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DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Module 3 IntroductionContent Area: Analytical EpidemiologyEssential Question (Generic): Is there an association between the hypothesized cause and the disease?Essential Question (Drug Abuse Specific): Is there an association between the hypothesized cause and drug use?Enduring Epidemiological Understanding: Causal hypotheses can be tested by observing exposures and diseases of people as they go about their daily lives. Information from these observational studies can be used to make and compare rates and identify associations.
Synopsis
In Module 3, students explore how hypotheses are tested epidemiologically. Students begin to uncover and develop the following epidemiological concepts and skills: the meaning of the term “association;” the need for a control group; uses of the 2x2 table in calculating risks and relative risks; experimental study design; the importance of ethics in human research; observational study designs used in epidemiology; and the strengths and limitations of each design.
Lesson 3-1: Associations and the 2x2 TableLesson 3-2: Experimental Study - Buprenorphine ExampleLesson 3-3: An Actual Randomized Controlled TrialLesson 3-4: Observational Studies of Natural Experiments - Sensation-Seeking ExampleLesson 3-5: Fundamentals of Study DesignLesson 3-6: Study Design Exercises
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Module 3 - Analytical Epidemiology
Lesson 3-2 Experimental Study
- Buprenorphine Example
Content
• Continued study of the concepts of “association” and hypothesis-testing• Use of the 2x2 table as a way to numerically express risk and relative risk• Example of an experimental study to examine beneficial health-related effects• Understanding of population sampling and inference• Demonstration of the necessity and impact of a control group
Big Ideas• An experimental study of a sample of a population can test a hypothesized
association between an exposure and a beneficial health-related outcome• In order for an experimental study to be meaningful, it has to include controls • The 2x2 table, which includes consideration of a control group, is a tool used
to express the numbers of people with and without the exposure, and with and without the outcome, and clarifies how rates and relative risks are calculated.
This project is supported by a Science Education Drug Abuse Partnership Award, Grant Number 1R24DA016357-01, from the National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Institutes of Health.
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
1. How is this disease distributed?
Health-related conditions and behaviors are not distributed uniformly in a population. They have unique distributions that can be described by how they are distributed in terms of person, place, and time.
2. What hypotheses might explain the distribution of disease?
Clues for formulating hypotheses can be found by observing the way a health-related condition or behavior is distributed in a population.
3. Is there an association between the hypothesized cause and the disease?
Causal hypotheses can be tested by observing exposures and diseases of people as they go about their daily lives. Information from these observational studies can be used to make and compare rates and identify associations.
4. Is the association causal?
Causation is only one explanation for an association between an exposure and a disease. Because observational studies are complicated by factors not controlled by the observer, other explanations also must be considered.
5. What should be done when preventable causes of disease are found?
Policy decisions are based on more than the scientific evidence. Because of competing values - social, economic, ethical, environmental, cultural, and political factors may also be considered.
Essential Questions Enduring Understandings
Where are we?
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
What do we mean when we say that there is an association between two things?
Associated
Tied Related
Linked
Things that are associatedare linked in some way that makes them
turn up together.
Review of the Concept of Association
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Suicide Higher in Areas with Guns
Smoking Linked to Youth Eating Disorders
Snacks Key to Kids’ TV- Linked Obesity: China Study
Family Meals Are Good for Mental Health
Lack of High School Diploma Tied to US Death
Rate
Study Links
Spanking to
Aggression
Breakfast Each Day May Keep Colds Away
Study Concludes: Movies Influence
Youth Smoking
Study Links Iron
Deficiency to Math
Scores
Kids Who Watch R-Rated Movies More Likely to Drink, Smoke
Pollution Linked with Birth Defects in US Study
Depressed Teens More Likely to Smoke
Review - Things That Turn Up Together
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Review - Module 3 is about Analytical Epidemiology
Analytical epidemiology can test hypotheses
about associations
Epidemiologic studies that are concerned with determinants of disease
and the reasons for relatively high or low
frequencies of disease in specific population
subgroups
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Hypothesis about
associations
Generate
Descriptive Epidemiology
Test
Analytical Epidemiology
An unproven idea, based on observation or reasoning, that can be supported or refuted through investigation
An educated guess
Hypotheses in epidemiology are statements that suggest associations between an exposure and an outcome
Review - Epidemiology and Associations
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Hypothesis:
Buprenorphine will stop heroin addicts from using heroin.
Testing Hypotheses
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Sample 100
Heroin Addicts
10 Weeks
79 Heroin Addicts Tested Positive for Heroin
Trial 1
Buprenorphine will stop heroin addicts from using heroin.
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Handout
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin Total
10079 21
Tested Negative for Heroin
Trial 1
Buprenorphine will stop heroin addicts from using heroin.
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it.
Lord Kelvin
But when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in
numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind.
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
A measure of how often an outcome occurs in a defined population in a defined period of time. It consists of a numerator and a denominator.
RATE
The numerator is the number of people in the population or sample who experienced the outcome and the denominator is the total number of people in the population or sample.
Population / Sample
Outcome
Denominator
Numerator
Review - Express It In Numbers
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Rate: A measure of how often an outcome occurs in a defined group of people
in a defined period of time.
Risk: The likelihood of an outcome occurring in a defined group of people in a defined time
period.
Concepts of Rate and Risk
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Express It In Numbers
… the rate of positive heroin tests is 79/100 positives per 10-week period
79 tested positive for heroin 100 study
subjects
Numerator
Denominator
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 1
Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin Total
10079 21
Tested Negative for Heroin
79
100or 79 %
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Calculating a Rate / Risk in Trial 1
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Process of predicting from what is observed in a sample to what is true for the entire population.
Inference
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 1
Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin Total
10079 21
Tested Negative for Heroin
79
100or 79 %
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
What Can Trial 1 Tell Us About the Hypothesis?
What does this tell you about the hypothesis?
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
People who participate in a trial, but do not get the treatment.
People whose results are compared to the group that
was treated.
Control Group
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin Total
10079 21
Tested Negative for Heroin
79
100or 79 %
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Including a Control Group
Extend and label the table to include a control group.
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin Total
10079 21
Tested Negative for Heroin
79
100or 79 %
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
100?
100or ? %No Bupe
Including a Control Group
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
79
100or 79 %
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
?
100or ? %
Total
1002179
100
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Bupe
No Bupe
Exposure
Outcome / Disease
a b
c d
2x2 Table
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
A cross-classification of data where categories of one variable are presented in rows and categories of another variable
are presented in columns.
The simplest contingency table is the 2x2 table
Review - Contingency Table
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Sample 100
Heroin Addicts
10 Weeks
79 Heroin Addicts Tested Positive for Heroin
Trial 1
Testing Hypotheses - Buprenorphine Trial 1
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
?
100? %
a b
c d
Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
No Bupe
Trial 2
2x2 Table for Trial 2
100
100?
100? %
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
E
Assigned
E
O
O
O
OHeroin AddictsVolunteer Heroin Addicts
Study Diagram
Time
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 2 Study Sample
Assign Volunteers to 2 Groups Trial 2
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 2 Results
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 2
or79 21 10079
10079%No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another.
Ratio
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Comparing Rates - A Risk Ratio for Trial 2
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 2
or79 21 10079
10079%
Ratio: The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another
Risk Ratio: The ratio of two risks
1
Risk Ratio
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
A Formula for Comparing Rates
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
or79 21 10079
10079%
Risk Ratio: The ratio of two risks.
1
Risk Ratio
Create a formula
a
a + b
c
c + dNo Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Risk Ratio
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
or79 21 10079
10079%
1
Risk Ratio
Trial 2
Relative Risk: The ratio of the risk of an outcome among the exposed to the risk of the outcome among the unexposed.
Relative Risk
Relative Risk
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 2 Inference
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
or79 21 10079
10079%
Inference: Process of predicting from what is observed in a sample
to what is occurring in the entire population
The inference here is that there is no effect of Buprenorphine
1
Risk Ratio
Trial 2
Relative Risk
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
?
100? %
a b
c d
Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 3
2x2 Table for Trial 3
100
100?
100? %
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 3 Study Sample
Buprenorphine Trial 3No Buprenorphine
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 3 Results
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 3
or38 62 10038
10038%No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 3
or38 62 10038
10038%
Trial 3 Relative Risk
Relative Risk
2.08
Relative Risk: The ratio of the risk of an outcome among the exposed to the risk of the outcome among the unexposed.
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 3
or38 62 10038
10038%
Trial 3 Relative Risk
Relative Risk
2.08
The heroin addicts who received Buprenorphine were ____ times as likely to use heroin as those
who did not receive Buprenorphine.2.08
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 3
or38 62 10038
10038%
Trial 3 Inference
Relative Risk
2.08
Inference: Process of predicting from what is observed in a sample
to what is occurring in the entire population.
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
?
100? %
a b
c d
Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 4
2x2 Table for Trial 4
100
100?
100? %
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 4 Study Sample
Buprenorphine Trial 4No Buprenorphine
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Trial 4 Results
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 4
or94 6 10094
10094%No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 4
or94 6 10094
10094%
Trial 4 Relative Risk
Relative Risk
.84
Relative Risk: The ratio of the risk of an outcome among the exposed to the risk of the outcome among the unexposed.
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
The heroin addicts who received Buprenorphine were ____ times as likely to use heroin as those
who did not receive Buprenorphine.
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 4
or94 6 10094
10094%
Trial 4 Relative Risk
Relative Risk
0.84
0.84
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 4
or94 6 10094
10094%
Relative Risk
0.84
Trial 4 Inference
Inference: Process of predicting from what is observed in a sample
to what is not observed in a population.
No Bupe
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Total
79
100or 79%
a b
c d
79 21Bupe
Tested Positive for Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
100
Tested Rate of Using Heroin
Trial 1
Review of the Four Hypothetical Trials
What do the results of tell us about the hypothesis that Buprenorphine will stop heroin addicts from using heroin?
Nothing
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
10079 219079
100
or 79%
Nothing
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Trial 1 Trial 2
Trial 3 Trial 4
Review of the Four Hypothetical Trials
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
No Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
10079 219079
100
or 79%
Nothing
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Trial 1 Trial 2
Trial 3 Trial 4
Review of the Four Hypothetical Trials
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
No Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
There is no association between Bupe and heroin use.
1
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
10079 219079
100
or 79%
Nothing
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Trial 1 Trial 2
Trial 3 Trial 4
Review of the Four Hypothetical Trials
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
No Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10038 629038
100
or 38%
There is no association between Bupe and heroin use.
Bupe is associated with an increase in heroin use.
1
2.08
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
10079 219079
100
or 79%
Nothing
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Trial 1 Trial 2
Trial 3 Trial 4
Review of the Four Hypothetical Trials
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
No Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10038 629038
100
or 38% 10094 69094
100
or 94%
There is no association between Bupe and heroin use.
Bupe is associated with a decrease in heroin use.
1
.842.08
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
10079 219079
100
or 79%
Nothing
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Trial 1 Trial 2
Trial 3 Trial 4
Review of the Four Hypothetical Trials
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
No Bupe
Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
No Bupe
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
Total
Tested Positive
for Heroin
Rate
of Using
Heroin
Tested Negative for Heroin
Relative Risk
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10079 219079
100
or 79%
10038 629038
100
or 38% 10094 69094
100
or 94%
There is no association between Bupe and heroin use.
Bupe is associated with a decrease in heroin use.Bupe is associated with an increase in heroin use.
1
.842.08
Nothing
Compared to what?
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
Big Ideas in this Lesson (3-2)
• An experimental study of a sample of a population can test a hypothesized association between an exposure and a beneficial health-related outcome
• In order for an experimental study to be meaningful, it has to include controls
• The 2x2 table, which includes consideration of a control group, is a tool used to express the numbers of people with and without the exposure, and with and without the outcome, and clarifies how rates and relative risks are calculated.
• .
This project is supported by a Science Education Drug Abuse Partnership Award, Grant Number 1R24DA016357-01, from the National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Institutes of Health.
Re-Cap
DrugEpi 3-2 Experimental Study - Buprenorphine Example
6.
Where are we?Next Lesson
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine & Naloxone
Placebo
An Actual Randomized Controlled Study