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Dr.Vander Viana
(University of Stirling)
@vanderviana
Corpus Linguistics (CL)
CL & grammar
Data-driven learning (DDL)
UK context
Computers• “as a way in to texts – or, to use corpus linguistic
terminology, a way of mining texts – which is
time-saving and, when used sensitively,
informative” (Archer, 2009, p. 4)
Provisional patterns
Probability
Form & function
Quantitative & qualitative approaches
Analytical comprehensiveness• “there is no prior selection of data which are
meant to be accounting for and data we have
decided to ignore as irrelevant to our theory”(Leech, 1992, p. 112)
Falsifiability
“Written language is grammatically more
complex than spoken language. It has
more subordinate clauses […]”
(http://www.uefap.com/writing/feature/complex.htm)
“If a friend or relative needs blood work,
is visiting a new doctor, or ends up in the
emergency room (ER), the caregiver will
begin to feel like a broken record
repeating the same information in each
new situation.” (COCA)
Relatively rare in English
Conversation
Fiction
Clause complexity vs. phrase complexity
(Biber et al., 1999, p. 93)
Academic prose
Newspaper
“the most frequent recurring lexical
sequences in a register”(Biber et al., 2004, p. 376)
“regardless of their idiomaticity, and
regardless of their structural status”(Biber et al., 1999, p. 989-990)
Cut-off points• Frequency
• Dispersion
Type 1: verb phrase fragments
• that’s one of the
• does that make sense
Type 2: dependent clause fragments
• I want you to
• when we get to
Type 3: noun/prepositional phrase fragments
• one of the things
• as far as the(Biber et al., 2004)
(Biber et al., 2004, p. 382)
Corpus Linguistics
Translation
Lexicography Sociolinguistics
Historical linguistics
Language teaching / learning
Discourse analysis
Stylistics
Learner-centered: students as “language
detectives” (Johns, 1997, p. 101)
Inductive approach
PPP III
Presentation
Practice
Production
Illustration
Interaction
(Intervention)
Induction
(Carter & McCarthy, 1995;
Flowerdew, 2009)
(Jones, Bastow, & Hird, 2001, p. 10)
The concordance lines below, taken from
the British National Corpus (BNC), are
real examples of sentences produced by
speakers of English as a first language.
Your first task is to read them and circle
the complements of the two-word verbs
in bold type. Then check your answers
with a peer and try to indicate the correct
word order for each set of concordance
lines.
The concordance lines below, taken from
the British National Corpus (BNC), are
real examples of sentences produced by
speakers of English as a first language.
Your first task is to read them and circle
the complements of the two-word verbs
in bold type. Then check your answers
with a peer and try to indicate the correct
word order for each set of concordance
lines.
Illustration
The concordance lines below, taken from
the British National Corpus (BNC), are
real examples of sentences produced by
speakers of English as a first language.
Your first task is to read them and circle
the complements of the two-word verbs
in bold type. Then check your answers
with a peer and try to indicate the correct
word order for each set of concordance
lines.
Interaction
The concordance lines below, taken from
the British National Corpus (BNC), are
real examples of sentences produced by
speakers of English as a first language.
Your first task is to read them and circle
the complements of the two-word verbs
in bold type. Then check your answers
with a peer and try to indicate the correct
word order for each set of concordance
lines.
Induction
Flipping through the pages of a notebook
She flipped through the encyclopedia and poin
she flipped through magazines, particularly t
who flipped through them quickly, and then,
flipping through the pages rather impatie
and flipped through his address book looking
s I flipped through the rest of the paper. No
verb + particle + complement
"I'll talk it all over with Alan when I
re they can talk over worries and experience
I talked the matter over with my ag
She was talking over the details with one
if I could talk them over with someone. I've
to face and talked over their problems. The
that he had talked over the idea with someone
verb + particle + complement
verb + complement + particle
“The questionnaires will be applied to
postgraduate students […] in the 2015-16
year.”
https://skell.sketchengine.co.uk/run.cgi/skell
“Through dialogue, the teacher-of-the-
student and the students-of-the-teacher cease
to exist and a new term emerges: teacher-
student with students-teachers. The teacher is
no longer merely the one-who-teaches, but
one who is himself taught in dialogue with the
students, who in turn while being taught also
teach. They become jointly responsible for a
process in which all grow. In this process,
arguments based on “authority” are no longer
valid” (Freire, 1996 [1970], p. 61)
“Through dialogue, the teacher-of-the-
student and the students-of-the-teacher cease
to exist and a new term emerges: teacher-
student with students-teachers. The teacher is
no longer merely the one-who-teaches, but
one who is himself taught in dialogue with the
students, who in turn while being taught also
teach. They become jointly responsible for a
process in which all grow. In this process,
arguments based on “authority” are no longer
valid” (Freire, 1996 [1970], p. 61)
Active
participation
“Through dialogue, the teacher-of-the-
student and the students-of-the-teacher cease
to exist and a new term emerges: teacher-
student with students-teachers. The teacher is
no longer merely the one-who-teaches, but
one who is himself taught in dialogue with the
students, who in turn while being taught also
teach. They become jointly responsible for a
process in which all grow. In this process,
arguments based on “authority” are no longer
valid” (Freire, 1996 [1970], p. 61)
Empirical
data
Teachers’ Students’
Willing to accept the
limitations of their
knowledge?
Comfortable to hand
control over to
students?
Open to learn with
students?
Happy not to be told
answers?
Willing to be (pro-)
active learners?
Comfortable to teach
themselves, their
teachers and peers?
Description of classroom practice
Subjective evaluation
• “The teacher reported that the students enjoyed
the activity and that several students were using
the KWIC function to check their papers for
other classes.”(Reppen, 2010, p. 68)
Does DDL actually enhance students’
language learning?
(Viana, 2011)
“DDL is perhaps most appropriate in foreign
language contexts for undergraduates as
much as graduates, for intermediate levels as
much as advanced, for general as much as
specific/academic purposes, for local as
much as large corpora, for hands-on
concordancing as much as for paper-based
exploration, for learning as much as
reference, and particularly for vocabulary
and lexicogrammar.”
(Boulton & Cobb, 2017, p.39)
“From this we reach the somewhat
surprising and possibly encouraging
conclusion that DDL works pretty well in
almost any context where it has been
extensively tried.”
(Boulton & Cobb, 2017, p.39)
Master’s programs in ELT: A survey of UK
provision and student expectations &
experiences
Funded by the British Council (ELTRA)
University of Stirling team• 6 researchers
Document analysis
141 programs
CL as a standalone module• 35 programs (24.8%)
• 17 universities
15 England
2 Scotland
Place of delivery• UK: 33
• China: 2
Target students• Pre-/in-service teachers: 25
• In-service teachers: 10
Single CL module per program• Two module options: Birmingham & Lancaster
ELT Master’s programs with CL: 35
Different CL modules: 20
• Nearly all optional
• Two compulsory
“Corpus Analysis and Pedagogy”
MA Teaching EAP / Coventry
“Corpus Linguistics”
MA Applied Linguistics (online) / Birmingham
Pre-study questionnaire
• 502 respondents
“How important do you think each of these
modules is for an ELT Master’s course?”
• 1 = not at all important
• 6 = extremely important
15 module options
• CL (Mean = 4.581; SD = 1.1135)
Mean >5
• Methodology
• SLA
• Course/materials design
• Language analysis
• Teacher education
• Practice in teaching
• Research methods
Mean >4
• Assessment/testing
• Sociolinguistics
• TESP
• Ed technology
• Ed management
• TEYL
• CL
Mean > 3
• Translation
Mean >5
• Methodology
• SLA
• Course/materials design
• Language analysis
• Teacher education
• Practice in teaching
• Research methods
Mean >4
• Assessment/testing
• Sociolinguistics
• TESP
• Ed technology
• Ed management
• TEYL
• CL
Mean > 3
• Translation
Mean: 5.472
(SD=0.7499)
Mean >5
• Methodology
• SLA
• Course/materials design
• Language analysis
• Teacher education
• Practice in teaching
• Research methods
Mean >4
• Assessment/testing
• Sociolinguistics
• TESP
• Ed technology
• Ed management
• TEYL
• CL
Mean > 3
• Translation
Mean: 5.376
(SD=0.8990)
Mean >5
• Methodology
• SLA
• Course/materials design
• Language analysis
• Teacher education
• Practice in teaching
• Research methods
Mean >4
• Assessment/testing
• Sociolinguistics
• TESP
• Ed technology
• Ed management
• TEYL
• CL
Mean > 3
• Translation
Mean: 4.581
(SD=1.1135)
Mean >5
• Methodology
• SLA
• Course/materials design
• Language analysis
• Teacher education
• Practice in teaching
• Research methods
Mean >4
• Assessment/testing
• Sociolinguistics
• TESP
• Ed technology
• Ed management
• TEYL
• CL
Mean > 3
• Translation
Mean: 3.828
(SD=1.5743)
England• 2 primary schools (Mostly Year 5)
• 12 children
• 8-10 years old
Corpus : BNC
Materials• Paper-based materials
• WordSmith Tools
(Sealey, 2005)
Research methods• Recording of teaching sessions
• Interviews
Results• Developed curiosity about language matters
• Increased metalinguistic awareness
• Little difficulty in using the interface
• Ease in processing concordance lines
(Sealey, 2005)
Lagging
behind?
Inviting
further
exploration?
Corpus Linguistics
Translation
Lexicography
Cognitive linguistics
Sociolinguistics
Historical linguistics
Language teaching / learning
Discourse analysis
Stylistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics
“just as it is ridiculous to criticise a
telescope for not being a microscope, so
it is pointless to criticise corpora for not
allowing some methods of investigation.
They are invaluable for doing what they
do, and what they do not do must be done
in another way.”
(Hunston, 2002, p. 20)
@vanderviana
Archer, D. (2009). Does frequency really matter? In D.
Archer (Ed.), What’s in a word-list? Investigating word
frequency and keyword extraction (pp. 1–15). Farnham:
Ashgate.
Boulton, A. & Cobb, T. (2017). Corpus use in language
learning: A meta-analysis. Language Learning, 67(2),
348–393.
Carter, R., & McCarthy, M. (1995). Grammar and the
spoken language.Applied Linguistics, 16(2), 141–158.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan,
E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written
English. London: Longman.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Cortes, V. (2004). If you look at…:
Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks.
Applied Linguistics, 25(3), 371–405.
Flowerdew, L. (2009). Applying corpus linguistics to
pedagogy: A critical evaluation. International Journal of
Corpus Linguistics, 14(3), 393–417.
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B. Ramos, Trans.). London: penguin.
Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in applied linguistics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johns, T. (1997). Contexts: The background,
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Leech, G. (1992). Corpora and theories of linguistic
performance. In J. Svartvik (Ed.), Direction in corpus
linguistics: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82,
Stockholm, August 4–8, 1991 (pp. 105–122). Berlin:
Mouton de Gruyter.
Reppen, R. (2010). Using corpora in the language
classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sealey, A. (2005). An investigation into corpus-based
learning about language in the primary school
(R000223900): ESRC full research report. Swindon: ESRC.
Retrieved from https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/
esrc-files/outputs/1kxgr9sq00aLtD0x7V6wEA/TvMxZi3
v30i_-_Bw05Mn8A.pdf
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Viana, S. Zyngier & G. Barnbrook (Eds.), Perspectives on
corpus linguistics (pp. 229–245). Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.