FCHH48 8?9H795>97 8C 487 40>9784I184C0J _48F?FCFLR763;4- 3015/9;8 47 K955EL0CK0) 8C 7482189 ?47 F?1/1F89/ 40 8?9 /C59 CB 8?9 7@9F818C/ 10:F/918C/ 18 C0F9D 54L9 ]1H97 #89K1/8 B1F40I 8?9 K40:CKE7@9F81F59 40 +1/5 ?89;3< *+,-f.DC/ 54L9 8?C79 F?1/1F89/E7@9F818C/7 40 '71 '534>=1 <827 @/55A *+,--. *487 #@1047? 84859 )42

<73 B8==1; @/55AC Y D%153 E48F9 6/2G / @/55AC Z.D K?C 9089/8140 1 B4F84C0 8?18 8?9<8?9H795>97 ?1>9 F/9189: B/CH ;9?40: 1 8/99J A0 =K10R7 B45HD 17 K9R>9 7990D 8?9 F/918C/ 4710 959@?108 ;/99:9/ Y=/ .51/;35/ 1- 49/ .58/;35/Z[10: 8?9 90:40I FC0B4/H7 ?CK 7?9H278 @177 ?9/795B CBB 17 1 7@9F818C/ 40 C/:9/ 8C /981L9 FC08/C5 CB 8?9 78C/<J



407

Q9 FCH9 ;1FL 8C 8?9 B45H K?9/9 K9 59B8 48D 18 8?9 B4015 ;18859J NK90 47 KC20:9:D 8?9 78C/<FCH97 8C 1 F5C79D 10: M/9F10 F10 C05< 82/0 ?4H795B 40J M28 1 ;C< 1//4>97 40 84H9 K48? 1 59889/40 ?47 ?10:J A8 82/07 C28 8C ;9 8?9 59889/ 8?18 8?9 @/40F9 K/C89 HCH9087 ;9BC/9 :<40ID 10:K?C79 FC089087 9T@5140 K?< ?9 598 ?4H795B ;9 L4559: ;< ?47 B/490: ]4H M/9F10J NK90 54789078C 8?9 09K 78C/<D 155 8?18R7 099:9: 8C 71>9 ?9/ B/490:D 8C F540F? 8?9 ?1@@< 90:40IJ M28 4B K9IC ;1FL 1 ;48D K9R55 /9F155 8?18 8?9 ;C< 1@@91/9: H2F? 91/549/ 40 8?47 78C/<D \278 ;9BC/9 NK90:9F4:9: 8C IC 1B89/ M/9F10 BC55CK40I 8?9 F1@8140R7 1//4>15J %0: 17 40 8?9 :918? CB 8?9 84I9/D8?47 9>908 47 157C 74I0159: ;98K990 8KC 7?C87[K?4F? 7?C25: /91BB4/HD BC/ 10<C09 40 :C2;8D8?18 =K10R7 F409H1 47 0C8 18 155 B1/ B/CH C2/7J NK90R7 :9F474C0 47 @/9B1F9: ;< ?9/ 9H@8<I1V9[1 78/10I9 9T@/9774C0 BC/ 1 F?1/1F89/ K?C 47 15K1<7 1889084>9D 15K1<7 2@ BC/1:>9082/9[10: 48 47 0C8 ;< F?10F9 8?18 8?47 I1V9 CFF2@497 8?9 4089/>15 ;98K990 8?9 ;C<R7<1K040I 10: 8?90 B15540I 17599@J (0F9 1I140D 8?9 HC081I9 C05< /9>9157 8?9 959H908 K?4F?@17797 27 ;< 200C84F9: K?459 ?C5:40I FC08/C5 C>9/ 8?9 B45HJ '?9 ;C< 1BBC/:7 NK90 172II9784C0 CB 8?9 K1L40IE7599@ 8C K?4F? =2F? /9B9/7D C09 /9G24/9: 8C 90>471I9 8?9 40B4048<K?4F? H10 51FL7J '?9 ;C<D K1L40IE7599@40I[15K1<7 1 09K 78C/<[?17 ;990 8?9/9 155 15C0ID

@/C@95540I 8?9 1:>9082/9D 10: ?9 0CK 1@@91/7 40 C/:9/ 8C /9H40: ?47 F/918C/ CB ?47 /C59D 7C8?18 7?9 F10 1I140 1772H9 10 C28K1/: BC/H[40 8?9 407@4/184C0 C/ BC20:184C0 CB 8?978C/<[8?18 K455 09>9/ ;9 :9B40484>9D 8?18 K455 15K1<7 97F1@9 27D ;28 8?18 ?17 8C 97F1@9 27 40C/:9/ 8C 1@@91/ 109K 10: 7C C0 1: 40B40482HJ A8R7 ?CK =K10D 54L9 _48F?FCFLD @9/ NC:1/:D157C L09K ?CK 8C 81L9 FC08/C5 CB 8?9 204>9/79D 9>90 K?459 48 @17797 ;< 200C84F9:J

+ %0:/U M1V40D WOC081I9 4089/:48DW g2R978EF9 G29 59 F40UH1a *&1/47) b97 h:484C07 :2 $9/BD+,i-.D f,Ej+D ?88@)``</C5JB/99JB/`HC081I9kdl4089/:48J@:BJ '/107J =1>4: &?95@7J2 %5;9/8 $?45560D H/ .39;8.8G9 /6>8:4/I J8K=3:3- .39 H=4L- J4.7 *M1/F95C01) _9/:9/D dl++.J

'/107J =1>4: &?95@7J 3 &989/ MCI:10C>4F?D '71 H/-2 %839115 *P9K mC/L) &/19I9/D +,i+.D +jnJ



408

AP '_" M"NAPPAPN Q%# '_" M"NAPPAPN)%!$+H (M '@! "(*'@ %$#NMN# *+,--.

&1;5C N1/Fc1 $10I1

'/1075189: M< =1>4: &?95@7

'?9/9 1/9 B45HH1L9/7 K?C 1/9 ?1@@< 40 8?9 K189/D C8?9/7 40 I947?1 ?C2797D :979/87D C/F48497D 40 :1<84H9 C/ 04I?884H9D 40 >4C590F9 C/ 40 F15HD B45H40I ?C/797 C/ B45H40I F187D K48?5C0I 81L97 C/ /1@4:EB4/9 HC081I9J '?9/9 1/9 B45HH1L9/7D A 727@9F8D K?C 1/9 HC78 FC08908 408?9 B4/78 HCH9087D C8?9/7 40 8?9 H4::59D 10: C8?9/7 40 8?9 90:40I7J A I98 0C I/9189/ \C< 40M/477912R7 B45H7D BC/ 9T1H@59D 8?10 40 8?9 90:40I7D 8?9 72::90D B4015 890 H402897D 40 K?4F?8?9 78C/< ?17 FCH9 8C 10 90: 10: 84H9 1FF959/1897 40 8?9 BC/H CB 10 9@45CI29J

(B 8?9 =K107 8?18 ARH B1H4541/ K48?D 8?9 5189 B45H7D 0C8?40I 47 G2489 54L9 8?C79 B4/78D @/40F4@59HCH9087J '?94/ 20?2//49: @1F9 97@9F4155< 7810:7 C28[17 91F? 7?C8 1::7 8C 8?9 5178D 17 8?9>49K9/ H278 FC08402155< /91:\278 ?47`?9/ 20:9/7810:40I CB 8?9 7F909J

'?9 781/8 CB %1/5= 3O 271 "3427 %/.8O8. 47 10C8?9/ CB =K10R7 @9/B9F8 C@9040I7J X178 10:@9/B9F8J % 7145;C18 F/C7740I 8?9 791J *PCD ARH 5<40ID 8?9 7145;C18 :C970R8 F/C77 10<8?40ID ;28 4715/91:< 8?9/9D 40 8?9 791D 0C8?40I HC/9J PC8?40I F/C7797D 0C8?40I 8/1>9/797 40 8?47 B45HJ %09FC0CH< CB 84H9 10: 7@1F97J Q9R55 FCH9 ;1FL 8C 8?47.J

P9T8D 8?9 51::9/ :CK0 8C 8?9 F1;40J '?9 59I7 CB 1 KCH10 1@@91/J '?9< @1279 ;9BC/9 K9 F10799 8?9 8C/7CD 09>9/ H40: 8?9 B1F9S K9 ?1>9 C05< 8?9 7?C/8 @1087D 1 L099 54I?85< B59T40IBC/K1/:D 1 F51774F15 @C79D ;9128< 40 8?9C/< 10: @/1F84F9J

'?9 BC55CK40I 7?C8) 1 H10 78/98F?9: C28 C0 8?9 F1;40 ;9:J P9T8 8C ?4H 1 ;C8859J _9 1K1L907J#487 2@ K48? 7CH9 :4BB4F258<J _9 L0CFL7 C>9/ 8?9 ;C8859D 7C 8?18 9>90 8?9 HC78 401889084>9>49K9/ K455 81L9 0C84F9 10:D @28840I C09 10: C09 8CI98?9/D 8?9 ;C8859 10: 8?9 :4BB4F258<



409

748840I 2@D K455 FCH@/9?90: 8?18 8?47 H10 47 1K1L9040I C28 CB 1 89//4;59D :/20L90 782@C/J#CH9 7?1:CK7D 72;79G29085<D 5CCH C>9/ ?4HJ '?9 H10 /9154V97 8?9 @/9790F9 CB 7CH9C099579 40 8?9 F1;40J

^9>9/79E7?C8 B/CH ?47 @C408 CB >49K) 8?9 KCH10 B4047?97 :97F90:40I 8?9 51::9/J '?9 7?C8D;52//<D 17 4B 7990 8?/C2I? ?47 ?10IC>9/D FCH97 408C BCF27 17 1 H1I04B4F908 408/C:2F8C/< 7?C8CB 34/I4041 O1<CD @/C2:5< ?9/795BD >40:4F184>9J *'?9 7?C8 47 ;52//< :29 8C ?47 ?10IC>9/D CBFC2/79D ;28 157C :29 8C 8?9 B45HH1L9/R7 C;54I184C0 8C :47F5C79 91F? 959H908 C09 ;< C09D 20845?9 ?17 I4>90 27 18 5178 8?9 B1F9 8?18 FC//97@C0:7 8C 8?C79 59I7D 8?9 ;9128< CB 34/I4041 O1<C.J

A0 7?C8 /9>9/79E7?C8) :415CI29J '?9 H10 /9FCI04V97 8?9 KCH10J _9 K1087 ?9/ 8C 591>9 8?97?4@ *;28 8C 591>9 8?9 7?4@ 47 8C 591>9 8?9 B45H 10: 8?47D CB FC2/79D 47 4H@C774;59S 48R7 15/91:<F178 CBBD 40 8?/99 7?C87 48R7 F178 CBB 17 10 2078C@@1;59 H9F?1047HD 10: 8?9/9 47 0C K1< 8CFC//9F8 487 FC2/79D 0C K1< 0CK 8C 1>C4: 8?9 FCH40I 1:>9082/9.J

%0: C0F9 1I140 1 @14/ CB 59I7 :97F90: 8?9 51::9/J '?47 84H9 8?9< 1/9 8?9 59I7 CB 1 H10 *10:8?9 @1087 1/9 5C0I.J Q48? 8?9 59I7 FCH97 8?9 B1F9D 10: 8?9 F1H9/1 HC>97 ;1FL 8C /9B/1H98?47 09K B4I2/9 *1 09K @49F9 CB 8?9 @2VV59. 09T8 8C 8?9 KCH10J %0: 8?90 8?47 09K H10100C20F97) WO998 O477 =95109D H< 09K B410FU9JW

%0:D ;9BC/9 8?9 FC0B274C0 CB 8?9 78455E?20IC>9/ B4/78 H10D 8?9 KCH10 @287 ?9/ 1/H7 1/C20:8?9 79FC0: 10: CBB9/7 ?4H 72F? 4H@/C;1;59D 54L95< 4/C04FD @/1479 8?18 7CH9 977908415959H908 CB ?9/ F?1/1F89/ 47 0CK 408/C:2F9:) 7?9 47 5<40I 8?/C2I? ?9/ 8998?J %0: K9 L0CKK?18 8?C79 59I7 1/9 F1@1;59 CBJ %0: B1F9J %0: 155 8?9 /978J

Q9 ?1>9 IC09 C09 H40289D 8K908< 79FC0:7 B/CH 8?9 90: CB 8?9 C@9040I F/9:487J %H1V40I@1F9D =K10R7J % I/1:215 @1F9J PC 7?C8 47 8CC B178D ;28 51787 8?9 /4I?8 1HC208 CB 84H9 BC/ 27 8C799 K?18 K9 ?1>9 8C 799J A8R7 0C8 8?9 HC081I9 8?18 7@99:7 2@D ;28 8?9 78C/<J M9F1279 91F?7?C8 F1//497 1 09K 959H908 40 /95184C0 8C 8?9 5178J (09 4:91 @9/ 7?C8D 8?9 MEHC>497 KC25: 71<J

%0: 8?47 47 ?CK 8?9 /978 CB 8?9 B45H K455 @/CF99:D K48? 8?47 75CK 7@99: C/ 8?47 7@99:<75CK0977J %0C8?9/ H9HC/1;59 9T1H@59) 8?9 KCH10 751@7 8?9 H10D 8?9 H10 40 82/0 47 IC40I8C ?48 ?9/D ;28 8?90D C0F9 1I140D 8?9/9 47 1 /9>9/715) /18?9/ 8?10 ?48 ?9/D 8?9 H10 F10R8 ?95@L47740I ?9/ 407891:J %0: K48?C28 F?10I40I 7?C87D 8?9 ?10: CB 1 79FC0: H10D K?CH K9

?1>90R8 7990 FCH9 40D I/1;7 8?18 CB 8?9 B4/78 10: 781/87 1 B4I?8J PC 5C0I9/ C09 4:91 @9/ 7?C8D;28 8KC 4:917 @9/ 7?C8J Q48? 8?9 I/918978 9FC0CH< CB H9107D 8C /9>9/79 8?9 7F/4@8 10:8/1\9F8C/<J %5510 =K10D 40F977108 78C/<89559/J

Q?18 @/9F9:97 8?47 L477 10: 8?47 B4I?8 47 1 7F909 40 K?4F? 1 79F/98 47 /9>9159:) 8?9 H10 10:8?9 KCH10 15/91:< L09K 91F? C8?9/D ?1: 15/91:< ;990 5C>9/7J (0 @1@9/D 8?47 79G290F9H4I?8 799H 74H451/ 8C C09 40 P3799A Q482/5 *^1<D +,-f.J 34/I4041 O1<C 9>90 71<7 8?9 5409



410

8?18D WA 71K <C2/ B1F9 40 9>9/< H10R7 B1F9 A 5CCL9: 18JW %0: <98 8?9 7F909 47 /1:4F155<:4BB9/908 B/CH ^1<R7J PC @178 47 9>CL9:J '?9 /CH10F9 ;1/95< 9T4787 17 48 47J OC785< 48 47 172@@59H9081/< 84:;48 8C 8?9 78C/<D 10C8?9/ @49F9 1::9: 8C 8?9 @2VV59J '?9 H140 @2/@C79 CB8?9 5C>9 1BB14/ 47 8C 4079/8 FCH@54F184C07J

%:>10F40I 7?C8 ;< 7?C8D =K10 1881407 1 78/10I9 >95CF48<D 7CH98?40I 54L9 8?18 CB 1?954FC@89/R7 ;51:97D C/ 8?9 7@CL97 CB 1 ;4F<F59 K?995 K?90 8?9< 82/0 8CC B178 BC/ ?2H10FCH@/9?9074C0 10: 7CC0 799H 8C ;9 781<40I 40 @51F9D C/ 9>90 75CK5< HC>40I ;1FLK1/:7JM28 K48?C28 1@@91/10F97 :9F94>40I 27D K48?C28 27 9>9/ BC/I98840I 8?18 48R7 HC>40I 18 8C@7@99: 10: 8?18 548859 KC25: ;9 59B8 CB C2/ ?10: 4B K9 9>9/ 8?C2I?8 8C 4089//2@8 487 FC2/79J

'?9 I/1:2150977 18 8?9 ?91/8 CB =K10R7 B45H7 47 :9F9@84>9J PC8?40I 781<7 40 @51F9J Q9 1/9 408?9 9<9 CB 1 ?2//4F109J Q9 HC>9 BC/K1/: K48?C28 @1279 8CK1/: 8?9 90:J 'CK1/: 10 90:40I7C 409>481;59 48 47D @9/?1@7D :471@@C40840IJ M9F1279 BC/ =K10D BC/ 8?9 =K10 K48? K?4F? ARHB1H4541/D ?47 @/40F4@597 ?1>9 ;990 798 408C HC84C0D 17 ?17 ?47 FC078108 FCH@54F1840I CB 8?9

7482184C0D CB K?18R7 18 781L9D 10: ?9 799H7 8C B995 5977 18 9179 K?90 ?9 ?17 8C ;/40I 8?9 78C/<8C 1 ?158D 8C 1 F5C79J XC/ =K10D ?1>40I 8C 4089//2@8 8?9 B45H 47 54L9 1 L4: ?1>40I 8C 4089//2@8 1I1H9 8C IC ?1>9 :4009/ C/ 81L9 1 ;18?J A8R7 7CH98?40I 09F9771/<D 1 72@9/4C/ C/:9/D CB 8?9@1/9087 C/ CB 8?9 78189D ;28D 48 BC55CK7D 2584H1895< 10 C/:9/ 8?18R7 1 024710F9J M28 8?90 48R7 1558?9 71H9) 8?9 09T8 :1< 8?9/9 K455 ;9 HC/9 I1H97D C/ 1 09K B45HJ

%0 90:40I 8?18R7 @9/?1@7 :471@@C40840ID ;28 409>481;59J %0 90:40I 8?18 /982/07 8?9F?1/1F89/7 8C 8?9 ;9I40040IJ %0 90:40I 8?18 47 1 HC/15 7C5284C0J '?9 F?1/1F89/7 CB 8?9 B45H1/9 15K1<7 FC0B/C089: K48? HC/15 :459HH17) 8C 549 C/ 0C8 8C 549D 8C ;98/1< C/ 0C8 8C ;98/1<D

8C 1;279 C/ 0C8 8C 1;279 8?94/ @CK9/J (B 155 CB 8?9HD 8?9 HC78 4H@C/8108D 1/C20: K?CH 8?9C8?9/7 1//10I9 8?9H795>97D 47 34/I4041 O1<CD K?C K1>9/7 ;98K990 ?9/ FC07F490F9 10: 8?9IC5:D ;98K990 400CF90F9 10: K?189>9/ 5C>9 KC25: ?1>9 ?9/ ;9549>9J

%7 48 82/07 C28D 8?9/9R7 >9/< 548859 1F84C0 40 8?9 B45HJ %0 1881FL C0 8?9 ;C18D 1 B4I?8 K48? 8?9CF8C@27 8?18 I21/:7 8?9 81;CCJ 39/< 548859 1F84C0 10: >9/< B9K 7987J % G29784C0 CB 9FC0CH<J'?47 47 K?<D K9R>9 714:D 0C8?40I F/C7797 8?9 CF910J %0: K?< K9 :C0R8 799 8?9H F/C7740I8?/C2I? 8?9 \20I59 8C I98 8C 8?9 51L9 CB 8?9 81;CCJ '?9/9R7 0C 7?C8 8?18 :C970R8 KC/L 8C1:>10F9 8?9 78C/<D 8?18 :C970R8 KC/L 8C 8K478 48D 8C 82/0 48D C/ C>9/82/0 48D 9>90 HC/155<J '4H984I?8 K48?40 8?9 7?C87S ;98K990 8?9HD 7@99:J

% G29784C0 CB 9FC0CH<J OC/1548< 47 F?91@9/ 8C @9/BC/H 8?10 1F84C0J PC8 H2F? 47 /9G24/9: 8C781I9 HC/1548<D 17 =K10 K955 L09KD 17 ^C?H9/ :4: 17 K955J ]278 1 B9K F?1/1F89/7D 1 B9K>1F455184C07J *(05< 8?47 548859 47 /9G24/9: 8C I909/189 727@9079D \278 C09 F?1/1F89/ 7@<40I C010C8?9/J '?979 HCH9087 CFF2/ B/9G29085< 40 5189 =K10D 10: @9/?1@7 91/549/ 17 K955J"G2155< B/9G29085<[5497 10: :47I24797J PC8 H2F? 47 /9G24/9: 8C F/9189 B4F84C0 10: :10I9/D8?9 :10I9/ CB ;940I :47FC>9/9: C/ CB 0C8 :47FC>9/40I 8?9 C8?9/J Q17 =K10 4089/9789: 40



411

7@497 10: :47I24797 8?9H795>97D C/ K17 ?9 4089/9789: 40 8?9HD 1;C>9 155D ;9F1279 8?9< K9/910 90:5977 7C2/F9 CB 1 7F/4@8R7 8K4787 10: 82/07D CB 8?9 H4720:9/7810:40I7 K48?40 8?9 B45Ha.J

%0:D :99@ :CK0D K?18 HC/15 FC0F5274C0 47 48 8CK1/:7 K?4F? K9R/9 409>481;5< 59:a % /982/08C 8?9 BC20:184C07 Y201 /97812/1F460 :95 @/40F4@4CZJ %1/5= 3O 271 "3427 %/.8O8. 47 1 78C/< CB81;CC7D 10: 54L9 155 B45H7 1;C28 81;CC7D 48R7 157C 8?9 78C/< CB 1 @1/1:479J OC/9 8?10 '/>4 *O2/012D +,e+. C/ '/>4 *NCH97D dl+d.D ARH 8?40L40I CB )58:/;339 *O4009554D +,-f. 10: '71

R8==/:1 *#?<1H1510D dllf.J % @1/1:479 ;179: 40 1 :90415 CB 8?9 C2874:9 KC/5:J % @1/1:4798?18 40 C09 K1< C/ 10C8?9/ H4I?8 ;9 H4781L90 BC/ 8C815481/41047HJ '?9 90:40I CB 8?9 B45H155CK7 27 8C /9FC>9/ 8?9 4048415 @1/1:479D ;28 C05< 1B89/ ?1>40I 81789: @140D 10: 1B89/ ?1>40I4089I/189: 8?9 C2874:9 KC/5:J

%7 40 8?9 ^1H2V 0C>95 P381 ;/9- =1 .81= *+,d+.D 40 K?4F? 1 8CK0 1K1L97 C09 :1< 8C B40: 8?189>9/<8?40I ?17 F?10I9:D 8?18 8?9 :91: ?1>9 FCH9 ;1FL 8C 54B9D 8?18 8?9 ;540: F10 799D 8?188?9 510:7 1/9 7@/40I40I BC/8? F/C@7 K48?C28 1 F1/9D 8?18 155 47 ?1@@40977J '?9<R>9 1KCL90 C0

8?9 C8?9/ 74:9 CB 54B9D 40 @1/1:479J % @1/1:479 K?9/9 84H9 7810:7 78455 *8?9 C@@C7489 CB =K10SK48? =K10D 0C @1/1:479 F10 5178 HC/9 8?10 8KC H408297 5C0I.J %0: <98D 48 47 0C8 B255?1@@40977D 10: C05< 1 B54I?8 8CK1/:7 8?9 HC2081407 10: 1 >474C0 CB ?955D CB BC/IC8890 @140DH1L97 8?9H 1FF9@8 8?18 8?9<R>9 1881409: ?1@@40977 18 8?9 90:D 8?9 B/CV90 84H9 CB @1/1:479J*^1H2V ?17 10C8?9/ KC/L K48? 8?9 71H9 @5C8D 1 78C/< 9084859: H/ %/8S ;4 .81= D 40 K?4F? 8?971H9 78C/<5409 47 /9:2F9: 8C 1 740I59 FC2@59 10: 48 47 8?9 H9HC/< CB 91/8?5< 891/7 8?18155CK7 8?9H 8C 18 5178 1FF9@8 8?9 @91F9 CB ?91>90.J

'?9 B45H FC0F52:97 ;< /9FC>9/40I 487 BC20:184C07D 8?18 4048415 ?1@@40977D 8?/C2I? 487 8K4787

10: 82/07J b4L9 1 :10F9 40 K?4F? 1B89/ 8K4/540I 10: 8K4/540ID 1B89/ 1 B9K ;C:497 ?1>9 B15590 8C8?9 B5CC/D 8?9 4048415 BC/H 47 /9I1409:J %0: 7CD \278 ;9BC/9 8?47 ?178< 90:40ID =K10 ?17 84H98C I4>9 27 C09 HC/9 :98145D C09 HC/9 72@@59H9081/<D F/295 4:91D 740F9 8?9/9 8- 7CH98?40IF/295 40 72;H48840I 8?9 F?1/1F89/7 8C @9/H10908 B52TJ O1<C 47 IC40I 8C ;9 71F/4B4F9:J #?9 47@51F9: 1I14078 1 K155 10:D K48? 1 75CKD @9/F2774>9 89H@CD 8?9< 781/8 ?2/540I 7@91/7 18 ?9/D8KC ;< 8KCJ '?9 7@91/7D 510:40I F5C79/ 10: F5C79/ 8C ?9/ 91F? 84H9D H1/L C28 8KC 54097K?C79 @C408 CB 4089/79F84C0 K455 ;9 ?9/ ;C:<J A8 79/>97 548859 @2/@C79 18 8?47 @C408 8C /9F155%F?45597 10: 8?9 8C/8C479J '?979 7@91/7 K455 90: 2@ /91F?40I 8?94/ @C408 CB 4089/79F84C0D 8?9;91284B25 F1@84>9D 4B 0C8?40ID 54L9 8?9 7K4B8 FC07F4C270977 CB 9>9/<8?40I 7?9 7810:7 8C 5C79D8?9 72::90 /9FC>9/< CB 8?9 B45HR7 BC20:184C07 Y95 7o;48C @/40F4@4C /9F2@9/1:CZD 78C@7 8?94/

1:>10F9J M28 48R7 84H9 8C ?1>9 :4009/D 48R7 84H9 8C 81L9 1 ;18?S 8?9 7@91/7R 1771258 78C@7D 10:@1/1:479 47 /9I1409:D 20845 8?9 09T8 B45HD 8?9 09T8 I1H9J



412

A =A=PR' "3"P pP(Q _A# P%O")'!TT!""!!U" %$+'T!+ *+,--.

#10841IC N1559IC'/1075189: ;< =1>4: &?95@7

'1991--11U- %/52915 FC2087 1HC0I 8?9 79/497 CB 890 B45H7 8?18 %5510 =K10 B45H9: 18 8?9 90: CB?47 F1/99/ K48? @/C:2F9/ M909:4F8 MCI9127 BC/ ^JpJ(J &/C:2F9: 8?9 <91/ 1B89/ K?18R7@/C;1;5< =K10R7 H1789/@49F9D "8=V15 H3;1 *+,-f.D 8?9 7?CC8 KC25: /920489 MCI9127D H1789/

F409H18CI/1@?9/ ]C?0 %58C0D 1/84784F :4/9F8C/ 310 P978 &C5I5179D FCH@C79/ bC247 XC/;97D 10:FC782H9 :974I09/ NK90 Q1L9540I BC/ 1 Q9789/0 8?18 487 :4/9F8C/ KC25: 7CH984H97 F155 8?9B1>C/489 CB ?47 B45H7[1 78189H908 K?4F? ?17 8?9 1::9: H9/48 CB FCH40I B/CH 1 B45HH1L9/K?C79 C92>/9 47 7C 9T89074>9D 4B CB890 40>474;59D 1 ICC: @1/8 CB 48 ?1>40I ;990 5C78 BC/9>9/J

% B45HH1L9/ 1FF278CH9: 8C B45H40I G24FL5<D C0 7?C978/40I ;2:I987 K48? 548859 /CCH BC/ 10<>1F455184C07 C/ 51FL CB @/CB9774C01547H[@/CB9774C01547H FC00C840I 1 F51/48< CB 4:917D 1F59100977 CB 9T@/9774C0D 10: 10 9FC0CH4F15 7?CC8[=K10 K17 1 H1789/ K?90 48 F1H9 8CB45H40I 79/415 HC>497 K48?C28 799H40I 8C :C 7CD ;28 157C K48?C28 8/<40I 8C ?4:9 48 948?9/D

K48?C28 40B51840I 48 408C 1 @/989079 CB K?18 F409H1D G2489 K/C0I5<D 47 -4003-1; 8C ;9J '?990: CB ?47 F1/99/ 18 ^JpJ(J K91>97 8CI98?9/ 72F? 1 K9; CB 4:917 *?47 ^C277912410 4:915 CBF17840I ?47 ?9/C97 C28 CB 7CF498<D 591:40I 8?9H 8C B40: /978 40 7H155 @C@25184C07 10: /9HC89D208C2F?9: @1/1:4797D 20FC081H40189: ;< 8?9 ;540: I/99: CB 8?9 K?489 H10. K48? 72F?1978?984F FC?9/90F9D 8?18 48 KC25: 0C8 ;9 1;72/: 8C FCH@1/9 8?979 B45H7 8C 8?9 W^10CK0$<F59DW K?4F? M2:: MC9884F?9/ KC25: B45H 40 8?9 71H9 <91/7 K48? ^10:C5@? #FC88 10:@/C:2F9/ _1//< ]C9 M/CK0J



413

"54V1;98? X1/0?1HR7 @/9H4797 *^?C0:1 X59H40I.D :2;;9: 8?9 WO1//41I9 O1/L98DW 1/99781;547?9: 17 1 /9B2I9 BC/ 8?9 @/C81IC04787 10: 8?9 F9089/ CB 8?9 78C/<D 1 7@1F9 :9H1/F189:1@1/8 B/CH 1 F48< B255 CB ;2740977H90 10: IC5: :4II9/7 91I9/ 8C :C K?189>9/ 48 81L97 8C K401 H479/1;59 781L9 40 1 09K IC5: H409[H90 8?18 0C;C:< 7?C25: 82/0 8?94/ ;1FL C0JX1/0?1HR7 ;2740977 @/CH4797 WmC20I b1:497D 155 1;59 8C FCCLD 155 :974/C27 CB B40:40I :9F908?27;10:7DW 10: 7?9 91/07 ?9/ 40FCH9 B/CH ?C7897740I *@C54895< 89/H9:.D FCH@59H9089: ;<890 @9/F908 CB 8?9 K40040I7 CB ?9/ 5C>9/D 8?9 F1/:7?1/L 10: I207540I9/ @51<9: ;< ]C?0&1<09J _9 F1557 ?9/ W'?9 =2F?977DW 10: 7?9 /9F4@/CF1897 K48? W'90097799JW P948?9/ :C K99>9/ FCH9 8C L0CK 8?9 /915 01H9 CB W$CK@CL9W *^C015: ^91I10.D 8?9 H409/ K?C 1@@91/7 408CK0 8C /98/49>9 ?47 I4/5B/490: NC5:49 #5189/ *$C5990 N/1<. BC/ 8?94/ H1//41I9D ;28 K?C 1B89/4089/>9040I C0 ;9?15B CB 8?9 I1H;59/D 17 C09 CB 8?9 51889/R7 /4>157 81/I987 ?4H 40 8?9 ;1FLDB40:7 ?4H795B ?1>40I 8C L455 8?9 177145108J %B89/K1/:7D '90097799 K455 7@90: 1 0C84074I04B4F108 72H CB HC09< 8C I98 /4: CB ?47 71>4C/R7 I4/5B/490:D 40 /91548< 1 IC5:E:4II9/

15/91:< L0CK0 8C '90097799 K?C ?17 ;990 @510040I 8C :48F? ?9/ 014>9 5C>9/ 1B89/ C;814040I?47 q-lll K9::40I I4B8J %B89/ '900997799 47 1FF279: CB H2/:9/40I N/2;781L9 OFP4>90*$?2;;< ]C?07C0. 8C L99@ @C779774C0 CB 1 IC5: H409 8?18 K17 /9F9085< :47FC>9/9: K48? ?47;1FL40ID 8?9 /915 17717740D '2/09/ *%08?C0< $1/277C.D 8/497 8C L0CFL CBB 8?9 I1H;59/ K?908?9 51889/D 2@C0 8?9 7?9/4BBR7 1//4>15D 82/07 1/C20: 10: 591>97 ?47 ;1FL C@90 8C 8?9 L4559/[8?9 HCH908 8?18 $CKL@CL9 4089/F9@87 8?9 @18? CB 8?9 B1815 ;25598D 81/I989: 18 ?47 B/490:D 10:CBB9/7 2@ ?47 54B9 BC/ ?47 B/490:R7J

'90097799R7 @1/809/D 8?9 84859R7 72;\9F8D 47 40 /91548< 8KC @9C@59D C0 8?9 C09 ?10: 8?9O1:1H9 8C K?CH ?9 ?17 ;C8? ;2740977 10: 9HC84C015 8497D 10: C0 8?9 C8?9/ ?10: 8?9H409/ $CK@CL9D K?C ;974:97 ?1>40I 71>9: ?4H 18 8?9 ;9I40040I CB 8?9 78C/<D ;9FCH97 1@/9790F9 K?C 408/C:2F97 1 79079 CB FCH@104C07?4@ 10: C/:9/[10: 9>90 :CH9784FFC0F9/07[408C ?47 7C5481/< ?CH9D K?9/9 '90097799 I4>97 8?9 H409/ /9B2I9J ^C;40 QCC:KC25: 20:C2;89:5< /2; ?47 ?10:7 8CI98?9/ 40 I599 18 10C8?9/ 9T1H@59 CB 1 W>4/459B/490:7?4@W 8?18D 17 27215 40 8?9 1;790F9 CB 10< 79T215 B/2484C0D 47 F9H9089: ;< 1 @20F?40IH18F? 8?18 79/>97 17 1 :9HC078/184C0 ;98K990 8?9 8KC B/490:7 CB ?CK H2F? 8?9< 5C>9 91F?C8?9/ :99@ :CK0 *9>90 8?C2I? 7CF415 10: @9/7C015 /9@/9774C0 KC25: @/9>908 8?9H B/CH9T@/97740I 48 40 10< C8?9/ 5977 >4C5908 BC/H. 10: F25H401897 K48? 8?9 71F/4B4F9 CB C09 BC/ 8?9C8?9/D 40 8?9 L40: CB 0CKE1;10:C09: KC/5: 8?18 KC25: B99: 8?9 4H1I40184C0 10: :954/42H CB

B45HH1L9/7 54L9 O4F?195 *"54V1;98?a O4F?9559a. $4H40CJ %0: 158?C2I? F9/81405< 8?9 7F/4@8 ;<p/4H7D M912F?1H@D M1L9/D 10: #?9/H10 *81L90 B/CH 1 @2;54F :CH140 M/98 _1/89 7?C/878C/<. CBB9/7 /C597 BC/ KCH90 8?/C2I?C28[97@9F4155< \278 CBBE7F/990 10: 40 '90097799R7@178[48R7 F591/ 8?18 8?9 F?1/1F89/ CB ^?C0:1 X59H40I /1:41897 HC:9/048< 10:40:9@90:90F9D 8?9 71H9 BC/F9 CB F?1/1F89/ 10: :9F474>90977 7C :91/ 8C 8?9 _1KL7410KCH90J



414

'?47 78C/< CB 5C>9 10: B/490:7?4@ ;98K990 8KC H90 CBB9/7 =K10 8?9 F?10F9 8C 9T?4;48D ?9/9D8?9 @C98/< CB ?47 :/< 5</4F47HD CB ?47 40>474;59 78<59 8?18 47D 09>9/8?95977D 8/9H90:C275<9BB9F84>9 18 9BB1F40I 10< 79079 CB 4089/B9/90F9 ;98K990 8?9 F1H9/1 10: 8?9 1F8C/7J =K1081L97 B255 1:>1081I9 CB "4015".301 40 7?CC840I 8?9 B4/78 7F909 40 8?9 \145D 1 B/C0815 H9:42H7?C8 B45H9: K48?C28 1 F28D 40 K?4F? '90097799 10: $CK@CL9 F40F? 8?94/ ;C0: 8?/C2I? 109554@84F15 :415CI29 40 K?4F? 8?9< 1@@/1479 8?94/ 54>97D K?459 1>C4:40I[17 15K1<7 40 =K10[10<8?40I 72@9/B4F415 C/ 40F4:90815J A8R7 8?9 71H9 G21548< @C779779: ;< 8?9 :47@51< CB$CK@CL9R7 FC/@79 *WA :4:0R8 9>90 L0CK ?47 01H9DW :9F51/97 '90097799 ;9BC/9 ?47 :91:;C:<. 10: ?47 72;79G2908 B209/15D B45H9: 40 1 K4:9 7?C8 8?18 H14081407 8?9 B99540I 10:4084H1F< CB 8?47 959I41F HCH908 10: 1BB4/H7 8?9 G2498 >4/8297 CB 10 B45HH1L9/40:47@9071;59 BC/ 20:9/7810:40I 0C8 C05< 8?9 F/1B8KC/L CB 1 @/CB9774C015D ;28 157C 8?18 1B45H 47 0C8 487 H9771I9D 0C/ 487 1F8C/7D 0C/ 487 @/C:2F84C0 >15297D ;28 487 7?C87 10: ?CK 8?9</95189 8C 91F? C8?9/ 10: 8?9 ?478C/< CB F409H1J



415

(M#"^3%'A(P#)"HNQ@'HW "#$+H!' *+,-j.

]C9 OF"5?109<

X/CH "=8:72=A "./5=12 *+,-j.D 1 8<@4F15 %5510 =K10 7?C8D 40 K?4F? 8KC B4I2/97 1/9 ;940IC;79/>9: ;< 1 8?4/:J '?9 8?4/: B4I2/9 40 8?47 F179 47 =C/C8?< b<C07 *%/5909 =1?5.D 8?9L59@8CH1041F 74789/ *C05< /9F9085< /959179: B/CH \145. CB 8?9 KCH10 C0 8?9 /4I?8D 79F/981/<]209 b<C07 *^?C0:1 X59H40I.J (0 8?9 59B8 47 M90 N/1F9 *]C?0 &1<09.D 10 177CF4189 CB 1 5CF15HC; ;C77D #C5 $17@1/ *'9: =9 $C/741.J N/1F9 47 I18?9/40I 9>4:90F9 BC/ $17@1/ 1I14078 ]209r79H@5C<9/D X/10L ]90790 *p908 '1<5C/.D K?C 47 /20040I BC/ H1<C/J M28 N/1F9 47 157CD 40 8?9KC/:7 CB 8?9 5CF15 @C54F9 F?49BD s@51<40I ;C8? 90:7 1I14078 8?9 H4::59t ;< 74H258109C275<KC/L40I 1I14078 $17@1/J A0 8?47 7?C8D ]209 47 54789040I 8C 1 72//9@8484C27 12:4C /9FC/:40IN/1F9 H1:9 40 K?4F? 1 5CF15 09K7@1@9/ 9:48C/ K17 1FF4:908155< L4559: ;< $17@1/ 40 101889H@8 8C 4084H4:189 8?9 9:48C/ 408C F91740I ?47 1881FL7 C0 8?9 I10I789/J

'?9 71H9 <91/ 40 K?4F? 7?9 H1:9 "=8:72=A "./5=12 D X59H40I KC25: 1@@91/ 40 10C8?9/ 5CKE;2:I98 % B45H BC/ ^p( ^1:4CD X/48V b10Ir7 ?78=1 271 #82A "=110-J b4L9 "=8:72=A "./5=12 D 48BCF2797 C0 FC//2@84C0 K48?40 10 2/;10 90>4/C0H908D 17 >1/4C27 12:4C 10: >47215 H9:41;9FCH9 1;7C/;9: 408C 8?47 90>4/C0H908r7 1H;4I2C27 98?4F15 7<789HJ M28 =K10r7 H98?C:71/9 0C8 b10Ir7J Q?9/917 b10I 40 ?78=1 271 #82A "=110- F/91897 *17 ?9 :C97 40 7C H2F? CB ?47F409H1. 1 204>9/79 CB 79940I 8CC H2F?D 8CC 548859D 8CC F5C79D 8CC B1/ 1K1<[1 8959>47215 KC/5:



416

40 K?4F? 8?9 @C408ECBE>49K 7?C8 47 /9@9189:5< HC;454V9: 40 10 4089079 10: 4:4C7<0F/184FH1009/[=K10r7 F1H9/1 H14081407 1 FC07478908 8/107@1/90F<J MC8? 8?9 b10I 10: =K10B45H7 ?1>9 F/2F415 79G290F97 40 K?4F? F?1/1F89/7 K18F? 8959>474C0J A0 8?9 b10ID 1 79/415L4559/ K18F?97 1 '3 \C2/015478 1::/977 ?4H :4/9F85< C0 8?9 14/J '?9 9<95409 H18F?D 8?97?C8`/9>9/79 7?C87 1589/0189 B/CH 8959>474C0 798 8C L4559/ 40 ?47 ;9:/CCH 20845 8?47 9:4840I@1889/0 47 I/1:2155< 4089074B49: 8C 8?9 @C408 8?18 8?9 L4559/D K48? 1 7?2::9/D ;9I407 8C B9958?18 8?9 H10 C0 8959>474C0 47 C;79/>40I ?4HJ PC 72F? s4H@C774;59t H981@?C/4F 591@7 1/9H1:9 ;< =K10J $17@1/ K18F?97 8?9 798 40 10I9/ C>9/ K?18 47 ;940I 78189: C0E14/D B4/78 ;<8?9 9:48C/ 10:D 5189/D ;< ]90790J M28 8?9 7?C8`/9>9/79 7?C87 1/9 ?10:59: 40 72F? 1 K1< 8?188?9 1F8 CB 5CCL40I ?17 0C @1/84F251/ @CK9/) 8?9 7?C87 CB $17@1/r7 8959>474C0 798 1/9 8CC B1/1K1< B/CH K?9/9 ?9 47 79189: 8C G2154B< 17 s@2/9t @C4087ECBE>49KD K?459D 18 8?9 71H9 84H9D8?9 7?C87 CB 8?9 798 1/9 8CC 78/14I?8BC/K1/: 40 8?94/ B20F84C0 8C ;91/ 1 /95184C07?4@ 8C b10Ir78CC F5C79`8CC B1/1K1< 20HCC/40I CB F51774F15 @C408ECBE>49K @/40F4@597J

%55 8?9 71H9D 10: 17 H2F? 17 40 b10I C/ *1 :4/9F8C/ =K10 1:H4/9:. %5B/9: _48F?FCFLD 8?47 471 F409H1 CB 5CCL40I 10: C;79/>40I[A KC25: 9>90 IC 7C B1/ 17 8C 71< 8?18 8?47 47 17 H2F? 1BC/H15478 F409H1 17 1 01//184>9 C09J A ?1>9 8/C2;59 /9H9H;9/40I 8?9 78C/< :981457 8C HC78CB =K10r7 B45H7 *10: 8?9 :97F/4@84C0 40 8?9 B4/78 @1/1I/1@? :4: 0C8 FCH9 91745< 8C H9.J A0/9@918 >49K40I7 CB 8?9 B45H7 A 1H FCH@9559: 8C 20@1FL 0C8 8?94/ 78C/497 ;28 /18?9/ ?CK=K10 7987 2@ 1 7?C8 10: HC>97 B/CH C09 7?C8 8C 10C8?9/D ?CK 155 CB 8?47 1@@1/90874H@54F48< 40 89F?04G29D 799H40I5< I91/9: 8CK1/:7 952F4:1840I 1 01//184>9D F/91897 10 9BB9F8CB I/918 7@18415 10: BC/H15 FCH@59T48<J

'4H9 10: 1I140D =K10 /982/07 8C @/40F4@597 CB 8K40040I C/ @1/155957) 5489/15 8K407 40D BC/9T1H@59D '71 N539 ,/-B *+,d,.D %/--839 *+,-f.D C/ 8?9 8K407 ;C/0 18 8?9 90: CB '71 N9-8;1

"235A *+,fn.S C/D 17 40 "=8:72=A "./5=12 D F?1/1F89/7 K?C 1/9 40:954;5<D 4FC04F155< 540L9: K48?C09 10C8?9/D ?9/9 8?9 8KC 74789/7 K?C79 /9: ?14/ 10: C>9/85< 79T2154V9: 1@@91/10F9 *15C0IK48? 8?9 ;9:/CCH 8?9< 7?1/9. FC0\C407 8?9HJ M28 8?47 47 0C8 1 ^CH1084F FC0F9/0 K48?0C84C07 CB 8?9 :C2;59J A07891:D =K10r7 B45H7 1/9 B/9G29085< ;2458 2@C0 8K4009: C/ 540L9:@?90CH901 8?18 K455 8<@4F155< C@90 2@ 8C 4/C04F @1/155957 C/ 8/410I251/ /95184C07D /95184C078?18 FC0F9/0 0C8 C05< F?1/1F89/7 ;28 7@1F97 10: 9>9087 17 K955J+ *A0 1 7@590:4: ;48 CB?478C/4F15 4/C0<D =K10 :4/9F89: BC/ 8?9 '/410I59 $CH@10< ;98K990 +,+- 10: +,+iJ. A0/95184C0 8C 8?9 BC/H9/D BC/ 9T1H@59D 8?9 8?/99 >9/< :4BB9/908 7814/F1797 8?18 :CH40189 8?9

H1\C/ 7@1F97 CB 8?9 B45H) 8?9 V4IEV1II40I 7814/7 40 ]209r7 72;2/;10 ?CH9S 8?9 K4:9D IC8?4F7814/7 18 8?9 908/10F9 8C $17@1/r7 ?CH9 40 M1< $48<S 10: 8?9 HC:9/0478 7814/7 8?18 :CH401898?9 B4/78 B5CC/ CB ?47 79174:9 /98/918J A0 FC08/178 8C 72F? FC089H@C/1/497 17 ]C?0 XC/: 10:p40I 34:C/D =K10 ?17 H404H15 4089/978 40 8?9 F/9184C0 CB 10 C/I104F 7CF498< 20489: 40 1FCHHC0 IC15J A07891:D K9 /9@9189:5< B40: 1 78/2F82/9 CB /95184C07D F4/F25184C07D 10:9TF?10I97 8?18 799H 8C F5C79 40 C0 8?9H795>97J %8 8?9 ;9I40040I CB 8?9 B45HD =C/C8?< 10:]209 1/9 FC5C/ FC:9: 40 FC0>9084C015 89/H7) s;1:t I4/5 =C/C8?< 40 :1/L ;529 10: ?9/ 74789/ 40



417

CBBEK?4897 10: @159 <955CKJ M< 8?9 90: CB 8?9 B45HD 8?979 FC5C/7 1/9 9TF?10I9:S 48 47 =C/C8?<40 CBBEK?489D 10: ]209 K91/40I 8?9 8KC FC5C/7 540L9: 8?/C2I?C28 H2F? CB 8?9 B45H K48? ?9/74789/) I/990 10: :1/L ;529J ]209r7 sICC:0977t 47D 40 B1F8D /95184>9 10: 7?9 47 0C 5977 F12I?8 408?9 78/2F82/9 CB F4/F25184C07 8?10 ?9/ 74789/J A8 47 2584H1895< ]209D 40 8?9 B4015 79G290F9D K?C47 /97@C074;59 BC/ 7?CC840I $17@1/D B4/78 ;< 40\2/40I ?4H K48? 10 1//CK I20 8?18 =C/C8?<?1: 40 ?9/ ?10:7 40 1 79G290F9 91/549/ 40 8?9 B45H *;28 279: ;< =C/C8?< 40 1 @51<B25 H1009/K48? N/1F9.J A0 8?9 7?C8 18 8C@D =C/C8?< 47 79189: 40 ;98K990 N/1F9 10: ]209 0C8 C05<;9F1279 7?9 47 C;79/>40I 8?9HD ;28 157C ;9F1279 7?9 47 78/2F82/155< 849: 8C ;C8? CB 8?979B4I2/97 40 8?9 BC/9I/C20:J sQ9r/9 8KC CB 1 L40:Dt =C/C8?< 5189/ 89557 N/1F9J sMC8? ;1:JtA0:99:D 40 1 B45H 40 K?4F? C;79/>184C0 10: 91>97:/C@@40I 1/9 F908/15D 8?47 1F84>48< 47 15HC789084/95< @9/BC/H9: ;< =C/C8?< 10: N/1F9[8?C2I? 40 754I?85< :4BB9/908 K1<7J

'?/C2I?C28 "=8:72=A "./5=12 D =K10 9T@5C/97 1 02H;9/ CB @C774;4548497 BC/ ?CK C09 F10 7?CC810: C/I104V9 1 79G290F9 40 K?4F? C;79/>184C0 B/CH 1B1/ 10: 91>97:/C@@40I @51<

B20:1H90815 /C597J _9/9 1/9 8?/99)

+. '?/C2I? @/40F4@597 CB 1589/0184C0) '?9 C@9040I *F/9:48. 79G290F9D BC/ 9T1H@59D 7?CK7=C/C8?< ;940I /959179: B/CH @/47C0D K?459 ]209 47 C2874:9 40 1 FC0>9/84;59 K14840I BC/ ?9/JP948?9/ CB 8?9H 799 N/1F9D 748840I 40 10C8?9/ F1/D @?C8CI/1@?40I 8?9HJ M28 =K10 09>9/F51/4B497 @/9F4795< K?9/9 N/1F9 47 @1/L9: 40 /95184C0 8C 8?9 8KC KCH90J A07891:D 8?9 B45H1589/01897 ;98K990 7?C87 CB 8?9 8KC KCH90 740I5< C/ 8CI98?9/D K?9/917 N/1F9 47 15K1<77?CK0 15C09[9>90 17 8?47 9:4840I BC/H184C0 7987 408C @51< 8?9 4H@C/810F9 CB 8?9 8/410I59D0C8 C05< 1HC0I 8?979 8?/99 ;28 1HC0I 1 02H;9/ CB C8?9/ F?1/1F89/7 10: @?90CH901 17K955J

d. '?/C2I? 781I40I) A0 8KC :4BB9/908 79G290F97 40 ]209r7 ?CH9D =C/C8?< ;/49B5< 91>97:/C@7C0 ]209r7 FC0>9/7184C07D 8?9 B4/78 CB 8?979 K48? X/10L 10: 8?9 79FC0: K48? N/1F9J A0 ;C8? CB8?979D =C/C8?< H1L97 10 908/10F9 C0 8?9 79FC0: 510:40I CB 8?9 ?C279D 40484155< 207990D 10:78C@7 10: 5478907 40J MC8? CB 8?979 1/9 :C09 K48?C28 F28840I 40 F5C79/ 8C =C/C8?<J A07891:D K9/9H140 40 H9:42H C/ H9:42H 5C0I 7?C8J

e. '?/C2I? ?4:40I 8?9 C;79/>9/ BC/ 10 9T890:9: @9/4C: ;9BC/9 B40155< /9>91540I ?47@/9790F9) N/1F9r7 781827 17 1 :989F84>9 CB890 :9@90:7 2@C0 ?47 0C8 ;940I C;79/>9: ;<

C8?9/7 17 ?9 0C098?95977 C;79/>97 10: /9FC/:7 K?18 47 091/ ?4HJ %7 X/10L 591>97 40 8?979G290F9 :47F2779: 1;C>9D 8?9/9 47 1 F28 8C 10 9T89/4C/ 7?C8 17 K9 72::905< 799 N/1F979189: 40 ?47 F1/D 1;C28 1 ;5CFL B/CH 8?9 ?C279D C;79/>40I X/10Lr7 :9@1/82/9J _47 HC787@9F81F251/ 89F?04G29 CB ?4:40ID 8?C2I?D CFF2/7 40 8?9 79G290F9 40 K?4F? ?9 H1L97 10 12:4C/9FC/:40I CB 8?9 1FF4:90815 H2/:9/ CB 8?9 09K7@1@9/ 9:48C/J %8 8?9 90: CB 8?9 79G290F9D10: 1B89/ $17@1/ 10: ?47 ?90F?H90 ?1>9 59B8 8?9 /CCH 40 K?4F? 8?9 >4C590F9 CFF2/7D 1 :CC/



418

18 8?9 ;1FL CB 8?9 /CCH C@907 10: N/1F9D 8C 8?9 7@9F818C/r7 72/@/479D 9H9/I97 10: 20?CCL7?47 /9FC/:40I :9>4F9J

'?9 7?C8 1;C>9D 8?90D 40>C5>97 0C8 C05< ]209 54789040I 8C 8?9 12:4C 72/>945510F9 CB 8?991/549/ 79G290F9 ;28 =C/C8?< ;940I @51F9:D H910K?459D 40 8?9 ;1FLI/C20: CB 8?9 7?C8D C28CB BCF27J A7 =C/C8?< 91>97:/C@@40I ?9/9a N/1F9 1FL0CK59:I97 ?9/ @/9790F9 17 7CC0 17 ?91//4>97D 10: 8?9 @184C :CC/ /9H1407 C@90 8?/C2I?C28 8?9 FC0>9/7184C0 ;98K990 N/1F9 10:]209J M28 47 =C/C8?< 8CC B1/ 1K1< 8C ?91/ K?18 8?9< 1/9 71<40Ia u054L9 8?9 C8?9/ 8KC79G290F97 CB =C/C8?< 91>97:/C@@40ID =K10 F287 8C F5C79/ 7?C87 CB ?9/J _CK9>9/D 48r7 0C8F591/ 4B 7?9 47 :4/9F85< /97@C0:40I 8C 8?9 FC0>9/7184C0 C/ K?98?9/ 8?9 7?C87 1/9 H9/95<40890:9: 8C 7?CK ?9/ 79T215 188/1F84C0 8C N/1F9J '?/C2I?C28 8?9 B45HD K9 1/9 8C5: 8?18=C/C8?< 47 s74FLDt 8?18 7?9 099:7 @7<F?418/4F F1/9J '?9 7C2/F9 H189/415 BC/ 8?9 B45H 47 1 0C>95;< ]1H97 OJ $140 10: 8?9 B45Hr7 F409H18CI/1@?9/ 47 ]C?0 %58C0D 8KC 01H97 40:954;5< 540L9:K48? O8=6 9385 10: 487 7?1:CK9: KC/5: CB 092/C747 10: @9/>9/74C0J OC78 54L95< BC/ 8?47

/917C0D "=8:72=A "./5=12 ?17 /9F94>9: 1 ;48 HC/9 F/484F15 1889084C0 8?10 HC78 CB =K10r7 C8?9/B45H7[;28 0C8 ;< 1 K4:9 H1/I40J '?9 B45H 47 8CC s20B17?4C01;59Jt =K10 C;79/>97 8?47 KC/5:CB FC//2@84C0 10: s74FL0977t 9>90 K?459 ?47 78<59 /9B2797 8C B255< @1/84F4@189 40 10: ;94H@54F189: ;< 48J

%0: <98 48 47 8?47 7?1/@E9<9: :981F?H908 8?18 I4>97 "=8:72=A "./5=12 487 :47840F84C0D 48752F4:48<J P91/ 8?9 90: CB 8?47 79G290F9D N/1F9 @/979087 ]209 K48? 207?1L1;59 @/CCB CB ?47L0CK59:I9 CB =C/C8?<r7 HC78 /9F908 84H9 7@908 40 \145) 1 ;51FLE10:EK?489 @?C8CI/1@? 8?18K9 71K ?4H 81L40I 40 8?9 B45Hr7 C@9040I 79G290F9J A0 8?9 @?C8CI/1@?D =C/C8?< 47 :/9779: 401 :1/L 7248 10: F1//<40I 1 ;1ID 5CCL40I :CK0F178D K?459 ]209 47 40 B14/ FC5C/7 10: 47 81L40I=C/C8?<r7 B1F9 40 ?9/ ?10: 8C FC07C59 ?9/J M9?40: 8?9H K9 F10 799 1 74I0 8?18 /91:7 s#8189&/47C0 BC/ QCH90Jt '?47 4079/8 7?C8 10: 8?9 @?C8CI/1@? 8?18 K9 799 40 48 H1< ;9 81L90 179H;59H184F CB =K10r7 1@@/C1F? 8C 8?9 4H1I9 8?/C2I?C28 ?47 F1/99/) 1 HCH908 F1@82/9:7K4B85< 10: 9FC0CH4F155<D :C40I 9>9/<8?40I 8?18 10 4H1I9 099:7 8C :CD ;9BC/9 HC>40I C0J



419

@(HJ )$#X '@! TNQ@' *+,-j.

$25590 N1551I?9/

s"v $CH@10<R7 1 ICC: C28B48J Q?90 <C2R/9 ICC:D <C2 I98 8?9 /2II9: :28<Jt[b8J $C5J 'CCH9< *P957C0 b94I?.D @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72

sQ955D A ?1>9 8C H1L9 C28 K48? K?18 AR>9 IC8Jt[$1@8140 #1H O1FL90V49 *]C?0 &1<09.D @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72

www

@3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 *+,-j.D 1 pC/910 Q1/ HC>49 1;C28 1 O1/409 $1@8140 10: ?47 52FL<;C8859 CB #FC8F?D K17 H1:9 BC/ %5549: %/84787D 8?9 HC/9 @/9784I4C27 /9C/I104V184C0 CB &C>9/8<^CK 781@59 OC0CI/1HD L0CK0 BC/ @/C:2F40I I90/9 @/C:2F87 K48? 1 HC/9 1H;484C27 ;908)?8.782/ *+,--.D '71 %7198S #82A "235A *+,--.D 10: 79>9/15 9:I<D H1>9/4FL 8?/4559/7 B/CH 8?98?90 2@E10:EFCH40I =C0 #49I95D +832 89 #1== )=3.B YY *+,-f.D #5861 89 271 "25112- *+,-j. 10:N9V/-839 3O 271 )3;A "9/2.715- *+,-j.J =K10r7 B45H 47 F?1/1F89/4784F CB 8?94/ ME@/9784I9

C28@28D 20C/8?C:CT 1@@/C1F? 8C I90/9 H189/415D 10: ?4I?E59>95 CB F/1B87H107?4@J

@3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 89557 8?9 78C/< CB "v $CH@10< 20:9/ 8?9 591:9/7?4@ CB $1@8140 #1HO1FL90V49 *]C?0 &1<09.J Q?90 8?9 $?40979 1/H< 40>1:97 pC/91D "v $CH@10< 47 BC/F9: 8C/98/918D K?459 @9/BC/H40I /9FC00147710F9 C0 8?9 1:>10F40I $?40979 1/H<J Q48? 8?9 909H< ?C8C0 8?94/ 8/145D B1F9: K48? 8/91F?9/C27 K4089/ F54H189D 10: 51FL40I @/C@9/ F5C8?40ID /184C07D1HH20484C0D 10: 8/107@C/8184C0D O1FL90V49 L0CK7 155 8CC K955 8?18 8?47 47 5977 CB 1 /98/9188?10 1 724F4:9 H4774C0J '?C2I? 8?9 $?40979 1/H< FC25: ;9 ?4:40I 1/C20: 9>9/< ;90:D 8?9/9 47



420

1 HC/9 CH04@/97908D HC/9 :91:5< 909H<) 8?9 959H9087J N207 /20 C28 CB ;255987D 810L7 /20 C28CB I17D 10: 9>9/< 7L4/H47? 9>9082155< 90:7D ;28 8?9 B18155< FC5: K918?9/ 09>9/ I4>97 2@ 487 B4I?81I14078 8?9 ?2H10 ;C:<J

A089/8K409: K48? "v $CH@10<r7 /98/918D ?CK9>9/D 47 8?9 78C/< CB O1FL90V49r7 52FL< ;C8859 CB#FC8F?J '?/C2I? 1 79/497 CB B517?;1FL7D K9 591/0 8?9 ?478C/< CB 8?9 ;C8859D K?4F? :C2;597 178?9 ?478C/< CB #1Hr7 @9/7C015 54B9 40 155 487 ?4I?7 10: 5CK7[5C>9 10: 5C77D \C< 10: 7C//CKD@140 10: /9FC0F454184C0J '?9 ;C8859D K9 B40:D K17 I4>90 8C ?4H ;< ?47 8?90EI4/5B/490: *10:5189/ K4B9. %009 *@51<9: ;< OC01 X/99H10.D ;1FL 40 +,fd ;9BC/9 ?9 59B8 BC/ N21:15F1015JW#1>9 48 BC/ 1 84H9 K?90 H1<;9 K?90 8?40I7 FC25:0R8 I98 KC/79 C/ BC/ 7CH9 I/918 >4F8C/<DW%009 71<7J WmC2 H910 71>9 48 BC/ 1 >9/< 7@9F415 CFF174C0Dt #1H F51/4B497J '?/C2I?C28 8?9/98/918D O1FL90V49 K455 ;9 89H@89: 8C C@90 8?9 ;C8859[K?98?9/ 8C HC84>189 ?47 8/CC@7BC/K1/: C/ F959;/189 8?94/ :CCH[<98 48 /9H1407 F5C79: 40 ?47 782;;C/0 ;9549B 8?18 8?9 ;978CB 84H97D C/ KC/78 CB 84H97D 1/9 <98 8C FCH9J

]C?0 $J _4II407 10: Q1589/ =C04I9/r7 1:1@8184C0 CB &18 X/10Lr7 7C2/F9 0C>95 9TF4797 H10< CBX/10Lr7 72@@59H9081/< 7F9097D 40F52:40I 81F84F15 :47F2774C07 ;98K990 FCHH10:40I CBB4F9/7D8?9 4089//CI184C0 CB 10 %H9/4F10 7C5:49/ F1@82/9: ;< 8?9 $?40979D 10: 9T8/1E01//184>9:4I/9774C07 408C 8?9 @178 54>97 CB O1FL90V49r7 H90J '?9 /97258 47 1 84I?85< L048 7F/4@8 CBFC0F908/189: :97C5184C0J M< 54H4840I 8?9 BCF27 8C O1FL90V49D _4II407 10: =C04I9/ H1L9 "v$CH@10<r7 9T@9/490F9 HC/9 BC/5C/0 8?10 40 8?9 0C>95S 10: ;< /9HC>40I 8?9 s;4II9/ @4F82/9t7F9097 CB H45481/< 78/189I4787D 8?9 7F/990K/489/7 78/977 8?9 1;10:C0H908 10: 20F9/81408< CB8?9 7C5:49/7r F4/F2H7810F9J

u0:9/ =K10r7 :4/9F84C0D @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 47 :9F4:9:5< B18154784FD :CCHE51:90 10: :9>C4:CB @18/4C84F 79084H9081548<J (09 790797 1 :99@ FC009F84C0 ;98K990 =K10 10: ]C?0 &1<09 17O1FL90V49S &1<09D 17 HCC:< 17 O48F?2H ;28 K48? HC/9 >2509/1;4548< 10: 5977 9ICD ?17 178C4F47H /4I?8 40 7<0F? K48? =K10r7 CK0 /979/>9: :4/9F8C/415 @9/7C01548<J '?9/9r7 1 FC5:DI/4H :989/H40184C0 8C =K10r7 78<59D 10: 0C8?40I @/91F?< C/ HC/154784F 8C ?47 >474C0J %01H15I1H CB 799H40I5< FC08/1:4F8C/< H1009/7D 18 84H97 @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 /979H;597 8?9I/4HD 10T4C27 :97@14/ CB %08?C0< O100r7 pC/910 Q1/ :/1H1D ,19 N9 ?/5 *+,-i.D K?459 18C8?9/7 48 72II9787 8?9 I599B25D H17F25409D H45481/< F1H1/1:9/49 CB ?7/2 %58.1 Q=35A *;C8?Q157?r7 *+,dj. 10: XC/:r7 *+,-d..J m98 >49K9: K48?40 8?9 I/9189/ FC089T8 CB =K10r7 9084/9

;C:< CB KC/LD @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 T8:72 /9>9157 8?9 :4/9F8C/r7 9T8/1C/:401/< 8C015 :4>9/748<10: I90/9 /10I9D 10: ?47 F1@1F48< BC/ H140814040I 78<54784F 59>95E?91:9:0977 10: 9>90E?10:9:0977 8?/C2I?C28) 8?9/9 1/9 8/1F97 ?9/9 CB 02H9/C27 B45H7 B/CH =K10r7 @178D B/CH8?9 7?C/9 591>9 /CH1084F FCH9:< CB $>53/; <827 '<3 W/9B- *+,ff.D 8C 8?9 @/1F84F15@/C;59H7 CB K1/84H9 /CH10F9 CB +19;1ZV34- <827 $9981 *+,fj.D 8C 8?9 I/4H FCH;18@C/8/1<15 CB "/9;- 3O N<3 P86/ *+,f,.J



421

O1FL90V49r7 B517?;1FL7D 155CK40I =K10 8?9 C@@C/82048< 8C 7?4B8 8?9 HCC: CB @3=; )/.B 271

T8:72[ 89H@C/1/45< 591>9 8?9 I/1>9 FCH;18 7F9097 ;9?40: 10: 9H;/1F9 8?9 HC/9 FCH9:4F74:9 CB ?47 :4/9F8C/415 @9/7C01548<J A0 C09 CB ?47 B517?;1FL7D O1FL90V49 /9H9H;9/7

72/@/4740I ?47 I4/5B/490:D %009 *OC01 X/99H10.D K?459 C0 591>9D C05< 8C :47FC>9/ 8?18 7?9?17 ;990 :1840I 40 ?47 1;790F9S 8?9 HC/9 9TF489: %009r7 C;54>4C275< \1208< :189 I987 1;C28?47 F?9979 @5189D 8?9 I/2H@49/ O1FL90V49 ;9FCH97J '?9 FC08/17840I @9/7C01548497D 10:H17F25409 /4>15/<D 47 @51<9: BC/ C;>4C27 512I?7D <98 =K10 20:9/7FC/97 8?9 512I?7 K48? 1:258/974I0184C0J %009 47 0C8 \2:I9: 09I184>95< BC/ 79940I C8?9/ H90 K?459 O1FL90V49 K17 1K1<DK?459 O1FL90V49 FCH97 CBB 0C8 54L9 1 K1/E?1/:909: H10 ;28 1 795B47? F?45:J

@3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 B9182/97 8KC HC:9/0 B9H159 F?1/1F89/7 CB /9H1/L1;59 9HC84C015H182/48< 10: 79T215 7C@?4784F184C0) 0C8 C05< %009D ;28 p488< *%2:/9< =158C0.D K?C 1@@91/740 C09 CB O1FL90V49r7 7FC8F?E;C8859 /9>9/497 17 ?47 40890:9: C09E04I?8 7810: :2/40I 591>9 40

QQAAJ M1FL 40 ?9/ /CCHD ?CK9>9/D p488< 10: O1FL90V49 FCH9 F5910 1;C28 8?9 74I04B4F108C8?9/7 8?9< 1/9 79@1/189: B/CH) %009 47 ;1FL 40 %H9/4F1D 10: p488<r7 ?27;10: 47 C>9/7917B4I?840I 8?9 ]1@10979J ">9/< 04I?8D p488< 5478907 17 ]1@10979 /1:4C /9F4897 1 5478 CB %H9/4F10@/47C09/7D K14840I 8C ?91/ 4B ?9 ?17 ;990 F1@82/9:J %7 K48? %009D =K10 /97@9F87 p488<r79HC84C015 10: 79T215 099:7) 7?9r7 K48? O1FL90V49 BC/ 8?9 71H9 /917C0 ?9r7 K48? ?9/D ;288?18 :C970r8 09I189 8?9 5C>9 10: 5C0I40I 7?9 78455 B9957 BC/ ?9/ ?27;10:D 0C/ 8?9 5C09540977 40?47 1;790F9J OCH9087 72F? 17 8?979D 7CH9 CB 8?9 HC78 8C2F?40I 7F9097 40 10< CB =K10r7B45H7D FC08/178 I/9185< K48? 8?9 I/4H ;18859 7F9097 40 pC/91J



422

'?979 7F9097 1@1/8D ?CK9>9/D 8?9 H140 890C/ CB @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 47 H159 @140J Q?98?9/40 8?9 K4:9EC@90D 70CK< HC2081407 CB pC/91D 8?9 HCH9081/< FC0B4097 CB 1 8908D C/ 8?9B599840ID B1579 FCHBC/8 CB 1 ?C895 /CCH[K?98?9/ 72//C20:9: ;< B955CK O1/4097D 40 8?9 1/H7CB 1 KCH10D C/ 155 ;< ?47 5C097CH9[O1FL90V49 47 40 1 78189 CB @9/@98215 15490184C0) 201;59

8C B40: 7C51F9D @91F9 CB H40:D C/ 7CH9C09 8C FC0B4:9 40 10: 7?1/9 8?9 :9@8? CB ?47 B99540I7JPC H1889/ K?18 8?9 F4/F2H7810F9D ?9 47 15K1<7 15C09J %5K1<7 @9/BC/H40I 17 10 CBB4F9/D 1591:9/D 1 7C5:49/D 1 5C>9/D 1 B/490:D 1 /4>15D 1 C09E04I?8E7810:[O1FL90V49 47 15K1<7 KC/L40ID15K1<7 1F840ID 15K1<7 B25B45540I 1 H17F25409 /C59 8?18 ?9 47 BC/F9: 8C @51<J Q?90 O1FL90V49:/20L905< ?C5:7 ?47 @?C09 2@74:9 :CK0 :2/40I 1 B4I?8 K48? %009D 4I0C/108 8?18 8?9 I4/5 ?98?40L7 47 C0 8?9 C8?9/ 90: CB 8?9 5409 47 1F82155< 1 B9K B998 1K1<D ;/C1: ?2HC/ ;95497 1:99@9/ /CC8 CB 9HC84C015 :9>178184C0J

'?9/9r7 1 @2/48< 10: 74H@54F48< 8C =K10r7 >474C0 40 ?47 @1/9: :CK0 1978?984FD 10 1/79015 CB

745908E9/1 1/79015 78/189I497J bC0I 7?C87 @/C>4:9 =K10r7 HC/9 1H;484C27 10: 1/84784F155<FCH@C79: 4H1I97[8?9< 1/9D 40 1 K1<D ?47 :4/9F8C/415 F15540I F1/:J 3C0 #89/0;9/Ir7 F5C79E2@71/C279 /1@82/9 10: 9/C7D 10: (@?257r 8/1FL40I 7?C87 B40: 1 8/107F90:90815 10: /9:9H@84>9;9128< 8?/C2I? HC>9H908D ;28 BC/ =K10 5C0I 7?C87 1/9 1 K1< 8C H981@?<74F155< :47810F9?4H795B B/CH 8?9 01//184>9 10: 9>CL9 10 C;\9F84>9 I/10:92/ 10: I/10:9/ 8/28?J bC0I 7?C870C8 C05< I4>9 @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 1 799H40I5< 9@4F 9T@1079D ;28 8?9< 9H@?174V9 8?9 B284548< CB8?9 H4774C0 10: 8?9 9T478908415 F/4797 B1F9: ;< 8?9 @/C81IC04787J '?9 >9/474H45482:9 CB 8?9 5C0I7?C87 B45H9: 40 8?9 I/918 C28:CC/7D ?CK9>9/D F517? K48? 8?9 @?C040977 CB 8?9 782:4C B45H9:4079/87D 72F? 17 7?C87 CB 8?9 $?40979 1/H< 40 8?9 HC2081407 K48? HC/81/7 10: H1F?409 I207JMC8?D ?CK9>9/D 7?1/9 1 FCHHC0 F?91@0977) K?9/917 8?9 7?C87 C;>4C275< 7?C8 C0 1 7C20:

781I9 /9>915 8?94/ 4H@54F48 B4F84C0D 8?9 H1889/ECBEB1F8 74H@54F48< CB 8?9 C28:CC/7 BCC81I9 799H7155 8?9 HC/9 ;9549>1;59 BC/ 487 20/CH1084FD :91:@10 :9H910C/J



423

A0 8?9 79>90 <91/7 740F9 "/9;- 3O N<3 P86/[ =K10r7 KC/5:EK91/40977 ?17 ;9FCH9 9>90 HC/9@/C0C20F9:J s=C <C2 8?40L ArH ;/1>9a x A 099: 8C @/C>9 7CH98?40IDt 17L7 &BFJ &989/$C0K1< *]C?0 %I1/. 17L7 ?47 I4/5B/490: 40 "/9;-S O1FL90V49 B9957 0C 72F? :9>C84C0 8C?9/C47HJ AB 9T89/0155< ?9 784/7 8/CC@7 8C ;9 ;/1>9 10: FCH@5989 8?94/ H4774C0D 4089/0155<O1FL90V49 47 8C/0 ;< ?47 C>9/K?95H40I K47? 8C I98 8?9H ;1FL ?CH9 154>9 18 10< FC78D 9>904B 48 H9107 71F/4B4F40I ?4H795B 10: 8?9 H4774C0J O2F? CB @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 :9157 K48? 8?474H@C774;59 10T498< CB 1F840I 17 ;C8? 1 :284B25 7C5:49/ 10: 1 ?2H10 ;940I K48? 1 FC07F490F9J

=K10 FC25: @/C;1;5< /95189 8C O1FL90V49r7 F4/F2H7810F97[1 @/CB9774C015 C/:9/9: 8C :C 1\C; K48? 4072BB4F4908 72@@5497J O1FL90V49r7 :9F51/184C0 8?18D sK955D A ?1>9 8C H1L9 C28 K48?K?18 AR>9 IC8Dt 47 1 79084H908 =K10 H4I?8 K955 ?1>9 FC07C59: ?4H795B K48? H10< 84H97 C>9/8?/C2I?C28 ?47 F1/99/J @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 r7 7H155 ;2:I98 2584H1895< 54H487 8?9 B45Hr7 9@4F7FC@9 B/CH /9F1@82/40I 8?9 >47215 7@9F81F59 CB "/9;- 3O N<3 P86/D ?CK9>9/ =K10r7 F409H184F/97C2/F9B250977 I4>97 8?9 B45H 1 :47840I247?40I U510J =K10r7 ;18859 FCH@C7484C07 1/9

@1/84F251/5< 9F78184F[C09 HCH908D 8?9 F1H9/1 /207 K48? 909H< BC/F97 17 8?9< ;CH;1/: 8?9O1/4097D 10: 8?9 09T8D ?20L9/7 :CK0 K48? 8?9 O1/4097 40 8?9 70CK[10: 8?9< /9F155 =JQJN/4BB48? 40 8?94/ :<01H4F F1H9/1 @51F9H908 10: C/F?978/15 8/1FL40I 7?C87 K?4F? F1@82/9 8?9/1@82/C27 B/90V< CB K1/B1/9J Q?459 48 H1< 51FL 8?9 ;CH;1784F C/F?978/184C0 10: 89F?04F15@9/B9F84C0 CB "/9;- 3O N<3 P86/D @3=; )/.B 271 T8:72 r7 40E8?9EHCH908D 1//?<8?H4F FCH;1879G290F97 ?1>9 10 15HC78 72//915 B5CKD K48? 0C @/9F479 ;9I40040I C/ 90:40I 10: 0C 01//184>95CI4FJ '?9 909H< FCH97 10: IC97 K48? @?10817H4F 7@C0810948<J PC8?40I 47 I1409: ;<B4I?840I[C05< 4H@90:40I :918? 10: :9B918 47 @/C5C0I9:J

%7 b8J $C5J 'CCH9< 89557 O1FL90V49D s"v $CH@10<R7 1 ICC: C28B48J Q?90 <C2R/9 ICC:D <C2 I988?9 /2II9: :28<Jt =K10 ?4H795B K17 0C 78/10I9/ 8C s/2II9: :28<t @/C:2F84C07D ;28 @3=;

)/.B 271 T8:72 47 /9@/97908184>9 CB 0C8 C05< ?47 ?4I?5< C/I104V9: 78/2F82/15 79079 10:FCH@C7484C015 H1789/<D ;28 157C CB 8?9 @9/7C015 G21548497 8?18 :47840I247? ?47 F/1B87H107?4@J

+ A0 1 ;/4554108 /91:40I 9579K?9/9 40 8?47 :C7749/D M455 p/C?0 7997 40 =K10r7 F409H1 10C;79774C0 K48? 1:\C4040I C/ ;479F840I 7@1F97 40 K?4F? 8KC 5CF184C07 1/9 CB890 540L9: ;< 104089/H9:41/< C09D 72F? 17 1 ;/4:I9J #99D 17 @/9>4C275< @2;547?9:D M455 p/C?0D W'?9 $54BB 10:8?9 X52H9DW "19-1- 3O #8916/ dn *dlle.D ?88@)``790797CBF409H1JFCH`dlle`B9182/9E1/84F597`F54BBy10:yB52H9 J̀ #99 157C =K10 ?4H795BD 40 10 4089/>49K K48? &989/ MCI:10C>4F? 40

$==/9 J</9\ '71 H/-2 %839115 *bC0:C0) #82:4C 34781D +,i+.D d-) WM28 9>9/<8?40I A :4: K178/410I597 K48? H9J %0: <C2R/9 C05< /95189: 8C @9C@59 8?/C2I? 8/410I597 C/ 54097J AB ARH/95189: 8C 1 8?4/: @9/7C0 10: <C2R/9 0C8D 8?9/9R7 7CH98?40I K/C0I 40 C2/ /95184C07?4@8CI98?9/JW



424

'( ="#"^3" % X"Q '"%^#)'@! +NR!+U" !JQ! *+,-i.

O188?9K X5101I10

s(0F9 <C2R>9 5C>9: 7CH9;C:< <C2 F10 09>9/ ;9 72/9J ">90 K?90 48R7 F?10I9: 8C ?189 <C209>9/ L0CK K?98?9/ 48R7 \278 8?9 C8?9/ 74:9 CB 5C>9J '?18R7 8?9 K1< 8?C79 8?40I7 1/9Jt[ O9I $1H9/C0 *=9;/1 &1I98.D '71 +8V15U- !;:1

www

'71 +8V15U- !;:1 47 1 B45H 1;C28 8?9 /909K15 CB 5C>9[10: 1 798 CB @CK9/ /95184C07 8?18;/40I7 8?18 /909K15 408C ;940IJ A87 78C/< 81L97 @51F9 40 1 7H155 KC/5:D K?4F? 799H7 8C 9T478C05< BC/ 487 8/410I25189: F?1/1F89/7) M90 10: O9I $1H9/C0D 1 ?27;10: 10: K4B9 K?C H1:98?94/ >CK7D ?17845<D K?90 M90 71>9: ?9/ B/CH 40F1/F9/184C0[1 78/2F82/15 >4C590F9 8C K?4F?D40 M90R7 KC/:7D 0CC09 7?C25: ;9 72;H4889:) sA KC25:0R8 598 1 :CI 7@90: 0409 <91/7 40 \145t[10: P1/:C =90040ID O9IR7 BC/H9/ 5C>9/ 10: 8?9 F/4H4015 K?C :979/89: ?9/ 8C \145 8?/99<91/7 @/4C/J M< 408908 10: F?10F9D P1/:C /982/07 8C B40: O9I 17 ?9/ H1//41I9 8C M90 ?17;9I20 8C :474089I/189D 10: F1//497 K48? ?4H C05< 1 7248F179 84I?85< @1FL9: K48? 1 H4554C0:C551/7D 17 K955 17 7CH9 B/C0840I 1;C28 F/C7740I 8?9 O9T4F10 ;C/:9/ BC/ 1 sB/97? 781/8t K48?

?47 BC/H9/ 5C>9/J b189/ 40 8?9 B45HD ?9 /C557 C28 1 5C0I 78C/< 8C 1FFC208 BC/ 591>40I ?9/ 18 8?9?10:7 CB 78189 \2784F9 *9>90 ;/91L40I C28 1 7F1/ 8C @/C>9 48.D ;28 9>9/< KC/: ?9 CBB9/7 40 8?901H9 CB 5C>9 954F487 C05< :47G2498 10: :478/278J



425

'?9 78C/<R7 F908/15 FC0B54F8 ;9I407 K48? M90 10: O9IR7 H1/4815 ;/91L:CK0D 1B89/ 8?9 /17?@/CH479 CB 54;9/184C0 ?17 H98 K48? 8?9 1F821548< CB 9>9/<:1< 54B9J M90D 890:40I 1 /10F? 10:/20040I 8?4/8< ?91: CB F18859D ?17 781/89: 8C 82/0 :CK0 \C;7 8C I24:9 H4I/1087 8CK1/: 8?9;C/:9/[40 82/0 :90<40I HC09< 10: 7CH9 H189/415 40:25I90F9 8C :CH9784F 54B9J =K10 ;245:71 79079 CB 8?9 89074C0 M90r7 F?C4F9 ;/40I7 K48? 8<@4F15 9FC0CH<) 17 O9I HC2/07 8?9 51FL CBs10< B20 40 C2/ 54>97Dt K9 1/9 @/979089: K48? 1 :9@4F84C0 CB 8KC ?2H107 @?<74F155< ;CT9:408C BC2/ K1557 CB 9T47890F9 8CI98?9/D 201;59 8C ;/91L C28 CB 8?9 H289: 72@@/9774C0 CB 8?94/:974/97 10: 099:7J '?9 /10F?R7 :CH9784F 90>4/C0H908D 1 740I59 /CCH :4>4:9: ;< @5140B2/0482/9 10: 1 B9K H4//C/7D ?17 82/09: ?C78459) 1 7FC/@4C0 F/1K57 408C 1 7?C9D 1 7?CK9/7@/1<7 8?4FL H2::< K189/ B/CH 1 :4/8< 810LD 10: 10 C>9/?9189: ;28109 C>90 ;5CK7 487 :CC/J%55 8?979 ;1015 :4782/;10F97 @459 2@S 5CKEI/1:9 :1H1I9 8?18 81L97 84H9 8C 1FF2H25189D 54L98?9 F4/F2H7810F97 8?18 591>9 0948?9/ F?1/1F89/ 1;59 8C FCHH204F189 B99540I7 10:B/278/184C07 20845 48R7 8CC 5189J %7 O9I @1FL7 8C 591>9[s8?9/9 470R8 9>90 10< 5C>9D 10: A \278F10R8 54>9 K48?C28 8?18t[M90 :C97 0C8?40I ;28 598 ?9/ ICD 0C8 /9155< F15540I ?9/ ;52BB)

s^9H9H;9/D M90D 8?47 47 8?9 K1< <C2 K1089: 48JJJt ">9/< 1F84C0 47 F591/ 40 487 9HC84C015HC84>184C0D 10: 0C8 FC089789: ;< 8?9 /91F84C0 48 09F977481897J Q9 591/0D 18 8?47 @C408D 8?18 8?9B45HR7 01//184>9 K455 ;9 78/2F82/9: 17 1 5977C0) ?CK 8C B40: 1 K1< 8C ;9 40 8?9 KC/5:D ?CK 8C5C>9D 10: ?CK 8C ;9 K48? <C2/ 5C>9/J

'?9 :CH9784F 4089/4C/ CB M90R7 /10F? 47 8?9 B4/78 CB 8?9 B45HR7 7H155 02H;9/ CB 7@1/9

90>4/C0H9087) 1 7@1F4C27 ?C895 ;1/D 1 /20E:CK0 F1/1>10D 1 FC2@59 CB C@90 F591/40I7 40/CFL< C28F/C@7D 10: 1 HC208140 F1>9 @1/15595 8C 78C/H F5C2:7 C0 8?9 ?C/4VC0J '?979 7@1F971/9 I4>90 C>9/ 9084/95< 8C 8?9 HC>9H908 CB @9C@59D 10: >9/< B9K C;\9F87 B40: 8?9H795>97:/1K0 408C 8?9 01//184>9J '?C79 8?18 :CD BC/ 8?94/ 7F1/F48<D F1//< 1 K94I?8 CB 74I04B4F184C0) 408?9 79G290F9 8?18 BC55CK7 O9I 10: P1/:CR7 B54I?8 B/CH M90R7 /10F? 8C 1 091/;< ?C895D P1/:C1//10I97 BC/ 1 ;C8859 CB 710:15KCC: 8C ;9 :954>9/9: 8C O9IR7 /CCH 1B89/ 7?9 @C4089:5<



426

/9G29787 8?9 52T2/< CB 1 ;18?J '?9 F59/L C;54I97D 10: 8?9 09T8 7?C8 :9@4F87 O9I ;18?40I20:9/ 9H9/15: 84597D 8?9 ;C8859D @/CH409085< @51F9: ;< ?9/ ?91:D B5120840I 487 B47F15 KC/8? 17;C8? 40>48184C0 10: 40>978H908 *BC/ 10C8?9/ 54B9D 10: 10 1;78/1F8 B282/9.J =K10R7FCH@C7484C0 CB 8?47 7?C8D 17 40 H10< C8?9/7D 47 7@1/9 10: @5104H98/4F) 1 F?1/1F89/ *C/ 8KC C/8?/99. 47 B/1H9:D F908/155<D K48? 8?9 F1H9/1R7 5907 @9/@90:4F251/ 8C 8?9 K4:9 ;1FLI/C20: CB8?94/ 90>4/C0H908J (B890D 8?979 7?C87 1/9 20?2//49: 10: K455 5178 BC/ I909/C27 :2/184C07S10< 20FCHHC05< 7?C/8 10: >4C5908 1F84C07 1/9D ;< FC08/178D H98 K48? 948?9/ 5C2: 7C04F7?CFL7 *8?9 7840I40I 751@ O9I I4>97 M90 1B89/ ?9 @52FL7 7CH98?40I B/CH ?9/ ?14/ 10: G24@7DsK?18R7 8?18D ?1<at. C/ /1@4: F287) 1B89/ M90 8?/918907 8C F28 8?/C2I? P1/:CR7 8?/C18*2@798840I 8?9 9T47840I 8/410I25184C0 CB @CK9/.D 8?9 L04B9 ?9 8?90 ?2/57 8C 8?9 F94540I ?487 487H1/LD 1 B9K B/1H97 5189/D 40 1 09K 7?C8J #2F? 1F84C07 1/9 72::90 <98 H9172/9:S 15K1<7H98?C:4F15D 09>9/ 4H@2574>9J A0 =K10R7 ;1/9 KC/5:D 9>9/< ;C:< F591/5< 9T@/97797 1 HC84>9D10: 8?9 B45HH1L9/R7 817L 47 8C H1@ 1 72FF9774C0 CB 09F9771/< 781897 FCH40I 408C ;940IJ



427

'?9 B45HR7 79FC0: 10: 8?4/: 1F87 :98145 M90R7 I24:10F9 CB P1/:C 10: O9I 8CK1/: 8?9O9T4F10 ;C/:9/D C0 BCC8D 17 F/4H97 10: 9HC84C015 ;98/1<157 @459 2@ ;9?40: 8?9HJ A0 1F/484F15 79G290F9 8?18 74I0157 O9IR7 @9/H10908 7?4B8 CB 1559I410F9 B/CH ?9/ @178 8C @/979085C>9D 8?9 8?/99 F?1/1F89/7 /91F? 1 F54BB B1F9 8?18 7?9589/7 1 5C09 IC5: :4II9/D B1H4541/5< L0CK017 &C@J M90D 407478908 C0 7F1540I 1 79F84C0 CB 8?9 F54BBD ?2/57 1 5CC@EL0C889: /C@9 8C 8?972HH48D K/1@7 10 90: 8?4FL5< 1/C20: ?47 B478D 10: 82I7 ?47 K94I?8 8C 8?9 @91LJ =K10D 1H1789/ CB 8?9 5C0I 81L9D @107 >9/84F155< 8C B45H 9>9/< 781I9 CB 8?47 8/415 17 1 FCH@5989:CF2H908) 8?9/9 47 0C 01//184>9 8C 8?9 7?C8D C05< 8?9 75CK 9T9/84C0 CB >474;59 51;C/J (0/91F?40I 8?9 8C@D M90 :/C@7 8?9 /C@9 8C P1/:CD K?C F54H;7 20845 ?47 7248F179D :10I540I 8C ?4774:9D ;9FCH97 20F517@9:D 10: 7H155 781FL7 CB @1@9/ 0C897D B255< :47F5C79: BC/ 8?9 B4/78 84H9D;9I40 8C 7@455 :CK0 8?9 B1F9 CB 8?9 F54BBJ '?C79 ;91/40I K480977 18 8?9 ;C88CH F100C8 ;9BC/I4>90 BC/ 8?94/ L0CK59:I9) &C@ /2;7 ?47 B1F9 K48? 8?9 7F1889/9: ;4557D 10: 47 @2047?9: BC/8?9 208?40L40I 740F9/48< CB ?47 /91F84C0S P1/:C :C97 0C8 9>90 8?40L 8C ;2/< ?47 ;C:<J '?9

KC/5: CB 8?9 B45H 47 17 74H@59 10: F5404F15 17 48 47 7H155) C05< 8?9 @CK9/5977 1/9 7C 91745<9T@90:1;59D 10: 8?9/9 K455 ;9 0C IC40I ;1FLJ

A0 10 1889H@8 8C 71>9 M90 B/CH &C@R7 B189D O9I 591:7 P1/:C 8C 1 B1579 ;C/:9/ K?9/9D 40 1B1459: 90:91>C2/ 8C 97F1@9D 7?9 40F2/7 1 KC20: 8?18 G24FL5< ;9FCH97 40B9F89:J O9I 89557M90 8CC 5189 BC/ 20FCH@54F189: 8/918H908D 10: @/C>CL97 8?9 B45HR7 HC78 @/1IH184F 10:F1/015 I9782/9) 40 C/:9/ 8C ;C45 K189/ 8C 789/45479 1 L04B9 10: ;10:1I9D M90 81L97 ?47 q,-ll7?1/9 CB P1/:CR7 7FC/9 10: 7987 48 154I?8 8C 4I0489 1 F52H@ CB :1H@ KCC:J $/C7740I ?47 F?97810: 09FLD ?9 F287 408C O9IR7 B597? 8C /9HC>9 I10I/90C27 847729) 1 @?<74F15 FC079F/184C0 CB 15C>9 8?C2I?8 8CC 5189 8C /909KJ =K10D B/1H40I 8?9 5C>9/7R 72;79G2908 9H;/1F9 17 1HC>9H908 8?/C2I? 84H9D 8/1FL7 8C 8?94/ ;C:497 10: 84587 8?9 F1H9/1R7 1T47 8CK1/: O9IR77?C25:9/7 10: 09FLD @C7484C09: 40 8?9 F908/15 F517@ CB M90R7 1/H7J



428

O9I 591>97 P1/:C 40 B91/ *s7CH98?40IR7 ?1@@909: 8C <C2D 7CH98?40I 89//4;59t.D ;28 ;< 8?990: K9 591/0 8?18 \278 17 /91:45< 17 @9C@59 1/9 F?10I9: ;< 8?94/ F4/F2H7810F97D 8?9<40>1/41;5< F?10I9 ;1FLD C/ F?10I9 1I140J %7 M90 5497 8/1@@9: 20:9/ 1 /CFL 5CC79: :2/40I ?47B4015 827759 K48? P1/:CD O9I F?CC797 8C 781< K48? ?4HD @1<40I 0C /9I1/: 8C 8?94/ F?10F97 CB72/>4>15J %7 P1/:C 591>97D ?9 47 BC/F9: 8C H1L9 1 F?C4F9 CB \C2/09<40I 8C 1 091/;< >4551I9D#1081 A71;95D BC/ ?95@D C/ FC0840240I 8C /91F? 10 14/B495: 091/ 8?9 ;C/:9/J ^18?9/ 8?10 81L9B54I?8D ?9 ?91:7 8C #1081 A71;95D ;28 47 7CC0 78/2FLD 18 7@99:D ;< 1 F1/95977 :/4>9/[1 H1889/ CB84H9D 0C8 52FLJ _47 ;C:< 47 ?2/59: 8CK1/: 8?9 >1559< B5CC/D 10: 8?9 FC089087 CB ?47 7248F179 1/97@4559: 1F/C77 BC541I9 10: 8?9 ;10L7 CB 1 7?155CK /4>9/J %B89/ 8?9 14/ 7988597D =K10 @20F821897P1/:CR7 :9H479 K48? 8?9 4H1I9 CB 1 F/CK 7@48840I C28 1 ?20:/9: :C551/ ;455[1 ;5208/9\C40:9/ 8C M90R7 FC0F9/0 8?18 sK9R/9 155 BC259: 2@D ;1;<D K9R>9 IC881 ?1>9 HC09< 8C 781<F5910Jt Q?90 P1/:CR7 ;C:< 47 BC20:D ;/2815479: B/CH 8?9 B155D ?47 I9782/9 8C O9I 471FL0CK59:I9: ;< M90) sIC 1?91: 10: F/< ;1;<D ?9 :979/>97 1 B9K 891/7J '?9 I2< K?C 5C>9:

<C2 :4:0R8 K108 <C2 8C :49JJJt AB @178 ;9?1>4C2/ 47 8?9 ;978 @/9:4F8C/ CB B282/9 ;9?1>4C2/DP1/:CR7 B4015 1F84C0 H1889/9: 548859 8C 8?9 :2/184C0 CB ?47 54B9) ?9 BC20: ?4H795B 40 1 @C7484C0D40 1 KC/5:D 40 K?4F? ?9 K17 201;59 8C FC084029 54>40IJ '?C79 B9K 891/7 8?18 ?9 H4I?8 ?1>9:979/>9: 1/9 @9/?1@7 155 8?18 10<C09D 2052FL< 90C2I? 8C B40: 8?94/ K1< C28 CB 8?94/ H4781L978CC 5189D F10 ?C@9 BC/J



!""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

!"#$%"&!' )*+%"' $%&'()$*+ ,-. ,/0**1/ +/2/)

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! 3 !







14567489: ;< 6=748>4;= ?4846@:=A 4 :B47?C 4 ?<:=C 4 ?4D7 ;8==EFG7H :;<5=: I<8 ;J= 7<5;4K= ;< D@59 <5= :J<; ;< ;J= 5=L; @5 4

M<DN5=:@45 J=4O=5 D@7@;D=:: @5 ><><4"5G;:C H45454:C ?DG7=:C 456

I=4;J=8:E 0=;B==5 >D@>JP 456 =>>D=:@4:;@>@:7C H<6@=: H=><7=

7489=8: 4: @5 4DD :4>8=6 ?D4>=:E MD<;: 456 8<745>=: >45 H=

8=6G>=6 ;< ;J= :G>>=::@O= ?<:=: K=:;G8=: H=><7= 4; <5>= 8@;=: 8==5 4>;@5K 456

5<;J@5K 7<8= ;J45 ;J= 4>;<8:Q <B5 H<6@=: ;<G>J@5KC >D4@7@5K ;< 6<

5< 7<8= @5 ;J@: R"7<O@= D@;G8KN ;J45 BJ4; ;J=NQ8= 6<@5KE





1@9= =4>J ?<:=C =4>J :J<; B<89:C ;< =5K4K= 6GH@<G: :=7@<;@>:C 4: 4

:=7=7= @5 4 :;8G>;G8= BJ<:= ><5:;@;G;@O= =D=7=5;: 48=

5<54D@K5=6E /D7<:; :@7GD;45=<G: ;< 2;84GHC ;J= :<G56 J

:J<; @: 6=;=87@5=6 <5DN HN :J<<;@5K ><56@;@<5: 84;J=8 ;J45

6@=K=;@> 6@>;4;=:A =4>J >G; G; J <;J=8 ;J= 7<8= :< ;J=N 48= ;<

;J=@8 6@:?484;= ;@7=: 456 ?D4>=: <86@5KE

T2G>J I<874D :;8G>;G8=: 7G:; H= :J4?=6 <5 ;J= K8<G56: 8=4;@O=C 74;=8@4D 8=74@56=8:E U5:;=46 8=4;=

5<O=D I<87: 456 @6=4: <G; <5:;8G>;=6 <5 ;J= I<G564;@<54D ?8=7@:=: <K5@V4HD= K=5=4D<KN 456 ;846@;@<5E ,J@: 8=D4;@<5:J@? H=;B==5

;J= <D6 456 ;J= 5=B @: 5=@;J=8 6=I@5=6 HN D@5=48 ?8<K8=::@<5C 5<8

HN H@548N <??<:@;@<5E ,J= 5=B >455<; :@7?DN H= @5O=5;=6E









TU D@9=6 ?@>;G8=: 4: ?@>;G8=: @5 7<;@<5E U J46 ;< 95;G8=:W@I @;B4: 7<O@5KE *I ><G8:=C BJ=5 U B4: ><5;8<DD@5K ;J= ?@>;G8=C U

B4: 4HD= ;< ><88=>; ;J@5K:C HG; BJ=5 U B4: 749@5K ;J=

?@>;G8= I<8 :<7=H<6N BJ< ><5:@6=8=6 @; I@5@:J=6C UQ6 :;@DD

8G5 @; B@;J<G; ;J= :<G56 ;84>9 456 :== @I U D@9=6 @;E XJ=5 ;B<

?=<?D= 48= ;4D9@5KW@;Q: 6=46E U;Q: 5< D<5K=8 4 7<;@<5

?@>;G8=E 2< UQDD K< H4>9 456 4; D=4:; K=; 4 7<O=7=5; BJ@D=

;J=NQ8= ;4D9@5KET











.YG@O<>4;@<5: ?8<D@I=84;= ;J8<GKJ ;J= I4D:= :;48;: J45K=: J=8 7@56 ;B@>= 4H<G;

BJ=;J=8 ;< I<DD=

I8<7 ;J= ,N?==:Z ;J= ,N?== >J@=I;4@5 ;B@>= 84@:=:

J@: :?=48 @5 G5>=8;4@5;N BJ=;J=8 @; :J<GD6 H= IDG5KE

0=;B==5 ;B< >J<@>=: ;J= 74@5 4>;@<5 @: ;@<5 7G:; H= @5I@5@;=DN

:G:?=56=6E







T/: U D=45=6 <O=8 ;J= 84@D@5K 456 K4V=6 G?<5 ;J= :;845K= =II@KN 456

B4;>J=6 ;J= ?D4N J @5 D@IGD :G?=8:;@;@<5 <GD6 4D7<:; H=D@=O= ;J4; ;J= K8@7 B488@<8 B4:

H<G56 J=4O=5B486E U5 ;J@: 7<<6 BJ=5 U ;G85=6 ;< 6=?48;C U H46=

J@7 T[<6 :?==6C 456 4 ?D=4:45; O<N4K=ET /N=C ?466D= 4B4N H84O=

>J@=I;4@5C ;< ;J= D456 45<=

>D=4O@5K ;J= H8@KJ; B4O=:C BJ@>J 6@= 4B4N <5 ;J<:= 6@7DN D<<7@5K

:J<8=: <86 4GKJ;

@5 ;J= ;846= B@56: <5YG=8 BJ4; @; 95<B:E /5N I4@;J @::@7?DN @5 ;J= 4H@D@;N ;< :== ;J4; BJ4;Q: ;J=8=

@:5Q;C 456 ;J4; BJ4; @:5Q; ;J=8= @:E

%&'(W

TUQ7 I8==CT !,-./,012 )34/,2 Q:

@7?8@:<5=6 J=8< :4N: 4: J= 9@::=:

J@: K@8DI8@=56C BJ< >45Q; G56=8:;456

4 B<86 J= :4N:E T/; D4:; UQ7 I8==ET

T2<7=;@7=: @;Q: =4:@=8 ;< :?=49

BJ=5 ;J= B<86: >45Q; H=

G56=8:;<<6CT J= :4N: =48D@=8E





-- Words/ — Images:

-- — Allan Dwan-- Herman Melville — F.W. Murnau

-- David Phelps-- Claudia Alexandra Pummer

— — DP/6/13



453

"#$$ %& '&(')*+

!"#$ &'()*+",# !'( '-./* ,-./-0

123456782 9:;<3

=>2<3< 45 ?7 @A3B 54@< 7C 62< D77? 3<AEEFG %A66<3 7C CAH6 46I5 AEE @A3BGJKL4?B ME7F@

NNN

=!012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6 45 F7:3 C4356 5H4<?H< C4H647? C4EDOJ (EEA? 'PA? PA5 4??7H:7:5EF

A5B<@ 4? A -./Q 4?6<3R4<P A?@ 245 3<8EF H7:E@?I6 ;< D73< @<RA56A64?S+ =(?@ 62< EA56 7?<T #

278<U # 2A6< 62< S<?3<GJ- ( @<RA56A64?S C4ED 465<ECKA6 465 H73< D73< 273373 62A? 5H4<?H<V

C4H647?T A5 12345 M:W4PA3A 2A5 ?76<@T A?@ 3<AEEF D73< 7C A SA?S56<3 C4ED P462 A 8:E8

82A?6A5DXCA?6A5F S4DD4HB A?@ 3<E4S47:5 7R<367?<5K!012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6 2A3@EF

5<<D5 @<5<3R4?S 7C 5:H2 5H73?T 2<A8<@ 7? 46 A5 P<EE ;F H7?6<D873A3F 3<R4<P5G =( D45<3A;E<

D<E7@3ADAJT @<HEA3<@ 62< Y4D<5 7? 465 PAF 67 62< 8:?H2 E4?<+ =Z<A@<35 A3<

PA3?<@GJ

%45<3A;E<T 8<32A85T ;:6 ?76 ?<H<55A34EF 4? 62< 5<?5< 4D8E4<@G M73 7?<T 'PA?I5 W:@S<D<?6

PA5 5:3<EF 4?CE:<?H<@ ;F A P7<C:E 527764?S <[8<34<?H<T C37D (834EV%AFT -./\T 4? %<[4H7+

56AEPA36 H2<A84< 837@:H<3 ]<?<@4H6 ]7S<A:5 2A@ 278<@ 67 H:6 H7565 ;F @<HEA34?S 62< D7R4<

A 6P7V8A36 >^V84E76T ;:6 465 ;:@S<6 P7:E@ <[8E7@< ,4? 3<EA64R< 6<3D50 7?H< 62< E7HAE EA;7:3

:?47?5 5AP 6237:S2 6245 @<H<46 A?@ @<DA?@<@ 62<43 24S2<3 C<A6:3< C4ED 3A6<5K62< 3<5:E6



454

AHH73@4?S 67 'PA?T PA5 62A6 =P2A6 527:E@ 2AR< ;<<? @7?< 4? C4R< P<<B5 PA5 @7?< 4? 7?<GJ

>2< E7PV;:@S<6 57E:647?5 A3< 63A?58A3<?6T P24H2 A@@5 67 62< 5<ECV<R4@<?6 5<?5< 7C

563A?S<?<55 62< C4ED <[:@<5K46 DAF ;< 'PA?I5 <<34<56 P73BG ]:6 46 45 AE57 245 @A3B<56 A?@

D756 @<57EA6<T <[:@4?S A ?424E456 @<58A43 CA3 5:38A554?S <R<? 62< D756 6736:3<@ 6P4565 7C 245

83<R47:5T H7E7:3C:EEF E:34@ ?743 SA?S56<3 DA56<384<H< #<37962 #27662 A?@ 62< D756 :?HA??F

563<6H2<5 5:3CAH4?S <E5<P2<3< 4? 245 P73BT <GSG 62< <[83<5547?456 837E7S:< 7C &7:=2>00?

,P24H2T A5 %4H2A<E 9<?3F _4E57? 2A5 874?6<@ 7:6T A?64H48A6<5 $@6 (:5@2 0= 2@6 A84267 0G

#?@<<@T !012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6 5<<D5 57D< 5736 7C A?6462<545 67 62< 83<RA4E4?S 4DAS< 7C

'PA?I5 5<3<?46FT <R<? A5 46 45 HE<A3EF 7C A 84<H< P462 245 83<R47:5 P73BT <58<H4AEEF 62< 762<3

7:656A?@4?S ]7S<A:5 837@:H647?5 83<H<@4?S 46G (5 5A@ A5 46 45T 62<3< 5<<D5 57D< 87<64H

W:564H< 67 62< CAH6 62A6 'PA?I5 83782<HF 4? A;7R<V`:76<@ 4?6<3R4<P HAD< 63:<+ 46 6:3?<@ 7:6

67 ;< ?76 7?EF 245 EA56 5H4<?H<VC4H647? C4EDT ;:6 245 EA56 C4EDT 8<347@G

(5 5:H2T 46 6AB<5 834@< 7C 8EAH< 4? A E7?S 37P 7C 563488<@V@7P?T <E<D<?6AE EA56 DA56<384<H<5

;F S3<A6 A:6<:35T 3<@45H7R<34?S A? A567?4524?S R45:AE 54D8E4H46F E4B<T W:56 C73 4?56A?H<T a667L3<D4?S<3 4? $@6 A8B34 C3<207 G )4B< 4? 465 83<@<H<5573T *4<@3426? .1934? T 'PA? 3<6:3?<@

67 H7D8754647?5 62A6 <R7B< ?7624?S 57 D:H2 A5 245 <A3E4<56 7?<V3<<E<35 C37D 62< 847?<<3

@AF5 7C 54E<?6 97EEFP77@K?7 @7:;6 AE57 ;<HA:5< 2< 3<6:3?<@ 67 83AH64HAE E7HA647?

527764?SG *<6 H2A?S<@ H43H:D56A?H<5 AE57 A@@ A 5:33<AE CEAR7:3 67 'PA?I5 @<H4547?5+ b:56

H7?54@<3 62< 5:8875<@EF 457EA6<@ R4EEA 62A6 45 7?< 7C 62< B<F 5<664?S5 7C !012 &34567081 !34

'9:;6D (SA4? A?@ ASA4? F7: 2<A3 HA35 @34R4?S ;F 7:654@< 67 S4R< P2A6 PA5 :?@7:;6<@EF A

837@:H6 7C 64D<VH7?563A4?65 A `:AE46F 62A6 H7:E@ ;< H7?54@<3<@ $63A:;4A?G

Z<57E:6<EF D4?4DAE456 4? A @<C4A?6EF 623<A@;A3< PAFT 62< C4ED AH`:43<5 A? A;563AH6 `:AE46FT

465 3<@:H<@ D<A?5 7R<387P<34?S 465 7;R47:5 H7DD<3H4AE 7;W<H64R<G !012 &34567081 !34

'9:;6 45 57 56A3B 62A6 465 2:DA? A58<H6 45 5:;R<36<@T 4C ?76 A??424EA6<@KP24H2 45 AH6:AEEF 465

62<D<T 73 A6 E<A56 62< H7?H<46 7? P24H2 465 8E76 2A?S5 ,ASA4?T 7C6<? ;F A 623<A@T A?@ A6 E<A56

7?H< ;F A? <E<H634H P43< @<54S?<@ 67 B4EE P462 A -\T\\\ R7E6 527HB0+ AHH4@<?6AEEF 56:D;E4?S

4?67 A 3A@47AH64R< 6<56 546<T <5HA8<@ SA?S56<3 &@@4< 1A?@<EE ,Z7? ZA?@<EE0 :?@<3S7<5 A

6<334CF4?S 63A?5C73DA647?T 6:3?4?S 4?67 A DA? 7C 56<<ET 57D<624?S 4?2:DA?T 63F4?S 67 =348 62<

P73E@ A8A36JG

=>2< @A3B 54@< 7C 62< D77? 2A5 ;<<? 82767S3A82<@G YA6:3AE EAP5 A?@ ;AEA?H<5 ?7 E7?S<3

<[456JT 62< 3<54@<?6 5H4<?6456 '3G %<<B<3 ,>:@73 aP<?0 <[8EA4?5 4? 6F84HAE 8:E8 D:D;7VW:D;7G >3:EF A? 7CCV;AEA?H< C4EDT !012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6 45 5276 P462 62< B?AHB 7C A

54E<?6V<3A R<6<3A? ,4? A;5<?H< D7?<F C73 <CC<H65T 'PA? 3<57365 67 ;A54HT <CC<H64R< D<A?5 7C

8:3<EF R45:AE <[83<5547?+ 2AR4?S 5:3R4R<@ 62< ;7D; ;EA56K465<EC W:56 A 567HB 5276 4? A

@<58<3A6< 5H<?< 5276 4? A 6F84HAE 6237:S2V62<VSEA55 'PA? H7D8754647?T A?@ <R<? 3<8<A6<@

A5 C4EDVP4624?V62<VC4EDK1A?@<EE A;573;5 245 2A?@VH:CC5 P462 A 54D8E< @4557ER<0T P24E<

D:H2 7C 465 @4AE7S:< H7D<5 AH3755 A5 H7D4HV;77B 58<<H2 ;:;;E<5 62A6 6237:S2 A?762<3

4?<[8E4HA;E< D:6A647? 2AR< ;<<? 63A?5C73D<@ 4?67 57:?@G #? 62A6 H7?6<[6T 46 45 P7362 ?764?S



455

62A6 465 DA4? 5673F H7D<5 AH3755 A5 A D7;56<3 5ASA 5PAEE7P<@ :8 A?@ 5846 7:6 ASA4? ;F 62<

(67D4H (S<+ 62< 5H4<?H<VC4H647? <E<D<?6 837R4@<5 W:56 A? <[63A 67:H2 4? A 3<R<?S< 5673FG

M3AD<@ ;F 245 C73D<3 8A36?<35 C73 D:3@<3T 1A?@<EE <D;A3B5 7? A 54?SE<VD4?@<@ D45547? 67

HE<A3 245 ?AD<G #? HEA554HAE 8:E8 DA??<3T 245 5:;5<`:<?6 R4H64D5 7?EF S<6 P2A6 62<F @<5<3R<T

:5:AEEF S<664?S B4EE<@ <[AH6EF 62< PAF 62<F 634<@ 67 @45875< 7C 24D ,CAEE4?S C37D A 24S2 345<

4?67 62< 563<<6 4? A? A567?4524?S 5276T <E<H637H:647? 4? A HE:D5F A66AHB0G

a62<3 8:E8 67:H2<5 A@@ 67 62< A;5:3@ CA5H4?A647?+ 62< 8<38E<[4?S 3<5:E65 7C 62< ;7D; 6<56 A3<

@<D7?563A6<@ 4? A ?7 E<55 8<38E<[4?S CA5247? 7? C3:46 A?@ R<S<6A;E< 837@:H<T P275< 83<5<?H<

4? 62< 6<56V546< `:A33F D4S26 S4R< 8A:5< C73 58<H:EA647? ,62< H7?6AD4?A6<@ C3:465 7C 8A3A@45<

4? 62< @<5<36 7C 62< 3<AEO0G _2A6 E77B5 E4B< A 8<A3 45 AH6:AEEF A? A67D4c<@ PA6<3 D<E7?T 62<? A

PA6<3 D<E7? 6:3?5 7:6 67 ;<K<[AH6EF 62A6T ;:6 7?< 54@< ,465 @A3B 54@<T 4C F7: P4EE0 2A5 6:3?<@

67 56<<ET ;<?@4?S 62< B?4C< 62A6 <CC736E<55EF H:6 4?67 465 :88<3 2AECG $4D4EA3EFT =3AF5 C:5<@ 56<<E

4?67 62< E4R4?S 6455:<5 7C 62< DA?JT 4? '3G %<<B<3I5 P73@5G Y7 E<55 C:6:34564HT A DASAc4?< EAF7:6

3<R<AE4?S 1A?@<EEI5 24S2V837C4E< E4C<56FE< 4? A? <A3EF CEA52;AHB H7?6A4?5 A 82767 7C 1A?@<EEI5C73D<3 D7EE )4?@A %A3E7P ,'<;3A LAS<60 4? A ;A3 54D4EA3 67 A 5H<?< 62A6 P4EE 7?EF 2A88<?

D4?:6<5 EA6<3G &R<? D73< 56A36E4?ST A5 1A?@<EEI5 63<AH2<37:5 8A36?<3T (?@F 'AD7? ,(?627?F

1A3:570 78<?5 62< DASAc4?< 67 3<A@ 46 67 245 2<?H2D<?T 2< A??7:?H<5 =C37D 3AS5 67 34H2<5JT

AE627:S2 62< H7R<3 5673F HE<A3EF 8:?5 =C37D 3AHB<65 67 34H2<5JG (E627:S2 E4B<EF HA:5<@ ;F

837@:H647? ?<H<55464<5T 5:H2 4?H7?S3:464<5KA B4?@ 7C A:67DA64H 5:33<AE45DKA@@ 67 62<

5:83<D< 563A?S<?<55 7C A C4ED P275< 2AECV2<37T 2AECVD7?56<3 8376AS7?456 45 57D<624?S 7C A

H34D4?AE 123456 C4S:3<+ 62< 8A5547? 7C 62< 7:654@<3G >2A6 62< 57:3H< 7C 1A?@<EEI5

63A?5C73DA647? 45 HAEE<@ =17;AE6 <E<D<?6 dJ ;34?S5 67 D4?@ &@SA3 eG fED<3I5 8773T 646:EA3 %A?

C37D LEA?<6 dT A?762<3 AE4<? 62A6 H7D<5 AH3755 A5 D73< 6<334C4<@ 62A? 6<334CF4?ST ?AR4SA64?S A

?4S26DA3452 P73E@ P275< 7?<434H `:AE46F 56<D5 ;762 C37D HA??F <[8E746A647? 7C E4D46<@

837@:H647? D<A?5 ,1A?@<EEI5 W7:3?<F E<A@5 ;AHB 67 62< `:A33F P2<3< 46 ;<SA?+ 4? 6245 D<AS<3V

3<57:3H< :?4R<35< 62<3< 5<<D5 2A3@EF A?F P73E@ E<C6GGG 7?EF ;:3?6 7CC<34?S50 A5 P<EE A5 C37D A

D<6A82F54HAE 8:EEG #6 HA? 2A3@EF ;< H7?54@<3<@ A H74?H4@<?H< 62A6 E7F164<6 ?8 <:4FB3 GGHGI

PA5 A 58E46 455:< 7? 'PA? A?@ bAH`:<5 >7:3?<:3T A?762<3 DA56<3 7C 62< :?@<356A6<@ 5:;E4D<

P27 H3755<@ 8A625 P462 ]7S<A:5 EA6< 4? 245 HA3<<3 , 'JJ0:42B642 :4 A04?87310G

$64EET 46 45 A 5:HB 7C ?<SA64R46F 62A6 S:4@<5 1A?@<EEI5 W7:3?<F+ 2< 45 ;762 R4H64D A?@

8<38<63A673G >2< EA66<3 45 ACC43D<@ H7?R<?647?AEEF ;F 62< H34D< 8E76T P24H2 3<57365 67 62<

HEA554HAE <`:A647? 7C 62< ;:54?<55 A?@ 62< SA?S56<3 P73E@T ;<S4??4?S P462 62< E4C<56FE<A364HE< ,4? =_73E@ Y<P5J0 A?@ H:ED4?A64?S 4? A H7?C37?6A647? 5A3HA564HAEEF @<5H34;<@ ;F

1A?@<EE A5 =E77B4?S E4B< A ;7A3@ 7C @43<H6735 D<<64?SGJa?EF 67 ;< A5 5:38345<@ A5 245

<?<D4<5 4? 62< <?5:4?S H7?C37?6A647? 62A6 ;:EE<65 HA? ?7 E7?S<3 2:36 24D ,A? :?H7?R4?H4?ST

;:6 A<562<64H <CC<H6+ 62< 2465 E<AR< P2A6 E77B5 E4B< 6AHB<@V7?T H7?S<AE<@ H7E7:3 58E76H2<50T

:87? P24H2 245 <[83<5547? AED756 57D?AD;:E4564HAEEF 6:3?5 67 A DAE<R7E<?6 S34?G %73<

:?5<66E4?S 45 62< 4?R454;E< ?A6:3< 7C 1A?@<EEI5 H733:8647? ,=62< :SEFT 6P456<@ 624?S5 62A6

DA@< 24D A SA?S56<3 ghi S37P4?S 7:6 7C AEE 837873647?5J0G ='7?I6 6:3? 7? 62< E4S26TJ 2<



456

PA3?5 A6 7?< 874?6T A5 4C 245 D:6A647? 2A@ HA:5<@ 527HB4?S @<C73DA647?5K;:6 P2<? 46 45

6:3?<@ 7?T ?7624?S 45 @45H<3?4;E< <[H<86 8<32A85 A C2< 584346:AE `:AE46F 7C 'PA?T 3454?S 57 <CC736E<55EF C37D 245 <[ASS<3A647?VC3<< D45< <?

5Hj?<T 45 <[83<55EF 278<E<55 2<3<T <R<? A5 62< 837H<<@4?S5 :?3AR<E P462 245 :5:AE CE:<?HFT

F<6 P4627:6 A?F 7C 62< ;:7FA?6 <[764H45D 7C 762<3 ]7S<A:5 837@:H647?5 ,!012 &34567081

!34 '9:;6 45 7?< 7C 62< C<P ;EAHBVA?@VP246< C4ED5 4? 'PA?I5 EA56 @<HA@<T A?@ 62< D756

?AB<@0G (EE 62< 'PA? 63A@<DA3B5 A3< 2<3<T C37D 62< 67V62<V874?6 4?5<365 ,62< H7?5843AHF

ASA4?56 1A?@<EE 45 H7?C43D<@ ;F 623<< `:4HB 3<AH647? 52765 7C SA?S56<35 S4R4?S 62<43 54E<?6

A8837RAE+ A 6237A6VH:6 S<56:3<T HE754?S A E4S26<3 P462 A 5?A8T A?@ 5P4?S4?S A S:? ;A33<E 4?67

8EAH< P462 A HE4HB0T 62< 5<34<5 7C 54S?5 DA884?S 7:6 62< @<A62 6348 ,7?< 874?6<@EF ;<?<A62 A

@773 73?AD<?6 4? 62< C73D 7C A H37550T A?@ 62< @788<ESA?S<3 5:887364?S H2A3AH6<35K7?<

@<563:H64R<T 7?< H7D8A5547?A6<K3<83<5<?64?S 62< 3<6:3? 7C 62< EAP A?@ 62< C<DAE< 87P<3G

=>2<3< 45 AEPAF5 278<JT <R<3VA55<364R< '3G %<<B<3 7D4?7:5EF A55:3<5T ;:6 :?E4B< 762<3

'PA? 8376AS7?4565T 1A?@<EE HA??76 AH24<R< 3<@<D8647? 6237:S2 62< H7?57EA647? 7C A C<DAE<H7D8A?47?G =%:H2 ;3:6AE R47E<?H< A?@ 5<[:AE 546:A647?5T 4?HE:@4?S A? A66<D86<@ 3A8<TJ 62<

f?46<@ $6A6<5 17?C<3<?H< 7C 1A627E4H ]452785 HA88<@ 465 @45D455AET AE57 H7D8EA4?4?S A;7:6

62< :?5FD8A62<64H H2A3AH6<35 ,ZA64?S (V###KC73 A@:E650T A?@ HE<A3EF D4554?S 62< 874?6+

'PA?I5 H2A3AH6<34564H 58E46 4?67 A? A?S<E4H P7DA? A?@ A C<DD< CA6AE< S3A?65 ;762 <3764H

87P<3T ;:6 4? A ;466<3 437?F 62< 2<AE4?S HA8A;4E46F ;AHBC43<5G >2< C<DD< CA6AE<T 8EAF<@ ;F

LAS<6 ,C3<52 C37D 2<3 #?@4A? A@R<?6:3< P462 M346c )A?ST P2<3< 52< @A?H<@ P462 5634?SV

56<<3<@ 5?AB<5 A?@ PAEB<@ AD7?S E<837:5 83767Vc7D;4<50 2A5 A 87P<3C:E 5<@:H647? 5H<?<T

;:6 2<3 4??A6< 5A@?<55K56<DD4?S C37D 2<3 H733:86 ?A6:3<K45 <[<D8E4C4<@ <A3E4<3T P2<?

52< @3:?B<?EF 5465 A6 A ;A3T 2<3 E7?S E<S5 83763:@4?S C37D :?@<3 A C:3 H7A6 5:SS<564?S 52<

H7:E@ ;< ?AB<@ :?@<3?<A62T S<65 :8 A?@ 56ASS<35T 564EE 5E:334?ST :?64E 52< CAEE5 ,A 3<8<A6<@

D764C 6237:S27:6 6245 C4ED A;7:6 A CAEE<? P73E@0T H:3E4?S 2<35<EC :8 ASA4?56 62< PAEE A?@

B4HB4?S 4? RA4? A5 4C ASA4?56 2<3 CA6<G >2< 762<3 P7DA?T :?D456ABA;EF ?AD<@ 1A3EA (?S<E7

,&EA4?< $6<PA360 45 1A?@<EEI5 7E@ CEAD<T 5AR<5 24D 7?H< ;F @3AP4?S 24D 67 2<3 ;757D A?@

3A@4A64?S ;7@F PA3D62 A5 2< 45 C3<<c4?S 2<E8E<55EFG '3G %<<B<3 HA? <R<? ;< 8<35:A@<@ 67

;<E4<R< 4? 2<3 E7R< <[8<34D<?6T ;:6 P2<? 46 A;3:86EFT :?<[8<H6<@EF 8AF5 7CC 4? 62< <?@T 2<3

B455<5 837R< @<A@EFG =>2<3<I5 278<UJ 1A3EA <[H46<@EF <[HEA4D5 4? 62< @<57EA6< `:A33F C4?AE<T

P2<?T 5:337:?@<@ ;F 87E4H< D7R4?S 4? P462 S:?5 A?@ CEAD<V6237P<35T 52765 5634B4?S 24D

7HHA547? A?762<3 5:38345<+ =&@@4<T F7:I3< ;E<<@4?SUJ Z<6:3?4?S 67 2A8E<55 2:DA? C73DT 62<

DA? 7C 56<<ET 564EE 5H3<AD4?S =Y7624?S HA? 5678 D<UJ 4? A 5<A 7C CEAD<5T 45 5<?6<?H<@ 674?H4?<3A647? ;F 62< H3:<E P73E@G #? A S2756EF @4557ER<T 2< @45A88<A35T E<AR4?S 62< H7?67:35 7C

=@:56GGG?7624?S ;:6 @:56JG (C6<3 57D< C7:3 2:?@3<@ C4ED5T 'PA? E<AR<5 62< @43<H6735 H2A43

P462 A? 4DAS< 7C 62< A52<5 7C 64D<T PAC65 7C 5D7B< 564EE 3454?ST A5 62< 3<D?A?65 7C 62< D756

@A?S<37:5 DA? AE4R< A3< 5HA66<3<@T HA334<@ APAF ;< 62< P4?@+ >2< &?@G

1 Simon Mizrahi, "Interview with Allan Dwan," E7F164<6 ?8 <:4FB3 kkVkl ,-.//0+ kkG



457

>9& M)(%&>9Za_&Z (Y' >9& MZ(%&

'A45:B< (BA5ABA

$@6 !012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6 ,-./-0 X K32296 L8664 0= !042343 ,-.mQ0

$@6 !012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6 ,-./-0T 62< EA56 C4ED ;F (EEA? 'PA?T 45 A $H4VM4 ] 62A6 6<EE5 62<

63AS4H 5673F 7C A DA? P27T AC6<3 ;<4?S ;<63AF<@ ;F 245 C34<?@5 A?@ A557H4A6<5T 5:CC<35

3A@47AH64R46F @:34?S A ?:HE<A3 <[8E7547? A6 A 6<56 3A?S< A?@ ;<H7D<5 563A?S<EF 4?R4?H4;E<G

(?F 5H4<?64C4H A?@ 2456734HAE <[8EA?A647?5 C73 245 82<?7D<?7? A3< 4S?73<@ ;F 62< C4EDn

P24E< EAHB4?S ;762 62< H4?<DA67S3A82F 7C R436:757 b72? (E67?T P27 2A@ 8A36?<3<@ P462

'PA? 4? 5:H2 A5 762<3 DA56<384<H<5 E4B< #:9;67 -0?6 ,-.mQ0 A?@ #9:5@29M #<37962 ,-.m/0T A5

P<EE A5 A?F B4?@ 7C 5:;56A?64AE ;:@S<6 4? ]<?<@4H6 ]7S<A:5o HA52V563A88<@T %<[4HA?

837@:H647?T 62< C4ED E77B5 57D<624?S E4B< ):45 ]:?:<EI5 <A3EF ]VD7R4<5 E4B< #81343 A?@ &04

L8:42:4 2@6 N:2267 ,P24H2 # E4B< R<3F D:H20G 17D8A3<@ 67 b75<82 )75<FI5 $@616 376 2@6

&3B46? ,-./l0T A?762<3 $M DA56<384<H< DA@< ;F A? (D<34HA? @43<H673 7:654@< 7C 245 27D<

H7:?63FKA C4ED P24H2 <R<? 4?HE:@<5 A? ADAc4?S 5276 C37D A 2<E4H786<3 A8837AH24?S 62<

5H4<?6456 ,(E<[A?@<3 "?7[0 527764?S 245 D4563<55 ,^4R4HA )4?@C7350 P27 B?7P5 7C 245 5<H3<6T



458

5:;6<33A?<A? 457EA647? 7C H24E@3<? P462 pH7E@ ;E77@JK$@6 !012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6 E77B5

5:;56A?64AEEF H2<A8<3T A?@ 46o5 HE<A3 62< @43<H673 H7:E@ ?76 ACC73@ 62< <CC<H65 )75<F P7:E@

DA?AS< W:56 A C<P F<A35 EA6<3G #?56<A@T 'PA?o5 34S737:5 5H2<D< 7C H7?64?:7:5 C4[<@ 52765

524C65T 4? A[4AE H:65T C37D HE75<V:85 A?@ D<@4:D 52765 67 E7?S5 5276 C37D 62< 5AD< A?SE<n

62< <CC<H6T DA?48:EA64?S 58AH< A?@ @456A?H<T 45 67 HA3R< APAF 62< 7:654@< 57 62A6 7?EF 62<

AH647? A88<A35G $:3<EFT 62<5< 5634H6 H7D8754647?5 C37D 54E<?6 H4?<DA <3A A3< 62< 57:3H< 7C

87P<3 7C $@6 !012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6G M73 <[AD8E<T P2<?T 4? 62< SA?S56<35o

2<A@`:A36<35V7CC4H<T &@@4< ,Z7? ZA?@<EE0 527765 A 2<?H2DA? 7C 'AD7? ,(?627?F 1A3:570

A5 A?762<3 S77? 5634B<5 &@@4< P462 A BA3A6< H278 C37D 62< 3<A3T P< @7?o6 5<< 62< EA66<3

DA?o5 D7R<D<?6 67PA3@ &@@4< ;<HA:5< 2<I5 7:6 7C C3AD<G _2A6 45 4D83<554R< 45 62< CEA52T

62< 5:@@<? A88<A3A?H<T 7C 62< D7R<D<?6 4? 62< C3AD< A5 2< H7E@VHE7HB5 ZA?@<EEG >245 5<?5<

7C :?83<@4H6A;E< D7R<D<?6 45 4D8736A?6G

#? K32296 L8664 0= !042343 ,-.mQ0T P2<? ]A3;A3A $6A?PFHBT 2<3 HA66E< 567E<? A?@ CAD4EF

B4EE<@ ;F e<?< &RA?5o SA?S 7C 624<R<5T C4?@5 A 24@< P462 2<3 CAD4EFo5 ;3A?@ 7? 46 4? 62< HA;4?7C 7?< 7C &RA?5I H727365T 52< 45 A66AHB<@ ;F 62< DA? 4? 6P7 52765+ 62< HAD<3A C7EE7P5 24D A5

52< 8:52<5 24D @7P? A?@ 2< 527765 ,5276 -0n 4? A H:6 67 2<3 ,5276 k0T 52< 527765 24DG 'PA?

@7<5?I6 2<546A6< 67 E<6 $6A?PFHB P4? <R<? 627:S2 52< 527765 5<H7?@n 62< ?<A3V4D87554;4E46F

7C 62< AH647? 45 H7R<3<@ ;F 62< H:6G 'PA?T 4? 762<3 P73@5T H7?5456<?6EF DA?48:EA6<5

@456A?H<5T 8754647?5T <R<? 62< E4R<5 A?@ @<A625 7C H2A3AH6<35 ?76 7?EF 4? 62< C3AD< ;:6

;<6P<<? 6P7 52765T @<5846< ,73 <R<? 6237:S20 62< H7@<5 7C 837@:H647? A6 62< 64D<G M73

&@@4< A5 P<EE A5 'PA?o5 A:@4<?H<T 4? $@6 !012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6T 62< 5:8<3?A6:3AE

87P<35T 5:@@<? 623A52<5 7C AS7?FT A?@ 5:;5<`:<?6 4?HA8AH46A647? AEE H7D< 4?56A?6EFT

:?83<@4H6A;EFG #? 62A6 5<?5<T 62<F A3< ?76 CA3 C37D 62< 527764?S5 7C $<3S<?6 $63FB<3 ,b72?

_AF?<0 A?@ 762<3 57E@4<35 4? #34?1 0= .>0 O:B3 ,-.Q.0G #? A D<@4:D 5276T P< 5<< 62<

57E@4<35 6AEB4?S <AH2 762<3n 5:@@<?EFT P< 5<< 62<D @4< 4? 62< H:6 67 A P4@< 5276 C37D 5AD<

A?SE<G #6 2A88<?5 <R<? 67 $<3S<A?6 $63FB<3G >2<3<o5 ?7 PAF 7C B?7P4?S P27I5 5276 62< ;:EE<6

62A6 2465 $63FB<3I5 H2<56 ?73 <R<? C37D P24H2 @43<H647? 46 H7D<5G >245 45 H4?<DA ;<C73< 62<

4?CE:<?H< 7C >^ A?@ 762<3 563A?@5 7C D7R4?S 4DAS<5 2A@ ;<H7D< :;4`:467:5G _4D _<?@<35I

;<56 C4EDT $@6 #2326 0= $@:45P&67 #234? &67 &:456 ,-.qk0T P4EE ;<S4? P462 A 5H<?< 7C A C4ED

H3<P 527764?S A? 4DAS4?A3F D7R4< HAEE<@ $@6 #87;:;071T A 3<DAB< 7C $@6 !012 &34567081

!34 '9:;6T ,627:S2 62< 'PA? 2A5 ?7 5:H2 5H<?< E4B< 62A6 P24H2 62<Fo3< C4ED4?S0T A?@ P2<?

_<?@<35 @<84H65 62< @<A62 7C M34<@34H2 ,LA634HB ]A:H2A:0T P< ASA4? P7?o6 B?7P P27 2A5

5276 24D ?73 P2<3< 62< ;:EE<6 H7D<5 C37DG #? DA?F PAF5T 62<?T 2< 45 HE75<3 67 'PA? 62A?T5AFT 67 (?67?47?4I5 E70=611:04Q+6J07267 ,-.rm0G >2A6 ;:EE<6T CEF4?S 4? C37D 62< 7:654@< 7C 62<

C3AD<T H7:E@ 54S?AE 57D< A66<D86 67 DA4?6A4? 62< H7?R4H647? 7C A? 7E@<3 <3A 62A6 P7:E@ ?7P

;< :?5:56A4?A;E<G



459

)A56 52765+ #34?1 0= .>0 O:B3 ,-.Q.0 X !012 &34567081 !34 '9:;6

&@@4< DA?AS<5 245 3<R<?S< 4? 62< 6237<5 7C 5:CC<34?Sn C4?AEEFT 2< 45 H73?<3<@ ;F 62< 87E4H<T

E4B< ]7SA36o5 Z7F A6 62< 678 7C A D7:?6A4? 3A?S< 4? _AE52I5 A:5@ #:6773 ,-.Q-0G &R<? 62<

A3DF 45 @458A6H2<@ C73 6245 E7?< 4?@4R4@:AET A5 4C 2< P<3< e7@c4EEAKP27 2A@ AE57 ;<<? ;73?

:?@<3 62< 4?CE:<?H< 7C 3A@47AH64R46F W:56 A C0 O:B3G >2< 4DAS<

45 7C CEAD<6237P<3T P24H2 62< fG$G A3DF 2A@ :5<@ 67 ;:3? bA8A?<5< 57E@4<35 AE4R<G >245

CEAD<6237P<3 D<3<EF 7CC<35 A? 7E@VCA5247?<@T <R<? 7:6V7CV8EAH< 5736 7C C<A3 P462 465 5:@@<?T

7R<3c<AE7:5 A88<A3A?H< 4?67 62< 5H<?<n E<55 A 3A6H2<64?SV:8 7C 62< R45:AE 6<?547?T 465

A88<A3A?H< 2<3< 45 <R<? 67:H24?SG # @7?o6 D<A? 67 5:SS<56 57 E46<3AEEF 62A6T P2<? 62<

CEAD<6237P<3o5 CEAD< ;:3?5 &@@4< :87? 245 CA6<C:E 63A?5C73DA647? C37D A D7?56<3 ;AHB 67 A

2:DA? ;<4?ST &@@4< A?@ A bA8A?<5< 57E@4<3 527:E@ 57 E46<3AEEF ;< 5:8<34D875<@ A?@

<`:A6<@T A5 4C 'PA? 2A@ AE3<A@F 67E@ 62< 5673F 7C A DA? C37D 62< <?<DFo5 54@< Qm F<A35

;<C73< 1E4?6 &A56P77@ P7:E@ DAB< 245 @486FH2 A;7:6 62< ;A66E< 7C #P7 b4DAG (EE # D<A? 675AF 45 62A6 62< 5HA66<34?S 7C &@@4<I5 A52<5T 5P<86 7:6 7C 62< C3AD< ;F 62< P4?@T 2A5

57D<624?S E4B< 62< 6A3S<6<@ D7647? A?@ C73H< 7C $63FB<3o5 @<A62T 4? P24H2 ?76 <R<? A?

4?56A?6 45 58A3<@ C73 24D 67 3<AE4c< 62A6 2<o5 @4<@G



***

ALLAN DWAN

(A DOSSIER)

"#$%&'%(

)&*+),-,-./0-1234&+0,'#43,5,%/0&234&+0,'#4



6+%. 7/58 9-/'+&0 :.&$;1 :#<

:/) =/$)%".&50/1 9+0*/5

>&?+4/ @/$&A)+$

B+00 C5#.$

Documents

DWAN English