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Dr. Michelle Miller-‐Adams, Research Fellow
W.E. Upjohn Ins=tute for Employment Research
Presenta=on at Looking Back, Moving Forward Conference Richmond, VA, March 13-‐14, 2013
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Kalamazoo County (pop.)
201,550 212,378 223,411 238,603 250,331
% African-‐American
4.8 7.5 8.7 9.7 11.1
City of Kalamazoo (pop.)
85,555 79,722 80,277 77,145 74,262
% African-‐American
10 15.6 18.8 20.6 22.2
Popula'on Trends 1970-‐2010
Source: U.S. Census
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
KPS Enrollment
17,285 13,280 12,584 11,245 12,739
% African-‐American
17 30 36 44 43
% low income
<50 <50 <50 56 69
School District Trends 1970-‐2010
Source: Kalamazoo Public Schools
Portage Public Schools (2010): 5% African-‐American, 25% low-‐income
School District Boundary
Kalamazoo Public Schools Enrollment Trend
5
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
Fall
Hea
dcou
nt
Academic Year
Kalamazoo Promise Announced
6
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Kalamazoo Public Schools
Battle Creek Public Schools
Grand Rapids Public Schools
Lansing Public Schools
Flint City School District
Saginaw City School District
Pontiac School District
Similar School District Comparison
The Kalamazoo Promise
� Announced November 2005, to con3nue in perpetuity � Funded by anonymous private donors � First-‐dollar program (before other financial aid) � Place-‐based: Kalamazoo Public Schools
� Covers 65-‐100% of tui3on and fees at any in-‐state, public post-‐secondary ins3tu3on for KPS graduates
� Minimum 4-‐year residency & enrollment requirement
� Universal: Every graduate is eligible � Students have 10 years in which to use funding
What makes Promise programs poten'al tools for community transforma'on?
Promise programs seek to change the culture of a community, not simply award scholarships. They are:
� Place-‐based – focus on a geographically bounded community
� Universal or near-‐universal – everyone has a stake; broad buy-‐in throughout the community
� Long-‐term – allow 3me for people to make choices based on the program’s benefits
Promise programs are not all alike… Models vary by:
� Student eligibility � Universal (all graduates eligible) or minimum GPA (usually 2.5) and/or
a[endance requirement
� Eligible post-‐secondary ins3tu3ons � Local only, in-‐state public, or any ins3tu3on (with tui3on cap) � 2-‐year only, 4-‐year included � Public or private (with tui3on cap)
� Level of student support services provided � Funding
� Private (businesses, individuals); philanthropic; public (tax resources)
“If the college scholarship draws middle-‐class families into the district and, if, also, there is some effort at promo3ng equity within the school system – that is to say you don’t have one part of the district that is overwhelmingly middle class and another part that is poor (in other words, if you get economic school integra3on) – that will be far more important than any of the tradi3onal approaches of spending money on high-‐poverty schools.” -‐ Richard Kahlenberg, quoted in Miller-‐Adams,
The Power of a Promise (2009), p. 90.
Demographic (non) impact 2005 2012
Enrollment 10,548 12,725
% low-‐income 62 69
% African-‐American 48 43
% Caucasian 40 38
% Hispanic 9 12
Source: Kalamazoo Public Schools
Achievement/ARainment Impacts � Enrollment growth
� Founda3on grant (est. $26 million) � First new school construc3on in four decades
� Improving statewide standardized test scores � Improving high-‐school gradua3on rates � Strong college a[endance and comple3on � Shid in college choices (Miller-‐Adams and Timmeney 2013)
� High-‐school achievement gains (Bar'k and Lachowska 2012) � More posi3ve media coverage (Miller-‐Adams, in progress)
Addi'onal Resources
� Ques3ons or comments: � miller-‐[email protected] � hRp://michellemilleradams.com � hRp://thepromiseo[alamazoo.org
� W.E. Upjohn Ins3tute -‐ Kalamazoo Promise Research � Special Topics: Kalamazoo Promise
� hRp://www.upjohn.org � 5th PromiseNet conference – Kalamazoo October 23-‐25, 2013
