Drinking Water Storage System

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Drinking Water Storage System

Bottle

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle)

A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth". By

contrast, a jar has a relatively large mouth or opening. Bottles are often made of glass, clay,

plastic, aluminum or other impervious materials, and typically used to store liquids such as

water, milk, soft drinks, beer, and wine, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, ink and chemicals.

A device applied in the bottling line to seal the mouth of a bottle is termed an external bottle

cap, closure, or internal stopper. A bottle can also be sealed by a conductive "inner seal" by

using induction sealing.

The bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing

in China, Phoenicia, Rome and Crete. The Chinese used bottles to store liquids. Bottles are

often recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material. Some regions have alegally mandated deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer.

Etymology

First attested in English 14th century, the word "bottle" derives from old French "boteille",

which comes from vulgar Latin "butticula", itself from late Latin "buttis" meaning "cask",

which is perhaps the Romanization of the Greek"" (bouttis), "vessel".[1][2]

History

Since prehistoric times, bottle containers were created from clay or asphaltum sealed woven

containers. Early glass bottles were produced by thePhoenicians; specimens of Phoenician

translucentand transparent glass bottles have been found inCyprusandRhodesgenerally

varying in length from three to six inches.[3]

These Phoenician examples from the first

millenniumBCwere thought to have been used forperfume.[4]

TheRomanslearned glass-

making from the Phoenicians and produced many extant examples of fine glass bottles,

mostly relatively small.
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Glass Bottle

A glass bottle is abottlecreated fromglass. Glass bottles can vary in size considerably, but

are most commonly found in sizes ranging between about 10ml and 5litres.

The history of glass can be traced back to at least 12,000BCwhere glass coated objects havebeen found.

[1]

Millions of glass bottles are created worldwide every day. In the US, there is an average of at

least two bottle-making factories in each county. It is a highly mechanized process, and the

bottles in use now are no longer hand blown as they were in the past.[citation needed]

A glass bottle is 100% recyclable with many new bottles containing glass which was created

over 20 years ago. Less energy is used in recycling a glass bottle than creating the glass from

raw materials, helping the environment.[2]

When glass bottles of liquid are dropped or subjected to shock, thewater hammereffect may

causehydrodynamicglass breakage.[3][4]

Glass bottles manufacturing takes place over several stages. To briefly outline the processes

from beginning to end: raw material, melting, forming, annealing, physical inspection,

machine & laser inspection, physical inspection (second time), quality control, and finally

packing.[5]

To strengthen glass bottles, the process of lamination is sometimes done. Laminated safety

glass is made by combining a layer of plastic over glass. When a non-laminated bottle is

dropped, the glass breaks sending pieces of glass everywhere. When a laminated bottle isdropped, the glass still breaks, though the outer layer of plastic contains the broken pieces of

glass.[1]

Once formation is complete, some bottles may suffer from stress as a result of unequal

cooling rates. An annealing oven can be used to reheat and cool glass containers to rectify

stress and make the bottle stronger.[6]

Glass Information
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Natural Glass:

Unlike plastic glass was not invented, rather it has been advanced.Although most all of the glass we find is manmade, glass can still befound in nature. Natural glass is the result of certain types of rocksbeing heated to a high temperature by way of lighting, meteorites, orvolcanic eruptions and then cooling rapidly without the formation ofcrystals. Obsidian is a volcanic glass that may be clear, black, brown oreven green in color. Obsidian is formed by rapidly cooled lava. Theearliest use of obsidian was for knives, spear tips and jewelry. Thehistory of glass can be traced back to at least 12,000 BC where glasscoated object have been found.

Glass Properties

Structure:

Glass is a mixture of sand, soda and lime, heated to a high temperatureuntil the materials become a liquid, known as molten. Once thematerials are combined in a liquid molten the mixture is then cooled toa ridged condition without crystallization.

Glass is often described as an amorphous solid; a solid is a ridgedmaterial that does not flow when subjected to moderate forces. A

material is amorphous when its molecules have no regularity in theirarrangement on a scale larger then a few times the size of themolecular constituents.

Strength:

At a simple level the structure of glass is strong, though glass itself is abrittle material. A process called tampering can strengthen glass,tampering is achieved when the glass surface is cooled more rapidlythen the middle. By doing this it causes the surface to become ridged

first and when the interior cools and contracts it pulls on the surface,causing a residual compressive stress. Tampered glass still looks andfeels the same as regular glass it is just more durable.

Another way glass is strengthened is by laminating it. Laminated safetyglass is made by combining a layer of plastic over glass. In a non-laminated bottle is dropped the glass would break sending pieces ofglass in different direction. If a laminated bottle is dropped, the glasswill still break though the outer layer of plastic will contain the brokenpieces of glass.


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The more silica added to the molten mixture will increases theexpansion coefficient which will make the glass more resistant tobreaking cause by temperature fluctuation.

Color:

Colored glass is obtained when certain compounds are added to theliquid molten mixtures. Chromates are used for green glass, copper andcobalt for blue, copper or selenium for red and manganese for purple,brown is made by adding a combination of iron and sulfur.

Colored glass not only is visually stimulating it also serves a purpose.For light sensitive materials, brown or amber glass is most commonlyused to protect light sensitive substances because amber glass is

formulated to absorb light in the ultra violate region of theelectromagnetic spectrum.


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Plastic bottle

Plastic bottlesrange from very small sample bottles to largecarboys. The plastic is strain

oriented in the stretchblow moldingmanufacturing process.

A plastic bottle is abottleconstructed ofplastic, with a neck that is narrower than its body

and an opening at the top. The mouth of the bottle is normally sealed with a plasticbottle

cap.[1]

Plastic bottles are typically used to store liquids such aswater,soft drinks,motor oil,

cooking oil,medicine,shampoo,milk, andink. The size ranges from very small sample

bottles to largecarboys.

This article provides a description of common plastic containerresinmaterials, their qualities,

usages, and limitations.
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Aluminum bottle

Thealuminumbeverage bottle, launched in 2002, also known as a bottlecan, is made of recyclable

aluminum with a resealable lug cap that fits onto a plastic sleeve. Some studies have concluded that

aluminum provides for increased insulation keeping beverages cooler longer than glass.

Thealuminiumbeverage bottle, also referred to in Asia as the bottlecan, is a bottle made

entirely of aluminium that holds beer, soft drinks, alternative beverages and wine.

v
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