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Classification Common drug Related drugs Mechanism of action Clinical uses Common and serious side effects Resourses
PR222 Human cell pathobiology
Anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs, acetaminophen steroids)
NSAIDs Aspirin irreversible inhibits COX (PGsynthesis)
pain, fever, inflamamation,prevention for thromboembolism,
colorectal cancer
GI upset, kidney toxicity .
Ibuprofen inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 pain, fever, inflammation GI upset, kidney toxicity
Indomethacin inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) GI upset, kidney toxicity
Piroxicam inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 long-term action:pain, fever,
inflammation
GI upset, kidney toxicity
Celecoxib specific inhibits COX-2 pain, fever, inflammation cardiovascular disorders
Acetaminophen Acetaminophen centrally inhibits COX analgesic, antipyretic liver toxicity
Glucocorticoids Prednisolone blocks phospholipase A2 inflammation, allergy high blood glucose, Cushings
Syndrome
Dexamethasone blocks phospholipase A2 inflammation, severe emesis Cushings Syndrome
Fundamental of poisoning
and management
Chelating agents Dimercaprol succimer As, Hg Gd Pb poisoning tachycardia, renal toxicity .
Chelating agents Deferoxamine iron poisoning renal insufficiency
Chelating agents Penicillamine trientine Cu, Pb poisoning cutaneous reaction, bone marrowsuppression, renal toxicity
Antidote Flumazenil benzodiazepine receptor antagonist benzodiazepine poisoning dizziness(10%), nausea/vomitting
(11%)
Adsorbance Activated charcoal mycobial toxin, salicylate, paraquat,barbiturates, amphetamine
rare
Anticancer drugs 1. Platinum Cisplatin DNA ,thymidylate synthase
testicular tumors .
2. Alkylating agents Cyclophosphamide alkylates & DNA
cancer (meningeal leukemia, acute
leukemia, non-Hodgkin's
lymphomas, ALL, AML,
lymphomatous meningitis),
autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus
erythematosus, certain types of
kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis
and vasculitis), prevent organ
rejection
severe hemorrhagic cystitis
(prevented by mesna), acute
myelosuppression, N&V, seizure,
cerebellar ataxia, hair loss
/ Topics
2553
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Note **
recommended for
pregnancy, *
alternative for
pregnancy
Lamivudine (3TC)** triphosphatedreverse transcriptase, DNA DNA
HIV & HBV infection neutropenia, headache, nausea, pancreatitis
All NRTI &
tenofovir cause riskof lactic acidosis
with hepatic steatosis
Didanosine (ddI)* peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis,
diarrhea, hyperuricemia, nausea(neuropathic drugs eg. d4T, ddC,
isoniazid pancreatitic drugs eg. d4T,ddC)
Zalcitabine (ddC) peripheral neuropathy, oral
ulceration, pancreatitis (cimetidine, neuropathic drugs eg.
d4T, ddI, isoniazid)
Stavudine (d4T)* peripheral neuropathy,
lipodystrophy,hyperlipidemia,
pancreatitis (zidovudine neuropathicdrugs eg. ddI, ddC, isoniazid)
acyclic nucleoside
phosphonate (analog
of adenosine)
Tenofovir inhibit HIV RT & causes chain
termination after incorporation into
DNA
headache, diarrhea, N&V,
flatulence, renal insufficiency (atazanavir, probenecid)
Non-NRTI Nevirapine HIV reversetranscriptase
HIV infection rash, pruritus, Stevens-Johnson
syndrome, hepatitis esp. during
pregnancy (rifampin, ketoconazole, St.John
wort)
Efavirenz rash, liver enzymes (phenytoin,carbamazepine, phenobarbital,
ketoconazole,itraconazole, voriconazole triazolam, methadone,astemizole)
Protease inhibitors
(PIs)
Ritonavir protease PI metabolism (exceptnelfinavir) via CYP3A4
coadministration with other PI for
HIV infection
GI disturbance, dose-dependent
increase total cholesterol & TG,
lipodystrophy
Indinavir All PIs, except amprenavir, carry
risk of hyperlipidemia, fat
maldistribution, hyperglycemia,
insulin resistance
Antifungal drugs Amphotericin B
systemic fungal infection
(aspergillus, candida, cryptococcus,
coccidioidomycosis
Nephrotoxicity, thrombophlebitis,
headaches, chills, allergic reactions,
hepatotoxicity
.
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