Drilling Source Book_Jim Short

8/13/2019 Drilling Source Book_Jim Short

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J A Jim Short

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Copyright @ 1983 byPennWell Publishing Company1421 South Sheridan Road/P.O. Box 1260Tulsa, Oklahoma 74101Library of Congress cataloging in publication dataShort, J. A.

Drilling: a source book on oil and gas welldrilling from exploration to completion.

1. Oil well drilling.I. Title.TN871.2.S5368 1983ISBN 0-87814-242-8

2. Gas well drilling.622 .338 83-13314

All rights reserved. No part of this book may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribedin any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopying and recording,without the prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of America 345 87 86 85 84 83


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DEDI TION

The drilling industry was created by pioneers. Two of them were a rancher s sonand a merchant s daughter who joined together and spent a lifetime the effort.This book is dedicated with.love and respect to Mother and Dad.

Margaret A. and Arthur E. Slim Short


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CONTENTSDedication vPreface xAcknowledgments xiIntroduction xiiCHAPTER : HISTORY OF DRilliNG

Types of drilling methods 1CHAPTER 2: GEOLOGY AND EXPLORATION 7History 18Geological cycle 19

Origin migration and accumulation of oil and gas 36Oil and gas traps 44Exploration operations 53Problem formations 55CHAPTER 3: RESERVOIRS AND RESERVES 59Well logs 59Fluid flow 81Producingmechanisms 99Secondary tertiary and enhancedrecovery 1 4Volumes 1 5Oil reservoir 1 6CHAPTER 4: DRilLING PROSPECTSPROGRAMS ANDPROCEDURES 7Drilling prospects 117Prospect submittal 121Drilling programs and procedures 126General information on the drilling program 127Geological prognosis 134

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viiiont nts

Casing and cementing program 134Bit program 149Mud program 155General equipment specifications 162AFE and contracts 163CHAPTER 5: DRilLING PERSONNEL ANDEQUIPMENT 169

Personneland services 169Drillingequipment 173Rig classifications 173Rigpartsandfunctions componentsystems 175Marinerigs 232CHAPTER 6: MOVING IN RIGGING UPAND DRilLING THECONDUCTOR HOLE 241Activities before move-in 242Moving the rig 250Move-in and rig-up procedure 253Drilling the rathole and mousehole 262Spud-in and conductor hole section 265

Drilling problems 279Running and cementing conductor casing 283Nippling up and drilling out 286Air-gas mist drilling operations 287Helicopter rig operations 289Marine operations 290CHAPTER 7: SURFACE HOLE SECTION 295

Drillingprocedure 295Trippingthe drillpipeassembly 306Surfaceholedrillingproblems 321Landingcasingand nipplingup 342CHAPTER 8: INTERMEDIATE HOLESECTION 347

Daily operations and crew duties 347


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Drilling the section 352Tripping and related activities 361Drilling problems 369Stuck assemblies and fishing 382Logging running and cementing casing 4 3

CHAPTER 9: PRODUCTION HOLE SECTION 4 7Drilling the section 4 7Drilling problems 413Deviated holes 427Obtaining reservoir and productivity information 433Plugging and abandoning a dry hole 451Production casing and liners 454

CHAPTER : COMPLETIONS 463H~ry ~Factors affecting completions 464Types of completions 466Tools and equipment 467Completion design and procedures 486Operations 5 3Surface equipment 535Appendix 555Bibliography and Suggested Readings 569Index 573


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PREF E

Where does oil come from? How do you find it and get it out of the ground? Ihave been asked these questions numerous times over the years by many peopleboth in and out of the industry. Those in the industry ask for both general anddetailed information to find out how their work fits into the overall picture. Theanswers to these questions invariably lead to other questions searching for moreinformation.These questions indicate a widespread interest from a variety of people.

They also emphasize the need for one source that I covers the entire industry,2 contains detailed, specific information and answers, 3 allows the reader toselect and review areas of special interest, and 4 presents the material in a clear,understandable manner for anyone interested in the industry.The purpose of drilling is to drill and complete a commercial oil andgas well. The purpose of this book is to explain, describe, and illustrate theprocess.

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KNOWLEDGMENTS

The Coastal Corporation s permission to publish this text is gratefully appreci-ated. Blocker Drilling Company Four Flags Drilling Company San PatricoCorporation and Loffland Brothers Drilling Company gave permission to pho-tograph and publish pictures of their drilling rigs and equipment. Various serviceand supply companies supplied material and information. These and others havemade a major contribution that is sincerely appreciated.Many people have contributed to this text by teaching guiding and help-ing me throughout my career. I wish to take this opportunity to acknowledge theirhelp and to express my sincerest thanks.

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Drilling started as the simple process of digging a hole. This text begins with ahistorical review. Oil and gas hydrocarbons formed from organisms in the geologic past. Natural geological processes created favorable conditions for migration and accumulation in underground reservoir traps. Areas where these trapsoccur are located by various methods of exploration. The right to drill wells andproduce oil and gas is obtained from the landowner. Then a drilling programcontaining information about the prospect and instructions on drilling the well isprepared.A drilling contractor has drilling rigs with operating personnel. The rig hasa rotating system to turn the drilling bit to drill the hole a tower and hoistingsystem to run tools in the hole and pull them out of the hole and other equipmentneeded to drill the well. Then the rig is moved to the drillsite and assembled.A large diameter hole is drilled by rotating a joint of drillpipe with a bitfitted on the bottom end. Fluid is circulated down the inside of the pipe and up theoutside to remove the pieces of earth drilled by the bit. Additional joints of

drillpipe are connected to drill the hole deeper. Large pipe or casing is placed inthe hole with cement around the pipe. A slightly smaller hole is drilled deeperthrough the casing. Slightly smaller casing is placed in this hole and cemented.The sequence is repeated using successively smaller sizes until the last smallestcasing is run through the oil trap thousands of feet below the surface.Many drilling problems occur such as loose pieces of formation falling inthe hole and sticking the drill tools. A particularly dangerous problem occurswhen the hole is drilled into high pressure formations. Fluids from the reservoir

can flowup the wellbore and blow hundreds of feet into the air causing a blowout.These types of problems must be handled to drill the well successfully. Testsprovide information about the oil and gas in the formations and are taken duringand after drilling. Many holes are drilled that do not encounter oil and gas. Thesedry holes are plugged with cement and abandoned. Wells with good oil and gaspotential are completed.


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xiiintrodu tion

The well is completed by perforating holes through the casing into theformation. Natural forces cause the oil and gas to flow from the reservoir throughthe perforations into the casing where they flow upward to the surface. Other oiltraps in the well can be perforated to make multiple completions. Contaminatingagents in the reservoir may cause a low flowrate from the well. The flow rate canbe increased by removing these with special treatments. Different kinds of treatments are used to improve low flow rates. Oil production from reservoirs withlow pressures can be increased by placing a pump in the well. The top of thecasing is fitted with valves that control pressures and flow rates. Impurities areremoved and produced volumes are measured in surface facilities. Gas is pipedto market; oil is piped or hauled in tanker trucks.

The text expands this abbreviated summary explaining why the proceduresare needed and how the operations are performed. Over 200 photographs andillustrations provide additional clarification and information. The material is presented in a building block manner following the natural sequence of events.Basics are covered first followed by more advanced subjects in a stepwise fashion. This serves a dual purpose. The novice can start at the beginning laying afoundation and building upon it. The more advanced reader can go directly totopics of interest. Many special and sometimes colorful terms are used in theindustry. These are.defined as they are encountered and then are used as commonterminology.A complete list of contents provides easy quick access to sections of interest. Specific topics can be located in an expanded index. The appendix alsocontains listings of additional sources of information.


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4DRILLING

FIG.4-6 Casing design program courtesy Lone Star Steel

SIZE I DEPTH1, 1312 8,000 ftMUDWEIGHT9,6 Iblg.1 x 0.0519= 0.4982psilft, CASINGDESCRIPTION _ COLlAPSE' _ 8URST'- _ TENSION'OPTO BOTTOMGRADEITEM FEETI LBI END SETTING DESIGN DESIGN ACCUMSTRENGTH DESIGNNO. SECTION FOOTFINISHDEPTH LOAD STRENGTH FACTORLOAD STRENGTH FACTORWEIGHT1,000LB FACTOR1 3,700 68.00N808TC 3,700 1.843 2.089 1.133 3,986 5.020 1.259 580.000 1.585 2.7332 2.300 72.00 5958TC 6.000 2.989 3.385 1,132 3,986 6.390 1.603 328.400 1.935 5.8923 2,000 81.40 5958TC' 8.000 3.986 4.860 1.219 3.986 7.140 1.791 162.800 1.885 11.579

'lI,m 3 has. 13\2.in.00, 1. TensionffectoncollapseonsideredDESIGNCONDITIONSDriftindesigns 12.250n. 2. Burstoad= wellheadressurelusdepthx (Insideminusoutsideressureradient)SIZE I DEPTH Outsidepressuregradient (Zerofor productionstrings. 0.500 for intermediatesurfacestrings)9 in. 11,000 ft Insidepressuregradient (Zero)MUOWEIGHT Wellheadshutin pressure (Bottomcollapsepressure)

12,0Ibla.1 x 0.0519 0.6228psilft 3. Buoyancynot consideredCASINGDESCRIPTIONTOPTOBOTTOM _ COLlAPSE1 _ - 8URSr2 - _ TENSION'GRADEITEM FEET L81 END SETTING DESIGN DESIGN ACCUMSTRENGTH DESIGNNO.SECTIONFOOTFINISHDEPTH LOAD STRENGTH FACTORLOAD STRENGTH FACTORWEIGHT1 000L8 FACTOR

9601 7.600 43.50 595LTC 7.600 4.733 5.346 1.129 6,851 7.510 1.096 496.900 1.193 1.9321.0532 2.400 47.00 595LTC 10,000 6,228 7.018 1.127 6,851 8.150 1.190 166.300 1.289 6.3321.2353 1.000 53.50 595LTC 11,000 6,851 8.850 1.292 6,851 9.410 1.374 53.500 1.477 23.08Driftindesigns8.500n. DESIGNCONDITIONS1. TensionffectoncOllapseonsidered2. Burstoad= wellheadressurelusdepthx (Insideminusoutsidepressureradient)

SIZE I DEPTH Outsideressureradient. . (Zeroorproductiontrings..500forintermediateurfacetrings).7 in. 16.500 Insidepressureradient-. L (Zero)MUD WEIGHT Wellheadhutinpressure (BonomOllapseressure).14.71blg'l x 0.0519= 0,7629psilft 3. Buoyancyotconsidered- CASINGDESCRIPTION- _ COLlAPSEI - - BURSr2- _ TENSION' -OP TOBOTTGM

GRADE&ITEM FEETI LBI ENO SETTING DESIGN DESIGN ACCUM STRENGTH DESIGNNO, SECTIONFOOT FINISH DEPTH LOAD STRENGTH FACTGR LOAD STRENGTH FACTOR WEIGHT 1.000 LB FACTOR1 3.300 32,00 L5125 LTC 3.300 2.518 9.811 3,987 9.660 14.160 1.466 537.900 996 1.8522 4.900 32,00 595 LTC 8.200 6,256 9.077 1.451 10.747 10.760 1.001 432.300 779 1.8023 5.000 32,00 L5125LTC 13.200 10,071 11,364 1.128 11.856 14,160 1.194 275.500 996 3,6154 3.300 35.00 L5125LTC 16.500 12,588 14.330 1.138 12.588 14,440 1.147 115.500 1.106 9.576

DESIGNCONDITIONSDrift in designis 5.879in. 1. Tensioneffecton collapseconsidered2. Burst load ' wellheadpressureplus depth x (Insideminus outside pressuregradient)Outsidepressuregradient-. .. (Zerofor productionstrings. MQQ....or intermediatesurfacestrings)

Inside pressure gradient (ero).Wellheadshutinpressure (Bonomcollapsepressure) Basedon 0.6 sp gr gascolumnand BHPof12.588 psi

3. Buoyancynot consideredIn collapse: . inside of casing is empty

. pipe is perfeclly vertical.buoyancy has not been considered for tension effect on collapseIn burst: Prodoctlon casldg. inside of casing contains a 0.6 specific gravity gas column.burst load (production string) = internal gas gradient x depth plus the wellhead pressure.no external gradient

Surface and Intermediate casing. bottom-hole hydrostatic pressure = burst loadIn tension: . buoyancy is not considered

.Unlessotherwisepecified


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T LE 6-1 Move-In and Rig-Up Procedure*FirstCrew

Unload, position, and level pit-side substructure. InstLstairs for access. Unlo~ Unload, position, and level driller s for mside substructure. Pin subs together incluwith cross-member bracing. standThird Crew . . *Position and co nect drawworks, Unlo

Pos~ion and connect flow lines; shale shaker; mud p~s; compound, and engines. Install and andmud storage; mud-mixing, mud-treating, and solids raise A-frame. Position rotary ng onremoval.equipment; and mud shed or house. Begin floor. ~ Lift mconnecting water lines and water storage. Connect engines, compounds, crow

I ~ drawworks, rotary, air compressor,Split Crew andfuelandwaterlinesto the rigfloor.Startandtest engines.Pos~ionandconnectmudpumps, \ Install pipe rack,connect pump suctions to mud pits S Ii C standpipe, andInst~ floor-level dogh~use, and mud line, and finish connecting p t rewengine shed, safety ralls, and mud-mixing equipment, water lines, .. .miscellaneousquipment. andwaterstorage.Startfillingwater StringupdnlllnglinebetweencrowUnloadandpositionlightplant, storage. I linesontodrawworksdrumandclaBOP accumulator un~, and t end of the substructure. Inspect andremote BOP control unit. Lay Test run mud pumps. Pressure the traveling block hook to the baseBOP lines to the substructure. test mud lines to the rig floor inspection. Then raise mast and pinInstall now or after spud-in- and mud-mixing lines. Begin Note: Most masts are damaged whilflow line, separator, degasser, filling mud tanks with water ~and choke manifold. and/or spud mix and/or Remove mast lifting line, connect standpipe and rig Rem\ begin mixing spud mud. lights, hook drillpipe tongs to the tong lines, and finish catwa/ miscellaneous floor and mast hook-up work. Pick up shea.swivel and connect to the kelly, place kelly-drive on pibushings on the kelly, and connect the kelly hose. drillpi.. racksreak Tour Break Tour

Drillthe ratholeandmouseholef notdrilledbeforemovingin.Spu~ InBegin drill ing.

Mechanical rig with tail-driven pumps


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Documents

Drilling Source Book_Jim Short