LAB 1Signal Generation
AIM: Generate analog and digital signals.
RESPECTIVE MATLAB FUNCTIONS:- Graphics Function
Linespace(0,2*pi,100) %create a linearly space 100 elements
between 0 to 2*pi fplot %plot a function of a single variable hist
%makes histograms bar%crate a bar graph pie%create a pi chart
polar%plot curves in polar co-ordinates semilogx%make semi log plot
with log scale on x axis semilogy%make semi log plot with log scale
on y axis loglog%create plot with log scale on the both axis
stem%plot a stem(discrete) graph area plot%plot the graph plot with
style opti color style%select the color line style marker style
subplot (m,n,p)%breaks the Figure window into an m-by-n matrix of
small axes, selects the p-th axes for thecurrent plot xlabel%label
on the x-axis ylabel%label on the y-axis title%title of the graph
text%write notes at a specified location legend%produce a boxed
legend on a plot hold on%hold the graph on figure window hold off
axis%set the limits of the axis equal%sets equal scale on the both
axis
square%sets the default rectangular frame to a square
normal%reset the axis to default values
Functions for signal generations: Sin, cos, zeros, stem, ones,
square, expMatlab codes for generating different signals and their
figures:1. Generating a Sine wave.f=50;
t=0:0.0001:0.1;y=sin(2*pi*f*t);plot(t,y)
2. Generating a Cosine wave.f=50;
t=0:0.0001:0.1;y=cos(2*pi*f*t);plot(t,y)
3. Generating a Square wave.f=50;
t=0:0.0001:0.0625;y=square(2*pi*f*t);plot(t,y)
4. Generating a Ramp wave.t=0:1:10;x=t;plot(t,x)
5. Generating a Impulse wave.t=-10:1:10;z=[zeros(1,10) 5
zeros(1,10)];stem(t,z)
6. Generating a Unit Step wave.t=-10:1:10;z=[zeros(1,10) 1
ones(1,10)];stem(t,z)
7. Generating a Exponential
wave.n=0:0.1:5;y=exp(n)plot(y)xlabel('Time')ylabel('Amplitude')title('Exponential
Wave')
8. Generating a Sinc wave.
t=-4*pi:0.001:4*pi;y=sinc(t)plot(t,y)
Lab 2Signal Operation
AIM: Generate analog and digital signals
1) Signal Shifting
clc;clear all;close all;e=input('enter the range for ramp
function\n');z=0:e;x=[z];n=input('entr shifting
index\n');y=length(x);subplot(1,2,1);stem(x);xlabel('original
signal')if nn2 y=[y zeros(1,n1-n2)]; else x=[x zeros(1,n2-n1)]; end
z=x+y; subplot(2,2,3);stem(z);xlabel('addition of x and y');
for unequal length of signal:
Output screen:
For equal length of signal:
Output screen:
3) Signal Foldingclc;close all;clear all;x=input('Enter siganl
samples')p=input('Enter starting
point')a=length(x)t=p:1:(p+a-1)subplot(2,1,1)stem(t,x)l=t.*-1;subplot(2,1,2)stem(l,x)
Output screen:
4) Signal Multiplicationclc;close all;clear all;x1=input('Enter
siganl 1 samples\n');p=input('Enter starting point signal 1
\n');n1=p:(p+length(x1)-1); x2=input('Enter siganl 2
samples\n');q=input('Enter starting point signal 2
\n');n2=q:(q+length(x2)-1);
n=min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2));y1=zeros(1,length(n));y2=y1;y1(find((n>=min(n1))&
(n=min(n2))&(n z(-n) = h(n) ** x(n)2) Auto correlation is
having even symmetry. Rxx(n) = Rxx(-n)Correlation using inbuilt
function:
A=[1 2 3 4];B=[1 2 3 4];s2=xcorr(A,B);stem(s2);xlabel('value of
k')ylabel('value of s2(k)')title('correlation')
CONCLUSION:
By performing this practical we can conclude that we know the
response of any kind of signal by convoluting it with impulse
function. Convolution is specially used for Filter Designing. By
performing correlation operation, we can find the relation between
two signal means whats the delay or phase difference. This
application is used in RADAR communication. In this when the two
signal overlap on each other, we get maximum output and by that way
we get the exact location.
ASSIGNMENTS:
1. Perform correlation operation without using functions.Ans.
Correlation is convolution of first and folded second sequence.
u= [1 2 3 4];z= [1 2 3 4];a=0:3;[v,b]=sigfold (z,a); %use
function to fold signal (like in lab 2)m=length (u);n=length
(v);
for k:m+n-1;w(k)=0;for j=max (1,k+1-n): min (k,m);w(k)=w(k)+
(u(j)*v(k+1-j));endendstem(w);xlabel (value of k);ylabel (value of
w(k));title (correlation);
LAB- 4APPLICATION OF CORRELATION USE IN RADAR AIM:To understand
concept of correlation and to understand its use in RADAR
application. THEORY:RADAR is acronym of Radio Detection And
Ranging.As its full name says RADAR is used to detect if any object
is there or not in the path of transmission of wave and to know how
far it is.Above task can be done in this way:1)We transmit radio
wave.After some delay time we can receive the reflected wave.2)We
also know the propagation velocity of transmitted
wave.3)So,according to v=d/t, we can calculate the distance of
object from transmission place. CODE:
clc;clear all;close all;D=15; % Delay amountx=[0 1 2 3 2 1 0];
%Triangle pulse transmitted by radarn=[-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];% n=[0 1 2
3 4 5 6];[nd xd]=sigshift(x,n,D); %
x(n-D)figure;subplot(2,1,1);stem(n,x);title('Original
Signal');subplot(2,1,2);stem(nd,xd);title('Delayed Signal');
w=rand(1,length(x)); % Random noise
w(n)nw=nd;figure;stem(nw,w);title('Noisy Signal');
% If object is present we receive the signal y(n)[ny
y]=sigadd(xd,nd,w,nw); % Received signa at radar y(n) = x(n-D) +
w(n)figure;stem(ny,y);title('Received Noisy Signal');
[nrxy rxy]=corr1(x,n,y,ny); % Cross correlaiton between x(n) and
y(n)figure;subplot(2,1,1);stem(nrxy,rxy);title('Correlation in the
Presenance of Object'); % If object is absent we recive only noise
signal w(n)subplot(2,1,2);[nrxw rxw]=corr1(x,n,w,nw); % Cross
correlation between x(n) and w(n)stem(nrxw,rxw);title('Correlation
in the absenance of Object');For executing above program function
files shown below should be made:1) function
[n,y]=conv1(x1,n1,x2,n2)nmin=min(n1)+min(n2);% Lowest index of
y(n)nmax=max(n1)+max(n2);% Highest index of
y(n)n=nmin:nmax;y=conv(x1,x2);2) function [n,y]=
corr1(x1,n1,x2,n2)[n3,x3]=timereversal(x2,n2); %Folding of
x2(n)[n,y]=conv1(x1,n1,x3,n3); %convolution3) function [n,y]=
sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)m1=min(n1);m2=min(n2);st=min(m1,m2);l1=max(n1);l2=max(n2);en=max(l1,l2);n=st:en;y1=zeros(1,length(n));y2=y1;y1(find((n>=m1)&(n=m2)&(n
