DrMBACommunication_Concised

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Communication

Theory

Mutiara Budi Azhar, Dr., SU., MMedSc

Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University


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Dr MBA Communication 2

I. Introduction

Understands what needs to

be communicated and the

best way to deliver it;

develops strategies to

influence and buildrelationships to gain the

respect and trust of others

by adjusting the style andmethod of communication

to specific audiences.

Effective

Communicator:


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IntroductionDefinit ion-1

Communicationis the process of

exchanging information.

Informationis conveyed as words, tone

of voice, andbody language.

Wordsaccount for 7 percent of the

information communicated. Vocal tone

accounts for 55 percent and body

languageaccounts for 38 percent.


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In t roduct ion

To be effective communicators, team

members must be aware of these forms

(words, vocal tone, and body language),how to use them effectively, and

barriersto the communications process.


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Introdu ct ion (cont.)

People in organizations typically spendover 75% of their time in an interpersonal

situation.

Thus, it is no surprise to find that at the rootof a large number of organizational

problems is poor communications. Effective communication is an essential

componentof organizational success whether it is

at the interpersonal, inter-group, intra-group,

organizational, or external levels.


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II

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

All of us have beencommunicating with otherssince our infancy.


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The sender-message-channel-

receiver model

The SMCRmodel describes the

communication process. The model is

described pictorially below.


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Fig. SMCR Mod el

Sender Message Channel Receiver

Feed forward and Feedback


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The Commun icat ion Process (cont.)-3

Message

to be sent

decode

some error

likely

encoded

by receiver

some error

likely

message

received


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SMCR- The Message

1. The Message

The message has three components:Content, Context, Treatment


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SMCR model The Message - con tent

Content is simply communicating whatyou desire to communicate.

Don Miguel Ruiz, author of The Four

Agreements, would ask, Are you beingimpeccable with your words?Sometimes, in our enthusiasm to speak,we do not think about what we aresaying.

Note: impeccable= cannot b e faulted, excellent, perfect.


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SMCR model The Message - context

Contextinvolves adapting yourpresentation of the content to your

audience.

If you are speaking to a linear thinker, donot add a lot of fluff to your dialogue. If

you are speaking to a person who wants to

understand the whole picture, add moredetail to the context presentation.

Note: fluff: material


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SMCR model The Message - Treatmen t

Treatmentis the arrangement or

ordering of the content by the

speaker.The treatment directly supports the

context and content of the message.


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2. The Sender

The sender has to be aware of six variableswhen communicating with another person:

Senders communication skills

Senders attitudesSenders knowledge level

Senders social position

Senders culture

Feedback received by sender


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3. The Channel

There are two types of channels: Sensory

Channels andInstitutional Channels.

Sensory channelsare based on the five

sensesof sight, sound, touch, smell, andtaste. Social scientists have found the

sender is more likely to gain the receivers

attention if the sender uses two or moresensory channelsto send information.


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The Channel-cont.

.

Institutional channelsare the chosenmethods of disseminating informationface-to-face conversation, printed

materials, and electronic media.


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4. The Receiver

The receiver of the information has to use

the same skill set as the sender(The six

variables).

The receiver has an additional variable:credibility of the speaker. If the receiver

perceives the sender as credible,

objective, and having expertise in the topicbeing discussed, then the receiver is more

likely to accept the message being sent.


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The Receiver (Cont .)3

Remember the goal of communication is

for the receiverto accept an accurate

messagefrom the sender.

This does not mean the receiver will

agree with the message, rather that the

receiver accurately understandsthe

message.


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The Receiver (Cont .4)

The receiver accepts a message throughattentionand comprehension.

Attentionis tuning in to the message

being sent, and comprehensioninvolvesunderstanding the message andaccepting or rejecting it.

Acceptinga message involves both acognitive acceptanceof the messageand an affective acceptanceof themessage


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The Communication Process po tent ial Errors

At each step in the communicationprocess there is major potential for error.

There is usually a 40-60% loss of meaning

in the transmission of messages fromsender to receiver.

In many situations a lot of the true

message is lost and the message that isheard is often far different than the oneintended.


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The Communicat ion Process (cont.)-5

This is most

obvious in cross-cultural situationswhere language isan issue. But it is

also commonamong people ofthe same culture.


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III. Barriers to Effective

Communication
http://www.sciencecartoonsplus.com/contact.htm


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Barriers to Effective Communication

There are a widenumber of sourcesof noise orinterferencethatcan enter into thecommunicationprocess.

The followingsuggests anumber of sourcesof noise:


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Barr iers to Effect ive language

1. Language

2. defensiveness, distorted perceptions,

guilt, project, transference, distortions

from the past

3. misreading of body language, tone and

other non-verbal forms of communication

(see section below)4. noisy transmission (unreliable messages,

inconsistency)


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Barr iers to Effect ive (cont)-6

5. receiver distortion: selective hearing,

ignoring non-verbal cues

6. power struggles

7. self-fulfilling assumptions

8. language-different levels of meaning


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Barr iers to Effect ive (cont)-7

10. Assumptions - eg. assuming others see

situation same as you, has same feelings

as you

11. Distrusted source, erroneous translation,value judgment, state of mind of two

people

12. Perceptual Biases:o People attend to stimuli in the

environment in very different ways.


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Barr iers to Effect ive Interpersonal relat ionsh ip (cont)-10

13. Interpersonal Relationships

14. Cultural Differences


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Reading Nonv erbal Communication Cues (cont.)-3

Nonverbal communication is made up of

the following parts:

Visual

Tactile

Vocal Use of time, space, and image


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Developing Communication Skills:

Listening Skills!!!


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Thank you very much for your kind attention



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References

1. http://web.cba.neu.edu/~ewertheim/interper/commun.htm#introd,

July 23, 2006

2. http://www.foundationcoalition.org, July 23, 2006.

3. http://hwebbjr.typepad.com/openloops/2005/05/ten_ways_to_imp

html

4. Printed from the Technical Editor's Eyrie,http://www.jeanweber.com/
http://web.cba.neu.edu/~ewertheim/interper/commun.htmhttp://www.foundationcoalition.org/http://hwebbjr.typepad.com/openloops/2005/05/ten_ways_to_imphtmlhttp://hwebbjr.typepad.com/openloops/2005/05/ten_ways_to_imphtmlhttp://hwebbjr.typepad.com/openloops/2005/05/ten_ways_to_imphtmlhttp://hwebbjr.typepad.com/openloops/2005/05/ten_ways_to_imphtmlhttp://hwebbjr.typepad.com/openloops/2005/05/ten_ways_to_imphtmlhttp://www.foundationcoalition.org/http://web.cba.neu.edu/~ewertheim/interper/commun.htm

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