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FARADAY MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
UK Process Plant Capability Removal of Sulphur
from Oil and Gas Fuelsand Sulphur Recovery
The Department of Trade and Industry,Energy Innovation and Business Unit
by Faraday Management Solutions Ltd, January 2003
URN 03/600
Foreword
Based in the UK, there are full-service offices of 20 or so contractors who provide
design, engineering, project management and construction management
services to the international oil and gas, refinery, gas processing and
petrochemicals industries. Taken together, over three-quarters of the work
executed by these contractors is on projects outside the UK.
It is a strategic aim of the UK Government to maintain our strong presence in
international contracting. Within the Government framework, it is the role of
overseas and home-based staff of Trade Partners UK to assist companies to
pursue foreign projects. In the UK, DTI works with contractors and their supply
chain to help them meet changing market circumstances.
As part of this effort, Oil and Gas Industry Development (part of the Energy
Innovation and Business Unit of the DTI) has identified specific market needs,
which are expected to be important over the next 5 -10 years, as targets for
promoting UK capability. One such topic is the removal of sulphur from
hydrocarbon fuels to meet increasingly stringent environmental standards. This
report, produced by Faraday Management Solutions under contract to the DTI,
details UK capability to design process plant for the removal of sulphur from
hydrocarbon fuels, recover the sulphur for sale and manufacture sulphuric acid.
The prime purpose of this report is to inform Government staff who promote
UK exports so that they can work with potential clients more effectively and
target information at the right UK companies. It can also be used for direct
promotional purposes.
Previous reports have covered olefins production, gas-to-liquid conversion and
liquefied natural gas.
By Dr Peter Christie
Oil & Gas Industry Development
Energy Innovation and Business Unit
Department of Trade and Industry
UK Process Plant CapabilityRemoval of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels
and Sulphur Recovery
Introduction
Origins of Sulphur
Sulphur in Gaseous and Liquid Fuels
Sulphur Removal from Gases and Light Hydrocarbons
Sulphur Reduction in Refining
Tail Gas Treating
Sulphuric Acid
UK-Based Companies
● Aker Kvaerner E&C Europe ● John Brown Hydrocarbons Limited
● AMEC Capital Projects ● M. W. Kellogg Limited
● BECHTEL Limited ● Parsons E&C
● Costain Oil, Gas & Process Limited ● SembCorp Simon-Carves
● FLUOR Limited ● Snamprogetti Limited
● Foster Wheeler Energy Limited ● Stone & Webster Limited
● Jacobs Engineering Limited ● Teknica UK Limited
Report Details
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 01
Introduction
This publication has been produced on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry,
Energy Innovation and Business Unit, by Faraday Management Solutions Limited. It gives
details of UK-based companies who can offer process, design, EP/C (engineering,
procurement and/or construction) or PMC (project management construction) services for
process plants which are designed for removing sulphur from liquid and gaseous
hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable product or as sulphuric acid.
The prime purpose for this publication is to assist UK Government in helping UK industry
to win work, especially EP/C and PMC contracts, in the international market for sulphur
removal and recovery facilities. It will provide the UK-based export promotion and
overseas commercial staff of Trade Partners UK with a general and simplistic overview of
the technology and details of UK companies’ capabilities.
It will ensure that potential enquiries from international clients can be directed to the correct
person within the right organisation. This publication will also be made available to potential
clients and may be made more widely available via business units web site.
Origins of Sulphur
Sulphur, also known as brimstone, is an allotropic non-metallic element with an atomic
number of 16,an atomic weight of 32.064. It is the sixteenth most common occurring element
found in the Earth's crust and is found freely in volcanic regions and in combined state as
gypsum, CaSO42H2O; pyrite (Cu,FE)S2 & FeS2; galena, PbS; Epsom Salts and barite, BaSO4.
Sulphur is a pale yellow in colour, odourless, brittle solid that is insoluble in water but the
crystalline forms are soluble in carbon disulphide. Sulphur is essential to life on Earth, being
a minor constituent of fats, body fluids and skeletal minerals. It is these skeletal minerals,
with their constituent of sulphur that gives man, many hundreds of millions of years later, the
major problems described herein.
World annual production of elemental sulphur is about 52.7 million metric tonnes.
It is also found in meteorites. Jupiter's moon Io owes its colour to various forms of sulphur
and a dark area near the crater Aristarchus on our Moon may be a sulphur deposit.
The most important use of sulphur is in the manufacture of sulphur compounds, such as
sulphuric acid, sulphites and sulphur dioxide. Medicinally, it has also assumed importance
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery02
because of its widespread use in sulpha drugs and in many skin preparations. In association
with lime, sulphur is used as a fungicide on plants. It is also used in the production of
matches, vulcanised rubber, dyes and gunpowder and when combined with various inert
mineral fillers, sulphur forms special cement for the construction industries.
Almost all crude oils contain sulphur with total sulphur content found to be lower in light
crudes °API 40° than heavy crudes °API 25° thus making light crude less expensive to
process but it produces a lessor range of product than a heavier one. Modern refiners now
have the tendency to blend the light crudes with the heavy to get an optimised balance
between low sulphur content and a larger range of expensive products. Light crudes
contain a much larger amount of dissolved gas under more pressure than heavy crudes,
which contains little or no dissolved gas under very low pressure.
To find out how sulphur gets into hydrocarbons in the first place, you have to go back to
the geological framework of the earth, the formation of sedimentary rocks and the mixing
of those sea bed sediments with dead organic material drifting down from the surface. In
some cases, either because the supply of organic matter was very large, or because the
water itself was not disturbed, oxygen levels fell and certain types of anaerobic bacteria
fed upon this dead matter and changed the fatty acids of which it is composed to
hydrocarbon-like compounds. The sediments themselves incorporating these embryo
hydrocarbons were continually being added to. New material descending upon the old,
constantly compressed it and this compression caused the alteration of the sedimentary
material, whether it be sand, mud, limy precipitate or the skeletons of small animals, into
rocks, sandstone, clays etc. It is from the skeletons of the animals that elementary sulphur
is leached into these embryo hydrocarbons. This is now known as source rock being rich in
proto-hydrocarbons. It is usually thought of being as black shales or bituminous limestone.
So the birth of hydrocarbons begins and from the very beginning of the process, our
innocent friend Sulphur is very much involved!
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 03
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Sulphur occurs in hydrocarbons largely as mercaptans. These can be thought of like hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
with one of the hydrogen atoms replaced by a carbon/hydrogen group, as detailed above.
Sulphur in Gaseous and Liquid Fuels
Products based on hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen), account for the
majority of the world’s energy resources and raw material for petrochemicals. The most
important source of hydrocarbons is naturally occurring deposits of hydrocarbon-rich
fluids trapped in geological formations known as reservoirs. These fluids are brought to the
surface by drilling a well into the reservoir and producing crude oil with associated or non-
associated gas and liquids.
Crude oil is a complex mixture of a large number of organic compounds. The combined
carbon and hydrogen content of a typical type of crude oil is about 97%. Sulphur
compounds form the largest group of non-hydrocarbon compounds and are by far the
most important and expensive for the refiner to deal with. The total sulphur content of
crude varies from reservoir to reservoir. In exceptional cases it can exceed 10% but, since
sulphur content reduces value, commercially traded crudes usually contain up to 1%, for a
low sulphur or "sweet" crude,and between 1% and 5 % for a "sour" crude. Elemental sulphur
usually accounts for only a small part of the total sulphur content. Over 250 different
sulphur compounds have been identified in crude oil, of which the most technologically
significant are hydrogen sulphide (H2S), mercaptans , which contain the -S-H grouping of
atoms also found in H2S, (sulphides), in which one sulphur atom is inserted into the paraffin
chain, and disulphides, in which the chain contains two adjacent sulphur atoms.
Non-associated natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGL) are also a mixture of
components ranging from methane, containing one carbon atom, butane and propane
to decane, containing, three, four and ten respectively. Associated gas is generally
"richer" than non-associated gas, containing a greater proportion of paraffins with more
than one carbon atom. The major non-hydrocarbons are sulphur compounds, carbon
dioxide and nitrogen. The sulphur compounds most frequently found in natural gas are
H2S, low molecular weight mercaptans and carbonyl sulphide (COS).
The composition of refinery gas varies with the processing scheme of the refinery but it
always contains hydrogen, hydrocarbons and volatile sulphur compounds, including H2S,
mercaptans and COS, which are formed during processing from sulphur contained in the
crude fed to the refinery.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery04
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Oil/Gas/WaterSeparation
Sea WaterPumps
Manifold
GasCompression
Water InjectionWells
GasDehydration
Gas
ProcessedOil To Export
Emergency Flare System
Natural Gas for Conditioning and Refining
Drilling Systems
Water Injection Wells
Injection to ResevoirGas Caps Processed
Gas for Conditioning and Reinjection
Processed Gas forConditioning and ReinjectionWELLHEADS
SEPARATIONFACILITIES
Pipelines
Sea Water ProducedWater
UntreatedOil
OILGASWATER
Total Oil and Gas Production Facilities Development
Source: Parsons E&C
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 05
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Sulphur and sulphur compounds are undesirable impurities for the:-
● Environment – Sulphur and its compounds in fuels are converted, when burnt in air, to
sulphur dioxide (SO2), which, if emitted in combustion gases to atmosphere, causes
"acid rain",an acidic solution formed by SO2 dissolving in falling rain. Acid rain is currently
a subject of great controversy because of widespread environmental damage for
which it has been blamed, including eroding buildings and structures, injuring crops and
forests and threatening or depleting life in freshwater lakes.
● Health and Safety – A further hazard of SO2 atmospheric pollution (often known as
petrochemical smog) occurs when specific local and meteorological conditions allow
SO2 concentrations to build up in areas where it can be inhaled by people, causing
serious respiratory health problems. H2S and other volatile sulphur compounds are
themselves acutely toxic, if inhaled, even at concentrations as low as 50 parts per
million. The London smogs of the 1950's are good examples of the above health risks.
● Hydrocarbon and other industries – H2S and other sulphur compounds are acidic and
react readily with metals. This creates two significant technical problems. Firstly, they
corrode equipment and pipelines. Secondly they react with catalysts,which are usually
metals or metal oxides, causing them to become "poisoned" (lose catalytic activity).
Catalysts are substances, which promote or accelerate chemical reactions without
being consumed in the reaction and are widely used in refining and petrochemical
processes. Catalytic converters have been fitted to the exhausts of gasoline powered
vehicles increasingly over the last two decades to reduce emissions of harmful nitrogen
oxides. The efficiency of these devices is impaired by poisoning the catalyst with sulphur
compounds in gasoline.
For these reasons, limits on the sulphur content of hydrocarbon products are set by national
and international standard specifications, backed by commercial contracts and often by
legislation. Governments of industrialized nations, including EU member states, USA and
Japan, have introduced legislation to control noxious emissions to the environment and
they strictly monitor compliance. Legislation has a major impact on the permissible sulphur
content of most hydrocarbon products. The impact of legislation is direct, specifying
maximum permissible sulphur content of specific products, or indirect, in the case of
legislation applicable to emissions from power stations, where flue gas sulphur limits impose
constraints on the fuels burnt. New standards of sulphur control legislation through EU
directorates take effect in 2005 and is detailed in subsequent sections in this document.
Similar standards are also being introduced in other parts of the world. The following
diagram details the various processes which can be used to meet the EU directives.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery06
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Sulphur Removal from Gases and Light Hydrocarbons
Natural hydrocarbon reservoir gas, whether associated (with crude) or not, requires
chemical processing to remove undesirable components and contaminants to obtain
saleable products such as sales gas (98% methane), liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and
low octane gasoline. A simple gas process scheme will remove solids, dehydrate the
gas, remove acid gas and desulphurise or sweeten to remove sulphur compounds.
The sulphur compounds removed are converted to elemental sulphur. Recovered
natural gas liquids (NGL) are further processed into LPG and natural gasoline fractions,
which may need additional treatment to remove sulphur compounds.
The diagram overpage describes simplistically the gas and light hydrocarbon
processes and examples of technologies involved.
H2
Sour Water
Crude
Feed Feeds
Bitumen
Low SulphurFuel Oil
Fuel Oil/Coke
Benzene
KeroseneJet FuelDiesel Fuel
Gasoline
LPG
Sulphur
Fuel Gas
Vacuum Units
Crude Units
NaphthaDesulpurizers
DistillateDesulpurizers
Resid &Heavy OilDesulpurizers
HydrogenPlants
Sour WaterTreaters
IsomerizationUnits
CatalyticReformers
Hydrocrackers& Cat Crackers
Cokers &Visbreakers
SolventDeasphalting
AsphaltPlants
AromaticsExtraction/Fractionation
LNG, Naphtha& Jet FuelTreating Units
Sulphur RecoveryPlants
Gas Processing& Treating
Tail GasTreating Units
AlkylationUnits
Hydrodeal-kylationUnits
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 07
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Block Refinery Diagram
Source: Parsons E&C
The saleable products discussed above will under current EU 2005 Legislation as defined in
European Directive 98/70/EC recommend total sulphur of:
● LPG (commercial propane and butane)
– Sulphur (total) 200ppm wt max
– Sulphur, Mercaptan 50 ppm wt max
– Hydrogen sulphide, 0.75 mg/m3 wt
● LPG (automotive fuel)
– Sulphur (total) 100ppm wt max
Current EU recommended maximum values of total sulphur in sales gas is:
● Sales Gas (98% methane)
– Sulphur (total) 24ppm wt max (30 mg/m3 wt)
– Sulphur, Mercaptan 5ppm wt max (6 mg/m3 wt)
– Hydrogen sulphide + COS 4ppm wt max (5 mg/m3 wt)
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery08
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Gas Wells
Gas Gathering
Inlet Separation
DehydrationDesciccantMolsieveGlycolMethanol
NGL ExtractionPropaneFreonAmb. Lean OilTurboexpanderRefrigerated Lean OilAdsorption
Gas SweeteningBASF Activ. MDEASelective MDEASNEA - DEADEAHot CarbonateMEASulfinolStretfordMeroxZinc OxideLE702
Sales Gas Ethane
Tail Gas to Stack
Sulphur
LPGProduct
C5 +Condensate
ReinjectionGasLiquidDense Phase
Sulphur Recovery
ClausRecycle Selectox
Tail Gas PlantBSRPSulfreen
Liquid Sweeteningand Drying
MeroxSulfinerCausticDEAMDEADessicant (Drying)Dessicant (Sweet)Metal Oxides
FractionationStabilizerDeethanizerDepropanizerDebutanizerDepentanizer
Gas and Light Hydrocarbon Processes for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Source: Parsons E&C
Glossary of Terms:
MEA - Monoethanolamine (HOC2H4NH2)
DEA - Diethanolamine
MDEA - Methyl Diethanolamine
DGA - Diglycolamine
DIPA - Disopropanolamine
Nearly all processes for removing/sweetening sulphur compounds from hydrocarbon
gases are based on a liquid or solid active medium which, in contact with the gas
stream, combines physically or chemically with those compounds but not significantly
with hydrocarbons. Due to cost, processes today are mainly regenerative, where the
sulphur-laden medium, after contact with the gas stream, is re-generated to remove
sulphur compounds, from which sulphur is recovered and the medium re-used. Newer
technologies, are now based on establishing a pressure difference across membranes
which are selectively more permeable to sulphur compounds than to hydrocarbons.
Acid gases occurring in natural gas, such as H2S, mercaptans and carbon dioxide, are
water-soluble, so liquid absorption media are virtually all-aqueous solutions. Some media,
like water itself, function by physically dissolving acid gases, which can then be driven off
by heating to regenerate the medium. Simple water washing can absorb acid gases
and may be used as a first stage in some processes, but most solvents used nowadays for
natural and refinery gas applications are proprietary, for example Selexol (dimethy poly-
ethyleneglycolor) or Purisol (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone [NMP]).
By far the most versatile and widely used regenerative process is amine treatment, which
uses amines known as alkanolamines. The simplest alkanolamines used for gas treatment
are defined as MEA, DEA, MDEA, DGA and DIPA. See Glossary of Terms (opposite).
Regenerative processes based on solid media, employ the principle of selective
adsorption, using synthetic materials known as molecular sieves, granular solids with a
porous microstructure containing enormous surface areas within a small volume. The
sieve surface is activated to adsorb (physically attach) sulphur-containing molecules but
not hydrocarbons when sour gas flows through a bed of the material. Adsorbed gases
are removed cyclically to sulphur recovery by passing a small stream of heated sales gas
through the bed. Non-regenerative solid media processes are based on metal oxides or
hydroxides which react with acidic sulphur compounds. Most important of these is zinc
oxide, widely used to protect petrochemical catalysts from traces of sulphur remaining
in gas feedstock. Wood chips impregnated with iron oxide is the medium used in the Iron
Sponge process. This absorbent can be regenerated by air blowing but sulphur formed
in the regeneration reaction builds up, deactivating the medium after a few cycles.
A simplistic example of amine treatment is shown overpage.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 09
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Amine Treatment Block Flow Diagram
Source: Jacobs Engineering Limited (the ADIP Process)
Sulphur Reduction in Refining
The main liquid fuels produced in the refining of crude oils are;
● Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) ● Jet fuel ● Domestic heating oil
● Gasoline ● Kerosene ● Fuel oil
Sulphur and its compounds are undesirable in these fuels as their combustion releases
sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere. It also impairs the effectiveness of automobile
technologies aimed at improving fuel economy and reducing exhaust emissions. Current
and future sulphur limits defined by legislation in the UK and EU are shown opposite.
In refining the chemical treating of products is used to remove contaminants such as
sulphur, or to change the undesirable properties associated with it. Most commonly these
processes reduce the mercaptans content, improving product odour and reducing
corrosivity by extraction or oxidation of these mercaptans. The treating process removes
the mercaptans by extraction in a caustic solution to reduce the total sulphur content.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery10
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Purified Gas
Lean Solvent
Cooler
Rich Solvent
Sour Gas
Acid Gas
Steam
ABSORBER
REGENERATOR
REBOILER
Sulphur (total), ppm wt, max 200
Sulphur, Mercaptan, ppm wt, max 50
Hydrogen Sulphide, mg/m3, max 0.75
During the refining processes by which sulphur is removed in several ways:
The Oxidation Process known as sweetening converts mercaptans to less odorous and
less corrosive disulphides by air oxidation, in the presence of a catalyst, in a caustic
environment. The disulphides remain in the product, consequently no reduction of total
sulphur content occurs and this process is only used for products where sulphur content
is not a problem.
Chemical treating processes are used for the removal of mercaptans from;
● LPG ● Naphtha ● Gasoline ● Kerosene ● Diesel products
Mercaptans can also be removed from these products and their precursors by
hydrotreating processes.
Hydrogen is used to remove undesirable elements from products in order to meet
finished product specifications and from feedstock to render them suitable for
subsequent processing - such as;
● Sulphur ● Nitrogen ● Oxygen ● Halides ● Trace metals
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 11
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Specification for Sulphur in Fuel
Year Current 2003 2005 2008 2009
LPG (commercial propane and butane)
LPG (Automotive Fuel)
Sulphur (total), ppm wt, max 100
Gasoline
Sulphur, ppm wt, max 150 50(10) 10
Automotive Diesel
Sulphur, ppm wt, max 350 50/10
Non-Road Diesel
Sulphur, ppm wt, max 2,000 1,000(500)
Gasoline/Domestic Heating Oil (including gasoline for Maritine use)
Sulphur, wt%, max 0.2 0.1
Fuel Oil
Sulphur, wt%, max 3.5 1.00
Jet Fuel
Sulphur (total), wt%, max 0.30
Sulphur, Mercaptan, wt%, max 0.003
This is accomplished by reacting them with hydrogen. This process is known as hydro-
desulphurisation, (HDS). However, it should be noted that most refinery hydrotreating
processes are designed to simultaneously remove, or reduce the concentration of, two
or more undesirable constituents of the feedstock. The process is used for a wide range
of feedstock, as shown in the following table.
Hydrotreating is one of a number of widely used refinery processes in which chemical
reactions take place over a metal catalyst in a hydrogen atmosphere. It differs from
hydroprocessing and hydrocracking in that the main hydrocarbon constituents of the
feedstock, and the basic feedstock properties such as specific gravity and boiling range,
remain essentially unchanged.
Hydroprocessing (also known as hydroconversion, hydrorefining and residue HDS) is a
term normally used for a number of processes that convert vacuum distillates partly or
completely into lighter products, or partially convert atmospheric or vacuum residues to
prepare feedstock for other processes such as catalytic cracking and coking.
Hydrocracking is a process that partially converts heavy distillate feedstock into lighter
products. It is pre-eminent for making high quality kerosene and diesel fuel. Both hydro-
processing and hydrocracking also result in removal of substantial amounts of impurities from
the feedstock, including sulphur, which is removed in the form of hydrogen sulphide.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery12
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Hydrotreating Process Characteristics
Feedstock Process Objective Required Product
LPG Sulphur, Olefins Specification LPG
Naphthas Sulphur, Nitrogen, Olefins, Metals Reformer feedstock
Cat. Cracked Naphtha Sulphur Gasoline blending Component
Atmospheric Gas Oil Sulphur, Aromatics Ethylene Plant feedstock
Sulphur, Aromatics Specification Jet Fuel
Sulphur, Aromatics and n-Parafins Specification Diesel Fuel
Atmospheric Residue Sulphur, Nitrogen, Carbon Residue
Metals Cat. Cracker feedstock
Sulphur Low Sulphur Fuel Oil
Sulphur, Carbon Residue, Metals Coker feedstock
Carbon Residue, Metals Residue Cat. Cracker feedstock
Vacuum Gas Oil Sulphur, Aromatics Ethylene Plant feedstock
Sulphur, Aromatics Specification Jet Fuel
Sulphur, Aromatics Specification Diesel Fuel
Sulphur, Nitrogen, Metals Cat. Cracker feedstock
Sulphur Low Sulphur Fuel Oil
The refining industry is meeting lower levels permitted in fuels and the need for higher levels
of sulphur removal in a number of ways. For example;
● Improvements to the basic hydrotreating process to include the use of multiple
reactors, more efficient reactor designs and improved catalysts.
● New processes, employing different principles, are being introduced, and new refinery
schemes are being devised to take advantage of current best available technology.
Sulphur Recovery
Sulphur is removed from hydrocarbon products in the form of H2S and other sulphur
compounds in the waste gas discharged from the acid gas removal process. Due to latest
EU legislation, environmental and safety considerations, the option of discharge to
atmosphere or incineration of waste gas is now unacceptable.
Chemical conversion for disposal as solid waste, such as calcium sulphate, is technically
feasible but uneconomical. The remaining option is, using existing technology, to convert
H2S to either elemental sulphur or sulphuric acid, both being saleable products.
Elemental sulphur is a relatively non-toxic and chemically inert substance, solid at normal
temperatures and insoluble in water and most other liquids. It is easy to store, even in the
open air, handle and transport in bulk. Ease of storage is an important advantage as it
enables sulphur to be stockpiled economically in periods of reduced demand. Sulphuric
acid, in contrast, is both toxic and corrosive and, as a liquid, more expensive to store and
transport than solid sulphur, especially since it contains only 32% sulphur by weight.
The process for the conversion of H2S to sulphur, known as the Modified Claus Process,
described below, is based on a process originally patented by Claus in 1883 and modified
in the 1930's.
The key reactions occurring are (1) partial oxidation of H2S with air and (2) the reversible
reaction of the remaining H2S with SO2 formed in (1) to form sulphur and water.
3 H2S + 1.5 O2 2 H2S + SO2 + H2O (1)
2 H2S + SO2 3 S+ 2 H2O (2)
Since reaction (2) is reversible, complete conversion of H2S and SO2 to sulphur cannot be
achieved. The main aim of the process is therefore to achieve economic maximum
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 13
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
conversion, typically around 98% sulphur recovery, by continuing reaction (2) over an iron
or aluminium oxide catalyst at the lowest temperature possible and by condensing and
removing sulphur from the reaction stream at intermediate stages, since both catalysis and
sulphur removal favour conversion.
If higher conversions are required, a tail gas treating unit can be added to the Claus Unit
to remove sulphur compounds from the tail gas.
Technologies detailed below show the increased performance of the basis Claus Unit by
courtesy of Parsons.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery14
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Jacobs Basic Claus Process Block Diagram
Source: Jacobs Engineering Limited
FrC
AirFeedGas
S S S
QC
Stack
H2S 2SO2 1
Reheater Reactor
Steam
Steam
Waste HeatBoiler
Incinerator
CombustionChamber
Condenser
Technology Performance Key Features
2 Stage Claus (basic) 96% Sulphur Recovery Latest Catalyst Technologies & Configuration
3 Stage Claus (modified) 98% Sulphur Recovery Latest Catalyst Technologies & Configuration
EUROCLAUS 98.5%-99% Sulphur Recovery Cyclic Sub-drew point Claus No switching
PRO-CLAUS 99.5%Sulphur Recovery Four stage Claus with direct reduction SO2 to Sulphur and direct oxidisation of H2S to S catalysts
Tail Gas Treating
The conventional (3 stage) Claus process cannot in practice achieve total sulphur recovery
higher than 98% of that in the feed gas. EU legislation proposed to take effect in 2006 will
require sulphur recovery units to achieve total sulphur recovery of 99.5%,necessitating further
processing of the tail gas, known as tail gas clean-up (TGCU). TGCU processes are of three
types: (1) oxidation to SO2 of other sulphur compounds, followed by removal of SO2, if
required, (2) "Claus continuation" processes and (3) reduction processes, converting other
sulphur compounds to H2S, followed by separation of H2S for recycling to the Claus Unit.
The simplest oxidation process is incineration, combusting a fuel in the tail gas stream. If the
resulting SO2 concentration is below legal limits the gas can be discharged to atmosphere. A
final incineration step is often added to other TGCU processes. If the SO2 concentration
following oxidation is higher than permissible, the gas must be treated to remove SO2. The
simplest SO2 removal process is caustic wash but it is non-regenerative and creates waste
disposal problems. Regenerative processes,primarily developed for Flue Gas Desulphurisation
(FGD), such as the Wellman-Lord process, are preferred for TGCU applications.
Claus continuation processes perform the Claus reaction at temperatures below the
sulphur dew point, at which further conversion of H2S to sulphur occurs. In these processes
the catalyst is held in a fixed bed reactor where the sulphur formed is deposited and has
to be removed cyclically by passing hot incinerator off-gas first through the bed then
through a sulphur condenser to recover sulphur. Cyclical operation requires two reactors,
one operating on conversion and the other on regeneration. Processes of this type include
Cold Bed Absorption (CBA) and Sulfreen technology.
Reduction processes convert other sulphur compounds to H2S by hydrogenation followed
by H2S removal by one of many processes available, so that H2S-rich gas can be recycled
to the inlet of the Claus Unit. Processes of this type include Shell Claus off-gas Treating
(SCOT) and the Beavon Sulphur Removal (BSR) series of processes. The SCOT diagram
below, illustrates the concept involved in reduction processes. Hydrogenation of SO2 and
sulphur is based on the following reactions:
CH4 (methane fuel gas) + O2 H2 + CO + H2O
SO2 + 3H2 H2S + 2H2O
S + H2 H2S
Claus tail gas enters an inline burner (1) where fuel gas is burnt with deficient air to form
hydrogen and heat the gas stream to reaction temperature before it enters the catalytic
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 15
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
hydrogenation reactor (2). The reactor effluent is cooled first in a heat recovery system (3) and
then in a recirculating water quench (4). H2S in the tail gas is removed in an amine absorber
(5) from which treated gas passes to an incinerator before discharge to atmosphere. H2S
separated from the rich solvent in the amine regenerator is recycled to the Claus Unit.
SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4)
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4, is a highly reactive strong acid, usually marketed as a solution in
water with a concentration level of 93-98%.
Because of its versatile chemical properties and low cost it is used on a large scale and
in many industrial processes. Its largest end-use is for the manufacture of fertilisers. It has
been in use for centuries but production surged as the Contact Process, described
below, was developed in the 19th century. This process is virtually the only one in use today
as, unlike earlier processes, it can produce concentrated acid directly.
The process is based on the catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide and has diversified to
use a range of raw materials containing sulphur, including elemental sulphur, hydrogen
sulphide and sulphur dioxide derived by roasting iron pyrites or produced in certain
metallurgical processes, such as copper smelting, in some flue gas desulphurisation
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery16
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Shell SCOT Process Block Flow Diagram
Source: Jacobs Engineering Limited
Steam
FuelGas
AirReactor
ReheatorQUENCHCOLUMN
Off GastoIncinerator
Re-CylcleGas toClaus Unit
Steam
GasCooler
Condensateto SWS
REBOILER
ABSORBER
REGENERATOR
ClausTail Gas
processes or by the incineration of refinery acid sludges. A large proportion of sulphuric
acid production uses materials which are potentially noxious wastes, providing an
economic and ecologically acceptable option for their disposal.
Elemental sulphur recovered from hydrocarbon processing is cheap and abundant and is
the principal raw material used for production of sulphuric acid.
Production of sulphuric acid from elemental sulphur by the Contact Process is based on the
following reactions:
S + O2 SO2 (1) (sulphur burning)
SO2 + 1/2 O2 SO3 (2) (catalytic oxidation or conversion)
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (3) (absorption)
All these reactions generate large amounts of heat, which has to be removed, usually by
generating steam, for which an energy credit may be obtained. Reaction (2) is reversible so
that the economic optimum SO2 conversion is always less than 100% but can exceed 99.5%
using the double absorption variant of the process, in which conversion is promoted by
removing heat to maintain the reaction temperature profile within the optimum range of
400-600°C and by withdrawing SO3 product at an intermediate point in the reaction.
The process begins with the generation of converter feed gas by burning liquid sulphur in the
sulphur furnace. This gas is cooled in a waste heat boiler to the required converter inlet
temperature. Oxygen for reactions 1 and 2 is supplied by a stream of filtered dried air,
delivered by the air blower at the pressure required to maintain flow through the system. To
minimise corrosion, water is removed from the air by absorption in 98% acid in the packed
drying tower. The converter comprises a vertical stack of four separate reactors ("passes"),
each containing a bed of vanadium catalyst and having its own gas inlet above the bed
and outlet below it. Feed gas enters the first pass where substantial conversion occurs before
the gas stream exits to be cooled externally prior to traversing the second pass after which
it is cooled again before entering the third pass. Gas leaving the third pass is led, after
cooling, through the packed inter-pass absorber where SO3 is removed from it by a down-
flowing stream of 98% acid before the gas returns to the fourth pass of the converter. Fourth
pass exit gas is cooled, then enters the packed final absorber where 98% acid absorbs
essentially all residual SO3 from the gas. The physical properties of 98% acid are such that
losses from the final absorber of both SO3 and H2SO4, either as vapour or in the form of
persistent acid mist, are minimised when acid of this strength is used as the absorbent. Acid
leaving the drying and absorption towers returns to the product acid pool where the acid
strength is controlled automatically by the addition of make-up water.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 17
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
AirMoltenSulphur
BoiledFeed Water
Steam
SuperheatedSteam
ProductAcid
BoiledFeed Water
BoiledFeed Water
Exit Gas
1
2 3 4
5 6
7
1 Drying Tower 2 Air Blower 3 Sulphur Furnace 4 Waste Heat Boiler
5 Converter 6 Interpass Absorber 7 Final Absorber
Water
4th Pass
1st Pass
2nd Pass
3rd Pass
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery18
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Sulphuric Acid Plant Block Flow Diagram
(Sulphur Burning Double Absorption Contact Process)
Source: SembCorp Simon-Carves
UK-Based Companies
UK-based Companies offering process design, EP/C and/or PMC services for removing
sulphur from oil and gas fuels and for recovering sulphur in either a marketable sulphur
or as sulphuric acid are listed in the table below. This also summarises the capabilities
that they are currently able to offer. More details on these companies together with
their own or "open art" technologies being used are given on subsequent pages under
individual Company's Capability.
The question of technology and Licensor’s experience/partnerships and whether any
one company is to any specific technology or have access by agreement to selected
ones has been left vague, because the subject is too large and complex to be
considered as part of this document.
Projects detailed as part of the Company's relevant experience are tabulated in a
format to ensure the important aspects of each facilities is relevant to the subjects of
this document. Each Company have received a completed tabulation for their review
and if required approval by the relevant Clients whose details are contained within.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 19
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Glossary of Terms:
HDT - Hydrotreating
HDC - Hydrocracking
LTreat - Liquid Treating
H2S - Gas Treating
SRU - Sulphur Recovery
TGT - Tail Gas Treatment
H2SO4 - Sulphuric Acid
Company HDT HDC LTreat H2S SRU TGT H2SO4
Aker Kvaerner ✔ ✔ ✗ ✗ ✔ ✗ ✔
AMEC Group ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
BECHTEL ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗Costain Oil & Gas ✔ ✗ ✗ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
FLUOR ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗Foster Wheeler ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Jacobs Engineering ✗ ✗ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗John Brown Hydrocarbons ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗M. W. Kellogg ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗Parsons E&C ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
SembCorp Simon-Carves ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✔
Snamprogetti UK ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗Stone & Webster ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗ ✔
Teknica ✔ ✗ ✗ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery20
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: Aker Kvaerner E&C Europe Contact Details: Hunter Isles
4500 Parkway General Manager, Process & Technology
Solent Business Park Tel: 44 1489 611111
Whiteley Fax: 44 1489 614501/614503
Hants Email: [email protected]
PO15 7AY www.akerkvaerner.com
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ Haldor Topsoe, Makfining
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔ Synflex
Hydrocracking ✔ ✔ Non aligned technology
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗ - - -
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✗ ✗ - - -
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✗ ✗ - - -
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔ Non aligned technology
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✗ ✗ - - -
Sulphuric Acid ✗ ✔ Chemetics
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
Company Details and Contact Points
Engineering contract for the desulpurisation ofDiesel.
LSTK contract for the hydrodesulphurisation ofdiesel to 10 ppm and hydrodearomatisation.
2001
2001
Synflex
Haldor Topsoe
StatoilKalundborg, Denmark
EPC contract for 190kbpd upgrade to sulphurcomplex involving 800tpd sulphur removal plant.
2001TPASincorJose, Venezuela
Holborn RefineryHamburg, Germany
EPC contract for refinery units including HDC,amine treatment, sulphur recovery and revampof crude distillation and FCC units.
2000VariousBP Amoco - Clean FuelsProject, Brisbane,Australia
LSTK contract for a 36,000bpsd gasoil HDS/HADhydrotreater unit with deep desulphurisation(10ppm) as part of EU2005 fuel specification.
1999Haldor TopsoeHolborn RefineryHamburg, Germany
Engineering study for a 12,000bpsd gas oilhydrotreating HDS/HAD to meet EU 2005legislation for high quality (low sulphur) diesel.
2000MakfiningOMVBurghausen, Germany
Study & Basic Eng for revamping of existing HDSto meet EU 2005 legislation on dieselspecification.
1999Makfining, SynAlliance, HaldorTopsoe
Kuwait PetroleumRotterdam, Netherlands
Aker Kvaerner E&C Europe Capability Statement
Aker Kvaerner E&C offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for
removing sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable
product or as sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
Aker Kvaerner E&C is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on
gasoline and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 21
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: AMEC Group Ltd Contact Details: Jonathan Taylor
Downstream Oil, Gas and Process Technology Manager
11 The Boulevard Tel: 44 (0) 1293 584017
Crawley Fax: 44 (0) 1293 584011
West Sussex Email: [email protected]
RH10 1UX www.amec.com/oilgas&petrochemicals
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ Haldor Topsoe & IFP (Axens)
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔ BP
Hydrocracking ✗ ✔ UOP
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗ - - -
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✗ ✔ UOP
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔ UOP Amine
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔ Lo-Cat RedOX (Merichem)
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✗ ✔ Shell Scot Unit
Sulphuric Acid ✔ ✔ Haldor Topso
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
Company Details and Contact Points
FEED and EP contract for the hydro-treating ofDiesel and Heating Oil to 5ppm and 1000ppmrespectively.
EED and EP contract for the hydrotreating ofFCC gasoline to 0.5 ppm.
2003
2003
Haldor Topsoe
BP technology0.5ppm
BP Coryton, Essex
BP Coryton, Essex
EPC contract for the installation of Lo-Cat RedOXprocess for the removal of H2S from the on-siterefinery Fuel Gas. Recovery of sulphur from Lo-Cat solution.
1997Lo-Cat Red OXIrish Refining LtdWhitegate Refinery,Ireland
PMC contract for a complete 100,000bpd grass roots refinery. UOP designed 22,000bpdhydrocracker, 20,000bpd Kerosene Merox Unit to sweeten kerosene & 25,000bpd NaphthaHydrotreater to sweeten naphtha to catformingrequirements and light naphtha for gasolineblending specifications. Treatment of tail gaseswith SCOT Unit.
2000/2001UOPClaus Unit > 98% SR SCOT Unit > 99.9%SC
Pak - ArabMidcountry RefineryPakistan
AMEC Capital Projects Capability Statement
AMEC Capital Projects offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for
removing sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable
product or as sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
AMEC Capital Projects is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC
on gasoline and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery22
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: BECHTEL Limited Contact Details: R. Gorden. Snashal
245 Hammersmith Road Manager Process Engineering & Technology
London Tel: 44 20 8 846 4191
W6 8DP Fax: 44 20 8 846 4559
Email: [email protected]
www.bechtel.co.uk
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ UOP & IFP
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✗ UOP
Hydrocracking ✔ ✗ UOP
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗ - - -
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✔ ✗ UOP amine
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔ MDEA
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔ Claus Unit (Pritchard)
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✗ Shell SCOT Unit
Sulphuric Acid ✗ ✗ - - -
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
Company Details and Contact Points
EPCM contract for a 450,000bpsd integratedgrassroots refinery and petrochemical complex.UOP technology was used to process importedcrude oil into international specifications forgasoline, LPG, kerosene, diesel fuel. Marketablesulphur and petroleum coke was a by product.
EPC contracts for processing and treating 1960MMscfd of natural gas in 2 plants includingMDEA gas treating, sulphur recovery &production of marketable sulphur.
1995/1999
1993-2000
UOPUOP amineMDEACLAUS (Pritchard)Shell SCOT
MDEACLAUS
Reliance Industries -Jamnager RefineryComplex, Gujarat, India
ADNOC - OGD 1& OGDIIHabshan, Abu Dhabi
PMC contract for refurbishing existing SR unitsincluding modifications and additions to CLAUSand SCOT Units.
2000/2001CLAUS Shell SCOT
Tengizchevroil -Program 12
EPC contract for crude oil processing andtreating including H2S removal.
1998Not availableTengizchevroll - KT2.3Expansion Project (Train 5) Kazakhstan
BECHTEL Capability Statement
BECHTEL offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for removing
sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable product or
as sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
BECHTEL is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on gasoline
and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 23
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: Costain Oil, Gas & Process Ltd Contact Details: Adrian Finn
Costain House Technology Development Manger
Styal Road Tel: 44 161 910 3444
Wythenshawe Fax: 44 161 910 3399
Manchester Email: [email protected]
M22 5WN www.costain.com
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✗ Shell & UOP
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrocracking ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗ - - -
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✔ ✗ Costain/Synetix
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✗ Costain/Open art DEA
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✗ Open art Claus/Merichem
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✗ Shell Scot Unit
Sulphuric Acid ✔ ✗ Haldor Topsoe KUT
Company Details and Contact Points
Costain Oil, Gas & Process Capability Statement
Costain offers process, design, EPC or PMC services for process plants which are designed for removing
sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable product or
as sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and subsequent proposed Legislation.
Costain is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on gasoline
and diesel fuel quality and the implications for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
Basic Engineering Study for implementation of aclean fuels project based on UOP technology forliquid fuels to meet EU 2003 Legislation.
EPC contract for a 800MMscfd natural gas plant.Metal oxide technology was used to remove H2Sfrom propane to "Copper Strip" level. The sametechnology was used for treating natural gas.
2003
1995
UOP
Synetix
TotalFinaElf- Clean FuelsProject, Milford HavenRefinery, UK
ENRON - Natural GasProcessing Plant, SealSands. Teeside, UK
2003Proprietary solventtechnologyH2SO4 technology
Burlington Resources -Gas Compression andTreatment Plant, Barrowin Furnace, UK
EPC contract to recovery 98% of sulphur from H2Srich gas stream using Claus technology. ResidualH2S on process gas is destroyed in a tail gasoxidiser before flaring.
19963 Stage Claus > 98% SRBSR > 99% SR
Flexsys Rubber Products -Sulphur recovery unit,Wrexham, Clwyd, NorthWales, UK
EPC contract for a 200MMscfd gas processingplant to remove H2S & mercaptons from feedgas & tail gas disposal.
1997Costain (Molecular Sieve)
Powergen - gasprocessing plant,Connah's Quay, UK
EPC contract for a 130MMscfd gas treatmentplant. Licensed acid removal and tail gastreatment technology to meet very low levels ofH2S, CO2 & mercaptans in treated gas. Sulphurconverted to sulphuric acid.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery24
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: FLUOR Limited Contact Details: Roy Banks
Riverside Way Sales Director
Surrey Tel: 44 1276 402255
GU15 3YL Fax: 44 1276 411085
Email: [email protected]
www.fluor.com
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ SynSat, Axens/IFP. S Zorb SRT
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔ Axens/IFP
Hydrocracking ✔ ✔ UOP
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✔ ✔ Axens/IFP
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✔ ✔ UOP/amine
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔ MDEA
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔ CLAUS & EUROCLAUS
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✔ Shell Scot Unit
Sulphuric Acid ✗ ✗ - - -
Company Details and Contact Points
FLUOR Limited Capability Statement
FLUOR Limited offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for
removing sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable
product or as sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
FLUOR Limited is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on
gasoline and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
The objective of the diesel HDS revamp is toproduce 8ppm sulphur diesel.
FEEP & EPC contract for a FCC gasolinedesulphurisation unit to meet future EU 2005specification.
2003
1999
SynSat
UOP
OMV - HDS RevampSchwechat, Austria
Fina - HDS - 4 UnitAntwerp, Belgium
FEEP contract for major revamp of 2 refineries tomeet Germany <50ppm sulphur target in 2001 &10ppm in 2002 for gasoline & diesel.
2001Axens/IFPUOP
Ruhr Oel - Auto Oil IIGelsenkirchen,Germany
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 25
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: Foster Wheeler Energy Limited Contact Details: Stephen Culshaw
Shinfield Park Divisional Director, Sales & Marketing
Reading Tel: 44 118 913 1234
Bershire Fax: 44 118 913 2333
RG2 9FW Email: [email protected]
www.fwc.com
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Major Licensors Experience
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔
Hydrocracking ✗ ✔
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✗ ✔
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✔
Sulphuric Acid ✔ ✔
Company Details and Contact Points
Foster Wheeler Energy Capability Statement
Foster Wheeler Energy offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for
removing sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable
product or as sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
Foster Wheeler Energy is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on
gasoline and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
FEED and EPC contract for the hydro-treating ofNaptha to ultra low sulphur mogas.
EPC contract for gas oil, naptha,Kerohydrotreater to low sulphur fuels.
2002
2002
CDTECH
CERT
BP Coryton,Essex UK
TotalFinaELFLindey UK
1995/1998Merox
Claus Unit
Exxon Flexsorb - SE
Esso ThailandSriracha Thailand
Duty spec & PMC contract for 3 sulphur recoveryunits.
2000Non-proprietaryParsons
Saudi AramcoHaradh
FEED contract for a 200,000tpa sulphuric acidalkylation plant.
1995Stratco/MonsantoNovo UfimskyBashkortostan, Russia
Merox - Merichem - IFP
GTC - CDTech - Shell
Jacobs - Stratco - UOP
ChevronTexaco - Unocal
Criterion - Haldor Topsoe
Foster Wheeler - Akzo
Nobel - Parsons
FEED & E/P contracts for amine treating ofmercaptans &H2S kerosene etc.Feed &EPC contract for 2 x 82 MTD sulphurrecovery units.FEED &EPC contract for treatment of tail gases.
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: Jacobs Engineering Limited Contact Details: Peter Fagiano
Knollys House Operations Director
17 Addiscombe Road Tel: 44 20 8 239 2122
Croydon Fax: 44 20 8 868 7757
Surrey Email: [email protected]
CR0 6SR www.jacobs.com
Jacobs Engineering Capability Statement
Jacobs Engineering offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for
removing sulphur from liquid hydrocarbon and gases and for recovering sulphur as a marketable product.
The performance of the generic plants listed below, ensure that a minimum of 97% of sulphur is recovered in
each hydrocarbon liquid and gas stream.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery26
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrocracking ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗ - - -
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✔ ✔ ADIP
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔ ADIP & Shell Sulfinol
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔ CLAUS & EUROCLAUS
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✔ Shell Claus off-gas treating -SCOT
Sulphur Degasification ✔ ✔ Shell degasification process
Type of Plant & Process Key Features Performance Plant References
Company’s Project Experience
Company Details and Contact Points
The process is used for the reduction of H2S andCO2 in liquid hydrocarbons. The process is basedon regenerative absorption with an amine solventin contact with the acid feed.
These process's are regenerative to reduce H2S, CO2, COS and mercaptans from gas. Thesulphur compounds in the produced gas arereduced to low ppm levels. The process usesaqueous solvents of Sulfinol, DIPA & MDEA.
More than 450plants built world-wide
450 ADIP & 200Sulfinol builtworld-wide
Liquids > 20ppmCO2 > 5ppm
97% > sulphurremoval
Liquid TreatingADIP process
Gas TreatingADIP process & Shell Sulfinol
The Claus & EUROCLAUS (an improvement onSUPERCLAUS) process removes elemental sulphurfrom H2S. The process is based on the combustionof part H2S to SO2 and subsequent reactionbetween remaining H2S and SO2 produces sulphur.
225 Claus & 12EROCLAUS builtworld-wide
99% > sulphurrecoverywithout tail gasclean up
Sulphur recoveryClaus & EUROCLAUS
The process is used to remove sulphur compoundsfrom Claus tail gas. The SCOT process essentiallyconsists of a Claus reduction section (discussedabove) with an ADIP absorption section, alsodiscuss earlier with an overall recovery of 99.9%.
185 SCOT Unitsbuilt world-wide
99.9% sulphurrecoverypossible onintake gas
Sulphur tail gas treatingby Shell Claus off gastreating SCOT
The process removes H2S & H2S from liquid sulphureliminating potential toxic and explosive hazardsassociated with handling, transport and storageof liquid sulphur.
150 Shell plantsbuilt world-wide
> 10ppm wt H2SSulphur Degassing byShell process
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 27
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: John Brown Hydrocarbons Limited Contact Details: Graham Mead
20 Eastbourne Terrace Director - Business Development
London Tel: 44 20 7957 3624
W2 6LE Fax: 44 20 7957 3312
Email: [email protected]
www.johnbrown.biz
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ DPT - HDS/HAD > 50ppm of S
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔
Hydrocracking ✔ ✔
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✔ ✔
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✔ ✔
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✔
Flue Gas Desulphurisation ✔ ✔ DPT - Wellman-Lord Process
Company Details and Contact Points
John Brown Hydrocarbons Capability Statement
John Brown Hydrocarbons offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed
for removing sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable
product. Davy Process Technology (DPT) provides technology.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
John Brown Hydrocarbons is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC
on gasoline and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
PMC contract for refinery upgrade includingvacuum unit, 35,000 bpsd hydrocracker, distillateshydrotreater, hydrogen plant, vis breaker andsulphur units, amine and sour water stripper.
FEED and Managing Contract for Gas oil HDS.
2002
1998
Haldor Topsoe,Chevron/LummusIFP, Jacobs (Comprimo)ABB Lummus
DPT
Nasr Petroleum CompanySuez, Egypt
NOC LibyaAzzawiya, Libya
FEED contract for 640MMscfd gas processingplant including gas sweetening using amine,hydrocarbon dewport control, LPG & sulphurrecovery units.
1998Open artADNOC, Khuff Gas Plant,Abu Dhabi
Concept Study & FEED contract for gas gatheringand NGL recovery project for 600MMscfd onshorefacilities including acid gas removal and1400t/day sulphur recovery unit.
1997TFE, DEA, BSAF,MDEA, Shell sulfinoland Claus Unit
IOOC, Kharg Island,Iran
FEED & EP contract for a UOP designed15,000bpd BPSD Naphtha Hydrotreater & CCRReformer Unit.
1998UOPPetrox SA TalcahuanoChile
Non aligned to any specific
technology other than
mentioned but have
access by agreement to
selected ones
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery28
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: M. W. Kellogg Limited Contact Details: Rod Dean
Kellogg Tower Sales and Marketing Manager
Greenford Road Tel: 44 20 8872 7028
Greenford Fax: 44 20 8872 7979
Middlesex Email: [email protected]
UB8 0JA www.mwkl.co.uk
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ Haldor Topsoe, MAKFing
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔ IFP, EMRE SCANfining, MAKFing
Hydrocracking ✔ ✔ MAKing
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗ - - -
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✔ ✔ UOP/Merichem
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔ Shell, Merichem
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔ Claus
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✔ Shell Scot Unit
Sulphuric Acid ✗ ✗ - - -
Company Details and Contact Points
M. W. Kellogg Capability Statement
M.W. Kellogg offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for removing
sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable product or as
sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
M.W. Kellogg is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on gasoline
and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
FEED contract for new 45,000bpsd dieselhydrodesulphurisation and 30,000bpsd FCC aspart of the Clean Fuels Programme to meet EUDirective targets on sulphur reductions in fuelsincluding diesel to 30ppm & gasoline 5ppm
FEED contract for revamp of two Gasoil HDS unitsto make low sulphur products in accordance withEU Directive targets on sulphur reductions in fuels.
1998
2000/2001
Haldor TopsoeIFPUOP
Exxon/Mobil MAKFing
Conoco UK - DHDS Unit,Immingham, UK
Kuwait Petroleum Refining - Europort,Netherland
FEED contract for a grass roots FCC gasolinedesulphurisation unit, together with revamps ofCat reformer, amine treatment and LPG/gasolinetreatment in accordance with EU Directivetargets on sulphur reductions in fuels.
2000EMRE SCANFingExxon/Mobil MAKFingMerichemShell
Statoil - MongstadRefinery, Norway
Process study, Licensor evaluation and FEEDcontract for a 15,000 bpsd grassroot dieselhydrodesulphurisation unit, amine treatment, sourwater stripper targeting sulphur content of dieselto 50ppm.
2000Haldor TopsoeUOP
Oman RefineryCompany- Sohar,Oman
EPC contract to upgrade diesel HDS to reducediesel sulphur levels to meet the EU directivetargets of 50pppm in year 2005.
2002Haldor TopsoeConoco - DHDS UnitImmingham, UK
PD, E&P contract to treat 300MMscfd feed gas toremove sulphur compounds, condensates etc.The process units treated acid gas and includedtail gas unit to recovery 99.9% sulphur.
1996Claus - 98% SRBSR/Amine- >99.9% SR
BHP Petroleum - OnshoreTerminal, Point of Ayr,Cwyd, North Wales, UK
FEED & EPCM contract for expansion of capacityto process 2,400MMscfd of associated gas,including DGA gas sweetening (amine), withClaus sulphur recovery plants converting souracid gas to 590mtd of elemental sulphur.
1999Claus - 98% SRSaudia Aramco - Uthmaniyah SaudiaArabia
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 29
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: Parsons E&C Contact Details: Tim Goodhand
EMC Tower Technology Business Development Manager
Great West Road Tel: 44 20 8326 5143
Brentford Fax: 44 20 8234 0657
Middlesex Email: [email protected]
TW8 9AZ www.parsonsec.com
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔
Hydrocracking ✔ ✔
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✔ ✔
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✔ ✔
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔ FLEXSORB
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔ Claus
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✔ BSR/Amine plus others
Sulphuric Acid ✔ ✗ Haldor Topso
Company Details and Contact Points
Parsons E&C Capability Statement
Parsons offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for removing
sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable product or as
sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
Parsons is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on gasoline and
diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
FEED & PMC contract for 70,000bpd refineryconsisting of 9 revamp and 14 new process units.Latest technology was used to process localfeedstock into international specifications forgasoline, kerosene & diesel fuels etc. Marketablesulphur was a by product.
1996HTR UOPHDS MobilMeroxMerichem
NODCO - MesaieedRefinery, QatarArabian Gulf
Non aligned to any specific
technology but have
access by agreement to
selected ones.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery30
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: SembCorp Simon-Carves Contact Details: Geoff Willis
Sim-Chem House Head of Process & Technology
Warren Road, Cheadle Hulme Tel: 44 161 486 4050
Cheadle Fax: 44 161 486 4050
Cheshire Email: [email protected]
SK8 5BR www.simoncarves.com
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrocracking ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗ - - -
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✗ ✗ - - -
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✗ ✗ - - -
Sulphur Recovery ✗ ✗ - - -
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✗ ✗ - - -
Sulphuric Acid ✔ ✔ SSC/NORAM
Company Details and Contact Points
SembCorp Simon-Carves Capability Statement
SembCorp Simon-Carves offers process technology, design, EP/C or PMC services for covering sulphur,
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide bearing gas stream into sulphuric acid.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
Study for Refurbishment of Sulphuric AcidRegeneration Plant (Plant Inspection plus study of options).
EPS Contract for 100 MTPD sulphuric acid plantusing double absorption process together withBattery Acid Plant, Acid Storage facilities and siteservices and utilities.
2002
2002
SSC
SSC
Confidential – Middle East
BCNC- Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia
EPS contract for supply of a replacement Air DryingAcid tower and acid system equipment.
2001SSC/NORAMRhodia, Rieme, Belgium
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 31
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: Snamprogetti Limited Contact Details: Alan Evans
Snamprogetti House Business Development Manager
Basing View Tel: 44 1256 482450
Basingstoke Fax: 44 1256 482851
Hampshire Email: [email protected]
RG21 4YY www.snamprogetti.it
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ Haldor Topsoe, UOP, IFP (Axens)
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔ Own technology
Hydrocracking ✔ ✔ Chervon, UOP (Unical)
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✔ ✔ Shell, Lummus, Axens
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✔ ✔ UOP Merichem
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔ Haldor Topsoe
Sulphur Recovery ✔ ✔ Amoco (BP), TPA
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✔ ✔ Shell Scot, TPA
Sulphuric Acid ✗ ✗ - - -
Company Details and Contact Points
Snamprogetti UK Capability Statement
Snamprogetti UK offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for
removing sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable
product or as sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
Snamprogetti UK is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on
gasoline and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
EPC contract for a 23,000bpsd hydrocracker unitand associated acid gas treating, sulphurrecovery and tail gas treating unit.
FEED contract for revamp of two Gasoil HDS unitsto make low sulphur products in accordance withEU Directive targets on sulphur reductions in fuels.
1996
2000
UOP/Jacobs
Merichem
Turkiye Petrol Refinerileri-Azmit Refinery
Adnoc - Ruwais Refinery,Abu DhabiArabian Gulf
E & P contract for a 53,000bpsd hydrocrackingunit for desulphurisation and conversion of heavyvacuum gas oils and sour gas treating unit for H2Sremoval (434m2 capacity).
1997UOPPetrochemia Plock-Hydrocracking ProjectPlock, Poland
EPC contract for the installation of a Claus sulphurrecovery plant converting sour acid to elementalsulphur. An earlier project also modernised 250t/dClaus & 215t/d Superclaus SRC Units.
1997/1999JacobsEnichem S.p.a - GelaPetrochemical Complex,Gela, Italy
EPC contract for installation of sulphur recoveryand tail gas treatment plant.
1997ResulfTMPemex Refination - Mexico
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery32
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: Stone & Webster Limited Contact Details: Derek Lawler
500 Eldor Gate Business Development Manager
Milton Keynes Tel: 44 1908 602234
MK9 1BA Fax: 44 1908 602366
Email: [email protected]
www.shawgrp.com
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ Stone & Webster
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✔ ✔ Stone & Webster, UOP/Amoco
Hydrocracking ✗ ✔ Stone & Webster/Chevron
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✗ ✔
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✔ ✔
Sulphur Recovery ✗ ✔
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✗ ✗
Sulphuric Acid ✗ ✔
Company Details and Contact Points
Stone & Webster Capability Statement
Stone & Webster offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for
removing sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable
product or as sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
Stone & Webster is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on
gasoline and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
FEED and EPC contract for the 25,000 bpd hydro-treating of distillate fuels to achieve EU directivetarget on sulphur.
FEED and EPC contract for revamp of11,500/10,000 bpd hydrotreating of FCC as part of the EU directive 2000/2005 on automotive fuels reduction of sulphur.
1992-1996
1998-1999
Stone & Webster
UOP/Amoco
Gulf Oil Refinery Ltd -Milford Haven UK
ELF Oil Refinery UK -Milford Haven UK
1994-1998Pritchard Corporationtechnology for acidgas sweetening & H2Sremoval
Kuwait National Oil Co -Mina Abdullah RefineryKuwait
Basis engineering contract for the refinery revampincluding FCC, alkylation and sulphuric acidplants using recovered elementary sulphur.
2002onwards
Non prioritytechnology
NOC - Abandan Refinery,Abandan, Iran
Engineering & PMC contract for a acid gasremoval project as part of the refinery revampwhich includes: acid gas sweetening units, sulphurrecovery units, tail gas treatment, sulphur flakingplants and polishing units.
Non aligned to any specific
technology but have
access by agreement
to selected ones.
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 33
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Company’s Capability for Sulphur Removal and Recovery
Company Details: Teknica UK Limited Contact Details: Colin Douthit
Holborn Tower Senior Executive Vice President
137 High Holborn Tel: 44 (0) 20 7413 9600
London Fax: 44 (0) 20 7413 0199
WC1V 6PW Email: [email protected]
www.teknica-uk.co.uk
In the following process areas EP/C PMC Technology/Licensor
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of distillates ✔ ✔ IFP (Axens)
Hydrotreating/Desulphurisation of cracked materials ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrocracking ✗ ✗ - - -
Hydrotreating/Hydroprocessing of residues ✗ ✗ - - -
Liquid Treating/Sweetening ✗ ✗ - - -
Gas Treating – H2S removal ✗ ✔ MDEA/DEA
Sulphur Recovery ✗ ✔ Claus Unit
Sulphur Plant Tail Gas Treating ✗ ✔ Shell Scot Unit
Sulphuric Acid ✗ ✗ - - -
Company Details and Contact Points
Teknica UK Capability Statement
Teknica UK offers process, design, EP/C or PMC services for process plants which are designed for removing
sulphur from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and for recovering sulphur as a marketable product or as
sulphuric acid.
The plants listed below ensure that the sulphur content of gaseous and liquid fuels leaving the processing
facility meet EU 2005 and later proposed Legislation.
Teknica UK is fully aware of the requirements and development of European Directive 98/70/EC on gasoline
and diesel fuel quality and the implication for refining processes and sulphur recovery technology.
Client and Location Description of Process Technology/Licensor Dates
Company’s Project Experience
Feed & PMS for 6000 bpsd naphtha hydrotreaterto prepare catalytic reformer feed.
Feed & PMS for H2S remove by molecular sievesfrom associated gas to be used for distribution insales gas mains.
2001-2003
2000-2003
IFP (Axens)
Kvaerner
AGOCO TobrukGSPLANJ
AGOCO NafooraGSPLAJ
PMS for H2S removal from natural gas which is tobe exported to Europe (approx 8 bscm/yr) andused domestically (approx 1.5 bscm/yr) plussulphur recovery tail gas treatment.
2002-2004Agip Gas BVWestern Libya Gas ProjectGSPLAJ
MDEA/DEA (H2Sremoval)CLAUS > 98% SRSCOTT (tail gas)> 99.9%SR
Notes:
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery34
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery 35
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Notes:
UK Process Plant Capability - Removal of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels and Sulphur Recovery36
FARADAYMANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
Report Details
Written by Tony Heath - Faraday Management Solutions
Maurice Tidy - Faraday Management Solutions
Investigated by Tony Heath - Faraday Management Solutions
John Head - Refinery Consultant
Ralph Pickering - Gas Consultant
Trevor Heath - QA Consultant
Prepared for Peter Christie - Department of Trade and Industry
Designed & Produced by Graham Crocker - Design Consultant
Research Period November 2002 - January 2003
Date of Publication January 2003
Acknowledgements Its with many thanks and appreciation to the following Companies who
provided the following visual information:
Jacobs Engineering● Flow Scheme for Amine Treatment● Basic Claus Unit Process Block Diagram● Shell Scot Process Block Diagram
Parsons E&C● Total Oil and Gas Production Facilities ● Block Refinery Block Diagram● Gas Processing Block Diagram
SembCorp Simon-Carves● Sulphuric Acid Plant Schematic Flow Diagram
The Natural History Museum, London● Sulphur crystals with crystaline calcite (photograph)● Sulphur crystals (photograph)
Disclaimer Whilst every endeavour has been made to ensure that the information in
this booklet is correct, neither the Department of Trade & Industry nor Trade
Partners UK, nor Faraday Management Solutions Ltd, accepts any
responsibility for inaccuracies whatsoever. The inclusion of a company in this
report is not a recommendation of its fitness to undertake particular projects.
Prepared for Prepared by
Energy Innovation and Business Unit Faraday Management Solutions
Department of Trade & Industry 24 Second Avenue
1 Victoria Street Mortlake
London, SW1E 0ET, UK London, SW14 8QE, UK
Tel: 44 (0) 20 7215 6193 Tel/Fax: 44 (0) 20 8876 7399
Fax: 44 (0) 20 7215 6528 Fax: 44 (0) 20 8876 7399
URL; http://www.dti.gov.uk Email: [email protected]
URL; http://www.faradaymanagementsolutions.com
Faraday Management SolutionsManagement with ideas
Faraday Management Solutions offers a UK and international consultancy
in project management and marketing. Innovative solutions can be delivered
for interim, interface and financial management to the hydrocarbon, power,
utilities and industrial sectors.
For further information please contact:
Maurice Tidy, Marketing:
+44 (0) 1737 373158
Mobile: 07876 591726
Tony Heath, Project Management:
+44 (0) 20 8876 7399
Mobile: 07702 636824
Email: faradaymanagementsolutions.msn.com
URL: http// www.faradaymanagementsolutions.com
FARADAY MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
UK Process Plant CapabilityRemoval of Sulphur from Oil and Gas Fuels
and Sulphur Recovery
Energy Innovation and Business Unit
by Faraday Management Solutions Ltd, January 2003
Sulphur crystals with crystalline calcitein a cavity in limestone (top)
© The Natural History Museum, London
Sulphur crystals (centre)© The Natural History Museum, London
Molecular structure (bottom)