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Due in Lab
1. Skeletal System 33-34
2. Skeletal System 26
3. PreLab 6
Due next week in lab - Scientific America Article
• Select one article to read and complete article summary
• Cell Defenses and the Sunshine Vitamin (Summary in Case Study 19-20)
• Skin Deep (Summary in Case Study 21-22)
• Sex and the Secret Nerve (Instructor website)
• The Naked Truth (Instructor website)
The Integumentary System
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.1
Epidermis
Hair shaft
Dermis Reticular
layer
Papillary
layer
Hypodermis
(superficial fascia)
Dermal papillae
Pore
Subpapillary
vascular plexus
Appendages
of skin
• Eccrine sweat
gland • Arrector pili
muscle • Sebaceous
(oil) gland • Hair follicle • Hair root Nervous structures
• Sensory nerve fiber
• Pacinian corpuscle
• Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
Cutaneous vascular
plexus Adipose tissue
Structure of the Skin
• One of the body’s largest organs
• 2 main layers
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Derivatives
• Hair
• Nails
• Glands
• Sebaceous
• Sudoriferous
• Ceruminous
Structure of the Skin
• Epidermis
• 4-5 main layers
• Stratum corneum
• Surface layer, dead cells
• Stratum germinativum
• Dividing cells
• Melanin
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.1
Epidermis
Hair shaft
Dermis Reticular
layer
Papillary
layer
Hypodermis
(superficial fascia)
Dermal papillae
Pore
Subpapillary
vascular plexus
Appendages
of skin
• Eccrine sweat
gland • Arrector pili
muscle • Sebaceous
(oil) gland • Hair follicle • Hair root Nervous structures
• Sensory nerve fiber
• Pacinian corpuscle
• Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
Cutaneous vascular
plexus Adipose tissue
Structure of the Skin
• Dermis
• Deep to epidermis
• Contains
• Connective tissue
• Nerve endings
• Blood vessels
• Hair follicles
• Skin glands
• Hypodermis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.1
Epidermis
Hair shaft
Dermis Reticular
layer
Papillary
layer
Hypodermis
(superficial fascia)
Dermal papillae
Pore
Subpapillary
vascular plexus
Appendages
of skin
• Eccrine sweat
gland • Arrector pili
muscle • Sebaceous
(oil) gland • Hair follicle • Hair root Nervous structures
• Sensory nerve fiber
• Pacinian corpuscle
• Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
Cutaneous vascular
plexus Adipose tissue
Structure of the Skin • Epidermal derivatives
• Hair
• Structure
• Root
• Shaft
• Follicle
• Pigments
• Melanin, brown, yellow
• Gray?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.1
Epidermis
Hair shaft
Dermis Reticular
layer
Papillary
layer
Hypodermis
(superficial fascia)
Dermal papillae
Pore
Subpapillary
vascular plexus
Appendages
of skin
• Eccrine sweat
gland • Arrector pili
muscle • Sebaceous
(oil) gland • Hair follicle • Hair root Nervous structures
• Sensory nerve fiber
• Pacinian corpuscle
• Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
Cutaneous vascular
plexus Adipose tissue
Structure of the Skin • Epidermal derivatives
• Hair cont.
• Functions
• Insulation
• Protection
• Sensation
• Psychosocial
• Nails
Structure of the Skin • Epidermal derivatives
• Glands
• Sebaceous
• Associated with hair follicles
• Secrete oil
• Fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts
• Functions
Structure of the Skin • Epidermal derivatives
• Glands
• Sudoriferous
• Tubular glands, numerous on palms and soles
• Secrete sweat
• Water, salts, urea, uric acid, amino acids, lactic acid, ascorbic acid
• Functions
Structure of the Skin • Epidermal derivatives
• Glands
• Ceruminous
• Secrete ear wax
• Functions
Functions of the Skin
• Sensation
• Protection
• Chemical, physical/mechanical, biological
• Excretion
• Vitamin D production
• Temperature regulation
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5
Sweat glands activated
Shivering
begins
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises BALANCE
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Afferent
pathway
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to
effectors
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to effectors
Stimulus
Body temperature falls
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Sweat glands
Effectors
Skeletal muscles
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Response
Evaporation of sweat
Body temperature falls;
stimulus ends
Response
Body temperature rises;
stimulus ends
Skin Disorders
• Color can be an important indicator of health
• Pigmentation
• Paleness/redness
• Cyanosis
• Jaundice
Addison’s disease
Jaundice
Cyanosis
Skin Diseases
• Acne
• Impetigo
• Psoriasis
• Decubitus ulcers
• Sunburn
• Skin cancer
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Melanoma
• Systemic lupus erythematosis
• Warts
Acne
Psoriasis
Sunburn
Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
Burns
• Causes
• Heat
• Chemicals
• Electricity
• Radiation
• Dangers
• Fluid and plasma protein loss → shock
• Infection
• Circulation
• Kidney damage
• Scarring
Burns
• Classification
• Rule of nines
• Treatment
Burns
• First degree
• Epidermal damage only • Localized redness and pain
• Second degree
• Epidermal and upper dermal damage • Blistering, edema and pain
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.10a
(a) Skin bearing partial
thickness burn (1st and
2nd degree burns)
1st degree
burn
2nd degree
burn
Burns
• Third degree
• Entire thickness of skin damaged
• Gray-white, cherry red, or black
• No initial edema or pain (nerve endings destroyed)
• Skin grafting usually necessary
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.10b
(b) Skin bearing full
thickness burn
(3rd degree burn)
3rd
degree
burn
Burns
• Critical if:
• >25% of the body has second-degree burns or worse
• >10% of the body has third-degree burns
• Face, hands, or feet have third-degree burns
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.9
Anterior and posterior
head and neck, 9%
4 1 / 2 % 4 1 / 2 %
Anterior and posterior
upper limbs, 18%
Anterior and posterior
lower limbs, 36% 100%
Totals
Anterior and posterior
trunk, 36%
Anterior
trunk,
18%
9% 9% (Perineum, 1%)
4 1 / 2 %
Burns
• Treatment
• Cleaning and debridement
• Fluid therapy
• Protection
• Grafting
• Prevention of infection
• May require very high calorie and high protein diet
Burns
• Treatment
Skin: Developmental Aspects
• Advanced age
• Decreased blood flow to skin
• Thinning of epidermis
• Loss of subcutaneous fat
• Less collagen and elastin
• Fewer melanocytes
• Gray hair
• Reduced glandular activity