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DW1 1
DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Disaster Waste in Emergencies
Session 1
What is Disaster Waste?
DW1 2
DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
What is Disaster Waste ?
Abnormal generation of waste resulting from a natural disaster or
conflict
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Types of Disaster Waste• Sediment, soil and vegetation• Hazardous wastes• Building debris• Household possessions• Relief waste such as packaging• Unexploded ordnance and military vehicles• Healthcare waste• Waste from:
– internally displaced people [IDP] camps– relief workers accommodation– host community / municipal waste
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Different Disasters
Different disasters are likely to generate different types of waste:•Tsunami: Vegetation, human and animal remains, building debris, municipal, camp and from relief operations
•Earthquake: building debris, healthcare
•Floods: households goods, healthcare, animal carcasses, camp
•Hurricanes/Typhoons: similar to floods + building debris and vegetation
•Post-conflict: destroyed buildings, military hardware, unexploded ordnance (UXO), depleted uranium (DU), camp and from relief operations
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Why is Waste Management Important ?
• Protect public health• Protect environment and
reduce risks• Opportunity for saving
costs / income generation• Support sustainable
livelihoods• Ensure all wastes and
necessary approvals covered• Reduce future risks and
liabilities• Ensure proper Health &
Safety for workers
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Managing Disaster Waste
• Waste management is a multiple cluster and Waste management is a multiple cluster and cross-sector issue – health, construction, cross-sector issue – health, construction, municipal services, financial, industry, municipal services, financial, industry, tourism.tourism.
• Important that all stakeholders have an Important that all stakeholders have an appreciation of waste threats and challenges appreciation of waste threats and challenges but also of opportunities.but also of opportunities.
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Managing Disaster WasteManaging Disaster Waste
• When planning for camp and host When planning for camp and host community general and household community general and household waste ensure:waste ensure:
• All stakeholders are involved to ensure cultural and social norms specific to the context are considered.
• Work is closely coordinated with Community Mobilisers / Public Health Promotion staff for effective information collection & dissemination
• Beneficiaries are involved in collection and maintenance activities from the beginning
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Disaster Waste Generation Phases
Source: MSB “Disaster Waste Management Framework” Dec 2008
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Typical Disaster Waste SourcesTypical Disaster Waste Sources
Damaged and Destroyed
Agriculture Areas
Organic Matter• Soft organics (leaves, fruit)• Wood (trunks, branches,
coconut husks)• Soil with high conductivity
Hazard Waste from flooded storage areas• Fertilizer• Pesticides• Engine Oil and batteries from service stations
Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Damaged and Destroyed Buildings
Construction and Demolition Waste
Metal• Roof Sheets, Cable, Cupper• White Metal Goods, Car
wrecks
Hazard Waste• Asbestos Roof Sheets• Electronic Equipment,
Refrigerants from Resorts
Household Related Waste Wood
• untreated Wood• treated Wood
Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
General Municipal & Household Waste
Municipal / Household Wastes• Food waste• Packaging including tins, bottles and wrappings• Plastics, paper and cardboard• Glass• Etc.
Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Relief Related Waste
Camp Related Waste• household related waste• leachate through shoreline dumping• no segregation• no controlled storage / dumping
Reconstruction Related Waste Reconstruction
Activities• wood• demolition waste• packaging of construction
materialsSource: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
DW1
HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste is hazardous when it contains properties that might
make it harmful to our health or the environment
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Main Components of Hazard WasteEngine Oil – Waste Oil Electronic Equipment
Asbestos Oil Contaminated SoilBatteries
Fertilizer & Pesticides Health Care Waste
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
ASBESTOS: DefinitionASBESTOS: Definition
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that has been in use on a commercial scale for about 150 years•Ideal for:
o Fireproofingo Insulating material
•Hazardous to human health if inhaledo fibres enter lungs
Asbestos Fibre
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
ASBESTOS: Common UsesASBESTOS: Common Uses
Sprayed asbestos and lagging
Asbestos cement
Asbestos insulating board
The major uses for asbestos materials in buildings are:
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
What is Health Care Waste ? What is Health Care Waste ?
WHO:
All waste from a health care facility that includes both potential infectious waste and non-infectious waste materials
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Infectious Health Care Waste Infectious Health Care Waste
WHO:
• Infectious sharps: syringes or other needles, blades, infusion sets, broken glass or other items that can cause direct injury
• Infectious non-sharps: materials that have been in contact with human blood or its derivatives
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Infectious Health Care WasteInfectious Health Care Waste
• bandages, swabs or items soaked with blood
• isolation wastes from highly infectious patients - including food residues
• used and obsolete vaccine vials
• bedding and other contaminated materials infected with human pathogens
• Human excreta from patients are also included in this category
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
What is What is NotNot Infectious Infectious Health Care Waste ?Health Care Waste ?
• materials that have not been in contact with patients such as paper and plastic packaging, metal, glass or other wastes - similar to household wastes.
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
What is Debris ?• Clean Rubble
o Concreteo Brickso Rockso Woodo Plastero Metalo Papero Plastico Tiles
• Hazardous Materialso Asbestoso Heavy metals (i.e. lead
in piping)o Painto Adhesiveso Contaminated soil, etc.o Can contaminate the
whole waste stream
Rubble for recovery needs to be clean of contaminants and hazardous materials
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Mixed RubbleMixed RubbleMixed Rubble cannot be readily recovered and will require additional work to segregate such items as timber, plastics etc.:
Timber
Plastics
Furnishings
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Sources of RubbleSources of Rubble
Rubble clean-up
Demolition of buildings
Repair of buildings
Demolition of bridges
Rehabilitation of roads
Construction waste
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
• Removal of rubble provides access for Search & Rescue
• Removal of waste reduces public health risks
• Identification and proper handling of hazardous waste protects communities from health risks
• Waste factors in Rapid Environmental Assessments
• Recycling of waste materials supports economic recovery
• Recycling of rubble provides building materials for shelter programmes
• Set foundation for normalising ensuing municipal solid waste management
• Capturing knowledge, data and information during disaster waste response can feed into future disaster preparedness planning
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
• Emergency Shelter
• Early Recovery
• Logistics
• Camp Coordination/Management
• Education
• Health
• Environment
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Challenges
• Co-ordinationCo-ordination• TechnicalTechnical• LogisticsLogistics• Awareness and input of stakeholders (community, Awareness and input of stakeholders (community,
land owners, government)land owners, government)• PolicyPolicy• Integration with long-term sustainable WM Integration with long-term sustainable WM
systemssystems• Human and financial resourcesHuman and financial resources
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
ThreatsThreats
• Health and Safety: o vegetation, soil, sediment, re-depositedo municipal waste o hazardous (chemicals, oils, asbestos)o healthcare wasteo excretao demolition wasteso relief (IDP) wastes
• Environment
• Livelihoods
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Threats: Health and SafetyThreats: Health and SafetyChemical Risks: Chemical Risks: • Direct dermal contact with contaminants (oils, acids)Direct dermal contact with contaminants (oils, acids)
• Inhalation of:Inhalation of: Products of incomplete combustion (dioxins/furans, Products of incomplete combustion (dioxins/furans,
volatilised heavy metals)volatilised heavy metals) Dust (PM10)Dust (PM10) COCO22 asphyxiation in confined spaces (LFG) asphyxiation in confined spaces (LFG) Asbestos fibresAsbestos fibres
• Ingestion of surface/groundwater impacted by leachate Ingestion of surface/groundwater impacted by leachate (high organics, ammonium, heavy metals, trace (high organics, ammonium, heavy metals, trace organics – PCBs, VOCs)organics – PCBs, VOCs)
• Explosion of CHExplosion of CH44 from LFG from LFG
• Nuisance from odours (chemicals or decomposition)Nuisance from odours (chemicals or decomposition)Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Threats: Health and SafetyThreats: Health and Safety
Biological Risks:Biological Risks:• Dermal contact/ingestion of faecal material/body Dermal contact/ingestion of faecal material/body
fluids (parasitic, enteric and viral) fluids (parasitic, enteric and viral)
• Disease vectors:Disease vectors: Rat excreta – hanta virus, leptospirosis, plague, Rat excreta – hanta virus, leptospirosis, plague,
scrub typhusscrub typhus Mosquitoes – malaria, dengue feverMosquitoes – malaria, dengue fever Flies – bacterial infectionsFlies – bacterial infections
• Nuisance – insects, birds, rodentsNuisance – insects, birds, rodents
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Threats: Health and SafetyThreats: Health and Safety
Physical Risks:Physical Risks:
• Collapse of stockpilesCollapse of stockpiles
• Cuts and abrasions from sharp objectsCuts and abrasions from sharp objects
• Uncontrolled fires (spontaneous combustion)Uncontrolled fires (spontaneous combustion)
• Vehicle accidentsVehicle accidents
• Nuisance – plumes, wind or wave-blown Nuisance – plumes, wind or wave-blown litterlitter
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Threats: EnvironmentThreats: Environment
Local Environmental Risks:Local Environmental Risks:
• Waste – directly contaminates soils Waste – directly contaminates soils (chemicals and micro-organisms)(chemicals and micro-organisms)
• Leachate – contaminates surface, ground Leachate – contaminates surface, ground and marine waters, results in stress and/or and marine waters, results in stress and/or algal blooms (eutrophication)algal blooms (eutrophication)
• Landfill gas – dieback of vegetationLandfill gas – dieback of vegetation
• Biodiversity - rodent, insect infestationBiodiversity - rodent, insect infestation
• Aesthetics – wind and wave blown litter Aesthetics – wind and wave blown litter Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Threats: Reconstruction and LivelihoodsThreats: Reconstruction and Livelihoods
• Impedes vehicle, marine and pedestrian access
• Blocks drains/gullies/wells
• Dumping of waste in low-lying agricultural areas (rice paddies) and fish-farming ponds
• Serves as a constant reminder of the disaster
• Acts as magnet for ongoing fly-tipping
• Precludes livelihood recovery
• Harbour and channel blockages prevent resumption of fishing activities and restricts river and marine transport
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
OpportunitiesOpportunities
• Valuable Resource Material (coral blocks, Valuable Resource Material (coral blocks, concrete, mortar, steel, electrical cable and concrete, mortar, steel, electrical cable and equipment)equipment)
• Recycling of demolition wasteRecycling of demolition waste
• Disaster preparednessDisaster preparedness
• CompostingComposting
• Improved waste managementImproved waste management
• Economic developmentEconomic development
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development
• Source of income for IDP’s/unemployedSource of income for IDP’s/unemployed
• Direct “cash for work” projectsDirect “cash for work” projects
• supply of equipmentsupply of equipment
• sale of recycled productssale of recycled products
• Trained workers for the implementation of long-term WM systems
• Revenue-generation schemes linked to Revenue-generation schemes linked to long-term sustainable WM systems including:
1. Collection and disposal charges2. Fiscal policy – import duty on aggregates/plastic bottles,
landfill tax3. Promotion – composting, glass bottle return schemes, waste
exchange programmes, financial opportunities for private sector
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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DWWASH Cluster – Emergency Training
Improved WM Systems / GovernanceImproved WM Systems / Governance
• Incorporate Incorporate best practice
• Handling of hazardous wastes
• Consistent systems
• Develop long term, sustainable waste management