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Dreaming of Sheep in Navajo Country By Marsha Weisiger University of Washington Press, 2009
Dreaming of Sheep in Navajo Country
Foreword: Sheep Are Good to Think With Preface Prologue: A View from Sheep Springs
FAULT LINES: Counting Sheep Range Wars
Dreaming of Sheep in Navajo Country BEDROCK With Our Sheep
We Were Created A Woman’s Place
Dreaming of Sheep in Navajo Country TERRA FIRMA Herding Sheep Hoofed Locusts
Climate Change
Dreaming of Sheep in Navajo Country EROSION Mourning Livestock Drawing Lines on a Map Making Memories
Time Line for Stock Reduction(Pre-Collier)
1920s – horses slaughtered due to dourine infection
1931-32 – stock reduction is first proposed by BIA to check erosion
Time Line for Stock Reduction(Phase 1)
1933 – John Collier appointed commissioner of Indian Affairs
1933-34 – first stock reduction (voluntary)
Time Line for Stock Reduction(Phase 2)
1934 – goat reduction 1935 – Indian
Reorganization Act rejected by voters
1936-41 – protests against stock reduction grow
1936-49 – Southwestern Range and Sheep Breeding Laboratory bred hybrid churra sheep (crossed with Corriedales and Romneys)
Grazing Regulations
1937 – special grazing regulations issued for Navajo reservation
1937 – sheep dipping count becomes basis for grazing permits
1938 – grazing permits issued 1939 – special grazing regulations issued
for Checkerboard, under the Taylor Grazing Act
Time Line for Stock Reduction(Phase 3)
1938-41 – horse reduction and sheep reduction
1938-41 – BIA prosecutes 19 cases against people who refuse to reduce numbers of horses
1941 – grazing regulations on reservation relaxed, with “special grazing permits” for duration of World War II
1943 – Navajo Tribal Council ends the stock reduction program
Time Line for Stock Reduction(Modern Phase)
1947 – BIA allows women to hold grazing permits in their own name
1951-59 – severe drought on Navajo Reservation
1956-present – Navajo Nation Council administers grazing regulations
Things to Consider
Stock reduction affected families differently, depending on how much they depended on livestock and where they lived. Some were affected badly, and some were not directly affected as much.
Existing oral histories cover only a few areas of the Navajo Nation. More oral histories will give us a richer, more nuanced, more complicated understanding of this era.
Oral Histories
Oral Histories
Roessel, Ruth, and Broderick H. Johnson, eds. Navajo Livestock Reduction: A National Disgrace. Chinle, Ariz.: Navajo Community College Press, 1974.
Sundberg, Dean, and Fern Charley, eds. Navajo Stock Reduction Interviews. Microfilm. Oral History Program, California State University, Fullerton.
Moon, Samuel. Tall Sheep: Harry Goulding, Monument Valley Trader. University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.
Hubbell Trading Post Oral History Files. Hubbell Trading Post National Monument. Ganado, Ariz. (Mainly about weavers.)
Navajo Oral Histories. American Indian Oral History Transcriptions. Microfilm. Center for Southwest Research. Zimmerman Library. University of New Mexico. Albuquerque. (Not useful for livestock reduction.)
Director, Public History ProgramNew Mexico State [email protected]
After 1/15/11:Department of HistoryUniversity of [email protected]
Dr. Marsha Weisiger