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Drought in Europe:The Portuguese Condition
Carranca, C.1; Duarte-Maçãs, I.2; Brito da Luz, P.3; Carneiro, J.P.4; Antunes, C.5
1INRB/L-INIA, Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Nova Oeiras
2748-505 Oeiras, Portugal, [email protected]
2INRB/L-INIA, Apartado 6, 7350-951 Elvas, Portugal, [email protected]
3INRB/L-INIA, Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Nova Oeiras
2748-505 Oeiras, Portugal, [email protected]
4INRB/L-INIA, Apartado 6, 7350-951 Elvas, Portugal, [email protected]
5University of Algarve, Portugal, [email protected]
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)Corina Carranca
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Drought in Europe:The Portuguese Condition
Western of Iberian Peninsula Latitude: 37º-42ºN Longitude: 9º-6ºW
Mediterranean-type climate in South
Corina Carranca
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Minimum and maximum average air temperatures in Portugal (ºC).
(The mean annual temperature in the country ranges from 13 ºC to 18 ºC )
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
Corina Carranca
Average annual air temperature (1931-2004)(Source: Instituto de Meteorologia, Portugal)
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Accumulated monthly precipitation in Portugal (mm).
(The average rainfall in south varies from 450 and 570 mm year-1,
whereas in northern it can reach 2,200 mm year-1 )
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
Corina Carranca
Corina CarrancaGEO-DRI Drought Monitoring Workshop
May 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
162568Portugal
4144141Spain
15212143Greece
4412827Italy
2249209South France
Area without
informationLow
risk
Moderate
risk
High
risk
Country
Potential erosion risk (%) in southern Europe
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)Corina Carranca
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Organic C in european soils (0-30 cm), in relation with soil erosion (Source: European Commission, 2004. Reports of the Technical Working Groups, II)
Water erosion in EU
115 million ha
(12% total area)
Wind erosion in EU
42 million ha
(4% total area)
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
45% of european soils with low OM
content
(0-20 g Corg kg-1)
45% of european
soils with medium
levels of OM
(20-60 g Corg kg-1)
Pre-desertification index: 17 g OM kg-1
Corina Carranca
May 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring Workshop
Corina Carranca
reduction on soil organic C and biodiversity;
reduction on water retention;
reduction on biodegradation;
interruption on C and N biogeochemical cycles;
direct adverse impact on water and air quality, and an
indirect impact on crop production and human health
Main consequences
from reduction on soil organic
matter
Negative impact of certain
irrigation systems:
Soil erosion and desertification;
Soil alkalinity;
Soil compaction and crusting;
Water polution;
Water loss
European Commission
proposed a Directive for Soil
Protection and Conservation
(COM(2006)231), which is not
yet implemented:
Reduction on soil compaction and disruption (use of soil conservation practices);
Priority for permanent pastures;
Reduction on overgrazing;
Use of cover crops and legumes;
Implementing a data base for physical, chemical, biological indicators of soil quality;
Introduction of an erosion tax;
Educational programs
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Corina Carranca
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
99Portugal
700ndFrance
1,300ndGremany
1,000150Spain
nd200United Kingdom
4,0604,060Canada
8,6408,640Australia
11,00011,000Argentina
14,33014,330Brasil44,12021,120USA
Conservation practice
Direct seedingCountry
Agricultural Land (x 103 ha) / Soil Management
Source: APOSOLO (2001) GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Drought Impacts in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
Corina Carranca
10
12
14
16
18
20
4 5 6 7 8
Amount of Residues (Mg ha-1
)
Org
an
ic C
(g
kg
-1)
Y= 0.89 + 0.13x, R2 = 0.98
Source: Carvalho, M. et al. (2002)
Soil Organic Carbon (0-30 cm) in Function of Crop Residue
Drought in Europe:The Portuguese Condition
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)Corina Carranca
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Drought in Europe:The Portuguese Condition
Biodiverse pastures can accumulate 4 Mg Corg ha-1 yr-1
The Portuguese extensive farming system “montado”,
consisting of cork and oak trees, shrubs and
biodiverse pastures can accumulate even more Corg by
the large senescent leaves from the trees.
Corina Carranca
The leaves of most common trees
and bushes in the agro-forest
ecosystems in southern Portugal
(Quercus suber L., Q. ilex L., Q.
coccifera L.) were used to obtain the
characteristic drop size for
determining the C factor for tree and
bush canopies
Portugal offers good conditions for grain
pulses production
N2 fixers are important biofertilizers in
sustainable agro-ecosystems
Chickpea, fababean, pea
and lupine are important
grain legumes in the
Mediterranean basin
Drought in Europe:The Portuguese Condition
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Most soils contain endogenous
bacteria (Rhizobium sp.) very
efficient to fix N2 with various
legumes (>65% plant N)
Legumes, in rotation or
associated, can be an additional
source of income for farmers
Corina Carranca
Chickpea is the third pulse crop in the world. This species is
characterized by high contents of protein and carbohydrate in the grain,
both important in human diets.
In the Mediterranean agricultural systems, chickpea is a spring crop,
sown in March-April and is extremely affected by long periods of drought
during the reproductive phase.
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Drought in Europe:The Portuguese Condition
Corina Carranca
Diseases and drought are the most
important limiting yield factors.
Drought is the major abiotic stress
throughout the chickpea growing
areas. Normally, water stress
conditions, shorten the growth cycle
and chickpea plants stop the apical
growth.GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring Workshop
May 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
A breeding program will develop new
chickpea germplasm resistant to the
main abiotic and biotic stress
Drought in Europe:The Portuguese Condition
Corina Carranca
Pear Production in Portugal (Mg)
0
50
100
150
200
1 2 3 4 5
Years
Yie
ld (
10
3 M
g)
Yield
Average
Berries, Almonds and Nuts Production in
Portugal (Mg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5Years
Yie
ld (
10
3 M
g)
Almonds yield
Berries yield
Nuts yield
Average (2003-2007)
Average (2003-2007)
Average (2003-2007)
Fruits Production in Portugal in 2003-2007
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
Corina Carranca
B
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada) Corina Carranca
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
The importance of Mycorrhiza
Myke = fungi
+
Rhiza = root
Corina Carranca
GEO-DRI Drought Monitoring WorkshopMay 10-11, 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada)
Drought in Europe: The Portuguese Condition
CONCLUSIONSDrought caused desertification, soil degradation, reduction
of crop yield.
To improve soil fertility, the soil should be kept covered;
crop rotations or associated crops, with inclusion of
legumes, even annual pastures should be used;
soil conservation practices should be a priority;
use of natural or improved permanent pastures, particularly
in steep slopes and shallow soils;
use of appropriate irrigation systems and water frequency;
maximize the mycorrhizal colonization.
.