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DUSOBANUKIRWE N’AMATEGEKO
AGENGA IMIBURANISHIRIZE
Y’IMANZA
Kigali, Gicurasi 2008
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IBIRIMO
DUSOBANUKIRWE N’AMATEGEKO AGENGA IMIBURANISHIRIZE Y’IMANZA ............................................. 1 IBIRIMO ................................................................................... 3 IRIBURIRO .............................................................................. 7 I. UBURYO IBIBAZO BISHYIKIRIZWA UMURYANGO N’UBUYOBOZI BW’IBANZE ............................................. 10 II. IMIBURANISHIRIZE MU NZEGO Z’UBUTABERA ........... 12
II.1. IMIBURANISHIRIZE MURI KOMITE
Z’ABUNZI ........................................................ 12
II.1.1 Gutanga ikirego mu bunzi ........................... 15
II.1.2 Kunga ababuranyi ....................................... 15
II.1.3 Agaciro k’umwanzuro w’Abunzi ................ 16
II.1.4 Iyo umwe mu baburanyi atishimiye
umwanzuro w’Abunzi ............................... 17
II.1.5 Gusubirishamo umwanzuro w’Abunzi........ 18
II.1.6 Andi mahame agenga abunzi: ..................... 18
II.2 IMIBURANISHIRIZE MU NKIKO .................. 20
II.2.1 Gutanga ikirego ........................................... 21
II.2.2 Amahame agenga iburanisha ry’urubanza .. 22
II.2.3 Gusiba urubanza .......................................... 22
II.2.4 Kubyutsa urubanza ...................................... 23
II.2.5 Iburanisha ry’urubanza ................................ 23
II.2.6 Ingwate ku banyamahanga .......................... 24
II.2.7 Kubyutsa ingoboka mu rubanza .................. 25
II.2.8 Kugoboka mu rubanza ................................ 26
II.2.9 Iyo umuburanyi yitabye Imana ................... 27
II.2.10 Kureka urubanza ....................................... 27
II.2.11 Gusoma urubanza ...................................... 28 III. KUJURIRA URUBANZA .................................................. 29
III. 1. Gusubirishamo urubanza ................................ 29
III.1.1 Impamvu yo gusubirishamo urubanza ....... 29
III.1.2 Igihe cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ............ 30
4
III.1.3 Urukiko umuburanyi ajya gusubirishamo
urubanza ..................................................... 30
III.1.4 Ingaruka ku rubanza rwaciwe .................... 30
III.2 Kujurira urubanza ............................................. 31
III.2.1 Impamvu yo kujurira .................................. 31
III.2.2 Igihe cyo kujurira ....................................... 31
III.2.3 Urukiko umuburanyi ajya kujuriramo ....... 31
III.2.4 Ingaruka ku rubanza rwaciwe .................... 31
III. 3 Gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya .......... 32
III.3.1 Impamvu yo gusubirishamo urubanza
ingingo nshya ............................................. 32
III.3.2 Igihe cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo
nshya ......................................................... 33
III.3.3 Urukiko ujya gusubirishamo urubanza
ingingo nshya ............................................ 34
III.3.4 Ingaruka ku rubanza rwaciwe .................... 34
III. 4 Gutambamira urubanza rw’abandi ................... 34
III.4.1 Impamvu yo gutambamira urubanza
rw’abandi ................................................... 34
III.4.2 Igihe cyo gutambamira imikirize
y’urubanza: ................................................ 35
III.4.3 Urukiko ujya gutambamiramo urubanza: .. 35
III.4.4 Ingaruka ku rubanza rwaciwe .................... 35 IV. UBURYO BWO KURANGIZA IMANZA ........................... 38
IV.1 Irangizarubanza ry’agateganyo ......................... 38
IV.2 Irangizarubanza rya burundu ............................ 41
IV.3 Ibibazo bikunda kuboneka mu irangiza
ry’imanza ......................................................... 44
IV.4 Urubanza rurangijwe ariko umwe mu baburanyi
ntiyishimire uko rwarangijwe ................................... 46
IV.5 Ibihano byerekeranye no kurangiza
imanza ............................................................ 47 V. IBYAVUGWA KU MIBURANISHIRIZE Y’IMANZA
5
NSHINJABYAHA .............................................................. 50 V.1 Gusaza ku ibyaha ............................................... 50
V. 2 Amwe mu mahame agenga gufungwa no
gukurikiranwa ................................................... 52
V.3 Gutanga ikirego nshinjabyaha ............................ 53
V.4 Kuzima kw’ikirego ............................................ 54
V.5 Gutanga ikirego cy’indishyi ............................... 54
V.6 Inzego zishinzwe gukurikirana ibyaha ............... 55
V.7 Gufungwa by’agateganyo .................................. 57
V.8 Gusubirishamo urubanza.................................... 60 UMWANZURO ...................................................................... 62 IBYO TWIFASHISHIJE ......................................................... 65
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IRIBURIRO
Urwego rw’Umuvunyi ni urwego ruteganywa n’Itegeko
nshinga ryo ku wa 04/06/2003, nk’uko ryavuguruwe
kugeza ubu, cyane cyane mu ngingo ya 182. Mu
nshingano nyinshi rwahawe zikubiye mu ngingo ya 3
y’Itegeko n°17/2005 ryo ku wa 18/08/2005 rihindura
kandi ryuzuza Itegeko n° 25/2003 ryo ku wa 15/08/2003
rigena imiterere n’imikorere y’Urwego rw’Umuvunyi
harimo :
- Guhuza umuturage n’inzego z’ubutegetsi za Leta
n’izigenga;
- Gukumira no kurwanya akarengane, ruswa
n’ibyaha bifitanye isano na yo mu nzego
z’ubutegetsi bwa Leta n’izigenga;
- Kwakira no gusuzuma ibirego by’abantu ku giti
cyabo n’iby’amashyirahamwe yigenga,
byerekeye ibikorwa by’abakozi ba Leta,
iby’inzego zayo n’iby’abikorera ku giti cyabo, no
gukangurira abo bakozi n’izo nzego gushakira
umuti ibyo bibazo iyo rusanze bifite ishingiro;
- Gukangurira abaturage kwirinda ruswa n’ibyaha
bifitanye isano na yo muri rusange no guhugura
abakozi b’inzego z’imirimo mu bigo bya Leta,
mu bigo n’imiryango bitagengwa na Leta ;
- Gukangurira abaturage gufatanya n’inzego za
Leta n’iz’abikorera ku giti cyabo kubaka igihugu
no kudatinya kwamagana imikorere mibi
ishingiye ku karengane, ruswa n’ibyaha bifitanye
isano na yo.
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Mu kuzuza izo nshingano, Urwego rw’Umuvunyi
runakira ibibazo by’abaturage birimo akarengane.
Ibibazo Urwego rwakiriye mu gihe cy’imyaka ya 2003-
2007 birimo ibibazo byerekeranye n’imanza. Muri ibi
bibazo byerekeranye n’imanza, hagaragaramo:
- imanza, ibyemezo by’inkiko n’izindi nyandiko
ziriho kashe mpuruza zitarangizwa;
- imanza zikiburanishwa, inkiko zikaba zitari
zafata umwanzuro wa nyuma;
- imanza zaburanishijwe zikarangira ariko umwe
mu baburanyi akaba atarishimiye imikirize
y’urubanza. Hari igihe izo manza ziba zaraciwe
neza ariko umwe mu baburanyi akanga kwemera
ko yatsinzwe cyangwa hari n’igihe imanza ziba
zaciwe nabi, uwo muburanyi akitabaza Urwego
agaragaza ko amategeko atakurikijwe.
Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rufasha abo baturage rubagira
inama y’icyo bakora nkuko bigaragazwa n’itegeko n°
25/2003 ryo ku wa 15/08/2003 rigena imiterere
n’imikorere y’Urwego rw’Umuvunyi nk’uko
ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, cyane cyane mu ngingo yaryo
ya 18 ivuga ko “Kubera kudasobanukirwa neza, iyo hari
uwagejeje ku Rwego ikibazo cyagombaga kubanza
gusuzumwa n’izindi nzego zisanzwe ziteganyijwe,
Urwego rwohereza ugitanze muri izo nzego, …”. Muri
urwo rwego, Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rugira inama abafite
ibibazo byerekeranye n’imanza inzira banyuramo ariko
ntirufite ububasha bwo guhindura ibyemezo by’inkiko.
Kugira ngo abaturage bagana Urwego basobanukirwe
n’inzira banyuzamo ibibazo byabo byerekeranye
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n’imanza, hateguwe iyi mfashanyigisho. Intego y’aka
gatabo ni iyo kugira inama abaturarwanda bafite ibibazo
byerekeranye n’imanza uburyo biyambaza inzego
z’ubutabera cyangwa inzira banyuramo kugira ngo
barenganurwe igihe urubanza rukiburanishwa, rwaciwe
burundu rukaba rugomba kurangizwa n’igihe atishimiye
imyanzuro y’inkiko.
Abaturarwanda basanzwe bagana Urwego rw’Umuvunyi
bazarushaho kumenya ibibazo rwakira, basobanukirwe
inzira banyuzamo ibibazo byabo byerekeranye n’imanza
kandi ibyo bibarinde guhora basiragira mu nzego cyane
cyane iyo batishimiye imyanzuro y’inkiko.
Muri aka gatabo, turasangamo ibice bikurikira:
- Intangiriro;
- Uburyo bwo gutanga ibirego mu nzego
z’ubuyobozi;
- Imiburanishirize y’urubanza;
- Kujurira urubanza;
- Uburyo bwo kurangiza urubanza;
- Ibyavugwa mu miburanishirize y’imanza
nshinjabyaha;
- Umwanzuro.
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I. UBURYO IBIBAZO
BISHYIKIRIZWA UMURYANGO
N’UBUYOBOZI BW’IBANZE
Abaturage barakangurirwa kugira uruhare rugaragara mu
gukemura ibibazo byabo kuko ari bo baba babizi neza.
Hari igihe ibibazo bidakemuka neza kuko abaturage baba
batagize uruhare mu ikemurwa ryabyo cyangwa ibindi
bikananirana bikabyara akarengane1 biturutse ku buryo
abaturage babyitwayemo. Abaturage ni bo bazi ukuri
kandi ukuri kurakenewe kugira ngo ikibazo kibonerwe
umwanzuro nyakuri kandi urambye. Ni ngombwa ko
abaturage bagira ubutwari bwo kugaragaza ukuri ku
bibazo byose bivutse aho gutinya kwiteranya, bakagira
uruhare mu ikemurwa ryabyo ndetse bagafasha no
kurenganura abashobora kuba barengana.
Abaturage bagomba kwikemurira ibibazo, bigakemukira
mu ngo no mu miryango yabo cyane cyane ko
“Umuryango ari wo shingiro kamere ry’imbaga
y’Abanyarwanda“2. Ikibazo kivutse kigomba kubanza
gushakirwa umuti mu muryango, cyananirana abaturage
bakiyambaza abavandimwe n’abaturanyi kandi
b’inyangamugayo, cyaburirwa umuti bakabona
kwiyambaza inzego z’ubuyobozi zibegereye. Ni
1 Akarengane ni ukuvutswa uburenganzira umuntu afite cyangwa
yemererwa n’amategeko. Ubwo burenganzira ashobora kubuvutswa
n’umuntu uwo ari we wese ku giti cye, cyangwa n’ubuyobozi
bw’inzego za Leta n’izigenga. 2 Ingingo ya 27 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo
ku wa 04/06/2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu.
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ngombwa rero ko abaturage bitabaza umuryango
bagatanga ibibazo, ukagifataho umwanzuro mbere y’uko
kijyanwa mu buyobozi.
Ikibazo cyagiye mu muryango kikananirana
gishyikirizwa ubuyobozi. Abaturage bagomba kwirinda
gusimbuka inzego aho usanga umuturage agira ikibazo,
akihutira mu nzego zo hejuru nk’Akarere, Intara,
Minisiteri n’izindi nzego. Iyo abaturage bahereye mu
nzego zo hejuru basubizwa mu nzego zibegereye kugira
ngo zibafashe, zinakurikirane ibyo bibazo; hari n’ubwo
izo nzego zo hejuru zifashisha ubuyobozi bw’ibanze mu
gukemura icyo kibazo. Abaturage bagomba kandi
kwirinda gushyikiriza inzego nyinshi zinyuranye ikibazo
kimwe mu gihe kimwe kuko baba bazigonganisha,
ugasanga kirakurikiranwa n’inzego nyinshi icyarimwe,
ndetse ku buryo zishobora gufata ibyemezo binyuranye.
Muri rusange, ikibazo cyananiranye mu muryango no
mu baturanyi gishyikirizwa umudugudu, cyananirana
kikajya mu kagari ndetse no mu murenge. Ikibazo
kivuye mu nzego z’ibanze kitareba ubuyobozi kigomba
kujya mu nzego z’ubutabera.
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II. IMIBURANISHIRIZE MU NZEGO
Z’UBUTABERA
Umuturage utishimiye imyanzuro y’ubuyobozi kandi
yumva arengana afite uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza
inzego z’ubutabera.
Ibyinshi mu birego bitangirira muri Komite z’Abunzi
nk’uko biteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga cyane cyane mu
ngingo ya 159. Zishinzwe kunga ababuranyi igihe cyose
mbere yo gushyikiriza Urukiko ruburanisha mu rwego
rwa mbere ibirego mu manza zimwe zigenwa n’Itegeko.
II.1. IMIBURANISHIRIZE MURI KOMITE
Z’ABUNZI
Komite z’Abunzi zifite ububasha zihabwa n’Itegeko
Ngenga N° 31/2006 ryo ku wa 14/08/2006 rigena
Imiterere, Ifasi, Ububasha n’Imikorere bya Komite
y’Abunzi. Bumwe mu bubasha zihabwa n’itegeko ni
ugusuzuma:
a) Ibibazo by’imbonezamubano:
- amasambu n’indi mitungo itimukanwa iyo agaciro
kabyo katarengeje miliyoni eshatu (3000000)
z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda;
- amatungo n’indi mitungo yimukanwa, iyo agaciro
kabyo katarengeje miliyoni imwe (1000000)
y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda;
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- kutubahiriza amasezerano iyo ikiburanwa
kitarengeje miliyoni imwe (1000000)
y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda;
- Ibibazo by’umuryango, uretse mu gihe igisabwa
ari ugufata icyemezo ku irangamimerere
y’abantu;
- Izungura iyo ikiburanwa kitarengeje miliyoni
eshatu ( 3 000 000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda.
Hari ibibazo by’imbonezamubano Komite z’Abunzi
zitemerewe gusuzuma: ibibazo birebana n’amasezerano
y’ubucuruzi (urugero nk’ay’ibigo by’imari iciriritse,
ay’amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi), ay’umurimo (urugero nko
gusesa amasezerano y’umurimo, kwirukanwa kubera
ikosa rikomeye...) atarengeje agaciro k’ibihumbi ijana
(100000) by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda, ayakoranywe
n’inzego z’ubutegetsi bwa Leta, ay’ubwishingizi
cyangwa iyo abagiranye amasezerano bateganyije ko
ikibazo cyabo kizakemurwa biciye mu bukemurampaka.
Ibyo bibazo bishyikirizwa inkiko zibigenewe ku rwego
rwa mbere.
Komite z’Abunzi ntizemerewe kandi gusuzuma ibirego
byerekeranye no gufata icyemezo ku irangamimerere
y’abantu, n’ubwo akenshi zibirengaho. Ibyo bibazo ni
nk’icyo gushakisha umubyeyi (recherche de paternité ou
de maternité), ubutane (divorce), ... Abunzi bagomba
kwirinda kurenga ku bubasha bahabwa n’itegeko.
b) Bimwe mu bibazo by’inshinjabyaha abunzi
bemerewe gusuzuma :
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- gukuraho cyangwa kwimura imbibi z’ubutaka
n’ibibanza;
- konesha cyangwa konona imyaka ku buryo ubwo
ari bwo bwose, iyo ibyoneshejwe cyangwa
ibyononwe bitarengeje agaciro ka miliyoni eshatu
(3 000 000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda ;
- gutukana ;
- gusebanya, uretse igihe bikozwe n’ibinyamakuru ;
- kwiba imyaka cyangwa ibihingwa bikiri mu
murima, mu gihe iyo myaka cyangwa ibihingwa
byibwe bitarengeje agaciro ka miliyoni eshatu
(3 000 000) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda ;
- ubujura bworoheje iyo icyibwe bitarengeje agaciro
ka miliyoni imwe (1 000 000) y’amafaranga y’u
Rwanda ;
- ubuhemu iyo ikiburanwa kitarengeje agaciro ka
miliyoni imwe (1 000 000) y’amafaranga y’u
Rwanda, keretse ubwakorewe ibigo by’imari ;
- kwica cyangwa gukomeretsa bikomeye
utabigambiriye amatungo cyangwa inyamaswa
by’undi iyo ayo matungo cyangwa inyamaswa
byishwe cyangwa byakomerekejwe bitarengeje
agaciro ka miliyoni eshatu (3 000 000) z’amafaranga
y’u Rwanda3.
3 Ububasha mu bibazo by’inshinjacyaha bugaragara mu ngingo ya 9
y’Itegeko No 31/2006 ryo ku wa 14/08/2006. Ububasha bw’Abunzi
bwagaragajwe bureba ibibazo bikunda kugarukwaho cyane
n’abaturage.
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II.1.1 Gutanga ikirego mu bunzi
Ufite ikibazo ashaka ko gikemurwa na Komite
y’Abunzi kandi kiri mu bubasha bwabo
agishyikiriza, mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko,
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari
cyangwa se uri mu mwanya we ;
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari
agikorera inyandiko mu gitabo cy’ibirego ;
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari ahita
yuzuza impapuro zitumiza ufitanye ikibazo
n’uwagitanze, agasobanura muri make imiterere
y’ikibazo, ahantu, umunsi n’isaha byo kwitabiraho.
II.1.2 Kunga ababuranyi
Ku munsi wo kwitabiraho, abafitanye ikibazo
bahitamo, muri Komite y’Abunzi, Abunzi batatu
bumvikanyweho, bakabashyikiriza ikibazo
cyabo. Iyo badashoboye kumvikana ku bunzi
batatu, buri wese ahitamo umwunzi we, aba na
bo bakumvikana ku wa gatatu. Iyo bahurije kuri
umwe, ahitamo abandi babiri bamufasha;
Kunga bikorerwa mu ruhame, keretse iyo abunzi
babyibwirije cyangwa babisabwe, basanze
ikirego gikwiye gusuzumwa mu muhezo kubera
imiterere yacyo.
Abunzi bagomba kuba bakemuye ikibazo mu
gihe kitarenze iminsi mirongo itatu uhereye
igihe ikibazo cyandikiwe mu gitabo cy’ibibazo
bya Komite y’Abunzi ;
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Iyo bakemura impaka, Abunzi bumvikanisha
impande zombi. Iyo kumvikanisha impande
zombi binaniranye, bafata umwanzuro bakurikije
umutimanama wabo n’amategeko, kimwe
n’umuco w’aho ikibazo gikemurirwa, upfa gusa
kuba utanyuranye n’amategeko yanditse ;
Umwanzuro w’Abunzi ufatwa ku bwumvikane
hagati yabo, bitashoboka ugafatwa ku bwiganze
burunduye bw’amajwi ;
Abunzi ntibemerewe gutanga ibihano
biteganyijwe n’amategeko ahana ;
Umuburanyi watumijwe ntiyitabe, arongera
agatumizwa, akanamenyeshwa ko ku munsi
atumijweho, Abunzi bazafata umwanzuro yaba
yitabye cyangwa atitabye ;
Umwanzuro ushyirwa mu nyandikomvugo,
ishyirwaho umukono n’Abunzi bose bagize
inteko n’abarebwa bose n’icyo kibazo, kunga
bikirangira ;
Umwanzuro ugomba kuboneka wanditse kandi
usinye mu gihe kitarenze iminsi itanu kuva
ufashwe ;
Inyandiko y’Abunzi igomba gushyirwaho kashe
ya Komite z’Abunzi.
II.1.3 Agaciro k’umwanzuro w’Abunzi
Umwanzuro wafashwe n’abunzi ukemerwa
n’ababuranyi ufatwa kuri bo nk’amasezerano
bumvikanyeho, ariko adashobora kuba
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yakwitwazwa ku bandi bantu batarebwa n’icyo
kibazo ;
Umwe mu bafitanye ikibazo yanze kubahiriza
umwanzuro wafashwe n’Abunzi, umuburanyi
bibangamiye ashobora gusaba ko ushyirwa mu
bikorwa ku gahato. Icyo gihe asaba Perezida
w’Urukiko rw’Ibanze gushyira kashe mpuruza
kuri iyo nyandikomvugo y’Abunzi. Perezida
ntashobora kwanga kuyishyiraho keretse gusa mu
gihe ibikubiye mu mwanzuro cyangwa ishyirwa
mu bikorwa ryabyo binyuranyije n’amategeko
ndemyagihugu. Icyo gihe abimenyesha abunzi
bafashe icyemezo.
II.1.4 Iyo umwe mu baburanyi atishimiye
umwanzuro w’Abunzi
Umuburanyi utemeye umwanzuro wafashwe
n’abunzi ashobora, mu gihe kitarenze iminsi
mirongo itatu uhereye ku munsi nyir’ubwite
yamenyesherejweho umwanzuro w’inteko
wanditse, kuregera Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo
kuburanisha icyo kibazo mu rwego rwa mbere;
Iyo ari ikibazo gishamikiye ku cyaha cyakozwe,
mu gihe ukekwaho kuba yaragikoze atemera ko
yagikoze, uwagikorewe ashyikiriza umwanzuro
w’abunzi Polisi y’Igihugu kugira ngo ikomeze
ikurikirane icyo cyaha mu gihe kitarenze iminsi
mirongo itatu uhereye ku munsi nyir’ubwite
yamenyesherejweho umwanzuro w’inteko
wanditse;
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Iyo ukekwaho icyaha yemera ko yakoze icyaha
ariko ntiyemere umwanzuro w’Abunzi ku buryo
bwo kurangiza ikibazo ku byerekeranye
n’indishyi , icyo gihe ashobora kuregera Urukiko
rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha icyo kibazo
cy’indishyi mu rwego rwa mbere;
Ingingo zumvikanyweho n’abafitanye ikibazo
imbere y’Abunzi ntizishobora kuregerwa.
Urukiko rusuzuma gusa ingingo urega anenga ku
mwanzuro wafashwe n’Abunzi kandi atigeze
yemera imbere yabo.
II.1.5 Gusubirishamo umwanzuro w’Abunzi
Umwanzuro wafashwe umwe mu bafitanye
ikibazo adahari ntushobora kuregerwa mbere
y’uko usabirwa gusubirwamo ;
Umwanzuro w’abunzi ushobora gusubirwamo
mu gihe kitarenze iminsi icumi uhereye igihe
usubirishamo urubanza yamenyesherejwe
umwanzuro w’abunzi ;
II.1.6 Andi mahame agenga abunzi:
Umurimo w’abagize Komite y’Abunzi ni
umurimo w’ubwitange udahemberwa4.
4 Abunzi ntibagomba kwakira impano iyo ari yo yose y’ababuranyi
kugira ngo bakurikirane ibibazo byabo. Iyo mpano ifatwa nka
Ruswa. Ruswa ni uburyo cyangwa igikorwa cyose cyo gukoresha
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Abunzi bagomba kwirinda guca amafaranga
kubera ibirego bakiriye: ayo mafaranga bayita
igihano cy’abunzi, umusangiro, igarama
ry’abunzi cyangwa inzoga z’abagabo, impapuro
z’ihamagara,.... Usanga bamwe mu bunzi
basigaye bashyira no mu mwanzuro wabo ko
bunze ababuranyi, bakandika ko umuburanyi
watsinzwe agomba gutanga ”Frw 5000 y’inzoga
y’umusangiro kandi agatanga amafaranga yo
gukurikirana urubanza”. Ibyo binyuranyije
n’amategeko agenga Komite z’Abunzi.
Abunzi ntibemerewe gusubira mu bibazo
byakurikiranwe n’inkiko zikabifataho imyanzuro.
Kudasubira mu kirego cyaburanishijwe n’inkiko
ni ihame ryo mu mategeko rivuga ko nta rubanza
rushobora kuburanishwa kabiri (non bis in idem).
Iyo umuburanyi atemeye umwanzuro wafashwe
n’Abunzi aregera mu gihe kitarenze iminsi
mirongo itatu Urukiko rw’Ibanze. Ni ngombwa
ko ababuranyi bahabwa imyanzuro y’Abunzi ku
gihe cyateganyijwe n’amategeko kugira ngo
bitaba intandaro yo kwanga kwakira ikirego
cyabo mu rukiko.
nabi ububasha wahawe mu nyungu zawe bwite cyangwa se
iz’agatsiko runaka.
20
II.2 IMIBURANISHIRIZE MU NKIKO
Umuturage afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga ikirego mu
nkiko, ariko agomba kuba afite ububasha, inyungu
n’ubushobozi bwo kurega. Ibyo bivuze ko amategeko
asanzwe arebana n’ububasha yubahirizwa. Ingero
twatanga : ububasha burebana n’uko umuburanyi
agomba kuba afite imyaka 21 y’ubukure, umuburanyi
udafite imyaka 21 agomba kuba afite umuhagarariye
igihe atanga ikirego, niba ikiburanwa gisangiwe n’abantu
benshi, utanga ikirego agomba kuba afite icyemezo cyo
guhagarira umuryango cyangwa abandi, niba ari ikirego
cyo gushaka ababyeyi kigomba gutangwa mu izina
ry’umwana, …
Itegeko rivuga kandi ko agomba gutanga igarama
ry’Urukiko. Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 001 ryo ku wa
06/01/2005 rigena amagarama y’Urukiko mu manza
z’inshinjabyaha naho Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002 ryo ku
wa 06/01/2005 rikagena amagarama y’Urukiko mu
manza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo
n’iz’ubutegetsi. Muri rusange umubare w’amafaranga
atangwaho ingwate imbere y’umwanditsi w’Urukiko
ntushobora kujya munsi y’amafaranga 2. 000 mu Rukiko
rw’Ibanze, 4. 000 mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye, 6. 000 mu
Rukiko Rukuru rwa Repubulika cyangwa 8. 000 frw mu
Rukiko rw’Ikirenga.
21
Hari abantu Itegeko risonera gutanga ingwate
y’amagarama ari bo :5
1°.Abatindi nyakujya, iyo berekanye icyemezo
cy’ubutindi nyakujya gitangwa n’inzego z’ubutegetsi
zibishinzwe z’aho batuye;
2°. Leta y’u Rwanda, uretse ibigo byayo bifite ubuzima
gatozi;
3°. Umuntu ufunzwe.
II.2.1 Gutanga ikirego
Buri rukiko ruburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere
ruregerwa rwandikiwe ikirego cyangwa kivuzwe
mu magambo n’urega ubwe, umwunganira
cyangwa undi muntu yabihereye ububasha ;
ababuranyi bakurikirana urubanza bubahiriza
inshingano zabo. Ni bo bakora ibijyanye
n’inyandiko z’iburanisha mu buryo no mu gihe
cyagenwe6.
5 Ingingo ya 26 y’Itegeko N° 09/2006 ryo ku wa 02/03/2006
rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko N° 18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004
ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano,
iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi 6 Iyo umuburanyi afite aho abarizwa hazwi, inyandiko y’ihamagara
igomba kuba yamugezeho mbere y’iminsi umunani y’akazi yuzuye,
uhereye umunsi umuburanyi yamenyesherejweho itumirwa rye
n’uwo agomba kwitabaho. Ibi ntibireba umuburanyi udafite aho
abarizwa hazwi mu Rwanda ariko afite aho abarizwa hazwi mu
mahanga (amezi abiri) cyangwa udafite aho abarizwa hazwi mu
Rwanda no mu mahanga.
22
Aha twakwibutsa ko inyandiko zikoreshwa mu nkiko ari
nyinshi. Harimo inyandiko z’ihamagara, imenyesha
imikirize y’urubanza, icyemezo cyishyuza kibanziriza
ifatira, inyandiko mvugo y’ifatirabwishyu,
inyandikomvugo y’ifatiratambama, inyandikomvugo
y’icyamunara, ...
II.2.2 Amahame agenga iburanisha ry’urubanza
Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi
kuri icyo cyonyine ;
Nta muburanyi ushobora gucirwa urubanza
atumviswe cyangwa ahamagarwe.
II.2.3 Gusiba urubanza
Iyo urega atitabye Urukiko nta mpamvu, uregwa
ashobora gusaba ko urubanza rusibwa cyangwa
agasaba ko ruburanishwa mu mizi yarwo,
urubanza ruciwe rukazafatwa nk’aho
rwaburanishijwe ababuranyi bahari, keretse iyo
urukiko, ku nyungu z’ubutabera, rusanze ari
ngombwa ko urubanza rwimurirwa ku yindi
tariki kugira ngo urega yongere guhamagarwa ;
Urubanza rushobora gusibwa, icyo cyemezo kiba
kivanyeho urubanza n’amagarama yose yatanzwe
agaherera k’urega.
23
II.2.4 Kubyutsa urubanza
Kubyutsa urubanza bikorwa mu gihe cy’iminsi
cumi n’itanu (15) kuva umunsi urubanza
rwasibweho ariko uwagize ikosa kugira ngo
urubanza rusibwe abanza kugaragaza impamvu
ikomeye yamubujije kuza kuburana mbere.
Urukiko rwaregewe ni rwo rufite ububasha bwo
kubimwemerera rusanze impamvu atanga ari zo.
Icyemezo rufashe ntikijuririrwa.
Kubyutsa urubanza mu rwego rw’ubujurire
ntibihagarika irangiza ryarwo.
II.2.5 Iburanisha ry’urubanza
Iyo mu iburanisha rya mbere uregwa atitabye nta
mpamvu, urega ashobora gusaba ko urubanza
rwimurirwa ku yindi tariki cyangwa se gusaba ko
ruburanishwa uregwa adahari.
Iyo nyuma y’iburanisha rya mbere, uregwa
atongeye kugaruka mu iburanishwa ry’urwo
rubanza cyangwa iyo yitabye akanga kugira icyo
avuga ku rubanza rwe, urega ashobora gukomeza
urubanza rwe asaba Urukiko kuburana uregwa
adahari cyangwa se gusaba kurwimurira mu
minsi icumi n’itanu uregwa amaze
kubimenyeshwa yihanangirijwe. Nyuma y’aho
urega ashobora gusaba ko urubanza yaregeye
rucibwa. Urwo rubanza rufatwa
nk’urwaburanishijwe ababuranyi bombi bahari.
24
Iburanisha ry’urubanza rikorwa mu ruhame.
Cyakora iyo Urukiko rusanga kuburanisha mu
ruhame byatera impagarara cyangwa se
byabangamira umuco w’imbonezabupfura
n’uburenganzira bw’abantu mu mibereho yabo
ndetse n’iyo umuburanyi abisabye
akabyemererwa, Urukiko rufata icyemezo ko
iburanisha rikorwa mu muhezo kandi
rugasobanura n’impamvu yabyo (ingingo ya 66).
II.2.6 Ingwate ku banyamahanga
Usibye igihe baregera ibyabo bavukijwe kandi
babifitiye ibimenyetso, abanyamahanga bose,
bareze bwa mbere cyangwa bagobotse mu
rubanza, bisabwe n’uregwa, mbere y’iyindi
nzitizi mu rubanza, bagomba gutanga amafaranga
y’ingwate ashobora kuvamo amagarama
n’indishyi z’akababaro bashobora gucibwa,
uretse igihe haba hariho amasezerano ibihugu
by’amahanga byaba byaragiranye n’u Rwanda
asonera abaturage babyo ingwate (caution
judicatum solvi) (ingingo ya 81);
Urega w’umunyamahanga asonerwa gutanga
ingwate iyo yerekanye umutungo utimukanwa
afite mu Rwanda ushobora kuvamo ingwate
isabwa (ingingo ya 82);
25
II.2.7 Kubyutsa ingoboka mu rubanza
Umuburanyi ubyukije ingoboka y’iburabubasha
agomba kuyisobanura no kugaragaza Urukiko
avuga ko rufite ububasha bwo kumuburanisha.
Icyemezo gifatwa uwo mwanya.
Iyo umwe mu baburanyi atishimiye imikirize
y’Urukiko kuri icyo cyemezo agomba
kukijuririra mu gihe cy’iminsi cumi n’itanu (15).
Urukiko rufata icyemezo kuri ubwo bujurire mu
minsi cumi n’itanu (15) uhereye ku munsi
bwakoreweho (ingingo ya 85).
Iyo Urukiko rwemeje ko rufite ububasha,
umuburanyi utishimiye icyo cyemezo akijuririra
hamwe n’urubanza rw’iremezo ;
Impamvu zituma ikirego kitakirwa7 zishobora
gutangwa aho urubanza rwaba rugeze hose,
uretse ububasha bw’ubucamanza bwo guca
indishyi ababa baratinze gutanga izo mpamvu
hakiri kare bagamije gutinza urubanza. Izo
mpamvu zigomba kugaragazwa n’Urukiko
rubyibwirije iyo ari ndemyagihugu, nko kurenza
igihe cyo kujurira cyangwa kutagira inyungu zo
kurega (ingingo ya 95-96).
7 Impamvu ituma ikirego kitakirwa ni ingingo yose isaba kutakira
ikirego cy’umuburanyi, hatinjiwe mu iremezo ryacyo, kubera ko
adafite uburenganzira bwo kurega, nko kuba adafite ububasha
n’inyungu zo kurega, ubusaze bw’ikirego, kurenza igihe cyo kurega,
urubanza rwabaye itegeko cyangwa kudatanga amagarama
26
II.2.8 Kugoboka mu rubanza
Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kugoboka
mu rubanza ataregeye cyangwa atarezwemo, mu
nkiko zose n’igihe cyose, iyo urwo rubanza
rushobora kugira icyo rumurenganyaho.
Ashobora kugoboka ku bushake bwe cyangwa
abihatiwe8 (ingingo ya 112). Kugira ngo ikirego
cye cyakirwe, ugoboka agomba kugaragaza
inyungu yemewe n’amategeko, itaziguye kandi
ye bwite yaba ishingiye ku mutungo we cyangwa
ku mutimanama (ingingo ya 114) akabisaba mu
buryo bwo kuregera Urukiko kandi agatanga
ingwate y’amagarama ;
Umuntu wese utaburana urubanza akaba
ategereje ko rucibwa arutambamire kandi hari
umuburanyi ushaka kumufatanya n’uwo
baburana ngo abatsindire mu rubanza rumwe
ashobora gusabirwa n’ubifitemo inyungu
guhatirwa kugoboka9 muri urwo rubanza
(ingingo ya 117).
8 Kugoboka ku bushake ni igihe umuntu, ku bwende bwe, yinjiye
mu rubanza atareze cyangwa atarezwemo, kugira ngo yemeze ko
ikiburanwa ari icye cyangwa kugira ngo yizere ko uburenganzira
bwe budahungabanywa n’icyemezo cy’urukiko 9 Guhatirwa kugoboka ni uburenganzira bw’ababuranyi bo kuzana
mu rubanza umuntu utarurezwemo
27
II.2.9 Iyo umuburanyi yitabye Imana
Iyo urubanza rugeze igihe cyo gucibwa, urupfu
rw’ababuranaga, guhindura imimerere cyangwa
kuva ku mirimo kwabo ntibibuza urukiko kuruca.
Ariko iyo rutaragera igihe cyo gucibwa,
hakaboneka izo mpamvu, Urukiko ruhamagara
abafite ububasha bwo kurukomeza
(nk’abazungura ba nyakwigendera) kandi
bategetswe kwitaba, iyo banze rucibwa badahari
(ingingo ya 128- 130).
II.2.10 Kureka urubanza
Urega ashobora kureka urubanza, akareka
kuruburana n’uwo yaregaga akabyemera.
Kwemera kureka urubanza ni ukwemera ko
ibintu bisubira uko byari bimeze, impande zombi
zikabyumvikanaho, mbere y’uko ruregerwa ;
Uregwa ashobora kwemera icyo aregwa aho
urubanza rwaba rugeze hose. Uwemeye ikirego
aba yemeye ibyo umuburanyi we amurega
cyangwa arangiza ibyo Urukiko rumutegetse ;
Urubanza rwose rwaregewe rugahagarara amezi
atandatu (6) rutaburanywe biturutse ku mpamvu
z’urega ntiruba rukiburanishijwe rutongeye
gutangirwa ingwate y’amagarama bundi bushya.
28
II.2.11 Gusoma urubanza
Urubanza ruraburanishwa rukarangira,
abacamanza bakajya impaka mu muhezo, nyuma
urubanza rugasomerwa mu ruhame;
- Urubanza rudasomewe mu ruhame ruta agaciro
karwo. Igihe umucamanza asoma urubanza
agaragaza: itegeko ryakurikijwe, ingingo Urukiko
rwashingiyeho, impamvu ibimenyetso bimwe
byahawe agaciro, impamvu ibindi bimenyetso
bitahawe agaciro. Matolewa10
igomba kuba ifite
umukono cyangwa imikono y’abacamanza11
baruciye n’uw’umwanditsi w’urukiko wari mu
isomwa ryarwo.
- Urubanza rwose rugomba gusomwa rwanditse
mu gihe kitarenze iminsi 30 uhereye igihe
iburanisha ryasorejwe. Iyo bitabaye ibyo
abacamanza bashobora kubihanirwa.
10
Ni kopi y’urubanza 11
Urubanza ruburanishwa mu rwego rwa mbere n’umucamanza
umwe; rukaburanishwa mu rwego rw’ubujurire n’abacamanza
batatu.
29
III. KUJURIRA URUBANZA12
Umuburanyi waburanye urubanza Urukiko rugafata
umwanzuro atishimiye afite inzira zo gusaba ko urwo
rukiko ruhindura icyemezo rwafashe. Icyo gihe
umuburanyi afite inzira zo gusubirishamo urubanza
(opposition), kujurira (appel) no gusubirishamo urubanza
ingingo nshya (révision). Iyo ushaka ko urubanza
ruhindurwa atari umuburanyi muri urwo rubanza
akoresha inzira yo gutambamira urubanza rw’abandi
(tierce opposition) iyo atigeze arumenya mbere ngo
agoboke muri urwo rubanza.
Itegeko riteganya igihe izo nzira z’ubujurire zikoreshwa
n’ingaruka ku rubanza rwajuririwe.
III. 1. Gusubirishamo urubanza
III.1.1 Impamvu yo gusubirishamo urubanza
Gusubirishamo urubanza bigamije ko urubanza
rwaciwe umwe mu baburanyi adahari rusubirwamo.
Ni inzira ikoreshwa gusa n’umuburanyi utaritabye
urukiko urubanza rukaburanishwa adahari ariko
agomba kugaragaza impamvu ikomeye yamubujije
kwitaba.
12
Ni inzira zose zituma urubanza rwaciwe ruhindurwa (voies de
recours). Kujurira urubanza (appel) ni imwe muri izo nzira.
30
III.1.2 Igihe cyo gusubirishamo urubanza
Uregwa waciriwe urubanza adahari agatsindwa
ashobora gusaba ko urubanza rwe rusubirwamo mu
gihe kitarenze iminsi cumi n’itanu (15) amaze
kurumenyeshwa we ubwe, cyangwa iminsi cumi 15
uhereye kuva umunsi yamenyeye ubwe ko hagize
igikorwa cya mbere cyo kurangiza urubanza.
Urukiko ntirushobora kwemera gusubira mu rubanza
rwasabiwe gusubirwamo rwararangijwe ku ngingo
zose.
III.1.3 Urukiko umuburanyi ajya gusubirishamo
urubanza
Urukiko rwaciye urubanza
III.1.4 Ingaruka ku rubanza rwaciwe
- Gusubirishamo urubanza bituma ingingo zari
zaraciweho urubanza umuburanyi adahari
zongera gusuzumwa mu mizi yazo;
- Urubanza rwasubirishijwemo ruteshwa agaciro
n’urubanza ruruhindura;
- Kurangiza urubanza rwaciwe uregwa atitabye
biba bihagaze mu gihe cyateganyijwe
gusubirishamo urubanza keretse iyo urukiko
rwagennye ko ruzarangizwa by’agateganyo;
- Gusubirishamo urubanza rwaciwe urega atitabye
bihagarika irangiza ryarwo keretse iyo urukiko
rwagennye ko ruzarangizwa by’agateganyo.
31
III.2 Kujurira urubanza
III.2.1 Impamvu yo kujurira
Umuntu wese wabaye umuburanyi mu rubanza
rusoza iburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere ashobora
kurujuririra iyo abifitemo inyungu.
Uregwa mu rukiko rujuririrwa ashobora na we
kujurira yuririye ku bujurire bw’urega
III.2.2 Igihe cyo kujurira
Igihe ntarengwa cyo kujurira ni iminsi 30 uhereye ku
munsi w’isomwa ry’urubanza (n’iyo umuburanyi
yamenyeshwa isomwa ntiyitabe) cyangwa iminsi 30
kuva ku munsi yamenyesherejwe urwo rubanza
ahawe urwandiko rw’imenyesha ubwe cyangwa
rushyikirijwe iwe mu rugo cyangwa mu icumbi rye
III.2.3 Urukiko umuburanyi ajya kujuriramo
Urukiko rwisumbuye urwaciye urubanza13
III.2.4 Ingaruka ku rubanza rwaciwe
Ubujurire butuma ikibazo gisubira uko cyari kimeze
mbere y’uko gicibwaho urubanza rujuririrwa, ariko
ku ngingo zajuririwe gusa;
13
Inkiko zisanzwe zikurikirana ku buryo bukurikira : Urukiko
rw’Ibanze, Urukiko Rwisumbuye, Urukiko Rukuru Rwa Repubulika
n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Buri rukiko ruba rufite ibirego bishobora
kuregerwamo bitewe n’ikiburanwa. Ariko hari n’inkiko zihariye ari
zo Inkiko Gacaca n’Inkiko za Gisirikare.
32
- Urukiko mu rwego rw’ubujurire rufata icyemezo
ku ngingo zatumye uwatanze ubujurire ajurira
cyangwa uwabwuririyeho na we akajurira;
- Irangizwa ry’urubanza riba rihagaritswe mu gihe
cyo kujurira cyateganyijwe n’amategeko, keretse
iyo irangizwa ry’agateganyo ryategetswe n’urwo
rubanza;
- Kujuririra urubanza iyo bikozwe bihagarika
irangizwa ryarwo, keretse iyo urwo rubanza
rwategetse irangizwa ry’agateganyo cyangwa
rikaba ryarategetswe14
n’ubujurire mbere yo
kurukemura.
III. 3 Gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya
III.3.1 Impamvu yo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo
nshya
- Gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya ni
ugushaka ko urubanza rwaciwe burundu
ruvanwaho hakongera gusuzumwa bundi bushya
uko ibintu byagenze n’uko amategeko
abiteganya.
- Umuntu wemerewe gusubirishamo urubanza ni
umuntu wabaye umuburanyi cyangwa
ahagarariwe mu rubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo.
- Urubanza rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo
nshya ku mpamvu zikurikira:
14
Umuburanyi ashobora gusaba urukiko rw’ubujurire ko urubanza
rurangizwa ry’agateganyo
33
iyo habayeho uburinganya bwagize ingaruka ku
mikirize y’urubanza , kandi bukaba butarigeze
bumenywa n’uwatsinzwe mu gihe cy’iburana;
iyo baciye urubanza bashingiye ku mpapuro, ku
buhamya cyangwa indahiro byaje kugaragara
cyangwa kwemezwa n’urukiko ko ari ibihimbano
nyuma y’icibwa ry’urwo rubanza;
iyo kuva aho urubanza ruciriwe habonetse
ibimenyetso bya kamarampaka bigaragaza neza
akarengane katewe n’urubanza rusabirwa
gusubirishwamo;
iyo urubanza rushingiye ku itegeko rinyuranyije
n’Itegeko Nshinga cyangwa ku rubanza
rw’inshinjabyaha byaje gukurwaho nyuma;
iyo urubanza rushingiye ku byakozwe mu
iburanisha bikozwe mu izina ry’umuntu utarigeze
atanga ubwo bubasha mu buryo ubwo ari bwo
bwose, cyangwa ngo yemere cyangwa ngo
yemeze ibyakozwe.
- Urubanza rwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo
nshya ntabwo rwakirwa, iyo ikirego cyerekeye
urubanza rwabisabiwe mbere.
III.3.2 Igihe cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo
nshya
Igihe ntarengwa ni amezi abiri kuva igihe impamvu
ituma urwo rubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo
yabonekeye.
Icyo gihe ntikibarwa ku bantu badafite ububasha bwo
kwiregera mu gihe cyose baba batarabubona.
34
III.3.3 Urukiko ujya gusubirishamo urubanza
ingingo nshya
Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo
ni rwo ruregerwa hubahirijwe imihango y’itangwa
ry’igarama n’iyubahirizwa mu gutanga ibindi birego
by’ibanze.
III.3.4 Ingaruka ku rubanza rwaciwe
- Gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya ntabwo
birubuza kurangizwa, keretse iyo iryo rangizwa
ryahagaritswe bitangiwe impamvu n’urukiko
rwaregewe.
- Iyo ikirego gisabira urukiko rwaciwe burundu
gusubirwamo cyemewe, urubanza ruta agaciro,
urukiko rwaregewe rugaca urubanza rw’icyaregewe
mu ngingo zarwo zose. Iyo isubirwamo ryemewe ku
ngingo imwe mu rubanza, iyo ngingo ni yo yonyine
ivanwaho, keretse iyo izindi ari yo zishingiyeho. Iyo
gusubiramo urubanza bitemewe, urubanza ruciwe
rugomba gutegeka ko urubanza rwa mbere rugomba
kurangizwa nk’uko rwaciwe nta gihindutseho na
busa.
III. 4 Gutambamira urubanza rw’abandi
III.4.1 Impamvu yo gutambamira urubanza
rw’abandi
Gutambamira urubanza rw’abandi ni ugushaka ko
urubanza rwaciwe burundu ruvanwaho cyangwa
ruhindurwa bisabwe n’umuntu utaruburanye. Ibyo
bisobanuye ko umuntu wese utareze cyangwa ngo
35
aregwe mu rubanza ariko afite inyungu, iyo ari yo
yose muri rwo, ashobora gutambamira urwo rubanza
rumurenganya ngo rusubirwemo iyo ari we cyangwa
ari n’abo ahagarariye nta warutumiwemo.
Gutambamira urubanza bireba gusa, bitewe
n’uwabisabye, ingingo zasuzumwe anenga, kugira
ngo hasuzumwe bundi bushya uko byagenze n’uko
amategeko abiteganya.
Utambamira imikirize y’urubanza atanga ikirego
agaragaza ababuranyi bo mu rubanza atishimiye.
III.4.2 Igihe cyo gutambamira imikirize y’urubanza:
Igihe cyo kutambamira imikirize y’urubanza
utaburanye ni amezi 2 uhereye igihe utanze ikirego
yabimenyesherejweho cyangwa amezi 2 abarwa
uhereye umunsi ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko utanze
ikirego yarumenyeyeho.
III.4.3 Urukiko ujya gutambamiramo urubanza:
Umuntu atambamira mu Rukiko rwaciye urubanza
utishimiye kandi ruregerwa hubahirijwe imihango
y’itangwa ry’igarama n’iyubahirizwa mu gutanga
ibindi birego by’ibanze.
III.4.4 Ingaruka ku rubanza rwaciwe
- Gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe ntibihagarika irangiza
ryarwo, keretse iyo rihagaritswe n’urukiko rwaregewe,
bisabwe n’umuburanyi;
36
- Urubanza rwemera ko itambama rifite ishingiro
rusubira ku rubanza rwatambamiwe cyangwa
rugahindura ku ngingo zibangamiye
uwarutambamiye zonyine, keretse iyo irangizwa
ry’urubanza rwatambamiwe n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa
ry’urubanza rwagize icyo ruhindura bibangamiranye.
- Ibyemejwe mu rubanza rw’itambama bigira agaciro
ku baburanyi bose baruhamagawemo.
- Urubanza ruciwe n’Urukiko habaye
itambamirarubanza rushobora kujuririrwa
hakoreshejwe inzira zimwe n’izikoreshwa mu
kujuririra izindi manza.
Icyitonderwa:
- Twakwibutsa ko inzira zo kujurira zasubiwemo
kugira ngo abaturage bafite umuco wo guhora
basiragira mu nkiko bajurira bibatesha igihe aho
kwikorera imirimo isanzwe ibatunga, ntawabura
kuvuga ko abashingamategeko basanze hari igihe
ababuranyi bajurira mu Rukiko Rukuru rwa
Repubulika bitari ngombwa:
- Imanza nyinshi ziba zaratangiriye mu bunzi kandi
zishobora kurangira bitagoranye
- Mu Rukiko Rukuru rwa Repubulika usanga hari
imanza nyinshi ku buryo izo manza zajuririwe bitaba
ngombwa ko Abacamanza baziburanisha batinjiye
mu mizi yazo kandi ibimenyetso biba byaratanzwe
mu nkiko zirubanziriza.
- Bityo kugira ngo Urukiko Rukuru rwa Repubulika
ruburanishe imanza mu rwego rw’ubujurire hagomba
37
kuba hatarubahirijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko.
Ingingo ya 106 y’Itegeko Ngenga n°07/2004 ryo
kuwa 25/04/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere
n’ububasha by’inkiko nkuko yahinduwe kandi
ikuzuzwa iteganya ko:
“Urukiko Rukuru rwa Repubulika ruburanisha imanza
z’imbonezamubano zajuririwe, zaciwe mu rwego rwa
mbere n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye.
Ruburanisha kandi imanza z’imbonezamubano
zajuririwe, zaciwe mu rwego rwa kabiri n’Urukiko
Rwisumbuye, mu gihe izo manza :
1° zitagaragaza na busa impamvu zishingiyeho mu
icibwa ryazo, zishingiye ku itegeko ritariho cyangwa
zaciwe n’Urukiko rutabifitiye ububasha ;
2° zaciwe hashingiwe ku kimenyetso, inyandiko
cyangwa imyanzuro byatanzwe nyuma yo
gupfundikira iburanisha kandi hatabayeho
gusubukura iburanisha;
3° zaciwe n’inteko itujuje umubare ugenwe
n’amategeko;
4° zasomwe n’umucamanza utaraziburanishije;
5° zitaburanishijwe mu ruhame kandi nta muhezo
wategetswe.
Ruburanisha kandi ubujurire ku byemezo byafashwe
n’Inkiko Nkemurampaka”.
38
IV. UBURYO BWO KURANGIZA
IMANZA
Irangizarubanza ry’imanza cyangwa ibindi byemezo
biriho kashe mpuruza15
rikorwa ako kanya
n’umuburanyi, rishobora gukorwa kandi by’agateganyo
cyangwa se rigakorwa burundu iyo urubanza
rutagishoboye kujuririrwa.
IV.1 Irangizarubanza ry’agateganyo
Irangizarubanza ry’agateganyo rishobora gukorwa n’iyo
ryaba ritategetswe n’urukiko, ku byemezo
by’abacamanza bigomba kurangizwa by’agateganyo
ubwabyo, cyane cyane nk’ibyemezo ku birego byihuta,
ku birego bisaba indezo no kurera abana mu gihe
cy’urubanza rw’ubutane, imanza zemeza igihombo, no
muri rusange ibyemezo by’urukiko bitegeka ko hafatwa
ibyemezo by’agateganyo mu gihe cy’iburanisha (ingingo
ya 209 y’itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004
nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu).
Irangizwa ry’agateganyo ryemerwa n’urukiko
rubyibwirije iyo ikimenyetso cy’ikiburanwa ari
inyandiko-mvaho cyangwa se iyo ikiburanwa ari
umwenda wemewe mu rubanza n’uregwa (ingingo ya
15
Kashe Mpuruza ni kashe ishyirwa kuri kopi y’urubanza cyangwa
icyemezo cy’umucamanza igashyirwaho n’urukiko igahesha uyifite
ububasha bwo gusaba irangizarubanza, hakaba hakwifashishwa
bibaye ngombwa n’ingufu za Leta
39
210 y’itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004 nk’uko
ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu).
Irangizwa ry’agateganyo rishobora kwemezwa, bisabwe
n’umwe mu baburanyi ku bintu byose byatsindiwe
cyangwa ku gice cyabyo, iyo basanga iryo
rangizarubanza riramutse ritabaye bishobora kwangiriza
ku buryo budasubirwaho umuburanyi usabye ko
urubanza rurangizwa by’agateganyo. Icyo gihe rero, iyo
urukiko rwemeje irangizarubanza ry’agateganyo,
rushobora gutegeka umuburanyi ubisabye, gutanga
ingwate ihagije kugira ngo ihwane n’ibisubizwa
n’indishyi. Ingwate yatanzwe n’uwasabye irangiza
ry’urubanza by’agateganyo isubizwa nyirayo igihe
nyir’ukwishyurizwa atanze iye (ingingo ya 211 y’itegeko
n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004 nk’uko ryavuguruwe
kugeza ubu).
Ariko uko byagenda kose, irangiza ry’imanza
ry’agateganyo rirabujijwe :
- mu byerekeye amafaranga yose y’ibyakozwe mu
rubanza ;
- mu byerekeye imimerere y’abantu ;
- mu byerekeye ibintu bitimukanwa ;
- mu byerekeye ibindi bintu n’ikindi gihe cyose
itegeko ribiteganya (ingingo ya 208 y’itegeko n°
18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004 nk’uko
ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu).
Iyo irangiza ry’imanza ry’agateganyo rigomba kuba,
ubereyemo undi umwenda ashobora kuburizamo irangiza
40
ry’urubanza ry’agateganyo mu rukiko rw’ubujurire mu
buryo bukurikira :
-ihagarikwa ry’irangizarubanza ry’agateganyo
ryategetswe iyo ryatanzwe mu nzira zinyuranyije
n’amategeko ;
- gusaba ko ashinganisha amafaranga cyangwa impapuro
zivunjwa amafaranga bihagije kugira ngo bibe ingwate
y’ibyo yatsindiwe ;
- gusaba ko irangizarubanza ry’agateganyo rikorwa ku
gice kimwe cy’amafaranga yagenwe mu rubanza aho
kuba ku rubanza rwose iyo irangizarubanza
ry’agateganyo ryateganyijwe ku rubanza rwose ridafite
ishingiro.
Umucamanza uburanisha bene ibyo birego bisaba
guhagarika irangizarubanza ry’agateganyo abikora mu
buryo bw’ibirego byihutirwa, mu ruhame, amaze kumva
ababuranyi bombi. Icyemezo gifatwa mu gihe kitarenze
amasaha 48 uhereye igihe iburanisha rirangiriye
(ingingo ya 212 y’itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa
20/06/2004 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu).
Mu manza z’ubushinjacyaha, irangizarubanza
ry’agateganyo rirabujijwe. Ariko rishobora kuba ku
bihano birebana no gusubiza ibitari ibye ndetse
n’ibirebana n’indishyi z’akababaro (ingingo ya 226
y’itegeko n° 13/2004 ryo ku wa 17/05/2004 nk’uko
ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu).
41
IV.2 Irangizarubanza rya burundu
Irangizarubanza rya burundu ribaho igihe urubanza,
icyemezo cy’urukiko cyangwa se izindi nyandiko ziriho
kashe mpuruza, bitagishoboye kujuririrwa. Icyo gihe
uwatsinzwe ashobora ku bushake bwe gufata iya mbere
akishyura cyangwa se agasubiza ibintu byaburanwaga
nta bantu yifashishije (ingingo ya 193 y’itegeko n°
18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004 nkuko ryavuguruwe
kugeza ubu).
Iyo umuburanyi watsinzwe atarangije urubanza ku
bushake, uwatsinze ashobora gusaba irangizarubanza
rikozwe ku gahato. Icyo gihe uwatsinze ashyikiriza
umuhesha w’inkiko16
urubanza ruriho kashe mpuruza
amusaba gutegeka ko uwatsinzwe yishyura mu gihe
kitarenze amezi atatu uhereye ku itariki
yamushyikirijeho urwo rubanza.
Iyo umuhesha w’inkiko atubahirije ayo mezi atatu,
umuhesha w’inkiko ashobora guhanishwa ihazabu
mbonezamubano ingana n’ibihumbi makumyabiri
kugeza ku bihumbi ijana, bitabujije uwabikoze kuba
yacibwa indishyi z’akababaro zikwiye umuburanyi
warenganyijwe n’iryo kosa n’ibindi bihano biteganywa
n’amategeko (ingingo ya 200 y’itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo
ku wa 20/06/2004 nkuko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu).
16
Umuhesha w’inkiko ni umuntu wahawe ububasha n’itegeko,
akaba ashinzwe imenyekanisha ry’ibyemezo by’inkiko cyangwa
ibitari iby’inkiko, akaba anashinzwe kandi kurangiza ku gahato
imanza n’izindi nyandiko zirangizwa nta rubanza rubaye.
42
Ni ngombwa kugaragaza abantu bashobora
kwifashishwa mu kurangiza imanza nk’abahesha
b’inkiko. Ni aba bakurikira :
- umukozi ushinzwe ibyerekeranye n’irangiza ry’imanza
muri Minisiteri ifite ubutabera mu nshingano zayo afite
ububasha bwo kurangiza imanza mu gihugu cyose
(ingingo ya 2, 1° y’Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 114/11 ryo ku
wa 03/08/2006 riha abakozi ba Leta n’abakozi bo mu
nzego z’ibanze ububasha bwo kurangiza imanza,
ibyemezo by’inkiko n’inyandiko ziriho kashe mpuruza);
- umukozi mu rwego rushinzwe kuburana imanza za
Leta ugenwa na Minisitiri ufite ubutabera mu nshingano
ze afite ububasha bwo kurangiza imanza mu gihugu
cyose (ingingo ya 2, 2° y’Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 114/11
ryo ku wa 03/08/2006 ryavuzwe haruguru);
- umukozi ushinzwe amategeko mu Karere, yaba adahari
bigakorwa n’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
w’Akarere (ingingo ya 3, 1° y’Iteka rya Minisitiri n°
114/11 ryo ku wa 03/08/2006 ryavuzwe haruguru) ;
- umukozi ushinzwe amategeko mu Murenge, yaba
adahari bigakorwa n’Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge (ingingo ya 3, 2° y’Iteka
rya Minisitiri n° 114/11 ryo ku wa 03/08/2006 ryavuzwe
haruguru) ;
- umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari
(ingingo ya 3, 3° y’Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 114/11 ryo ku
wa 03/08/2006 ryavuzwe haruguru) ;
- abanditsi b’inkiko bahawe uburenganzira na Minisitiri
ufite ubutabera mu nshingano ze (ingingo ya 45 n’iya 49
y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 07/2004 ryo ku wa 25/04/2004
43
ryerekeranye n’imiterere n’imikorere n’ububasha
by’inkiko);
- abahesha b’inkiko b’umwuga17
bagengwa
n’itegeko n° 31/2001 ryo ku wa 12/06/2001 rishyiraho
kandi ritunganya imikorere y’urugaga rw’abahesha
b’inkiko b’umwuga;
- hari n’abashinzwe kurangiza imanza
nshinjabyaha barimo abayobozi ba za gereza, abahesha
b’inkiko b’umwuga.
Ni ngombwa kwibutsa ko umuburanyi afite
uburenganzira busesuye bwo kwihitiramo umurangiriza
urubanza.
Ababuranyi batsinze mu rubanza basaba kurangirizwa
urubanza bagomba kandi kumenya ko kurangiza
urubanza hari inzira zikurikizwa n’abahesha b’inkiko.
Muri izo nzira harimo izisaba igihe. Twavuga
nk’imihango ikorwa y’ifatira ry’umutungo wimukanwa
cyangwa utimukanwa (urugero ku mutungo wimukanwa,
hakorwa inyandikomvugo y’ifatira ikamara iminsi cumi
n’itanu nyuma y’iyo minsi, ibyafatiriwe bitezwa
cyamunara), guteza cyamunara (nk’iyo cyamunara
isubitswe, yimurirwa mu gihe cy’iminsi cumi n’itanu
kandi icyemezo cya Perezida w’urukiko ni ngombwa
kongera icyo gihe).
17
Ni abahesha b’inkiko bigenga, bagafasha ubutabera kandi mu mu
mirimo yabo bagafatanya n’inkiko, parike n’inzego z’ubuyobozi za
Leta.
44
IV.3 Ibibazo bikunda kuboneka mu irangiza
ry’imanza
a) Abahesha b’inkiko batuzuza inshingano zabo neza,
cyane cyane banga kwiteranya mu bibazo bimwe na
bimwe;
b) Umuhesha w’urukiko ujya kurangiza urubanza
agasanga umuburanyi watsinzwe adafite ubwishyu.
- Umuhesha w’urukiko agomba kwirinda gufatira igice
cy’ibintu byimukanwa gishobora gutuma ufatirwa
yaba umutindi nyakujya akabera umutwaro Leta. Ibi
bintu bikurikira ntibishobora kandi gufatirwa kuko
amategeko atabyemera:
i. Ibiryamwamo n’ibyambarwa bya ngombwa kuri
nyir’ugufatirwa n’umuryango we;
ii. Ibikoresho bya ngombwa mu murimo ubeshejeho
umuntu, mu mwuga cyangwa mu murimo
nyir’ugufatirwa n’urugo rwe babura ntibabeho;
iii. Bibiri bya gatatu by’ibiribwa bitunze nyir’ugufatirwa
n’umuryango we;
iv. Igice cy’umushahara amategeko y’umurimo avuga
ko kidafatirwa na kimwe cya gatatu 1/3 cya pansiyo
y’umuntu utagira ikindi yiyambaza cyatuma abaho;
(Ingingo ya 260 y’Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa
20/06/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru)
45
- Itegeko rivuga kandi ko “nta wufatira inzu
umutindi nyakujya atuyemo na kimwe cya kabiri
(1/2) cya hegitari cy’ubutaka buhingwa gitunga
uwafatiriwe n’urugo rwe babura ntibabeho,
keretse biramutse bigaragajwe ko afite ibindi
cyangwa ashoboye kubibona atagizwe umutindi
nyakujya ngo abere umuzigo uvunanye rusange
w’abaturage ari uko yabuze epfo na ruguru”
(ingingo ya 296 y’Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa
20/06/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru).
c) Abatsinzwe banga kuva mu mutungo batsindiwe,
abahesha b’inkiko na bo ntibuzuze inshingano
zabo ngo banitabaze inzego z’ubuyobozi
n’iz’umutekano kuko nta muntu uri hejuru
y’amategeko.
d) Urubanza rukenewe gusobanurwa (jugement
interprétatif) ariko umuhesha w’Urukiko yasaba
umuburanyi watsinze kujya kurusobanuza
akabyanga ahubwo akajya mu nzego zo hejuru,
ugasanga ari ugusiragira;
e) Urubanza rugomba kurangizwa kandi ruriho
kashe mpuruza ariko ku munsi wo kururangiza
umuburanyi watsinzwe akerekana ko habaye
ubujurire (acte d’appel) kandi ugasanga
uwatsinzwe yarajuriye n’iminsi 30 yararenze.
Ibyo bituma umuhesha w’urukiko adashobora
kururangiza;
46
f) Imanza zitarangijwe ku gihe, nyuma umuhesha
w’urukiko yajya kururangiza agasanga ibintu
byarahindutse. Urugero twatanga ni nk’imanza
zaciwe mu myaka ya 1980, umuburanyi
watsindiye isambu ntayihabwe, yasaba ubu ko
urubanza rwe rurangizwa ugasanga bisaba
kwimura abantu benshi.
Muri ibi bibazo byose byerekeranye no kurangiza
imanza, umuhesha w’urukiko asabwe gukora inyandiko
mvugo yo kurangiza urubanza kugira ngo umwe mu
baburanyi utemeye uko urubanza rwarangijwe
azayifashishe asaba kurenganurwa cyangwa kugira ngo
abaturage bashobora kujijisha inzego bavuga ko imanza
zabo zitarangijwe bahabwe igisubizo mu gihe cya vuba.
IV.4 Urubanza rurangijwe ariko umwe mu
baburanyi ntiyishimire uko rwarangijwe
Mu bibazo bikurikiranwa n’inzego z’ubuyobozi, harimo
ibibazo by’uko umwe mu baburanyi avuga ko urubanza
rwe rwarangijwe nabi. Utishimiye uko urubanza
rwarangijwe afite uburenganzira bwo kwirenganuza aho
gusubira mu byo yatsindiwe ku ngufu (ni icyaha cyo
kwigomeka ku byemezo by’inkiko iyo umuturage
watsinzwe mu rubanza aranduye imbago akisubiza mu
byo yatsindiwe).
Inzira anyuzamo ikibazo cye ni iziteganywa n’ingingo ya
219 y’Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004. Iyo
ngingo ivuga ko “impaka zivutse mu irangiza
47
ry’urubanza zikemurwa n’urukiko rwaruciye bwa nyuma
cyangwa urwemeje ko urubanza rwo mu mahanga
rurangirizwa mu Rwanda mu gihe kitarenze iminsi cumi
n’itanu (15) guhera igihe urukiko rwakiriye ikirego”.
Ibyo bivuze ko umuntu utishimiye uko urubanza
rwarangijwe ajya kubiregera mu rukiko rwaciye urwo
rubanza. Ariko hari igihe umuhesha w’urukiko aba
yarurangije nabi akabibona nyuma abyibwirije cyangwa
abisabwe na nyir’urubanza, cyangwa igihe yarurangije
igice, icyo gihe umuhesha w’urukiko ashobora kujya
kururangiza neza akabikorera inyandikomvugo
isobanura icyo kibazo.
Urubanza rwerekeye impaka zavutse mu irangiza
ry’urubanza ntizijuririrwa (ingingo ya 219, Igika cya 2
cy’itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004).
Itegeko rivuga kandi ko ushinzwe kurangiza urubanza
ugiriwe urugomo, urwo ari rwo rwose, akora umurimo
ashinzwe, yandika inyandikomvugo y’urwo rugomo
akorewe, dosiye akayishyikiriza ubushinjacyaha (ingingo
ya 220 y’itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004).
IV.5 Ibihano byerekeranye no kurangiza
imanza
Ikibazo cyo kurangiza imanza cyakomeje kuba
ingorabahizi, ku buryo hari imanza nyinshi zitarangizwa
ku gihe nk’uko twakomeje kubivuga. Kugira ngo
uwatsinze arenganurwe ku buryo n’igihe nyacyo, Itegeko
ryateganyije igihe ntarengwa cy’uko urubanza rugomba
48
kuba rurangijwe, ihazabu mbonezamubano ku muntu
utarangije urubanza ku gihe ndetse n’igihano gihatira
kurangiza urubanza:
- Ingingo ya 200 y’itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa
20/06/2004 ivuga ko “imanza, ibyemezo n’inyandiko
ziriho kashempuruza birangizwa mu gihe kitarenze
amezi atatu (3) kuva bisabwe n’uwatsinze urubanza
cyangwa ufite icyemezo ko bitagishoboye kujuririrwa
cyangwa kuva bashyikirijwe inyandiko iriho kashe
mpuruza”;
- Igika cya 2 cy’Ingingo ya 200 imaze kuvugwa kivuga
ko umuntu utubahirije icyo gihe cy’amezi atatu
ahanishwa “ihazabu mbonezamubano y’amafaranga
kuva ku bihumbi makumyabiri (20000 frw) kugeza ku
bihumbi ijana (100000 frw), bitabujije uwabikoze kuba
yacibwa indishyi z’akababaro zikwiye umuburanyi
warenganyijwe n’iryo kosa n’ibindi bihano biteganywa
n’amategeko”;
- Mu gihe cy’iburanisha, abisabwe n’umwe mu
baburanyi, umucamanza ashobora guteganya igihano
cyo gutanga amafaranga y’ubukererwe k’uwo
baburana mu gihe azaba atubahirije imikirize
y’urubanza rw’iremezo, bitabujije ko yacibwa indishyi
z’akababaro mu gihe bibaye ngombwa18
.
18
Igihano gihatira kurangiza urubanza ni uburyo bwo guhatira
ubereyemo undi umwenda kwishyura, kigatangwa n’umucamanza
abisabwe n’umuburanyi, amafaranga y’ubukererwe mu gihe uwo
baburana azaba atubahirije imikirize y’urubanza. Icyo gihano
giteganywa mu ngingo za 200-207 z’Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa
20/06/2004.
49
Ni ngombwa kwibutsa ko:
- Igihano cy’igifungo ngwatiramubiri19
cyavuyeho cyane
cyane ko ingingo ya 17 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ko
“nta wushobora gufungirwa kutubahiriza inshingano
zishingiye ku mategeko mbonezamubano cyangwa
ay’ubucuruzi”;
- Hari abandi bashinzwe kurangiza imanza ku bintu
bimwe na bimwe: abanditsi b’inkiko barangiza imanza
ku byerekeye kwishyuza ihazabu, amafaranga
y’urukiko n’umusogongero wa Leta20
; ibihano byaciwe
n’inkiko nshinjabyaha bishyirwa mu bikorwa
n’ubushinjacyaha cyangwa abahesha b’inkiko
b’umwuga bafatanyije n’abayobozi ba za gereza.
19
Igihano cy’igifungo ngwatiramubiri ni igihano cyategekwaga
n’Urukiko kugira ngo ubereyemo undi umwenda afatwe, afungwe
kugira ngo agire ubushake bwo kwishyura. Icyo gihano
cyatangwaga igihe hari ihazabu ryaciwe, amafaranga y’Urukiko,
umusogongero wa Leta, gutanga indishyi z’akababaro, … 20
Umusogongero wa Leta ungana na 4% w’umubare w’amafaranga
cyangwa agaciro k’ikindi kintu kitimukanwa byagenweho indishyi
mu rubanza rwabaye itegeko rutagishoboye kujuririrwa.
50
V. IBYAVUGWA KU
MIBURANISHIRIZE Y’IMANZA
NSHINJABYAHA
Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rwakira ibibazo bimwe na bimwe
byerekerenye n’imanza nshinjabyaha. Mu bibazo
rwakira harimo abaturage barwiyambaza binubira ko
ababakoreye ibyaha batakurikiranywe (cyane cyane kuko
ngo batafunzwe muri Gereza), abandi bakavuga ko
imanza zabo zidakurikiranwa n’inzego z’ubutabera,
abandi bakavuga ko bafunzwe barengana cyangwa ko
bataburanishwa ku gihe.
Ni ngombwa kugaragaza imiburanishirize y’imanza
nshinjabyaha kugira ngo abaturage basobanukirwe
n’ibintu bimwe na bimwe bireba imanza nshinjabyaha.
Ibi byatuma badasiragira mu nzego cyangwa bakumva
ko barengana kandi batarenganywa:
V.1 Gusaza ku ibyaha21
- Ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ko icyaha cya
Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha
by’intambara bidasaza. Itegeko n° 20/2006 ryo ku wa
22/04/2006 rihindura kandi ryuzuza itegeko n° 13/2004
ryo ku wa 17/05/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize
y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha mu ngingo yaryo ya 2
21
Gusaza ku icyaha bivuga ko kiba kidashobora kongera
gukurikiranwa n’ubushinjacyaha.
51
ryongeye ibyaha bidasaza: icyaha cy’ubwicanyi
n’icyaha cy’ihohoterwa ry’abana.
- Itegeko rivuga kandi igihe ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha
gisaza. Icyo gihe kibarwa uhereye ku munsi icyaha
cyakoreweho iyo muri icyo gihe, nta bikorwa
by’iperereza cyangwa by’ikurikiranacyaha byigeze
bikorwa. Icyo gihe ni iki gikurikira:
mu gihe cy’imyaka icumi ku byaha by’ubugome22
;
mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu ku byaha bikomeye;
mu gihe cy’umwaka umwe ku byaha bito
22
Icyaha gito ni icyaha amategeko ahanisha igihano cy’iremezo
cy’igifungo kitarenze amezi abiri n’ihazabu y’amafaranga atarenze
ibihumbi 2.000 cyangwa kimwe muri ibyo bihano; icyaha gikomeye
ni icyaha amategeko ahanisha igihano cy’iremezo cy’igifungo
kirenze amezi abiri ariko kitarenza imyaka itanu n’ihazabu
y’amafaranga arenze ibihumbi 2.000 cyangwa kimwe muri ibyo
bihano; icyaha cy’ubugome ni icyaha amategeko ahanisha igihano
cy’iremezo cy’igifungo cya burundu cyangwa cy’igifungo kirenze
imyaka itanu. Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana kirimo kuvugururwa
kuko nk’ihazabu y’amafaranga 2000 ari nke kandi usanga icyo
gitabo ari icya kera (1977), ibihano byateganywaga ntibijyanye
n’igihe, kandi havutse ibyaha bishya (nk’ibyerekeye
Ikoranabuhanga).
52
V. 2 Amwe mu mahame agenga gufungwa no
gukurikiranwa
- Ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ko nta
wushobora kwicwa urubozo, gukorerwa
ibibabaza umubiri, cyangwa ngo akorerwe
ibikorwa by’ubugome, ibikorwa bidakwiye
umuntu cyangwa bimutesha agaciro;
- Ingingo ya 17 ikavuga ko uburyozwacyaha ari
gatozi ku wakoze icyaha. Ni ukuvuga ko umuntu
ukurikiranwa ari uwakoze icyaha gusa, ko nta
muntu ukurikiranwa ku cyaha cy’undi.
- Ingingo ya 17, igika cya 2 kivuga ko nta
wushobora gufungirwa kutubahiriza inshingano
zishingiye ku mategeko mbonezamubano
cyangwa ay’ubucuruzi;
- Ingingo ya 18, igika cya 2 kivuga ko nta
wushobora gukurikiranwa, gufatwa, gufungwa
cyangwa guhanirwa icyaha keretse mu gihe
biteganywa n’amategeko akurikizwa mu gihe
icyaha akurikiranyweho cyakorewe;
- Ingingo ya 18, igika cya 3 kikavuga ko
kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha
ukurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa ni
uburenganzira budahungabanywa mu bihe byose,
ahantu hose, mu nzego zose z’ubutegetsi,
iz’ubucamanza n’izindi zose zifata ibyemezo;
- Ingingo ya 19 ivuga ko umuntu wese afatwa
nk’umwere ku cyaha aregwa igihe cyose
kitaramuhama burundu mu buryo bukurikije
amategeko, mu rubanza rwabereye mu ruhame
53
kandi ruboneye, yahawe uburyo bwose bwa
ngombwa bwo kwiregura;
- Ingingo ya 20 ivuga ko nta wushobora guhanirwa
ibyo yakoze cyangwa atakoze, iyo amategeko
y’Igihugu cyangwa amategeko mpuzamahanga
atabifataga nk’icyaha igihe byakorwaga;
- Ingingo ya 20, igika cya 2 kivuga ko nta
wushobora gucibwa igihano kiruta icyari
giteganyijwe n’amategeko mu gihe yakoraga
icyaha;
- Ingingo ya 22, igika cya 2 kivuga ko urugo
rw’umuntu ari ntavogerwa. Ntihashobora
gukorwa isakwa mu rugo cyangwa kurwinjiramo
kubera impamvu z’igenzura nyirarwo
atabyemeye, keretse mu bihe no mu buryo
biteganyijwe n’amategeko;
V.3 Gutanga ikirego nshinjabyaha
- Ingingo ya 140 cy’Itegeko Nshinga igika cya 4
kivuga ko imanza zicibwa mu izina ry’abaturage
kandi nta wushobora kwicira urubanza rwe;
- Ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko No 13/2004 ryo ku wa
17/05/2004 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu,
ivuga ko ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha23
gikurikiranwa n’ubushinjacyaha.
- Ingingo ya 2 y’iryo tegeko, Igika cya 3 kivuga ko
icyo kirego gishobora gukurikiranwa
23
Ikirego cy’ikurikikiranacyaha ni ikirego gitangwa mu izina rya
rubanda, imbere y’inkiko ziburanisha imanza z’inshinjabyaha,
kigamije guhana umuntu wahamwe n’icyaha.
54
n’uwangirijwe, atanze ikirego imbere y’inkiko
ziburanisha imanza z’inshinjabyaha atisunze
ubushinjacyaha (citation directe);
V.4 Kuzima kw’ikirego
- Itegeko rivuga ko ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha
gishobora kuzima mu buryo bukurikira:
Iyo uwakoze icyaha apfuye;
Igihe habaye ubusaze bw’icyaha;
Igihe habaye imbabazi z’itegeko;
Igihe uwareze yaretse ikirego cye (ibi bivuze ko
ubushinjacyaha bushobora kureka ikirego ariko
iyo uwakorewe icyaha ahaye imbabazi cyangwa
bumvikanye ntibivanaho ikirego
cy’ikurikiranacyaha kuko kureka ikirego
cy’indishyi ntibihagarika ikurikiranabyaha kandi
icyaha kiba cyakorewe umuryango nyarwanda
wose). Hari ibyaha bisaba ko uwahemukiwe
agomba kwemera ko uwamuhemukiye
akurikiranwa, ndetse uwareze ashobora no
gusaba ubushinjacyaha kureka icyo kirego: ibyo
byaha ni nk’ubusambanyi, kwaka ikitari
bwishyurwe (grivelerie).
V.5 Gutanga ikirego cy’indishyi
- Usibye icyaha cy’ikurikiranacyaha gitangwa
n’ubushinjacyaha muri rusange cyangwa
55
n’uwakorewe icyaha by’umwihariko, uwakorewe
icyaha afite n’uburenganzira bwo gutanga ikirego
cy’indishyi gitangwa hagamijwe kwishyuza
ibyangijwe n’icyaha. Uregera indishyi ashobora
kurega abakoze icyaha, abafatanyije icyaha,
ibyitso byabo kimwe n’abategetswe kuriha
indishyi ndetse mu gihe uwakoze icyaha yapfuye
akarega abashinzwe kumuzungura;
- Ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko N° 13/2004 ivuga ko
urubanza rw’indishyi ruba ruhagaze
kuburanishwa mu gihe cyose urubanza
rw’inshinjabyaha ruba rutaracibwa burundu, iyo
ikirego cy’inshinjabyaha cyatanzwe mbere
cyangwa mu gihe cy’iburanisha ry’ikirego
cy’indishyi;
- Ikirego cy’indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha gisaza
nyuma y’imyaka itanu uhereye igihe icyaha
cyakorewe. Ariko na none iyo ubusaze
bw’ikirego cy’indishyi bubayeho mbere
y’ubusaze bw’ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha,
ikirego cy’indishyi gisaza hamwe n’ikirego
cy’ikurikiranacyaha;
V.6 Inzego zishinzwe gukurikirana ibyaha
- Inzego zishinzwe ikurikiranacyaha ziri mu
byiciro bibiri:
Ubugenzacyaha: bushinzwe gushakisha ibyaha,
kwakira ibirego n’inyandiko zijyanye n’ibyo
byaha, gukusanya ibimenyetso bishinja
n’ibishinjura, no gushakisha abakoze ibyo byaha,
56
abafatanyije na bo n’ibyitso byabo kugira ngo
bakurikiranwe n’Ubushinjacyaha.
Abagenzacyaha bagizwe n’abagenzacyaha
b’abapolisi, abagenzacyaha ba gisirikare,
abagenzacyaha bahabwa ububasha n’itegeko
cyangwa na Minisitiri ufite ubutabera mu
nshingano ze (urugero nk’Umuvunyi n’Abavunyi
bungirije bafite ububasha bw’ubugenzacyaha
bahabwa n’itegeko N° 25/2003 ryo ku wa
15/08/2003 mu rwego rwo kuzuza inshingano
zabo);
Ubushinjacyaha: bushinzwe gukurikirana ibyaha
imbere y’inkiko
- Umuturage ukorewe icyaha abanza kuregera
abagenzacyaha kuko ari bo bashinzwe gukora
iperereza mu rwego rwa mbere. Nyamara iyo
baregewe bakanga kwakira ikirego cyangwa
kugikorera iperereza nta mpamvu, uwari watanze
ikirego ashobora guhita agitanga mu
bushinjacyaha;
- Umushinjacyaha ushyikirijwe dosiye ashobora:
Kuregera ako kanya urukiko rubifitiye ububasha
iyo asanga dosiye yuzuye;
Gufata icyemezo cyo gukurikirana iyo asanze
ibimenyetso biri muri dosiye yashyikirijwe
bidahagije;
Gutangiza imihango y’ubwumvikane iyo abona
ko aribwo buryo bushobora kuriha uwangirijwe,
kurangiza inkurikizi z’icyaha no gutuma
umunyacyaha yisubiraho;
57
Gushyingura dosiye iyo abona ibigize icyaha
bituzuye cyangwa se ba nyir’ugukora icyaha
batarabashije kumenyekana cyangwa se iyo
asanze kubakurikirana atari ngombwa.
Gushyingura dosiye ni icyemezo gifatwa
kidashobora kubuza ko iperereza ryakomeza mu
gihe ubushinjacyaha bubonye ibimenyetso
bishinja iyo hagati aho nta busaze bw’ikirego
cy’ikurikiranacyaha bwabaye.
V.7 Gufungwa by’agateganyo
- Gufungwa by’agateganyo ni uburyo
ukurikiranyweho icyaha ashobora gufungwa
mbere y’urubanza. Ukurikiranyweho icyaha
ntashobora gufungwa by’agateganyo mbere
y’urubanza keretse hari impamvu zikomeye
zimushinja kandi icyaha ashinjwa kikaba ari
icyaha amategeko yateganyirije guhanisha
igifungo cy’imyaka 2 nibura. Abaturage
bagomba kumva ko gufungwa by’agateganyo
atari ihame, ko ubusanzwe umuntu yagombye
kuburana ari hanze.
- Gufungwa by’agateganyo byagombye kuba:
ukurikiranyweho icyaha afite impamvu zikomeye
zimuhamya icyaha;
iyo ari icyaha amategeko yateganyirije igifungo
cy’imyaka 2 nibura cyangwa igihe kiri munsi
y’imyaka ibiri ariko kirenze ukwezi kumwe, niba
batinya ko yacika, niba umwirondoro we utazwi
cyangwa ushidikanywaho cyangwa hari
58
impamvu zikomeye z’imbonekarimwe zigomba
kumufungisha mbere y’urubanza kubera ko
adafunzwe byatera impagarara mu gihugu;
Iyo ifungwa by’agateganyo ari bwo buryo
bwonyine bwo gutuma ukurikiranywe
adasibanganya ibimenyetso cyangwa se ngo
yotse igitutu abatangabuhamya n’abakorewe
icyaha cyangwa se habaho ubwumvikane hagati
y’abakurikiranywe n’ibyitso byabo;
Iyo iryo fungwa ari bwo buryo bwonyine bwo
kurinda ukurikiranywe, bwo gutuma inzego
z’ubutabera zimubonera igihe zimukeneye, bwo
gutuma icyaha gihagarara cyangwa se kitongera
gusubirwamo;
Iyo icyaha ukurikije uburemere bwacyo, uburyo
cyakozwemo n’inkurikizi cyateye, cyatumye
habaho imidugararo idasanzwe n’ihungabana
ry’umudendezo rusange, bityo ifungwa
ry’agateganyo rikaba ari bwo buryo bwonyine
bwo gutuma bihagarara.
- Ubugenzacyaha bwemerewe gufunga umuntu mu
gihe cy’amasaha 72 bukora iperereza kuko
itegeko rivuga ko inyandikomvugo yo gufata
ukekwaho icyaha imara igihe cy’amasaha
mirongo irindwi n’abiri (72) kidashobora
kongerwa (ingingo ya 37 y’Itegeko n° 13/2004) ;
- Ubushinjacyaha bwemerewe gufunga umuntu
iminsi 7 bukora dosiye ni ukuvuga ko bukora
urwandiko rufunga rugira agaciro k’iminsi
irindwi kandi abafashwe na rwo bafungirwa mu
59
nzu y’aho polisi ifite ibiro (ingingo ya 52
y’Itegeko n° 13/2004) ;
- Ukurikiranyweho icyaha afungwa by’agateganyo
byemejwe n’Urukiko binyuze mu cyemezo
cy’umucamanza gisobanura impamvu zishingiye
ku miterere y’icyaha no ku mategeko, kandi
kigaragaza by’umwihariko impamvu zikomeye
zimuhamya icyaha. Icyemezo cy’uko umuntu
ushinjwa aba afunzwe mbere y’urubanza
gikurikizwa mu minsi mirongo itatu
habariwemo umunsi cyafashweho. Iyo iyo minsi
irangiye, gishobora kongerwa ukwezi kumwe
bigakomeza gutyo. Itegeko rivuga ko iyo minsi
mirongo itatu irangiye ku byaha bito, idashobora
kongerwa. Ku byaha bikomeye, iyo iminsi
ntishobora kongerwa nyuma y’amezi atandatu
umuntu afunzwe, no mu gihe cy’umwaka ku
byaha by’ubugome.
- Ubushinjacyaha n’ukurikiranyweho icyaha
bashobora kujurira ibyemezo byo gufunga
cyangwa byo gufungura by’agateganyo. Igihe
cyo kujurira ni iminsi itanu uhereye ku munsi
icyemezo cyafatiweho (ku bushinjacyaha)
cyangwa uhereye ku munsi
yabimenyesherejweho (ku kurikiranyweho
icyaha) ;
- Ubujurire bugomba gusuzumwa mu minsi
itanu. Icyemezo kigomba gufatwa mu minsi
60
itanu ibarwa uhereye ku munsi ubushinjacyaha
bwatangiye imyanzuro yabwo ;
- Niba uwarezwe yari afunzwe mbere y’urubanza,
ari muri gereza cyangwa yarafunguwe
by’agateganyo ku munsi urukiko rwaregeweho,
akomeza kumera gutyo kugeza igihe urubanza
ruciriwe;
V.8 Gusubirishamo urubanza
- Urubanza rwaciwe, uwaciriwe urubanza adahari,
ashobora kurusubirishamo mu minsi 10 kuva aho
rumenyesherejwe (ingingo ya 158 y’Itegeko n°
13/2004) ;
- Urubanza rwaciwe burundu umuntu akabona
arengana ashobora gusubirishamo urubanza
ingingo nshya. Gusubirishamo urubanza
rw’Inshinjabyaha rwaciwe burundu ingingo
nshya bishobora gusabwa ku nyungu z’umuntu
wese wahamijwe icyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa
gikomeye iyo :
Umuntu amaze gucirwa urubanza rw’uko
yicanye, hanyuma hakaboneka ibimenyetso
bihagije byemeza ko uwo bakeka ko yishwe
atapfuye ;
Bamaze gucira umuntu urubanza ku cyaha
yashinjwaga, hakaboneka urundi rubanza
nk’urwo rwahannye undi muntu kandi
rumuhanira icyo cyaha, izo manza zombi
61
zivuguruzanya zikaba zigaragaje ko umwe mu
bakatiwe yarenganye ;
Umwe mu batangabuhamya yahaniwe kuba
yarabeshyeye uwahanwe kandi urubanza
rumuhana rwaramaze gucibwa. Uwo
mutangabuhamya wahaniwe ikinyoma
ntashobora kongera gutangwaho umuhamya mu
rubanza rushya ;
Bamaze guca urubanza, hakaboneka ibimenyetso
bitagaragaye mbere byerekana ko uwakatiwe
yatsinzwe azize akarengane.
Urukiko rwaciye urubanza mu rwego rwa nyuma
ni rwo ruregerwa icyo kirego.
62
UMWANZURO
Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rukurikirana ibibazo
rushyikirizwa n’abaturage barugana. Mu bibazo
rwakiriye harimo ibibazo by’ubutabera biri mu byiciro
bine:
- ibibazo by’imanza ziri mu nkiko zikiburanishwa;
- ibibazo by’imanza zaburanishijwe n’inkiko
zikaba zigomba kurangizwa;
- ibibazo by’imanza zaburanishijwe n’inkiko ariko
umwe mu baburanyi ntiyishimire umwanzuro
w’urukiko;
- ibibazo by’inshinjabyaha.
Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rufite inshingano yo kugira inama
abarugannye ku bibazo byerekeranye n’imanza kuko
rudafite ububasha bwo guhindura ibyemezo by’inkiko
cyangwa kwivanga mu mikurikiranire y’ibyaha cyangwa
mu miburanishirize y’imanza (Ingingo ya 182 y’Itegeko
Nshinga nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu).
Aka gatabo kasobanuriye abaturage bafite bene ibyo
bibazo inzira banyuramo aho kwirirwa basiragira mu
nzego:
- abafite ibibazo biri mu nkiko (affaires pendantes)
bagombye kubanza kwiyambaza inkiko baregeyemo,
bakageza ibibazo byabo ku banditsi b’inkiko cyangwa
ba Perezida b’inkiko. Ababuranyi bafite uburenganzira
bungana bwo gukurikirana urubanza cyane cyane
kwirinda ko umwe mu baburanyi “asiragizwa“, kuko
hari abantu bamenyereye kujurira batinza irangiza
63
ry’urubanza. Umuburanyi ukeneye ko urubanza
ruburanishwa rukarangira afite uburenganzira bwo
gusibisha urubanza cyangwa gusaba ko urubanza
ruburanishwa umuburanyi wundi adahari;
- abafite ibibazo by’imanza zaburanishijwe n’inkiko
zikaba zigomba kurangizwa babanza kwiyambaza
Urukiko kugira ngo rutereho kashe mpuruza, iyo
iminsi 30 yo kujurira urubanza yarangiye, nyuma
akabona kwiyambaza abahesha b’inkiko. Itegeko
ryashyizeho abahesha b’inkiko mu tugari, mu mirenge,
mu turere ndetse hari n’ab’umwuga mu rwego rwo
gufasha abaturage kugira ngo imanza zabo zirangizwe
kandi ku gihe. Umuntu ni we wihitiramo umukozi
umurangiriza urubanza amushyikiriza imanza n’ibindi
byemezo biriho kashe mpuruza. Umuhesha w’urukiko
agomba kuzuza inshingano yarahiriye kandi
akarangiza urubanza uko rwanditse ndetse mu gihe;
- hari ibibazo Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rwakira
byerekeranye n’imanza ariko umwe mu baburanyi
akaba atarishimiye umwanzuro w’urukiko. Urwego
rugira inama urugannye kwemera imyanzuro y’urukiko
cyane cyane ko “iyo ababurana ari babiri umwe aba
yigiza nkana kandi ko akenshi usanga nta wemera
gutsindwa”. Hari igihe na none usanga urubanza
rwaraciwe nabi cyangwa hari ibimenyetso umuburanyi
watsinzwe afite atigeze agaragariza urukiko, icyo gihe
agirwa inama yo kujurira (iyo iminsi 30 yo kujurira
itari yashira) cyangwa gusubirishamo urubanza
ingingo nshya (révision) iyo inzira zo kujurira
zarangiye. Iyo umuntu ugannye Urwego rw’Umuvunyi
64
ari umuntu utarabaye umuburanyi mu rubanza agirwa
inama yo kugoboka mu rubanza cyangwa gutambamira
imikirize y’urubanza.
- Ku kibazo cyerekeranye n’ubushinjacyaha, abaturage
bagirwa inama yo kwiyambaza abashinjacyaha
babarizwa ku rwego rw’Ibanze, ku rwego rwisumbuye
ndetse n’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bwa Repubulika
bitewe n’ibyaha birimo gukurikiranwa cyangwa
bakiyambaza Urukiko iyo ikirego cyageze mu rukiko.
Abaturage bashishikarizwa kandi kumva ko gufungwa
by’agateganyo ku muntu wakoze icyaha atari itegeko,
ihame ari uko umuntu aburana ari hanze adafunzwe,
cyane cyane ko umuntu aba ari umwere kugeza igihe
inkiko zifatiye umwanzuro wa nyuma.
Abaturage bagomba kumva ko buri gihe batagomba
gusiragira mu nzego, ko bagomba kwiteza imbere kandi
bakivanamo umuco wo kuzenguruka inkiko cyane cyane
bavuga ko undi muburanyi “yatanze ruswa kugira ngo
atsindwe cyangwa ngo yamuguze” kandi nta bimenyetso
abifitiye. Ufite ikimenyetso cy’uko ruswa yatanzwe mu
rubanza rwe cyangwa ikirego cye nticyakirwe kubera
ruswa yatanzwe, yiyambaza Urwego rw’Umuvunyi
kugira ngo rukore iperereza rirambuye.
65
IBYO TWIFASHISHIJE Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nk’uko
ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu ;
Itegeko Ngenga n° 18/2004 ryo ku wa 20/06/2004
ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza
z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo
n’iz’Ubutegetsi nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu ;
Itegeko Ngenga n° 07/2004 ryo ku wa 25/04/2004
rigena Imiterere, imikorere n’Ububasha by’Inkiko
nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu;
Itegeko Ngenga n° 13/2004 ryo ku wa 17/05/2004
ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha
nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu ;
Itegeko Ngenga n° 31/2006 ryo ku wa 14/08/2006
rigena imiterere, ifasi, ububasha n’imikorere bya
Komite y’Abunzi ;
Igitabo cy’Amategeko Ahana cy’u Rwanda;
Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 114/11 ryo ku wa 03/08/2006
riha abakozi ba Leta n’abakozi bo mu nzego z’ibanze
ububasha bwo kurangiza imanza, ibyemezo by’inkiko
n’inyandiko ziriho kashe mpuruza ;
Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 001 ryo ku wa 06/01/2005 rigena
amagarama y’Urukiko mu manza z’inshinjabyaha ;
Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 002 yo ku wa 06/01/2005 rigena
amagarama y’Urukiko mu manza z’imbonezamubano,
iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi ;
Clinique Juridique, Irangizwa ry’Imanza, ibyemezo
by’inkiko n’inyandiko ziriho kashe mpuruza, Kaminuza
y’u Rwanda, Ishami ry’Amategeko, agatabo ka kabiri,
Ukuboza 2006.