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DRUGS ANDDRUG POLICYIN AMERICA
A Documentary History
Edited by STEVEN R. BELENKO
Primary Documents in American History and Contemporary Issues
GREENWOOD PRESSWestport, Connecticut • London
Contents
Series Foreword xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
Introduction xxix
Significant Dates in the History of American Drug Policy xxxiii
PART I: American Drug Policy in the 19th Century 1
Document 1: Easy Availability of Opium (Edward M.Brecher, 1972) 1
Document 2: Spread of Opium Use (H. Wayne Morgan,1974) 2
Document 3: Opium Use in Massachusetts (F. E. Oliver,1872) 3
Document 4: Prescription of Opiates (Edward M.Brecher, 1972) 4
Document 5: Why People Used Opium (F. E. Oliver,1872) 5
Document 6: Characteristics of 19th Century Addicts(David T. Courtwright, 1982) 6
Document 7: Reasons for High Prevalence of OpiateUse (Edward M. Brecher, 1972) 6
viii Contents
DEVELOPMENT OF HYPODERMIC INJECTION 7
Document 8: History of Hypodermic Injection (CharlesE. Terry and Mildred Pellens, 1928) 7
Document 9: Hypodermic Injection and Addiction(Lawrence Kolb and A. G. Du Mez, 1924) 8
Document 10: Spread of Hypodermic Injection (CharlesE. Terry and Mildred Pellens, 1928) 9
Document 11: Risks of Hypodermic Method (S. F.
McFarland, 1877) 9
SPREAD OF OPIATE USE 10
Document 12: Increase in Opium Use (Virgil G. Eaton,1888) 10
Document 13: Role of Physicians in Spreading the
Opium Habit (Virgil G. Eaton, 1888) 12
OPIUM SMOKING 13
Document 14: Opium Smoking in the Late 1800s(H. Wayne Morgan, 1974) 13
Document 15: San Franciso Law against Opium Smoking,1875 (Charles E. Terry and MildredPellens, 1928) 14
Document 16: Federal Act Banning Opium Imports andExports to and from China (February 23,1887) 15
Document 17: Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury(C. S. Fairchild) to the Speaker of theHouse (Mr. Carlisle) (1888) 16
Document 18: Opium in Patent Medicines (Charles E.
Terry and Mildred Pellens, 1928) 17
COCAINE IN THE 19TH CENTURY 18
Document 19: Medical Uses of Cocaine (WilliamMartindale, 1892) 18
Document 20: Cocaine in Patent Medicines (JosephSpillane, 1994) 20
Document 21: Cocaine in Soft Drinks (Joseph Spillane,1994) 20
Contents
Document 22: Popularity of Coca Wine (Joseph Spillane,1994) 21
Document 23: Cocaine Abuse and Patent Medicines(Joseph Spillane, 1994) 22
Document 24: Cocaine Abuse in the Early 1900s (New
York Times, 1908) 23
DISCOVERY OF HEROIN 25
Document 25: Discovery of Heroin in 1898 (Charles E.Terry and Mildred Pellens, 1928) 25
Document 26: Therapeutic Uses of Heroin (Charles E.Terry and Mildred Pellens, 1928) 26
Document 27: Dangers of Heroin Addiction (LawrenceKolb and A. G. Du Mez, 1924) 27
PART II: The Early Expansion of Federal Drug Control 29
Document 28: Passage of Pure Food and Drug Act(Edward M. Brecher, 1972) 29
Document 29: Pure Food and Drug Act (June 30,1906) 30
Document 30: Impact of Federal Laws on Cocaine Use(Joseph Spillane, 1994) 32
Document 31: Opium in the Philippines (Arnold Taylor,1969) 32
Document 32: Hamilton Wright on the 1909 Anti-OpiumAct (1928) 34
Document 33: History of Federal Anti-Opium Laws
(Arnold Taylor, 1969) 34
Document 34: Hamilton Wright on Opium Use (1911) 35
Document 35: Spread of Opium Problem in the Early1900s (Arnold Taylor, 1969) 37
Document 36: Opium Smoking Act, 1909, as Amended
(1914) 38
Document 37: Federal Tax on Opium for Smoking (1914) 40
Document 38: Inadequacy of Federal Anti-Opium Laws(Arnold Taylor, 1969) 41
x Contents
Document 39: International Opium Conferences andFederal Legislation (New York Academyof Medicine, 1955) 41
Document 40: Emergence of Heroin Problem (New YorkTimes, 1913) 42
Document 41: Cocaine and Violence Joseph Spillane,1994) 44
Document 42: Hamilton Wright on Cocaine Violence(1911) 45
PART III: The Harrison Act 47
Document 43: Background to the Harrison Act (David F.Musto, 1987) 47
Document 44: International Pressures to Enact Legislation
(David F. Musto, 1987) 48
Document 45: The Harrison Act (1914) 49
EFFECTS OF THE HARRISON ACT ON ADDICTS 53
Document 46: Shortcomings of the Harrison Act (NewYork Times, 1915) 54
Document 47: Effect of Laws on Drug Supply (New YorkTimes, 1915) 56
Document 48: Effects of Harrison Act on Addicts(Lawrence Kolb and A. G. Du Mez, 1924) 57
Document 49: 1918 Treasury Department Study of DrugProblem (Arnold Taylor, 1969) 58
Document 50: Estimated Number of Addicts (Lawrence
Kolb and A. G. Du Mez, 1924) 60
ENFORCEMENT OF THE HARRISON ACT 61
Document 51: Report on Federal Crackdown on Drugs(New York Times, 1920) 61
Document 52: Harrison Act Curtailed Physicians'Prescriptions of Opiates (Lawrence Kolband A. G. Du Mez, 1924) 61
Document 53: Enforcement of the Harrison Act (CharlesE. Terry and Mildred Pellens, 1928) 63
Contents xi
Document 54: Prohibitions Against Prescribing Drugs toAddicts (New York Academy of Medicine,1955) 64
FART IV: SupiDocument 55:
Document 56:
Document 57:
Document 58:
Document 59:
Document 60:
Document 61:
Document 62:
Document 63:
Document 64:
Document 65:
Document 66:
Document 67:
Document 68:
Document 69:
Document 70:
reme Court Decisions on the Harrison ActUnited States v. Jin Fuey Moy (1916)
Bureau of Internal Revenue Annual Report(1917)
United States v. Doremus (1919)
Webb et al. v. United States (1919)
Effects of Webb Decision on Physicians(David T. Courtwright, 1982) r
Jin Fuey Moy v. United States (1920)
United States v. Behrman (1922)
Dissenting Opinion by Justice Holmes etal., United States v. Behrman (1922)
Effects of Behrman Decision (Alfred R.Lindesmith, 1965)
Effects of Behrman Decision (Rufus King,1972)
hinder v. United States (1925)
Comment on Linder Decision (Alfred R.Lindesmith, 1965)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics Interpretationof Linder Decision (c. 1925)
Lack of Effect of Linder Decision (AlfredR. Lindesmith, 1965)
Nigro v. United States (1928)
Dissenting Opinions, Nigro v. United States(1928)
PART V: Overview of State Anti-Drug Laws
EARLY STATE ANTI-DRUG LAWS
67
68
70
71
74
76
77
80
82
83
84
85
90
91
91
92
96
99
99
Document 71: Shortcomings of State Anti-Drug Laws(Martin Wilbert and Murray Motter, 1912) 100
xii Contents
Document 72: Nevada State Law (1881) 100
Document 73: West Virginia State Law (1909) 101
Document 74: New Hampshire State Law (1909) 102
Document 75: Indiana State Law (1908) 102
Document 76: Opiate and Cocaine Prohibitions (NewYork City Sanitary Code, 1910) 103
Document 77: Fear of Increasing Marijuana Use (NewYork Times, 1914) 104
Document 78: Boylan Anti-Drug Act, New York State(1914) 104
Document 79: Expected Impact of Boylan Act (New YorkTimes, 1914) 106
Document 80: Drug Problems Persist Despite New Laws(New York Times, 1916) 107
UNIFORM OR MODEL STATE DRUG LAWS 108
Document 81: Need for Uniform State Drug Laws (HarryJ. Anslinger and William F. Tompkins,1953) 109
Document 82: Recommendation for Uniform State DrugLaws (Committee on Narcotic Drugs ofthe Council on Health and PublicInstruction, American Medical Association,1921) 111
Document 83: Description of 1922 Meeting on UniformState Drug Laws (Charles E. Terry andMildred Pellens, 1928) 113
STATE MARIJUANA LAWS 113
Document 84: Federal Bureau of Narcotics and StateMarijuana Laws (Jerome Himmelstein,1983) 113
STATE LAWS IN THE 1950s 114
Document 85: Call for Stronger State Anti-Drug Laws(Harry J. Anslinger and William F.Tompkins, 1953) 115
Contents xiii
STATE LAWS SINCE THE 1970s 116
Document 86: Preface to Final Report, NationalConference of Commissioners on UniformState Laws (1970) 116
Document 87: Need for New Uniform State Drug Lawsin 1970 (Rufus King, 1972) 117
Document 88: Statement on New Drug Law (GovernorNelson Rockefeller, January 3, 1973) 118
Document 89: Goal Statement (President's Commissionon Model State Drug Laws, 1993) 119
Document 90: Emphasis on Treatment and Prevention(President's Commission on Model StateDrug Laws, 1993) 120
Document 91: Concluding Statement (President'sCommission on Model State Drug Laws,1993) 120
PART VI: Marijuana Policy: The Early Years 123
Document 92: Early History of Marijuana Use (EdwardM. Brecher, 1972) 123
Document 93: Early Marijuana History in the New
World (Edward M. Brecher, 1972) 125
MARIJUANA IN THE 19TH CENTURY 125
Document 94: Beginning of Marijuana Smoking(LaGuardia Committee Report, 1944) 126
Document 95: Extraction of Marijuana from Hemp(Robert Walton, 1938) 127
Document 96: Early Use of Marijuana as a Medicine(Edward M. Brecher, 1972) 127
Document 97: Medical Benefits of Marijuana in the 19thCentury (Richard J. Bonnie and Charles H.Whitebread, 1974) 128
Document 98: Early Report of Intoxication (The ScientificAmerican, 1869) 129
Document 99: Description of a Hashish House(H. H. Kane, 1883) 129
XIV Contents
THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Document 100:
Document 101:
Document 102:
Document 103:
Document 104:
Document 105:
Document 106:
Document 107:
Document 108:
Document 109:
Document 110:
Document 111:
Document 112:
Document 113:
Settings of Marijuana Smoking (LaGuardiaCommittee Report, 1944)
Easy Availability of Marijuana (EdwardM. Brecher, 1972)
Spread of Marijuana Use Through the1920s (Richard J. Bonnie and Charles H.Whitebread, 1974)
Marijuana Problems in New Orleans(Robert Walton, 1938)
Louisiana Anti-Marijuana Law (1924)
Fears about Marijuana Use by Mexicans(LaGuardia Committee Report, 1944)
Quote from Texas Police Captain (1923)
News Report on New Marijuana Law (SanAntonio Light, 1931)
New Mexico Anti-Marijuana Law (1923)
Colorado Anti-Marijuana Law (1927)
Comments of Illinois Law EnforcementOfficial (1927)
Chicago Tribune Article on MarijuanaProblem (1929)
Report about Marijuana Tragedy (NewYork Times, 1927)
Federal Concern about Marijuana in the1920s Qerome Himmelstein, 1983)
FEDERAL OFFICIALS TAKE NOTICE: THE 1937MARIHUANA TAX ACT
Document 114:
Document 115:
Document 116:
U.S. Treasury Department Annual Report(1931)
Dangers of Marijuana (Harry Anslingerand Courtney Cooper, 1937)
Congressional Testimony by HarryAnslinger (1956)
131
131
133
134
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
142
143
143
144
145
147
Contents xv
Document 117:
Document 118:
Document 119:
Document 120:
Document 121:
Document 122:
Document 123:
Document 124:
Document 125:
Document 126:
From Hearings on Marihuana Tax Act(1937)
Dangers of Marijuana (Richmond Hobson,1936)
Bureau of Narcotics Emphasis ofMarijuana's Dangers (JeromeHimmelstein, 1983)
Editorial Against Federal Marijuana Law(Journal of the American Medical Association,1937)
Marijuana Is Not Addictive (AMACommittee on Legislative Activities, 1937)
Marihuana Tax Act (1937)
Dangers of Marijuana (Newsweek, 1937)
Dangers of Marijuana (Clarence Beck,1938)
Marijuana Problem Exaggerated(LaGuardia Committee Report, 1944)
United States v. Sanchez et al. (1950)
PART VII: American Drug Policy to World War II
Document 127: Genesis of Import-Export Act (David F.
Document 131:
Document 132:
Document 133:
148
148
149
150
151
152
154
156
157
158
161
Musto, 1987)NARCOTIC DRUGS IMPORT AND EXPORT ACT
Document 128:
Document 129:
Document 130:
Overview of Import-Export Act (NewYork Academy of Medicine, 1955)
Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act(1922)
News Report on Passage of Import-ExportAct (Literary Digest, 1922)
NARCOTIC FARMS
161162
162
163
165
166
Support for Narcotic Farms Law (AlbertSidney Gregg, 1928) 167
Congressional Support for Narcotic FarmsLaw (David F. Musto, 1987) 168
Act to Create Narcotic Farms (1929) 169
XVI Contents
Document 134: Opening of the Federal Narcotic Farms(New York Times, April 14, 1929)
THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF NARCOTICS
Document 135: Federal Drug Control Structure in the1920s (David F. Musto, 1987)
Document 136: Establishment of Bureau of Narcotics(New York Academy of Medicine, 1955)
Document 137: Act to Create Federal Bureau of Narcotics(1930)
CONTROLLING OPIUM PRODUCTION
Document 138: Opium Poppy Control Act (1942)
Document 139: Opium Poppy Control Act (Harry J.Anslinger and William F. Tompkins, 1953)
PART VIII: Drug Policy from World War II Through the1950s: The Escalation of Punishment
THE PROBLEMS OF DRUG SMUGGLING AND TEEN DRUG
172
173
173
174
175
177
178
181
183
ABUSE
Document 140:
Document 141:
Document 142:
Document 143:
Document 144:
Document 145:
Document 146:
Document 147:
Document 148:
Kefauver Committee Final Report (1952)
Drugs and the Mafia (Harry J. Anslingerand Will Oursler, 1961)
Drug Smuggling in the 1940s (New YorkTimes,, 1948)
China's Role in Drug Smuggling (NewYork Times, 1954)
Drug Smuggling from Mexico (PeterPacker, 1948)
Spread of Teenage Addiction (Harry J.Anslinger and Will Oursler, 1961)
Postwar Increase in Addiction (New YorkTimes, 1950)
Increased Drug Use among Students(Newsweek, 1951)
Fighting Teen Drug Addiction (HowardWhitman. 1951)
183
184
184
185
186
187
188
188
189
191
Contents xvii
Document 149: Teenage Addiction Problem OverstatedQohn Gerrity, 1952) 193
Document 150: Teenage Addiction Problem Overstated
(Lawrence Kolb, 1956) 195
THE BOGGS ACT AND THE EISENHOWER COMMITTEE 195
Document 151: Boggs Act (1951) 195
Document 152: Announcement of New Presidential Study(New York Times, 1954) 197
Document 153: Eisenhower Committee Final Report (NewYork Times, 1956) 198
THE DEBATE OVER PUNITIVE DRUG LAWS AND THE 1956NARCOTIC CONTROL ACT 199
Document 154: Boggs Act Too Punitive (New York
Academy of Medicine, 1955) 200
Document 155: Statement by Senator Price Daniel (1955) 201
Document 156: Preliminary Report to the Senate JudiciaryCommittee (1956) 202
Document 157: Report on Daniel Committee Findings(Time, January 16, 1956) 202
Document 158: Preliminary Report to the Senate Judiciary
Committee (1956) 204
Document 159: Narcotic Control Act (1956) 204
Document 160: Call for More Balanced Policies (New YorkTimes, 1956) 206
Document 161: 1956 Narcotic Act Too Punitive (LawrenceKolb, 1956) 207
Document 162: 1956 Narcotic Act Too Punitive (New YorkAcademy of Medicine, 1955) 209
PART IX: The Medicalization of Addiction: Drug Treatmentand Anti-Drug Policy 211
ADDICTION "CURES" IN THE 19TH CENTURY 212
Document 163: "A Treatise on Therapeutics andPharmacology or Materia Medica"(George B. Wood, 1856) 212
Document 164: "The Opium Habit" (Horace Day, 1872) 213
XVIII Contents
Document 165:
Document 166:
Document 167:
"Therapeutics and Materia Medica"(A. Stille, 1874)
"Morbid Craving for Morphia"(E. Levinstein, 1878)
Use of Cocaine in Opiate Withdrawal(Charles E. Terry and Mildred Pellens,1928)
Document 168: Benefits of Gradual Withdrawal(R. Burkart, 1884)
Document 169: "Considerations on the Treatment ofMorphinism" (B. Ball and D. Jennings,1887)
DRUG TREATMENT FROM 1900 TO 1930
Document 170:
Document 171:
Document 172:
Document 173:
Document 174:
Document 175:
Document 176:
Document 177:
Document 178:
Document 179:
Document 180:
Origins of the Towns-Lambert Cure(David F. Musto, 1987)
Announcement of Lambert Cure (New YorkTimes, 1908)
Chapter on Opium and Morphine in Osierand McCrae's Modern Medicine (AlexanderLambert, 1914)
Dangers of Lambert Cure (Herbert D.Kleber and Charles E. Riordan, 1982)
The Narcotic Drug Problem (ErnestBishop, 1920)
Early Description of Addiction as Disease(Paul Sollier, 1894)
Addiction as a Disease (Samuel HopkinsAdams, 1924)
Addiction as a Disease (Willis P. Butler,1922)
British Ministry of Health, DepartmentalCommittee on Morphin and HeroinAddiction (1926)
Importance of Psychosocial Factors(Lawrence Kolb, 1927)
Riverside Hospital Treatment Process(Charles E. Terry and Mildred Pellens,1928)
214
215
217
217
218
219
219
220
221
222
223
224
224
226
227
228
228
Contents XIX
Document 181:
Document 182:
Document 183:
Document 184:
Document 185:
Document 186:
Document 187:
Document 188:
Document 189:
Document 190:
Document 191:
Document 192:
Ambulatory Treatment a Bad Idea (AMACommittee on Narcotic Drugs, 1921)
Doctors Reluctant to Treat Addicts(Samuel Hopkins Adams, 1924)
Comments on Shreveport Narcotic Clinic(David F. Musto, 1987)
Methods Used in Shreveport Clinic (WillisP. Butler, 1922)
Statement by Willis Butler (1974)
Closing of the Shreveport Clinic (DanWaldorf, Martin Orlick, and CraigReinarman, 1974)
Enforcement of Harrison Act andPhysicians (New York Times, April 13, 1919)
Perspective of Judge William McAdoo(1923)
"Brain-Washing" Cure (New York Times,1932)
"Frozen Sleep" Cure (New York Times,1939)
Lack of Treatment Success to 1930 (DavidF. Musto, 1987)
Need for Aftercare Treatment (Willis P.Butler, 1922)
THE DISCOVERY OF METHADONE
Document 193:
Document 194:
Document 195:
Early Description of Methadone Treatment(Life, 1948)
Benefits of Methadone (Edward M.Brecher, 1972)
Critique of Methadone (David F. Musto,1987)
EXPANSION OF DRUG TREATMENT SINCE THE 1950s
Document 196:
Document 197:
Difficulties of Successful Treatment (NewYork Academy of Medicine, 1955)
Importance of Treatment (Roland H. Berg,1957)
230
230
231
232
234
235
236
237
239
240
240
241
242
242
243
244
245
245
246
xx Contents
Document 198: Increased Importance of Mental HealthApproach (David F. Musto, 1987) 248
Document 199: Sections on Treatment and Prevention,Comprehensive Drug Abuse Preventionand Control Act (1970) 249
Document 200: Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act(1972) 250
Document 201: Expansion of Treatment and Research(Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988) 252
PART X: Drug Policy in the 1960s and 1970s: A ChangingView 255
Document 202: California Law Against Being an Addict,
(Declared Unconstitutional in 1962) 256
Document 203: Robinson v. California (1962) 256
Document 204: Reference to Linder v. United States inRobinson v. California (1962) 259
Document 205: Recommendations of 1962 White HouseConference (New York Times, 1963) 260
Document 206: First Federal Law Against Depressants and
Stimulants (1965) 261
CIVIL COMMITMENT LAWS 262
Document 207: Metcalf-Volker Act (New York State, 1962) 262
Document 208: Statement by Senator Jacob Javits (1963) 263
Document 209a-c: Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (1966) 264-267
Document 210: Criticism of Civil Commitment Laws
(Alfred R. Lindesmith, 1965) 269
LSD IN THE 1960s 270
Document 211: Use of LSD in Psychotherapy (Edward M.Brecher, 1972) 270
Document 212: Spread of LSD Use in 1960s (Edward M.Brecher, 1972) 271
Document 213: New State Laws Against LSD (Edward M.Brecher, 1972) 272
Document 214: Report on LSD Blindings (New York Times,1968) 273
Contents xxi
Document 215: Acknowledgment of LSD Hoax (New YorkTimes, 1968) 274
Document 216: Report on Use of Banana Peels as a Drug(New York Times, 1967) 275
THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION, THE VIETNAM WAR,AND THE 1970 DRUG CONTROL ACT 276
Document 217: Spread of Heroin Addiction to MiddleClass (Edward M. Brecher, 1972) 276
Document 218: Nixon Support for Prevention andTreatment (David F. Musto, 1987) 277
Document 219: Enactment of the 1970 Act (Alexander T.Shulgin, 1992) 278
Document 220: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Preventionand Control Act (1970) 279
Document 221: Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act,
National Drug Abuse Strategy (1972) 284
THE FORD AND REAGAN ADMINISTRATIONS 284
Document 222: Ford Administration Policies (David F.Musto, 1987) 285
Document 223: President Reagan and Harsher PoliciesGames A. Inciardi, 1986) 286
PART XI: Marijuana Policy after the 1960s 287
REVISITING HARSH MARIJUANA LAWS 287
Document 224: Federal Official Calls for Lower Penaltiesfor Marijuana (New York Times, 1969) 287
Document 225: Reduced Marijuana Penalties Set in New
Jersey (New York Times, 1970) 289
NEW FEDERAL CRACKDOWNS ON MARIJUANA 290
Document 226: Leary v. United States (1969) 290
Document 227: Failure of Operation Intercept (Edward M.Brecher, 1972) 292
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON MARIHUANA AND DRUGABUSE 293
Document 228: Federal Review of Harsh MarijuanaPenalties (New York Times, 1969) 294
xxii Contents
Document 229: Report of the National Commission onMarihuana and Drug Abuse (March 1972) 295
MEDICAL MARIJUANA 299
Document 230: Support for Medical Marijuana Laws(Lester Grinspoon and James Bakalar,1993) 300
Document 231: California Medical Marijuana Law (1996) 300
Document 232: Arizona Medical Marijuana Law (1996) 301
PART XII: Crack Cocaine and Drug Policy from the 1980s 305
ANTI-DRUG ABUSE ACT OF 1986 306
Document 233a-e: Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986) 307-313
Document 234a-b: White House Conference for a Drug-Free
America (1988) 314
ANTI-DRUG ABUSE ACT OF 1988 315
Document 235a-c: Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1988) 317-320
STATE ANTI-CRACK INITIATIVES 322
Document 236: Statement on New Crack Possession Law(Governor Mario M. Cuomo, 1988) 322
Document 237: Minnesota Anti-Crack Law (1989) 323
Document 238: Minnesota Supreme Court Decision
Overturning Crack Law (1991) 324
THE NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL STRATEGIES 325
Document 239: Introduction to National Drug ControlStrategy (1989) 325
Document 240: Introduction to National Drug Control
Strategy (1991) 329
SUPREME COURT DECISIONS ON "NO-KNOCK" LAWS 330
Document 241: Wilson v. Arkansas (1995) 331
Document 242: Richards v. Wisconsin (1997) 332
PART XIII: The Debate over Drug Legalization 335
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 335
Document 243: Overview of Legalization Proposals (ErichGoode, 1997) 336
Contents XXIII
Document 244: Common Legalization Terms (Herbert D.Kleber, Joseph A. Califano, Jr., and John C.
Document 245:
Document 246:
Document 247:
Document 248:
Document 249:
Document 250:
Document 251:
Document 252:
Document 253:
Demers, 1997)
Early Opiate Maintenance Clinics (EdwardM. Brecher, 1972)
Proposal for Dispensing Drugs to Addicts(New York Academy of Medicine, 1955)
Recommendation to EstablishExperimental Narcotics Clinic (JointABA-AMA Committee, 1961)
"Make Dope Legal" (Alden Stevens, 1952)
Negative Effects of Drug Policies onAddicts (Alfred R. Lindesmith, 1957)
Need for a Medical Approach toAddiction (Lawrence Kolb, 1956)
State Decriminalization Laws (Richard J.Bonnie, 1981)
Oregon Marijuana Law (1973)
Overview of State Decriminalization of
336
338
339
341
342
343
344
345
346
Marijuana (Erich Goode, 1997)
Document 254: President Carter's Policies (David F.Musto, 1987)
THE ARGUMENTS FOR LEGALIZATION
Document 255:
Document 256:
Document 257:
Document 258:
Legalization Proposal Overview (EthanNadelmann, 1988)
Rationale for Legalization (EthanNadelmann, 1988)
Legalization Proposal (Arnold S. Trebach,1993)
Legalization Proposal (Mayor Kurt L.Schmoke, 1988)
THE HARM REDUCTION APPROACH
Document 259:
Document 260:
Overview of Harm Reduction Approach(Erich Goode, 1997)
Argument for Harm Reduction (EthanNadelmann, 1996)
347
348
348
349
350
352
353
354
355
356
xxiv Contents
THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST LEGALIZATION 356
Document 261: Overview of Arguments AgainstLegalization (Herbert D. Kleber, Joseph A.Califano, Jr., and John C. Demers, 1997) 357
Document 262: Official Reactions to Legalization Proposals(May 15, 1988) 358
Document 263: Risks of Legalization (James B. Jacobs,
1990) 359
WOULD LEGALIZATION INCREASE DRUG USE? 360
Document 264: Drug Use Would Not Increase (EthanNadelmann, 1988) 361
Document 265: Drug Use Would Increase (Herbert D.Kleber, Joseph A. Califano, Jr., andJohn C. Demers, 1997) 362
Document 266: Drug Use Would Increase (James B.Jacobs, 1990) 363
Document 267: Drug Use Would Increase (David T.
Courtwright, 1991) 363
A MIDDLE GROUND? 364
Document 268: Argument for a Balanced Policy (David T.Courtwright, 1991) 364
Document 269: Reform without Legalization (James A.Inciardi, 1993) 367
Document 270: Benefits of the Legalization Debate (ErichGoode, 1997) 368
Document 271: Statement Against Legalization (WhiteHouse Conference for a Drug-FreeAmerica, 1988) 369
Suggested Readings 371
Index 373