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Durability of concrete made with recycledconcrete aggregate
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Claudio S. Kazmierczak
WORKSHOP ON CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION
WASTE RECYCLING
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Why recycling?
Source:http://www.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.metaisjaimedias.com/userfiles/image/recolhas/residuos_construcao.jpg
Sustainability ?
conservation of non renovable materials
lower generation of CO2
lower energy consumption
New materials for the civil construction industry ?
adequate properties
enough production
competitive price
durability
Recycling and reuse alternatives:
- reuse as unstabilized base or subbase
in highway construction
- concrete raw aggregate
- concrete and mortar fine aggregates
World Business Council for Sustainable
Development: “Recycling concrete”
- pressure to process demolished
concrete for reuse
- goal: end of concrete disposal sites
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Concrete recycling:
- Conservation of raw aggregate
- Reduced land disposal and
dumping
- Reduce impacts to the landscape
- Significative reductions of CO2
generation (up to 80%)
- Metal recovery
Source:http://www.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.metaisjaimedias.com/userfiles/image/recolhas/residuos_construcao.jpg
Why recycling concrete?
País /Norma
Máxima substituição de agregados
naturais por
Condições de
aplicação
Classe de
Resistência
máxima
Graúdos Miúdos
Brasil
ABNT NBR
15116:2004
100% 100% Concreto sem função
estrutural
15 MPa
Alemanha
DasStb 1998
20 a 35%,
conforme a
aplicação
0%
Não é permitido em
concreto protendido
C30/37 (20%
substituição)
C25/30 (35%
substituição)
Hong-Kong
20 ou 100% 0% Concreto de baixa
resistência ou
concreto estrutural
20 MPa (100%
substituição)
35 MPa (20%
substituição)
RILEM:1997 100%
Apenas se
cumprirem os
requisitos
impostos aos
naturais
Ambiente seco, úmido
e
marítimo
C50/60
Holanda
CUR:1994
100%
Apenas se
utilizados com
agregados graúdos
convencionais
Ambientes não
agressivos
C40/50
Portugal
E 471:2006
25% 0%
C40/50
20% 0% C35/45
Suíça
SIA 162/4:1994
100% 20%
São requeridos testes
adicionais para
utilização em
concreto protendido
C30/37
Dinamarca
DCA:1990
100% 20% Ambientes não
agressivos
40 MPa
Regulations related to recycling concrete aggregates
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
País /Norma
Máxima substituição de agregados
naturais por
Condições de
aplicação
Classe de
Resistência
máxima
Graúdos Miúdos
Brasil
ABNT NBR
15116:2004
100% 100% Concreto sem função
estrutural
15 MPa
Alemanha
DasStb 1998
20 a 35%,
conforme a
aplicação
0%
Não é permitido em
concreto protendido
C30/37 (20%
substituição)
C25/30 (35%
substituição)
Hong-Kong
20 ou 100% 0% Concreto de baixa
resistência ou
concreto estrutural
20 MPa (100%
substituição)
35 MPa (20%
substituição)
RILEM:1997 100%
Apenas se
cumprirem os
requisitos
impostos aos
naturais
Ambiente seco, úmido
e
marítimo
C50/60
Holanda
CUR:1994
100%
Apenas se
utilizados com
agregados graúdos
convencionais
Ambientes não
agressivos
C40/50
Portugal
E 471:2006
25% 0%
C40/50
20% 0% C35/45
Suíça
SIA 162/4:1994
100% 20%
São requeridos testes
adicionais para
utilização em
concreto protendido
C30/37
Dinamarca
DCA:1990
100% 20% Ambientes não
agressivos
40 MPa
Regulations related to recycling concrete aggregates
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Generation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
removal of
steel
reinforcement
crushing
Tam et al. (2005)
recycled concrete aggregate
original aggregate
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
RCA:
- original aggregate
- mortar
- old aggregate/old mortar ITZ
- new mortar/RCA ITZ
Recycled Concrete Aggregate: main characteristics
- mortar (from the original concrete) are attached to raw
aggregate particles;
- higher porosity compared to the original concrete: water
absorption capacity of recycled coarse aggregate is large;
- irregular shape: coarser and more angular: new concrete
tends to be harsh and unworkable;
- some unhydrated Portland cement is present;
- high amounth of microfines, due to the crusher process;
- particle size distribuition after crushing is diferent to raw
aggregate, and frequently need some adjustments mixing
some natural aggregate;
- lower bulk density.
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Padovan, 2013
author size fraction (mm)volume of mortar attachedto natural gravel particles
(%)
Sanchez (2004)
4 - 8 32,6 - 54,6
8 - 16 23,4 - 44,4
4 - 16 27,2 - 45,4
Etxeberria et al. (2007)4 - 10 40
10 - 25 20
Ferreira (2007) - 69,4
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009)4 - 8 31,5
8 - 20 18
Butler et al. (2011) 4,8 - 9,5
20 - 32
30 - 41
46 - 56
Heineck (2012) ≤ 4,890
88
volume of mortar attached to natural gravel particles x
size fraction of RCA
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate:
volume of mortar attached to natural gravel particles
2. aggregate/mortar crushing
1. thermal shock
3. acid attack
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
water absorption of RCA and raw aggregate
Werle (2010)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate:
Water absorption
Padovan (2013)
Authorsize fraction - RCA
(mm)water absorption – RCA
(%)size fraction – natural
aggregate (mm)
water absorption – natural agregate
(%)
Levy (2001) 9,5 - 25 3,7 - 5,6 9,5 - 25 0,8
Buttler (2003) 0 - 19 4,74 - 6,25 0 - 19 1,96
Xiao et al. (2005) 5 - 31,5 9,25 5 - 31,5 0,4
Cabral (2007) 0 - 20 5,65 0 - 20 1,22
Ferreira (2007) - 5,8 - 1,2
Kou et al. (2008) 10 - 20 3,52 - 4,26 10 - 20 1,11 - 1,12
Berndt (2009)12,7 - 19 4,7
6,35 - 12,7 0,619 - 25,4 4,1
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009) 4 - 20 5,194 - 10 1,42
10 - 20 0,98
Fonseca (2009) 4 - 31,5 6,1 - -
Padmini et al. (2009)
10 4,6 - 5,0 10 0,3
20 3,65 - 4,86 20 0,3
40 2,2 - 2,8 40 0,3
Cabral et al. (2010) - 5,65 - 1,22
Limbachiya (2010) 5 - 20 4,8 - 5,5 5 - 20 1,2
Werle (2010); Troian (2010) 4,8 - 25 5,24-8,49 4,8 - 25 2,07
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
Padovan (2013)
Authorsize fraction - RCA
(mm)water absorption – RCA
(%)size fraction – natural
aggregate (mm)
water absorption – natural agregate
(%)
Levy (2001) 9,5 - 25 3,7 - 5,6 9,5 - 25 0,8
Buttler (2003) 0 - 19 4,74 - 6,25 0 - 19 1,96
Xiao et al. (2005) 5 - 31,5 9,25 5 - 31,5 0,4
Cabral (2007) 0 - 20 5,65 0 - 20 1,22
Ferreira (2007) - 5,8 - 1,2
Kou et al. (2008) 10 - 20 3,52 - 4,26 10 - 20 1,11 - 1,12
Berndt (2009)12,7 - 19 4,7
6,35 - 12,7 0,619 - 25,4 4,1
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009) 4 - 20 5,194 - 10 1,42
10 - 20 0,98
Fonseca (2009) 4 - 31,5 6,1 - -
Padmini et al. (2009)
10 4,6 - 5,0 10 0,3
20 3,65 - 4,86 20 0,3
40 2,2 - 2,8 40 0,3
Cabral et al. (2010) - 5,65 - 1,22
Limbachiya (2010) 5 - 20 4,8 - 5,5 5 - 20 1,2
Werle (2010); Troian (2010) 4,8 - 25 5,24-8,49 4,8 - 25 2,07
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
Padovan (2013)
Authorsize fraction - RCA
(mm)water absorption – RCA
(%)size fraction – natural
aggregate (mm)
water absorption – natural agregate
(%)
Levy (2001) 9,5 - 25 3,7 - 5,6 9,5 - 25 0,8
Buttler (2003) 0 - 19 4,74 - 6,25 0 - 19 1,96
Xiao et al. (2005) 5 - 31,5 9,25 5 - 31,5 0,4
Cabral (2007) 0 - 20 5,65 0 - 20 1,22
Ferreira (2007) - 5,8 - 1,2
Kou et al. (2008) 10 - 20 3,52 - 4,26 10 - 20 1,11 - 1,12
Berndt (2009)12,7 - 19 4,7
6,35 - 12,7 0,619 - 25,4 4,1
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009) 4 - 20 5,194 - 10 1,42
10 - 20 0,98
Fonseca (2009) 4 - 31,5 6,1 - -
Padmini et al. (2009)
10 4,6 - 5,0 10 0,3
20 3,65 - 4,86 20 0,3
40 2,2 - 2,8 40 0,3
Cabral et al. (2010) - 5,65 - 1,22
Limbachiya (2010) 5 - 20 4,8 - 5,5 5 - 20 1,2
Werle (2010); Troian (2010) 4,8 - 25 5,24-8,49 4,8 - 25 2,07
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
RCA water absorption: capillar absorption and saturation
HOW TO CORRECT IT?
Fedumenti (2013)
y = 1,2532x + 2,2414R² = 0,7802
y = 0,9997ln(x) + 6,7085R² = 0,9922
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0
Ab
sorç
ão d
e á
gua
(%)
tempo (min1/2)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
Water absorption
time
Wate
rabsorp
tion
(%)
Schematic representation of a non saturated recycled concrete aggregate
in contact with water
Recycled concrete aggregate
Water transportation in fresh concrete
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
non saturated recycled concrete aggregate
aggregate surface
cement
water
water
water flow
cement barrier reducing
water flux
Schematic representation of a saturated recycled concrete aggregate
in contact with fresh concrete
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
Water transportation in fresh concrete
saturated recycled concrete aggregate
water
water
cementwater flow
water
flow
aggregate
Padovan (2013)
changes in concrete slump over
time
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
Effect of water transport on workability of fresh concrete
Slu
mp
(mm
)
Slu
mp
(mm
)
Time (min)
Time (min)
Time (min)
Slu
mp
(mm
)
Werle (2010)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
RCA water content x new concrete water absoption
√ time (min)
√ time (min)
ca
pila
r a
bso
rptio
n(g
/cm
2)
ca
pila
r a
bso
rptio
n(g
/cm
2)
100% RCA 18MPa
100% RCA 50MPa
Werle (2010)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
RCA water content x new concrete strength
Pre-wetting (%)
Com
pre
ssiv
estr
ength
(MP
a)
Fedumenti (2013)
ARC 0%
7 28 63 91
Idade (dias)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55R
esis
tên
cia
à c
om
pre
ssã
o -
fc (
MP
a)
ARC 25%
7 28 63 91
Idade (dias)
ARC 50%
7 28 63 91
Idade (dias)
A/AGL 0,42
A/AGL 0,53
A/AGL 0,64
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Recycled concrete aggregate
[ % of RCA x water/binder x age] x new concrete strength
Co
mp
ressiv
estr
en
gth
(MP
a)
age (days) age (days) age (days)
RCA 0% RCA 25% RCA 50%
Werle (2010)
seazoning
carbonated specimen with
phenolphthalein
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WITH RCA :
carbonation
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Werle (2010)reference concrete carbonation depth: 8.8 mm
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WITH RCA:
Carbonation depth
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
RCA
Type*
Recycled concrete
aggregate content
Pre-wetting rate
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
18 MPa
(w/c 0.85)
25% 10.6 8.4
50% 8.3 9.3 11.0
75% 11.6 11.9
100% 13.1 11.8 12.1
37 MPa
(w/c 0.56)
25% 9.3 9.7 8.4
50% 11.3 10.3
75% 11.4 10.2 9.8
100% 10.5 11.4
50 MPa
(w/c 0.43)
25% 10.5 8.8
50% 10.5 8.7 8.8
75% 9.7 8.8
100% 8.9 10.3 9.7
Werle (2010)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
final w/c = 0,55
Ca
rbo
na
tion
dep
th (
mm
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
final w/c = 0,65 REF
TAG25%
TAG50%
TAG75%
TAG100%
RCA 18 MPa
Time (days1/2
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
final w/c = 0,75
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
carbonation depth
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Werle (2010)
0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,850
2
4
6
8
10
12
14 RCA 18 MPa
Carb
onation d
epth
(m
m)
0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85
RCA Content
25% calc
50% calc
75% calc
100% calc
25% obs
50% obs
75% obs
100% obs
Natural Aggregate
RCA 37 MPa
Final w/c
0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,850
2
4
6
8
10
12
14RCA 50 MPa
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
carbonation depth
Werle (2010)
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
dispertion of carbonation depth
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
research author year reference
Durability performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates
EVANGELISTA e BRITO 2010 NT Build 492
The Effect of Time Dependent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient on the Chloride Ingress in Concrete
CHENG, KARMIADJU e HUANG
2011 AASHTO T259
Water absorption, permeability, and resistence to chloride-ion penetration of lightweight aggregate concrete
LIU, CHIA e ZHANG 2011AASHTO T259
ASTM C1202, NT Build 492
Investigation on the corrosion resistance of bagasse-rice husk-wood ash blended cement concrete by impressed voltage
HORSAKULTHAI, PHIUVANNA e KAENBUD
2011 AASHTO T259
Compressive strength and resistance to chloride íon penetration and carbonatation of recycled aggregate concrete with varying amount of fly ash and fine recycled aggregate
SIM e PARK 2011 ASTM C1202
Influence of the applied voltage on the Rapid Chloride Migration (RCM) test
SPIESZ e BROUWERS 2012 NT Build 492
RCM: A new model accounting for the non-linear chloride binding isotherm and the non-equilibrium conditions between the free- and bound-chloride concentrations
SPIESZ, BALLARI e BROUWERS
2012 NT Build 492
Long-term mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete prepared with the incorporation of fly ash
KOU e POON 2013 ASTM C1202
Durability and mechanical properties of high strengthconcrete incorporating ultrafine Ground GranulatedBlast-furnace Slag.
TENG, LIM e DIVSHOLI 2013 NT Build 492
How to proceed ?
Fedumenti (2013)
choride ions penetration determination
ASTM C1202
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
Fedumenti (2013)
choride ions depth determination
NT BUILD 492
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Fedumenti (2013)
choride ions depth determination
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
NT BUILD 492: sprinkling of AgNO3
Troian (2010)
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
RCA 18 MPa
RCA 37 MPa
RCA 50 MPa
Fedumenti (2013)
ARC, idade e a/agl X resistência à compressão
Durability of new concrete with RCA:
Chloride
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
- Studies concernig the recycling of RCA should consider the most important
factors related with the subject, as mechanical properties, durability,
production coasts, environmental impact.
- Durability must be considered before using RCA in a new structural concrete;
- The methods to be used to acess carbonation or chloride íon penetration in
new concrete with RCA must be discussed.
Durability of new concrete with RCA
Recomendations
CDW Recycling 3 a 5 de maio de 2015
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Claudio S. Kazmierczak
WORKSHOP ON CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION
WASTE RECYCLING