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National and International DRE Totals
ü U.S. credentialed DREs: Over 8,500 (February 2019)
ü International credentialed DREs: Nearly 1,000 (Canada, UK)
ü Approximately 3,600 U.S. L.E. agencies with DREs
2017 DRE Evaluations
30,989 Enforcement Evaluations
• California – 6,836• New York – 2,344• New Jersey – 2,001• Oregon – 1,781• Pennsylvania – 1,673
ARIDETraining(AdvancedRoadsideImpairedDrivingEnforcement)
• Training conducted by DRE instructors
• 2017: 967 ARIDE Schools
• Approximately 16,300 officers trained in 2017
• Over 87,300 trained since the program’s inception in 2009
DRETraining
• All 50 states participating
• 92 Schools in 2017
• 85 Schools scheduled 2018
• Over 1,500 officers trained in 2017
DREEnforcementEvaluations
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
28,78830,176
26,101
22,986
30,717 33,375
23,983
28,565 28,21429,823
Source:NHTSANationalSobrietyTestingResourceCenter(NSTRC)andDREAnnualReports
Drug Categories Predicted by DREs (2015 – 2017 Evaluations)
DREDrugCategory
2015 2016 2017
Cannabis 12,718 14,178 13,435
CNSStimulants 10,081 11,032 10,879
CNSDepressants 10,463 11,014 9,656
NarcoticAnalgesics
10,059 10,607 9,641
Poly-category 13,040 13,822 11,953
• Eligibility• Classroom requirements
• Preliminary School• 7-Day Final = 80%+• No missed sessions
• Certification Requirements• DRE instructor supervised
evaluations of suspected drug-impaired subjects
• 90 Days• Two recommending DRE
instructors required
Section 1
9
CertificationKnowledgeExam
• Prerequisiteofminimumsixevaluations(3asexaminer)• NolongeraCKERemedialExam• Requirestwoinstructorstoreviewtheexamandsign-off• Nota“Take-Home”exam
DREFieldCertifications• Evaluations onsuspecteddrug-impairmentsubjects• DRE instructorscannotoverride/replacetoxicologylabresults• DREinstructormust observeandsupervisetheentireevaluationinordertosign-offontheevaluation
• Complete DRE IDC• DRE Instructor supervised:
• Supervise 4 DRE evaluations• Instruct for two hours
• Recertify as DRE and teach minimum required by state coordinator
DRE Instructor Standards
12
DRERecertificationüMinimumoffourevaluationsrequiredüAllfourmustbereviewedbyDREinstructorüOnemustbeobserved andapproved byDREinstructorü8hoursofDRErelatedtrainingrequiredüUpdatedC.V.andRollingLogrequiredüStatescanrequireadditionalstandards
• DRE Expired Less than One Year
• DRE Expired Less than Five Years
• DRE Expired Over Five Years
DRE Reinstatement
14
DRE Data Entryhttps://dredata.nhtsa.gov
Takesyoutothemainpage
Clickon“Evaluation”
“Data!Data!Data!Wecan’tmakebrickswithoutclay!”(ArthurConanDoyle)
ImpairedDrivingCurriculumUpdates&Revisions
- February2018Curriculum- SFSTandDREIDCcurriculumupdatedin2017- Contactor:TransportationSafetyInstitute(OKC)
NHTSA
IACP Technical Advisory Panel
Curriculum Subcommittee
Prosecutors, Toxicologists,
others
Curricula Sent to Selected Sites for
Final Review
Feedback from Course
Managers and Instructors
IACP
Cooperative Agreement
Subject Matter Experts
Pilot-Tested
Curriculum Updates and Revisions
DRE Facesheet
• Added Oral Fluid• Added Resting Nystagmus• Revised “Internal Clock” to “Time
Estimation• OLS Checkboxes• Subject Refusals (Removed Precinct)
Revised Added
Glossary of Terms
• Polydrug• Pulse
• Bipolar Disorder• Diabetes• Impairment• Multiple Sclerosis• Polycategory• Standardized• Systematic
New Studies Added
• MRB • Time estimation• +/- 5 seconds
• Rebound Dilation• LOC • Coating on the tongue• Elevated pulse
Preliminary School
• Inserted model schedule in Administrator Guide
• Added Overdose “Alcohol Poisoning” (Session 8)
• Added Curriculum Vitae worksheet (Session 9)
• Inserted new language regarding toxicology collection
HGN
• Equal Tracking “…may be checked more than once”
• All references to marbles and sandpaper removed
BlindEyeTestingforHGN
NewwordingaddedtoallowforHGNtestingofsubjectwithablind/artificialeye• Allowsofficertoproceedwithtest• Ifabnormalfindings,notrequiredtocontinue• Remindedthatthisdoesnotfollowthestandardizedprotocolandshouldbeacknowledgedinreport
Source:“EyeTestsonaSuspectwithaBlindEye”,K.Citek,Sept.2014
LackofConvergence
LOC Testing -
Added instructions to ”stop moving the stimulus in a circular manner with the stimulus above eye level” before moving towards bridge of the nose, and “to check for LOC at least twice”
Consistent with clinical studies on LOC testing
Walk&Turn–ClarifiedImproperTurnScoring
AddedwordingtohelpclarifyhowtoproperlyscoreanimproperturnduringtheWalkandTurnTestifthesubjectbeingtestedturnsontherightfootinsteadoftheleftfoot(2015)
SFST:OneLegStandClarification
Wordingaddedtohelpclarifyhowtheraisedfootistobeheldduringthebalanceandcountingstage
“Raiseeitherlegwiththefootapproximatelysixinchesofftheground,keepingyourfootparalleltotheground.”
Not“footpointedout”
SFSTProficiencyNew requirement –
All SFST steps and instructions are required for proficiency and sign-off by an instructor
Procedural Modifications• DRE Average or “Expected” Ranges/Values• MRB Instructions• Direct light pen light positioning• LOC
• Inserted language for DRE to pause before moving stimulus toward nose
• Recommend checking twice
OtherRevisions
• Reducedverbiageonslides• Allnarrativesreplacedwithmorecompleteexamples• Revisedeyeexaminationworksheet• PDRSessionre-namedto“DREReferenceSources”(Slidesaddedtopracticedrugidentification)
DREEquipmentAddedclarificationregardingequipmentused:- Oralthermometer- Stethoscope- Sphygmomanometer- Penlight
AllothersmustreceiveTAPapproval
DRE12-StepProcess
Allows for collecting blood sample out of thenormal order in the 12-Step DRE process.
PhysiologyandDrugsAdditional information added:
- Drugs effects on the body- Opinion vs. Diagnosis- Medical conditions- Medical Impairment- Downside Effect
Physiology
- UpdatedNeurongraphic
- RemovedCholinergic,Adrenergic,Anti-cholinergicslides
- “MedicalRule-out”now“MedicalImpairment”
• Removed street names (DEA Drug Slang Code Words added as handout)
• New exemplar video
CNS Depressants
36
Drug Recognition Expert Course
Session 9 – Central Nervous System Depressants
9-36
CNS Depressants
• Changed ADD to ADHD• Information concerning Energy
Drinks and OTC stimulants added
• New exemplar video
CNS Stimulants
37
Drug Recognition Expert Course
Session 10 – Central Nervous System Stimulants
CNS Stimulants
10-31
• Removed “Entactogen” from 2CB-1
• Identified Hallucinogen examples categorized as psychedelic amphetamines
Drug Recognition Expert Course
Session 14 - Hallucinogens
2CB
• White powder usually found in pressed tablets or gel caps
• Sometimes referred to as “Venus”; “Nexus”; and “Bromo-Mescaline”
14-18
Hallucinogens
38
• Replaced Ketaset, Ketavet, and Vetamine with Ketaject
• Confused changed to Confusion
Drug Recognition Expert Course
Session 16 – Dissociative Anesthetics
Session 16 Dissociative Anesthetics
1 Hour, 40 Minutes
16-2
Dissociative Anesthetics
39
• More information on Fentanyl added
• Information on Kratom added
Drug Recognition Expert Course
Session 17 – Narcotic Analgesics
• Kratom
17-15
Other Narcotic Analgesics
Narcotic Analgesics
40
• Removed reference of nitrites relieving angina pectoris
Drug Recognition Expert Course
Session 19 - Inhalants
• Amyl Nitrite • Butyl Nitrite (Isobutyl Nitrite)
19-11
Anesthetic Gases
Inhalants
41
• Added information on Sativa, Indica, and Hybrid marijuana
• Additional information on Synthetic Cannabinoids added
• Added transdermal ointment as method of ingestion
• Reddening of the Conjunctivae replaced with Bloodshot Eyes
• Information on Hydroxy THC and Carboxy THC added
• Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome added as possible long term effect
• New exemplar video
Cannabis
42
CannabisImpairmentIndicators
Additionalimpairmentindicatorsadded:- Altered perceptionoftime/distance- Alterationsinthoughtformation- Drowsiness- Impairedmemory
- Lackofconcentration
DocumentingCannabisImpairment
44
Suggested observations to look for and describe:
üEyelid and body tremorsüSlow, relaxed, lethargic actionsüRebound dilation (record smallest to largest size)üResponses to instructions (memory issues)üCounting errors (concentration issues)üOdor of marijuana on breath and personüUsage (Recreational, Daily, Weekly, Chronic)üDocument blood collection time
• Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) information added to this Session
• Polycategory definition added and Polydrug definition revised
Drug Recognition Expert Course
Session 24- Drug Combinations
Novel Psychoactive Substances
24-38
Synthetic Cathinones
Novel Tryptamine Derivates
Novel Stimulants
Synthetic Opioids
Drug Combinations
45
CNS Depressants CNS Stimulants
Symptomatology Chart
• Disorientation (Replaced Disoriented)
• Unsteady walk (Replaced Gait Ataxia)
• Removed Hallucinations from General Indicators (Remains as overdose sign)
46
Hallucinogens Dissociative Anesthetics
Symptomatology Chart
• Removed Disorientation• Removed Injection as MOI
• Confused now Confusion• Added (PCP) to Chemical Odor• Removed Muscle Rigidity from
General Indicators• Added (PCP) to Perspiring• Added Slowed Responses• Added (PCP) to many MOI
47
Narcotic Analgesics Inhalants
Symptomatology Chart
• Removed Constricted Pupils from General Indicators
• Removed Inability to Concentrate
• Added Slow Deliberate Movements
• Added Transdermal as MOI
• No changes
48
DREOpinion
49
“It is my opinion as a Drug Recognition Expert that the suspect was under the influence of drugs and could not operate a motor vehicle safely.” (Actual report opinion)
“It is my opinion as a Drug Recognition Expert that the suspect (or suspect’s name) is under the influence of (drug category) and is unable to operate a vehicle safely.”
ReportWritingAreasofConcernüNot recording Angle of Onset for HGN on FacesheetüListing odd numbers for pulse and B/PüHGN clues recorded with no D.I.D. drug category mentionedüUse of the word “normal” or “normal ranges”üNo reason for traffic stop listed in narrativeüNo details or explanation for reported medical issuesüNothing listed for vital signs of concern (B/P 60/48)üExplaining when step(s) taken out of orderüExplaining why UV Light used for NTDüIncorrectly listing “IACP certified” instead of state certified
• Three sets of numbers: YY - ### - TOTAL #
• 2-digit year• 3-digit # evals current year• 4-digit # total # evals in career
Rolling Log Numbering
51
Example: 18-001-000118-002-0002
18-021-0021 (End of 2018)
19-001-0022 (Begin 2019)19-002-0023
Recent Developments• Definition of Training Institution• AAA DEC Program Protocol Review• NTLC DECP Monograph• NHTSA Drugged Driving Initiative
52
IACP DRE Section Website
www.theiacp.org/Drug-Recognition-Expert-Section- Annual DAID Conference information- State DRE websites- DEC Program International Standards- DEC Program Annual Report- Membership information
25thAnnualIACPTrainingConferenceonDrugs,AlcoholandImpairedDriving
Registration: www.theIACP.org/DAIDconference
AUGUST 10-12
Contact Information –
Kyle ClarkInternational Association of Chiefs of PoliceDEC Program Project [email protected]
IACP DEC Program Website:www.decp.org