Upload
bayaw-swine
View
241
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
1/23
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250147461
Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying ofPaddy
Article in International Journal of Food Engineering January 2009
Impact Factor: 0.5 DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
CITATIONS
3
READS
50
4 authors, including:
Supawan Tirawanichakul
Prince of Songkla University
52PUBLICATIONS 90CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Somkiat Prachayawarakorn
King Mongkut's University of Technology Tho
85PUBLICATIONS 1,221CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Dr. Warunee - Varanyanond
Kasetsart University
37PUBLICATIONS 430CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All in-text references underlined in blueare linked to publications on ResearchGate,
letting you access and read them immediately.
Available from: Somkiat Prachayawarakorn
Retrieved on: 26 May 2016
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Warunee_Varanyanond?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Warunee_Varanyanond?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Supawan_Tirawanichakul2?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Supawan_Tirawanichakul2?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Warunee_Varanyanond?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Kasetsart_University2?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Warunee_Varanyanond?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Warunee_Varanyanond?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Somkiat_Prachayawarakorn?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/King_Mongkuts_University_of_Technology_Thonburi?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Somkiat_Prachayawarakorn?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Somkiat_Prachayawarakorn?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Supawan_Tirawanichakul2?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Prince_of_Songkla_University?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Supawan_Tirawanichakul2?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Supawan_Tirawanichakul2?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250147461_Drying_Strategies_for_Fluidized-Bed_Drying_of_Paddy?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250147461_Drying_Strategies_for_Fluidized-Bed_Drying_of_Paddy?enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA%3D%3D&el=1_x_27/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
2/23
International Journal of Food
Engineering
Volume5, Issue2 2009 Article6
Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of
Paddy
Supawan Tirawanichakul Somkiat Prachayawarakorn
Warunee Varanyanond Somchart Soponronnarit
Prince of Songkla University, [email protected]
King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, [email protected] University, [email protected]
King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, [email protected]
Copyright c2009 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved.
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
3/23
Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of
Paddy
Supawan Tirawanichakul, Somkiat Prachayawarakorn, Warunee Varanyanond,
and Somchart Soponronnarit
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to determine an effective moisture diffusivity of long
grain rice during fluidized-bed drying (FBD) with inlet drying temperatures ranging of 40-150
Cby 10C/step and to investigate the specific energy consumption of the FBD process. Three initial
moisture contents of the local indica paddy were set at 25.0, 28.8 and 32.5% dry-basis. The exper-
imental results of thin-layer fluidized-bed drying for the long grain rice variety were determined
and statistically analyzed by non-linear regression method. The results showed that an effective
diffusion coefficient was highly dependent on the drying temperature, compared to initial mois-
ture content. Consequently, the mathematical simulation of FBD, using the developed thin-layer
drying mentioned above, was evaluated and used for predicting the paddy drying system. The
simulated value of energy consumption in each of the drying conditions was comparatively sim-
ulated. The simulated results showed that a FBD with low temperatures and low initial moisture
content gave higher specific energy consumption than drying with high temperatures and high ini-
tial moisture contents. The total specific energy consumption increased with a decreased fraction
of re-circulated outlet drying air. According to the simulation results and our previous work, the
conclusion is that the long grain paddy drying with FBD technique under a high initial moisturecontent and drying air temperature over 100C is the good drying condition for recommendation.
KEYWORDS:effective diffusivity, energy consumption, long grain paddy, mathematical model-
ing, non-glutinous rice
The authors wish to express our sincere thanks to the Thailand Research Fund (TRF); the Japan
International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS); the Institute of Food Researchand Product Development (IFRPD), Kasetsart University; the Department of Chemical Engineer-
ing, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Energy Technology, School of Energy Environment
and Materials, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi; and the Department of Chem-
ical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University for their support and their
facilities.
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
4/23
1. Introduction
Normally, fresh paddy after harvesting contains moisture content of 24-35% dry-
basis. The high moisture content paddy is easy to deteriorate, especially storage intropical climate surrounding. These moisture content values must be removed to
preserve the storage life of the grain (Quitco, 1982; Soponronnarit andNathakaranakule, 1990; Sutherland and Ghaly, 1990; Siebenmorgen et al., 1998;
Zhou et al., 2002; Tirawanichakul et al., 2003) and to reduce handling cost.
Drying is the most common forms of grain, cereal grain and food preservation. In
addition, drying provides long term storage and extends grain shelf life withoutdeterioration. Even a solar drying is regularly used for reducing moisture content
of fresh paddy but sometimes, it is difficult to practice in tropical areas during
rainy season period. Some researchers recommended that fresh paddy with amoisture content over 24% dry-basis should be first removed to 22% dry-basis
within 24 hours by the fast hot air drying (using high temperature with a shortdrying time) and then followed by natural air drying (using low temperature)(Driscoll and Adamczak, 1988; Soponronnarit et al., 1999; Poomsa-ad et al.,
2002). Thus, an force convection air drying such as the cross-flow dryer, spouted-
bed and fluidized-bed is an appropriate method to solve this problem because
drying time for high percentages of moisture removal is relatively short such asthe spouted-bed (Devahastin and Mujumdar, 2001) and fluidized-bed drying;
(Soponronnarit and Prachayawarakorn, 1994). The fluidized-bed drying is an
effective approach and of the main interest in this work. This is because a hot airfluidized-bed drying is one of the drying techniques that provides faster moisture
reduction and uniformity of drying. Consequently, this drying technique improves
the physical quality in terms of head rice yield and maintains some qualities(Tirawanichakul et al., 2004). However, many researchers were interested in
paddy FBD with inlet air temperature over 100C (Soponronnarit et al., 1996;Soponronnarit et al., 1999;Tirawanichakul et al., 2004). Despite of the popularity
of fluidized-bed dryer for paddy, there are a few reports concerning theoreticaldrying model using effective diffusivity and development of mathematical
fluidized-bed paddy drying model for predicting evolution of moisture transfer
and energy consumption covering wide ranges of drying temperature.Therefore, the aims of this research were to use the mathematical model
developed for continuous fluidized-bed paddy dryer to simulate drying kinetic of
paddy with various initial moisture contents of 25.0-32.5% dry-basis and to
determine the specific energy consumptions when the dryer is ideally operated atdifferent drying conditions. The effective diffusivity of paddy determined by non-
linear regression analysis was used in the theoretical thin-layer drying equation in
this simulation. Finally, comparative study between experimental data and
simulated data are presented.
1
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237230801_Milled_Rice_Breakage_Due_to_Environmental_Conditions_1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237230801_Milled_Rice_Breakage_Due_to_Environmental_Conditions_1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
5/23
2. Materials and Methods
(A) Experimental procedure
The dryer comprised of a cylindrical shaped drying chamber, a 4x4 kW electric
heating unit and a backward curved blade centrifugal fan driven by a 1.5 kWmotor. The Suphanburi 1 (SP1) and Pathumthani 1 rice varieties (PT1) provided
by the Rice Research Institute (Pathumthani province), was used for this
experiment. The average initial moisture content of paddy was varied from 25.0 to
32.5% dry-basis. Fresh paddy was dried at the inlet drying air temperatures of
40C to 150C by 10C/step. A constant air velocity of 2.2 m/s was set up for thebed depth of 0.015 m. The inlet drying air temperature, outlet air temperature andambient air temperature were measured by K-typed thermocouple connected to a
data logger with an accuracy of 0.5C. The moisture contents of paddy weredetermined followed by AOAC method (AOAC, 1995). The experiments were
measured by means of triplication. These drying conditions were the same as the
previous work which dried samples were studied in terms of physical, chemical,physico-chemical and tasting analysis (Tirawanichakul et al., 2004).
(B) Development of moisture diffusion models
The moisture is actually transferred by liquid diffusion. Thus, in this work, the
assumption is that water moves out from paddy by liquid diffusion and the water
vapour moves out in the directions of radial and axial coordinates and finally, theshrinkage of paddy is negligible during the drying. The paddy kernel is an
isotropic solid and is in a form of short cylindrical shape (so-called as a finitecylinder). Thus, the partial differential equation of moisture diffusion for a singlepaddy kernel, considered geometrically as a finite cylindrical shape, can be
followed by the previous work (Crank, 1975) while an effective diffusioncoefficient (D) is namely described by the Arrhenius type equation as follows:
=
abs
a
RT
EexpDD (1)
whereD = the effective diffusivity accounting for the heterogeneous
solid, m2/h or m
2/s
Ea = the activated energy, kJ/kmol-KR = universal gas constant, kJ/kmol-K
Tabs = absolute temperature, K
2
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658015_The_Mathematics_Of_Diffusion?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658015_The_Mathematics_Of_Diffusion?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
6/23
and D is the Arrhenius factor and depends on the drying air temperature and themoisture content or a constant value (Hebber and Rastogi, 2001). Some previous
researchers also reported that the Arrhenius factor (D ) was in the form of thesecond order polynomial in relation with moisture content of paddy kernel. TheD and Eavalues were determined by the non-linear regression analysis from theexperimental data.
(C) Mathematical model
Considering the energy analysis of continuous fluidized-bed dryer, a schematicdiagram of a fluidized-bed dryer was illustrated in Figure 1. The assumptions of
the mathematical model of a continuous fluidized-bed drying are in the thermal
equilibrium between moist air and paddy, the walls of dryer are adiabatic, themoisture is transferred by liquid diffusion and the shrinkage is negligible during
the drying. The flow chart of calculation procedure is shown in Figure 2. Amathematical model for predicting the moisture reduction and temperature in this
work was corresponded to that previously described by Soponronnarit et al.,(1996). The derivations of energy and mass equations are written based on basic
physical laws.
(1) Basic parameters of continuous fluidized-bed drying
Mean residence time is defined as the time which paddy stays in drying chamberuntil it leaves from it, is calculated by the following equation
F
upHold = (2)
where
= mean residence time, minF = feed rate of paddy, kg/minHold up = mass of fresh paddy in drying chamber, kg and the hold
up can be calculated as follows
Hold up = (AC)(pw))(Hi) (3)
where
AC = cross section area of drying chamber, m2
pw = density of paddy, kg/m3
Hi = height of weir, m
3
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222525678_Mass_transfer_during_IR_drying_of_cashew_kernel?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222525678_Mass_transfer_during_IR_drying_of_cashew_kernel?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
7/23
In this present work, the model of continuous fluidized-bed is composed of
series of thin layers. As shown in control volume 1(CV1), the paddy bed in drying
chamber is horizontally divided into n layers.
n
t = (4)
Air mass flow rate at the ith
layer is given by
n
mm mixmixi
&& = (5)
and holdup of paddy is also written as:
n
hphp i = (6)
where
t = time used for moving from the ith
layer to the (i+1)th
layer, min
hpi = dry mass of paddy at the ith
layer, kg
mixm& = air mass flow rate, kg/min
mixim& = air mass flow rate at the ith
layer, kg/min
n = number of layer for paddy
A mathematical model for predicting the evolution of moisture transfer and
temperature profile in this work was similar to that previously described by
Soponronnarit et al., (1992). The derivations of energy and mass equations are
written based on basic physical laws. The analytical solution for the moistureinside a single kernel is expressed by the following equation (Crank, 1975).
The initial and boundary conditions for fluidized-bed paddy drying are
given by
t = 0, 0r r0 M = Minll + z M = Min
t > 0, r = r0 M = Meq
l=z M = Meq
t > 0, r = 0 0r
M=
4
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658015_The_Mathematics_Of_Diffusion?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658015_The_Mathematics_Of_Diffusion?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
8/23
2eq m
0 m2 2m 1in eq 0m 1 m 0
M(r,l,t)-M Dt4 2 rMR(r,l, t) J exp
M - M r J ( ) r
=
= =
=
+++0n
22n
l4
Dt1)n(2-exp
l2
z1)n(2cos
1n2
(-1) (7)
whereMR = moisture ratio, decimal
t = drying time, h or s
m = root of the Bessel function of the nth
kind of zero order
r = radius of the cylinder material, m
z = height of the cylinder material, m
l = half length of cylinder, m
M = moisture content at any time t, decimal (dry-basis)Min = initial moisture content, decimal (dry-basis)
n = number of layer for paddy
The equilibrium moisture content (EMC, Meq) for paddy was modified in
form of Hendersons equation (Henderson, 1952). By integrating of Eqn.(7) overthe volume of cylinder and dividing by its total volume, the average moisture
content can be expressed as:
( )
+
+
=
=
= l4
Dt1)n(2exp
1n2
1
r
Dtexp
4
8MR
22
0n22
o
2
m
1m2
m
2 (8)
(2) Energy conservation of drying chamber
Considering a given thin layer drying, the energy equation is derived based on thefirst law of Thermodynamics. It is assumed that the flow of paddy in drying
chamber is the plug flow type and uniform hot air flow passing though each
paddy layer is considered. As shown in Figure 1 for the control volume CV1,
change of enthalpy of air and internal energy change of paddy and dryingchamber are equal to total heat transfer between drying chamber and environment.
To determine the outlet air temperature from the ith
drying layer, the following
equation can be written as:
pfifivfgfiamixmixvfgmixamixi1 u)WTc(hTc)WTc(hTcm/Q +++=+++& (9)
or
5
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
9/23
)cW]/(cu)h(W)WTc(hTcm/Q[T vfiapfgfimixmixvfgmixamixi1fi ++++= & (10)
and
T)UA(Q1 = (11)
where
ca = specific heat of dry air, kJ/kg-Ccv = specific heat of water vapour, kJ/kg-Chfg = latent heat of vaporization of water, kJ/kg-water
Q1 = heat losses from control volume CV1 to surrounding,kW
U = overall heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2-C
A = surface area of system (CV1), m2T = temperature difference between system (CV1) and
surrounding, CTfi = outlet air temperature at the i
thlayer, C
up = change of internal energy of paddy per unit mass of dryair, kJ/ kg-dry air
Wfi = humidity ratio of air at the ith
layer, kg-water/kg-dry air
Wmixi = humidity ratio of air at the ith
layer, kg-water/kg-dry air
(3) Mass conservation at drying chamber
In a small time interval of t, a certain amount of moisture evaporates from thegrain bed at the i
thlayer into the air, resulting in a change of the humidity ratio of
inlet air. The equation of mass balance can thus be written as
ihp)M(Mtm)W(W fiimiximixfi = &
or
mix
imixi
1iiifi W
]tm[
)M(MhpW +
= +
& (12)
where
Wfi = outlet humidity ratio of air, kg water/kg dry airWi = inlet humidity ratio of air, kg water/kg dry air
6
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
10/23
Mi = average moisture content at time = t, decimal (dry-basis)
Mf = average moisture content at time = t+t, decimal (dry-basis)
mp = dry mass of sample, kg
ti = drying time of paddy in the ith
layer
Finally, the average outlet temperature and humidity ratio of exit air can be
determined by Eqns.(13) and (14), respectively.
=
n
0
n
1
fi
f1
dn
dnT
T (13)
=
n
1
n
1
fi
f1
dn
dnW
W (14)
where
f1T = average outlet temperature at drying chamber exit, C
f1W = average outlet humidity ratio at drying chamber exit,
decimal
(4) Energy conservation at recycle tube
As illustrated in control volume CV2 in Figure 1, the outlet temperature from
recycle tube can be calculated by balancing the change of enthalpy of air streamand summation of heat exchange between recycled air and environment. The
following equation of exit temperature at recycle tube is given by:
)cW(c
)T(cWTcm(RC)
Q
Tvfia
fivfifia
mix
2
f2 +
++
=&
(15)
where
Tf2 = air temperature at recycle tube exit, C
7
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
11/23
RC = fraction of recycled air, decimal
RCm& = dry mass flow rate of recycled air, kg/s
Q2 = rate of heat loss from control volume CV2 tosurrounding, kJ/s
A = surface area of recycle tube, m2
(5) Mass conservation before fan entrance
To determine the humidity ratio after mixing between fresh air and recycled air asshown in Figure 1, the conservation of mass is made with control volume CV4 in
which amount of water vapour after mixing is equal to the summation of water
vapour from fresh air stream and recycled air. The mass balance equation for
water vapour can be written as follows:
mixiRCiifRC )Wmm(WmWm &&&& +=+ (16)
Finally, dry mass flow rate of inlet drying air at drying chamber entrance is
equal to the summation of dry mass flow rate of fresh air and recycled air. Thus,
the following equation is written as
iRCmix mmm &&& += (17)
From Eqns.(16) and (17), the humidity ratios after mixing between recycledair and fresh air is determined by:
fiimix RCWRC)W(1W += (18)
where
RC =mix
RC
m
m
&
& (19)
(6) Energy consumption of system
(a) Temperature of air at fan entrance
The energy balance is applied for CV4 to determine the temperature after mixing
between the recycled air and fresh air, thus yielding:
8
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
12/23
0)Tc(hWm-Tcm
)Tc(hWm-Tcm-)Tc(hWmTcm
f2vfgf1rcf2arc
ivfgiiiaixvfgmixmixxamix
=+
+++
&&
&&&&
(20)
and
Tb = Tx+Tfan (21)
where
Tb = outlet temperature of air stream at fan exit, CTx = mixed temperature of air before fan entrance, CTfan = temperature rise of air while flowing across a fan, CTi = ambient air temperature, C
(b) Temperature rise of air at fan
The energy balance is applied for CV4 to determine the temperature after mixing
between the recycled air and fresh air as follows:
)]Wc)(cE[1000(
PT
mixvafafan +
= (22)
where
a = air density, kg/m3
P = pressure drop across the fan, kPa
Ef = fan efficiency (0.5), decimal
Electrical energy consumption of fan is determined from pressure drop in
recycle tube, pressure drop at exit tube and pressure drop at paddy bed in dryingchamber. These following equations are followed by Soponronnarit (1997):
Pressure drop at tubes is written as:
250m13.1006)(10.534RCP 2mix2
L ++= & (23)
Pressure drop at paddy bed is found:
=
capB
g
g)-)(-H(1P (24)
where
9
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
13/23
PL = pressure drop at recycle tubes, respectively; Pa
RC = recycled air ratio, decimal
PB = pressure drop across paddy bed, Pa
H = weir of paddy in drying chamber, m
= spacing ratio of paddy in drying chamber, decimalp = density of air, kg/m
3
a = apparent density of paddy kg/m3
g = local gravitational constant, m/s2
gc = gravitational constant of earth, m/s2
Total pressure drop of drying system (Pt) composes of pressure drop inrecycled tube, pressure drop at exit tube, pressure drop at perforated sheet
(assuming that 30% of pressure drop of grain bed) and pressure drop cross the
grain bed. The expression of total pressure in drying is then given by
1000
)1.3P(PP BLt
+= (25)
where
Pt = total pressure loss of system, kPa
Thus, the shaft power for driving fan can be calculated by the followingequation:
m
t
E)P(q)(BP = (26)
whereBP = shaft power, kW
q = volumetric air flow rate, m3/s
Em = mechanical efficiency, decimal
(c) Energy consumption of heating unit
As shown in the control volume CV3 in Figure 1, the change of enthalpy of airstream is equal to heat loss and supplemental heat from electrical heater. The
equation can be written as follows:
( )[ ]( )bmixmixvamixh3 TTWccmQQ +=+ & (27)
10
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
14/23
where
Qh = electrical energy consumption of heater, kJ/s or kW
Q3 = heat loss at heating unit, kJ/s or kW
Considering a given thin layer drying, the energy equation is derived based
on the first law of Thermodynamics. It is assumed that the flow of paddy in
drying chamber is the plug flow type and uniform hot air flow passing thougheach paddy layer is considered. For the control volume CV1 as shown in Figure 1,
change of enthalpy of air and internal energy change of paddy and drying
chamber are equal to total heat transfer between drying chamber and environmentand determining of the outlet air temperature from the i
th drying layer can be
achieved. In a small time interval of t, a certain amount of moisture evaporatesfrom the grain bed at the i
thlayer into the air, resulting in a change of the humidity
ratio of inlet air can be determined from equation of mass balance. Finally, theaverage outlet temperature of exit air can be determined by integration of productof final temperature and number of layer dividing by total number of layers as the
same as calculating of average humidity ratio of outlet air.
As illustrated in control volume CV2 in Figure 1, the outlet temperaturefrom recycle tube can be calculated by balancing the change of enthalpy of air
stream and summation of heat exchange between recycled air and environment
whilst determining the humidity ratio after mixing between fresh air and recycled
air also can be calculated by the mass balance equation for water vapour incontrol volume CV4 (Figure 1). Finally, dry mass flow rate of inlet drying air at
drying chamber entrance is equal to the summation of dry mass flow rate of fresh
air and recycled air and the humidity ratios after mixing between recycled air andfresh air is determined. In addition, the energy balance is applied for control
volume CV4 to determine the temperature after mixing between the recycled airand fresh air.
Electrical energy consumption of fan is determined from pressure drop in
recycle tube, pressure drop at exit tube and pressure drop at paddy bed in dryingchamber, following to Tirawanichakul (2004). As shown in the control volume
CV3, the change of enthalpy of air stream is equal to heat loss and supplemental
heat from electrical heater. To compare energy consumption among different inlet
drying air temperature, the specific energy consumption of this fluidization isconsidered. The specific energy consumption for each drying condition is defined
as energy consumption divided by total water evaporated and multiplied bydrying time. The total specific energy consumption is a summation of specificthermal energy consumption and specific electrical energy consumption
multiplied by total drying time. In the mathematical modeling, assumption is
11
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
15/23
stated that the continuous fluidized-bed drying was used for drying paddy at the
temperatures between 60 and 150C using inlet air velocity of 2.5 m/s and thefraction of recycled air was varied between 0 and 95%. Initial moisture contents
of 25.0%, 28.8% and 32.5% dry-basis were dried to 22.50.5% dry-basis.Ambient temperature was fixed at the condition of dry bulb temperature of 30Cand relative humidity of 70%.
3. Results and discussions
(A) Determination of effective diffusivity
Table 1 shows the determination of constant values in two diffusion models using
non-linear regression analysis among inlet drying air temperatures of 40-150C
and initial moisture contents of 22-32.5% dry-basis The diffusion Model 1 andModel 2 have the activation energy of -37099 kJ/mol and -40904.79 kJ/mol,respectively as shown in Eqns. (28) and (29), respectively. The result indicates
that the Arrhenius factor (D ) for Model 1 is determined as 4.33x10-5 m2/s [or2600 mm
2/min] whilst the Arrhenius factor for Model 2 depends on initial
moisture content for example: 2.0x10-4
m2/s for the initial moisture content of
25% dry-basis. The correlation coefficient (r2) for both of equations is about 0.9
while the mean residue square value (MRS) for Model 1 and Model 2 are 0.005
and 0.001, respectively. The results indicate that the mean residual square value(MRS) for Model 2 has a high accuracy comparing to that of Model 1. From the
evolution of moisture content throughout the drying time at different inlet drying
air temperatures (40C-150C) of simulated and measured values for Model 1 andfor Model 2, all drying curves of these figures clearly show that drying rates ofpaddy are in the falling rate period. The results show that the simulated resultsusing both of diffusion coefficients for Model 1 and Model 2 are also in good
agreement with the experimental results. However, the predicted values using the
diffusion Model 2 are slightly close to experimental values, comparing to the
predicted values using the diffusion Model 1. By non-linear regression technique,it indicated that the effective diffusion coefficient strongly depended on the inletdrying air temperature and was slightly related to the initial moisture content of
paddy as shown in Table 1. Thus, drying time at the high drying air temperature,
which has a high diffusivity, was shorter than that of drying at the low drying air
temperature.
12
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
16/23
(B) Validation of mathematical drying model
To verify the mathematical model proposed, the experimental results from
previous works (Poomsa-ad et al., 2002) were used and the calculated results werepresented in Table 2(a)-2(c).
Feed rate of paddy was set-up between 3.12 and 6.42 ton/h. The initialmoisture content and final moisture content of paddy was in range of 24.1 to
28.0% dry-basis and 20.4 to 22.5 % dry-basis, respectively. The results show that
the proposed model can predict the final moisture content and energy
consumptions at various drying conditions in good agreement with theexperimental results.
To comparative study of specific energy consumption, the predicted values
of thermal and electrical energy for the continuous fluidized-bed dryer operated at
inlet temperatures of 60C to 150C in various initial moisture contents andfractions of air recycled were determined. Tables 3 and 4 are example of predicted
data under the drying air temperature of 60C and 150C, respectively. Theresults show that the specific total energy consumption for drying paddy at lowtemperature is relatively high as compared to drying with high temperature. The
energy largely consumed is a main part of electrical power for driving fan since
low temperature drying takes longer operating time. Consequently, the predictedvalues of the specific total energy consumption for drying paddy at initial
moisture content of 25.0% dry-basis are higher than that of initial moisture
contents of 28.8 and 32.5% dry-basis. This is because the moisture content at the
lower initial moisture content is in intercellular so it is more difficult to transferfrom paddy kernel to the air. Due to effect of fraction of recycled air on total
specific energy consumption, it shows that the predicted values of specific totalenergy consumption for drying paddy at initial moisture content of 25.0, 28.8 and32.5% dry-basis are in the range of 20.01 to 24.37 MJ/kg of water evaporated for
the fluidized-bed operated with no air recycle and 8.92 to 11.99 MJ/kg of waterevaporated for the fraction of recycled air of 90%. However, as the drying
temperature is increased, the total specific energy consumption is decreased with
the minimum energy required being at temperature of 150C. At this temperaturethe total specific energy consumption for the case of no air recycle is in the range
of 7.49 to 11.37 MJ/kg of water evaporated for drying paddy at initial moisturecontents of 25.0, 28.8 and 32.5% dry-basis, with the lowest energy for the
moisture content of 32.5% dry-basis. Besides the temperature effect, the total
specific energy consumption is decreased with increased fraction of air recycle,90% of recycled air suitable for operating the fluidized-bed dryer. Under such
operating conditions, 150C and 90% of air recycle, the total specific energyconsumptions were 7.02, 5.49 and 4.70 MJ/kg of water evaporated for the
respective moisture contents of 25.0, 28.8 and 32.5%. From the predicted results
13
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
17/23
aforementioned above, they indicate that the operation of fluidized-bed at the inlet
air temperature below 100C is not be suitable for commercial point of viewbecause it takes long time for drying paddy and the specific total energy
consumption is relatively high. Moreover, to determine effect of drying
temperature and moisture content of paddy, the previous work of our research hasbeen presented (Tirawanichakul et al., 2004) and the results showed that the head
rice yield of Suphanburi 1 rice variety was significantly related to the inlet drying
temperature and initial moisture content whilst there was no significantly relationbetween the head rice yield, drying temperatures and initial moisture contents for
Pathumthani 1 rice variety. The whiteness value of the two rice varieties was
slightly decreased with increase in drying temperature and initial moisture
content. However, for all experiments, the whiteness values were within anacceptable range for the commercial purpose (Soponronnarit et al., 1999). For
determining taste analysis, the hardness value of both cooked rice varieties
exhibited insignificant difference (p
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
18/23
Electric heater
Recycled air
Exhaust air
addy bed
Perforated steel
Fan
Inlet air
CV1
CV3
CV4
CV5
CV2
Tf2
Wf1
Q1
Q2
Q3
Tf1
Wi, Ti
Tx
Tb
Tmix
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a fluidized-bed dryer with recycle pipe
15
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
19/23
Start
INPUT DATA: v, F, RC, H, mmix, Tmix, Ti, Twb, Mi
CAULATE : mean residence time
CALCULATE: t,mmixi, hold up (hpi)
Wf1, assume = 002
CALCULATE: Wfi, Tfi, Mfi
For i > n
CALCULATE: Tf1, Wf1
Check Wf1
CALCULATE: Energy consumption
End
Wf1,assume = Wf1
NO
YES
YES
NO
StartStart
INPUT DATA: v, F, RC, H, mmix, Tmix, Ti, Twb, Mi
CAULATE : mean residence time
CALCULATE: t,mmixi, hold up (hpi)
Wf1, assume = 002
CALCULATE: Wfi, Tfi, Mfi
For i > n
CALCULATE: Tf1, Wf1
Check Wf1
CALCULATE: Energy consumption
End
Wf1,assume = Wf1
NO
YES
YES
NO
Figure 2 Simulation flow chart of fluidized-bed drying
16
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
20/23
Table 1 Diffusivity function of paddy drying by fluidized-bed technique using
inlet drying temperatures of 40-150C and initial moisture content (Min)ranging of 22.0-32.5% dry-basis
Model Effective diffusion model r2 MRS*
1
=
absRT
37099-exp2600D
(28)
0.93 0.005
2
+
=
abs
in
2
in
RT
40904.79-exp13999.99)
M4209.99M(1.18D
(29)
0.97 0.001
Note: *Mean residue square value was calculated as follows:,
N
)MR(MR
MRS
2
iobserved,
N
1i
iPredicted, =
=
17
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
21/23
Table 2 Comparison between experimental and predicted results of continuous
fluidized-bed drying using inlet drying temperatures of 130-150C.(a) Moisture content
RunNo.
Drying
Temperature (C)Feed rate(ton/h)
Bed height(m)
Min(% dry-
basis)
Mf(% dry-basis)Exp.1 Sim2
1 130 3.12 0.115 25.9 22.5 22.5
2 130 4.82 0.115 26.8 23.7 24.0
3 140 4.72 0.147 26.7 23.3 23.1
4 140 4.82 0.115 24.1 20.7 20.5
5 150 6.42 0.119 25.9 23.3 23.2
6 150 6.09 0.150 25.9 23.7 23.2
7 150 5.10 0.150 26.1 23.4 22.8
8 150 4.82 0.115 28.0 23.0 23.6
(b)
Specific thermal energy consumption (STEC)
Run
No.
Drying
Temperature
(C)
Feed rate
(ton/h)
Bed height
(m)
Min
(% dry-
basis)
STEC
(MJ/kg of water
evaporated)
Exp1 Sim2
1 130 3.12 0.115 25.9 6.45 5.82
2 130 4.82 0.115 26.8 5.47 5.88
3 140 4.72 0.147 26.7 4.83 4.88
4 140 4.82 0.115 24.1 4.69 5.02
5 150 6.42 0.119 25.9 4.93 5.11
6 150 6.09 0.150 25.9 6.70 7.72
7 150 5.10 0.150 26.1 6.01 5.668 150 4.82 0.115 28.0 3.80 5.26
(c) Specific electrical power energy consumption (SEPEC)
Run
No.
Drying
Temperature
(C)
Feed
rate
(ton/h)
Bed height
(m)
Min
(% dry-
basis)
SEPEC
(MJ/kg of water
evaporated)
Exp1 Sim2
1 130 3.12 0.115 25.9 0.90 0.82
2 130 4.82 0.115 26.8 0.77 0.73
3 140 4.72 0.147 26.7 0.73 0.60
4 140 4.82 0.115 24.1 0.66 0.54
5 150 6.42 0.119 25.9 0.70 0.416 150 6.09 0.150 25.9 0.85 0.61
7 150 5.10 0.150 26.1 0.79 0.61
8 150 4.82 0.115 28.0 0.48 0.46Note : 1Experimental results ; 2Simulated results (thin-layer equation developed using analytical
method)
18
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
22/23
References
1. AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis, 1995, The Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, 15thed., Washington D.C., USA.2. Crank, J. The Mathematics of Diffusion, 1975, Oxford University Press, U.K.
3. Devahastin, S. and Mujumdar, A., Some Hydrodynamic and mixingcharacteristics of a Pulsed Spouted Bed Dryer, Powder Technology, 117,
2001, 189-197.
4. Driscoll, R.H. and Adamczak, T., Drying Systems for the Humid Tropics. InBulk Handling and Storage of Grain in the Humid Tropics, ACIARProceedings, 22, 1988, 58-68.
5. Hebber, H.U. and Rastogi, N.K. Mass Transfer during Infrared Drying of
Cashew Kernel,Journal of Food Engineering, 47(1), 2001, 1-5.6. Poomsa-ad, N., Soponronnarit, S., Prachayawarakorn, S. and Terdyotin, A.,
Effect of Tempering on Subsequent Drying of Paddy Using FluidisationTechnique, International Journal of Drying Technology, 20(1), 2002, 195-210.
7. Quitco, R.T., Studies of Fungal Infection and Heating of Paddy, Proceeding
of GASGA Seminar, Paddy Deterioration in the Humid Tropics, GTZ,Eschborn, 1982, 52-56.
8. Siebenmorgen, T.J., Nehus, Z.T. and Archer, T.R., Milled Rice Breakage due
to Environmental Conditions, Cereal Chemistry, 75, 1998, 149-152.
9. Soponronnarit, S., Grain Drying and Some Food, 1997, School of Energyand Materials, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi,
Bangmod, TrungKu, Thailand (in Thai).
10.
Soponronnarit, S. and Nathakaranakule, A., Field experience of in-storedrying of paddy under tropical climates. The 13
thProc. ASEAN Seminar on
Grain Postharvest Technology, Brunei Darussalam; 4-7 September, 1990,183-196.
11. Soponronnarit, S. and Prachayawarakorn, S., Optimum Strategy for Fluidized
Bed Paddy Drying,International Journal of Drying Technology, 12(7), 1994,1667-1686.
12. Soponronnarit, S., Prachayawarakorn, S. and Sripawatakul, O., Development
of Cross-Flow Fluidized Bed Paddy Dryer, International Journal of Drying
Technology, 17(1&2), 1996, 335-344.
13. Soponronnarit, S., Wetchama, S., Swasdisevi, T. and Poomsa-ad, N.,
Managing Moist Paddy by Drying, Tempering and Ambient Air Ventilation,International Journal of Drying Technology,17(1&2), 1999, 335-344.
14. Sutherland, J.W. and Ghaly, T.F., Rapid Fluidized-bed Drying of Paddy Rice
in the Humid Tropics, The 13th
Proc. ASEAN Seminar on Grain Postharvest
Technology, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 1990, 1-12.
19
Tirawanichakul et al.: Drying Strategies for Fluidized-Bed Drying of Paddy
Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658015_The_Mathematics_Of_Diffusion?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658015_The_Mathematics_Of_Diffusion?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658015_The_Mathematics_Of_Diffusion?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222525678_Mass_transfer_during_IR_drying_of_cashew_kernel?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222525678_Mass_transfer_during_IR_drying_of_cashew_kernel?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222525678_Mass_transfer_during_IR_drying_of_cashew_kernel?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222525678_Mass_transfer_during_IR_drying_of_cashew_kernel?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237230801_Milled_Rice_Breakage_Due_to_Environmental_Conditions_1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237230801_Milled_Rice_Breakage_Due_to_Environmental_Conditions_1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237230801_Milled_Rice_Breakage_Due_to_Environmental_Conditions_1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237230801_Milled_Rice_Breakage_Due_to_Environmental_Conditions_1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283763164_Development_of_cross-flow_fluidized_bed_paddy_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283919174_Official_Method_of_Analysis_of_the_Association_of_Official_Analytical_Chemists?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603087_Effect_of_tempering_on_subsequent_drying_of_paddy_using_fluidisation_technique?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658015_The_Mathematics_Of_Diffusion?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237230801_Milled_Rice_Breakage_Due_to_Environmental_Conditions_1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237230801_Milled_Rice_Breakage_Due_to_Environmental_Conditions_1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223683969_Some_hydrodynamic_and_mixing_characteristics_of_a_pulsed_spouted_bed_dryer?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222525678_Mass_transfer_during_IR_drying_of_cashew_kernel?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222525678_Mass_transfer_during_IR_drying_of_cashew_kernel?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244602845_Optimum_strategy_for_fluidized_bed_paddy_drying?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232892806_Managing_moist_paddy_by_drying_tempering_and_ambient_air_ventilation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==7/26/2019 Drying Strategies of Fluidized Bed Dryer
23/23
15. Tirawanichakul, S., Varanyanond, W., Prachayawarakorn, S., Tungtrakul, P.
and Soponronnarit, S., Effect of Fluidized Bed Drying Temperature on
Various Quality Attributes of Paddy. International Journal of Drying
Technology, 22(7), 2004, 1731-1754.16. Tirawanichakul, S. Influence of Fluidized-bed Drying Temperature on
Chemical and Physical Properties of Paddy, PhD. Dissertation, KingMongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand, (2004), 127.
17. Tirawanichakul, Y., Prachayawarakorn, S., Tungtrakul, P.,
Chaiwatpongsakorn, P. and Soponronnarit, S., Experiment on In-Store PaddyDrying under Tropical Climate: Simulation and Product Quality,
International Journal of Drying Technology, 21(6), 2003, 1049-1065.
18. Zhou, Z., Robards, K., Helliwell, S. and Blanchard, C., Ageing of Stored
Rice, Changes in Chemical and Physical Attributes, Journal of CerealScience, 35, 2002, 65-78.
20
International Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 5 [2009], Iss. 2, Art. 6
http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol5/iss2/art6
DOI: 10.2202/1556-3758.1401
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232829092_Experiments_on_In-Store_Paddy_Drying_Under_Tropical_Climate_Simulation_and_Product_Quality?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244603239_Effect_of_Fluidized_Bed_Drying_Temperature_on_Various_Quality_Attributes_of_Paddy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532880_Ageing_of_Stored_Rice_Changes_in_Chemical_and_Physical_Attributes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d97ce0d6-11b1-4dbc-a8ed-4495c855d99f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MDE0NzQ2MTtBUzoyMDg4NzkxMjUzMDczOTNAMTQyNjgxMjA3MjI0MA==