Draft GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINING BUFFER AROUND WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES · 2017-02-16 · draft guidelines for maintaining buffer around waste processing and disposal

Draft

GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINING BUFFER AROUND WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD PARIVESH BHAWAN, EAST ARJUN NAGAR, SHAHDARA

DELHI: 110032 www.cpcb.nic.in

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/

Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Legal Frame work: ......................................................................................................................... 4

1.4 Purpose of Buffer Zones................................................................................................................ 7

1.5 Current Scenario ........................................................................................................................... 7

2. Approach .............................................................................................................................................. 9

3. Processing Facility ............................................................................................................................. 10

3.1 Compositing ................................................................................................................................ 10

3.2 Vermin- Compositing .................................................................................................................. 10

3.3 Bio-methanation ......................................................................................................................... 10

3.4 Incineration ................................................................................................................................. 11

3.5 Gasification and pyrolysis, .......................................................................................................... 11

3.6 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) .......................................................................................................... 11

3.7 Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery. .................................................................................... 12

3.8 Waste to Energy .......................................................................................................................... 12

4. Siting Criteria ..................................................................................................................................... 14

4.1 Buffer Zone Siting Criteria ........................................................................................................... 15

4.2 Buffer Zones Activities ................................................................................................................ 17

4.3 Buffer Zone for Waste Processing Facilities ................................................................................ 18

4.4 Buffer Zone for Landfill Facilities ................................................................................................ 19

4.5 Noise Control .............................................................................................................................. 22

4.6 Green Belt ................................................................................................................................... 22

Annexure

1. Introduction Solid waste management is a major issue in developing countries like India due to increasing trend of population together with quantum of waste generation. The present solid waste management practice envisaging different treatment technologies followed by disposal of remnant in secured landfill plays a key role in the solid wastes management system, which likely to continue for the next few decades. Composting, vermin-composting, Biogas, refuse derived fuel (RDF), pelletization, Waste to Energy as specified for waste processing technologies are being attempted in the country. However, the waste to Energy is getting priority due to non-availability of land and economic return. The waste to energy process also ensures quick disposal of waste besides avoiding long term potential threat of landfill/dumpsites and their impacts on environment and health.

The adoption of the waste management hierarchy, viz.– waste minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery of energy, treatment of containment and finally waste disposal in landfills, has shown the way of significant diversion of waste from accumulation of waste at landfills. Disposal of wastes in landfills is the least preferred management as it impacts on the surrounding environment. Landfill sites encompass waste processing/disposal facilities, which become sources of pollution in terms of air, water, land and noise pollution besides emitting foul smell. Therefore, provision of buffer zone around these facilities is essentially required to prevent people living in the surrounding from exposure/impacts of such pollutants. Buffer zone also acts as barrier, absorber and to some extend as remedial measures against the fugitive emissions. Buffer zone is also equally important for any processing facility as the processing activities directly or indirectly generate pollution in the area. The fugitive emissions of pollutants observed during handling of waste, storage, transportation and movements of traffics.

Indian cities are expanding with the increase in population and economic activities. Identification of landfill site in such cities has become a challenging issue for the municipalities. Non-existence of proper land use plan of Urban Authorities has aggravated the situation further leading to failure in solid waste management. Municipalities are facing NIMBY syndrome, public resistance and even legal issues in the Courts. Most of the existing landfill sites have no adequate Buffer Zone; whereas available buffer zone areas are also under illegal encroachment and such landfills are always likely to face public resistance.

The Buffer zone is defined as an area of restricted activities, depending on the activity and adjacent land uses i.e. the conduct of waste operation would be prohibited. It also ensures long-term availability of disposal sites by avoiding potential conflicts between disposal sites and adjacent land use. Laying down physical dimensions of Buffer Zone is a critical issue, especially for the existing facilities. Though the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 specified the terminology of Buffer Zone, the rule was silent about the dimension of Buffer Zone.

1.1 Background

The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 was notified on 8th April, 2016 revamping the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. According to the newly notified Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 (at rule 14), the duties specified to Central Pollution Control Board are as follows;

• Publish guidelines for maintaining buffer zone restricting any residential, commercial or any other construction activity from the outer boundary of the waste processing and disposal facilities for different sizes of facilities handling more than five tons per day of solid waste;

• Publish guidelines, from time to time, on environmental aspects of processing and disposal of solid waste to enable local bodies to comply with the provisions of these rules; and

In 1982 an Indian task force developed the ‘Core-Buffer-Multiple Use Zone’ strategy 1 this strategy aimed at separating incompatible land uses, in particular in relation to wildlife. In this approach, the buffer zone would be under the park authorities’ administration. Sometimes controlled use of forest produce would be allowed. The multiple-use zone was located outside the park boundaries designated for rural development. The buffer zone in the Indian context could refer to: “A buffer entirely inside the park boundaries, " A buffer with a sanctuary status adjoining the park, and " A buffer of reserved forest status adjoining a park or sanctuary. The ICDP approach is in fact the result of the buffer zone approach, since the buffer zone principle is often applied in ICDPs.

1.2 Objectives

• To minimize the risk of adverse impacts on the environment (land, air, water, noise) • provide direction, certainty and consistency for the siting buffer zone area, • promote responsible land management and conservation • promote responsible management of hazards and loss of amenity • To encourage new technological interventions depending on the processing facilities.

1.3 Legal Frame work:

The distance criteria for various activities are notified by the State Governments as well as Central Government. The new guidelines proposed should not liquidate the existing distance criteria notified under various Acts/Rules. However, implementation of these

1 Berkmüller and Mukherjee, 1998

guidelines could be more stringent considering the local conditions /existing legal frameworks. The indicative legal notifications are as under;

A. Provisions related to Buffer Zone specified in the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

are as under; • Definition of “buffer zone”- means zone of no development to be maintained

around solid waste processing and disposal facility, exceeding 5 TPD of installed

capacity. This will be maintained within total land area allotted for the solid waste

processing and disposal facility.

• Rule 11 Section (l)- Duties of the Secretary–in-charge, Urban Development in the

States and Union territories- notify buffer zone for the solid waste processing and

disposal facilities of more than five tons per day in consultation with the State

Pollution Control Board

• Rule 12 Section (h)- Duties of Central Pollution Control Board- publish guidelines for

maintaining buffer zone restricting any residential, commercial or any other

construction activity from the outer boundary of the waste processing and disposal

facilities for different sizes of facilities handling more than five tons per day of solid

waste;

• The distance criteria specified in Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 at Schedule I

(A)(vii)- The landfill site shall be 100 meter away from river, 200 meter from a

pond, 200 meter from Highways, Habitations, Public Parks and water supply wells

and 20 km away from Airports or Airbase. However in a special case, landfill site

may be set up within a distance of 10 and 20 km away from the Airport/Airbase

after obtaining no objection certificate from the civil aviation authority/ Air force as

the case may be. The Landfill site shall not be permitted within the flood plains as

recorded for the last 100 years, zone of coastal regulation, wetland, Critical habitat

areas, and sensitive eco-fragile areas.

• Schedule I (A)(viii)-The sites for landfill and processing and disposal of solid waste

shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Department’s land-use plans.

• Schedule I (A)(ix)-A buffer zone of no development shall be maintained around solid

waste processing and disposal facility, exceeding five Tonnes per day of installed

capacity. This will be maintained within the total area of the solid waste processing

and disposal facility. The buffer zone shall be prescribed on case to case basis by the

local body in consultation with concerned State Pollution Control Board.

• Schedule I (F)-Criteria for ambient air quality monitoring

B. The Coastal Zone Regulation notified under the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II, Section 3, Sub-section (ii) of dated the 6th January, 2011) COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS (Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife) as under;

(i) “The land area from High Tide Line (hereinafter referred to as the HTL) to 500mts on

the landward side along the sea front”.

(ii) CRZ shall apply to the land area between HTL to 100 meters or width of the creek whichever is less on the landward side along the tidal influenced water bodies that are connected to the sea and the distance up to which development along such tidal influenced water bodies is to be regulated shall be governed by the distance up to which the tidal effects are experienced which shall be determined based on salinity concentration of 5 parts per thousand (ppt) measured during the driest period of the year and distance up to which tidal effects are experienced shall be clearly identified and demarcated accordingly in the Coastal Zone Management Plans (hereinafter referred to as the CZMPs).

Prohibited activities under the CRZ Notification are as under; (i) Setting up and expansion of units or mechanism for disposal of wastes and

effluents except facilities required for,- (a) Discharging treated effluents into the water course with approval under the

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974); (b) Storm water drains and ancillary structures for pumping; (c) Treatment of waste and effluents arising from hotels, beach resorts and

human settlements located in CRZ areas other than CRZ-I and disposal of treated wastes and effluents;

(ii) Dumping of city or town wastes including construction debris, industrial solid

wastes, fly ash for the purpose of land filling and the like and the concerned authority shall implement schemes for phasing out any existing practice, if any,

shall be phased out within a period of one year from date of commencement of this notification.

C. Any other Notifications under Central/ State Governments;

(i) Notified Areas- Reserved Forests, Nature Protection, Sanctuary, Wild life

Sanctuary, Eco-sensitive zones, Historical Monuments, places of tourist interest, etc.

(ii) State Policy/Plan (iii) Master Plan of development Authorities

1.4 Purpose of Buffer Zones The Buffer Zone, as defines the land between the boundary of core activity area that may potentially be used for waste processing and disposal activities as per land use and the boundary of the area owned by the facility within which unacceptable adverse impacts due to these waste processing and disposal activities on the amenity of sensitive land use are possible. This may be represented by the separation distance.

1.5 Current Scenario Pollution Aspect

A major environmental concern is gas release by decomposing garbage. Methane is a by-product of the anaerobic respiration of bacteria, and these bacteria thrive in landfills with high amounts of moisture. Methane concentrations can reach up to 50% of the composition of landfill gas at maximum anaerobic decomposition (Cointreau-Levine, 1997). A second problem with these gasses is their contribution to the enhanced greenhouse gas effect and climate change .Liquid leachate management varies throughout the landfills of the developing world. Waste management is a problem in urban and rural areas. Many areas, particularly in India, still have inadequate waste management; poorly controlled open dumps and illegal roadside dumping remain a problem. Such dumping spoils scenic resources, pollutes soil and water resources, and is a potential health hazard to plants, animals and people. Also these big dump site doesn’t give a aesthetic view to people. Noise and dust are also the major concern for the landfill sites.

Scarcity of land

Land is scarce in India, even though the country has a land area of about 328 million hectares which is the seventh largest land area among the countries of the world. For giving the buffer zone area around the core facility will be a challenge as land is not available mostly encroachment has already taken place in many places around the landfill sites which ultimately effects the surrounding area. In most of the towns, no land is available for the treating the of solid waste, neither as landfill site nor for disposal through other techniques. The Master/Development Plans, prepared by the Town Planning Department, do not reflect this aspect. Many a times, land is earmarked for sanitation purpose, which includes the

disposal of solid waste as well as a site for sewage treatment plant, which is insufficient for either use. Since location of the land plays an important role, therefore, it should be located in such a way that solid waste is disposed off in decentralized manner so that the transportation cost for the solid waste is optimized.

People living around the site are so resistance that they are not willing to vacate the area or for relocate.

2. Approach

Guidelines for maintaining buffer around waste processing

and disposal facility

Formulation of Objectives: • To minimize the risk of adverse impacts on the environment (land, air, water, noise) • provide direction, certainty and consistency for the siting buffer zone area, • promote responsible land management and conservation • promote responsible management of hazards and loss of amenity • To encourage new technological interventions depending on the processing facilities

Guideline Development • Literature Study • Review on Committee inputs • Committee discusses-reviews and expert testimony and develops draft recommendations

Draft Guideline revised • Committee discusses and revises guideline • Comments Review on Committee inputs

Updation • Final input and recommendation are consider

Published

Scope

3. Processing Facility

The main technological options available for processing/ treatment and disposal of MSW are composting, vermin-composting, anaerobic digestion/bio-methanation, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as pelletization and sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery. Not all technologies are equally good in all respect. Each one of them has advantages and limitations.

3.1 Compositing

Composting can be carried out in two ways i.e., aerobically and anaerobically. During aerobic composting aerobic micro-organisms oxidize organic compounds to Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate. Carbon from organic compounds is used as a source of energy while nitrogen is recycled. Due to exothermic reaction, temperature of the mass rises. During anaerobic process, the anaerobic micro organisms, while metabolizing the nutrients, break down the organic compounds through a process of reduction. A very small amount of energy is released during the process and the temperature of composting mass does not rise much. The gases evolved are mainly Methane and Carbon dioxide. An anaerobic process is a reduction process and the final product is subjected to some minor oxidation when applied to land.2 Details of Land requirement for compost plant and compost plants details in India are given in Annexure -1

3.2 Vermin- Compositing Vermi-composting involves the stabilization of organic solid waste through earthworm consumption which converts the material into worm castings. Vermin-composting is the result of combined activity of microorganisms and earthworms. Microbial decomposition of biodegradable organic matter occurs through extracellular enzymatic activities (primary decomposition) whereas decomposition in earthworm occurs in alimentary tract by microorganisms inhabiting the gut (secondary decomposition). Microbes such as fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa etc. are reported to inhabit the gut of earthworms. Ingested feed substrates are subjected to grinding in the anterior part of the worms gut (gizzard) resulting in particle size reduction. Vermitechnology, a tripartite system which involves biomass, microbes and earthworms in influenced by the abiotic factors such as temperature, moisture, aeration etc. Microbial ecology changes according to change of abiotic factors in the biomass but decomposition never ceases. Conditions unfavorable to aerobic decomposition result in mortality of earthworms and subsequently no vermin-composting occurs. Hence, preprocessing of the waste as well as providing favorable environmental condition is necessary for vermin-composting.3

3.3 Bio-methanation Bio-methanation is anaerobic digestion of organic materials which is converted into biogas, a gaseous combustible mixture, of methane (CH4). Bio-methanation is a biological treatment method

2 CPHEEO Manual, May 2000 3 CPHEEO Manual, May 2000

that can be used to recover both nutrients and energy contained in biodegradable municipal waste. Bio-methanation of organic wastes is accomplished by a series of biochemical transformations - which include in the first stage hydrolysis, acidification and liquefaction followed by a second stage where acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are transformed into methane. The process generates biogas with high content of methane (55–70%) which can directly be used as fuel and by employing gas engines can also generate electricity. One of the most promising methods of treating the organic fraction of MSW and other organic wastes is anaerobic digestion which is well adapted for high-moisture wastes (Becidan, 2007). This technology has dual benefits. It gives biogas as well as manure as end product. Fibre fraction of waste can also be recovered for use as a soil conditioner after biomethanation. The fibre fraction tends to be small in volume but rich in phosphorus, which is a valuable and scarce resource at global level.

3.4 Incineration In Incineration combustible waste is burned at temperatures high enough (900-1000 0C) to consume all combustible material, leaving only ash and noncombustible to dispose off in a landfill. Under ideal conditions, incineration may reduce the volume of waste by 75% to 95% (Schneider, 1970). Incineration may be used as a disposal option, only when land filling is not possible and the waste composition is of high combustible (i.e. self-sustaining combustible matter which saves the energy needed to maintain the combustion) paper or plastics. It requires an appropriate technology, infrastructure, and skilled manpower to operate and maintain the plant. In Indian cities, Incineration is generally limited to hospital and other biological wastes. This may be due to the high organic material (40-60%), high moisture contact (40-60%) and low calorific value content (800-1100Kcal/Kg) in solid waste (R.Raajput & G Prasad, 2009; Kansal, 2002; Joardar, 2000; Bhide & Shekdar, 1998)

3.5 Gasification and pyrolysis, In Pyrolysis, the chemical constituents and chemical energy of some organic wastes is recovered by destructive distillation of the solid waste. It is a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic materials at high temperature in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 °C. In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere. Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a small amount of oxidation occurs. If volatile or semi-volatile materials are present in the waste, thermal desorption will also occur. Organic materials are transformed into gases, small quantities of liquid, and a solid residue containing carbon and ash. The off-gases may also be treated in a secondary thermal oxidation unit. Particulate removal equipment is also required. Several types of pyrolysis units are available, including the rotary kiln, rotary hearth furnace, or fluidized bed furnace. These units are similar to incinerators except that they operate at lower temperatures and with less air supply

3.6 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) In an RDF plant, waste is processed before burning. Typically, the noncombustible items are removed, separating glass and metals for recycling. The combustible waste is shredded into a

smaller, more uniform particle size for burning. The RDF thus produced may be burned in boilers on-site, or it may be shipped to off-site boilers for energy conversion. If the RDF is to be used off-site, it is usually densified into pellets through the process of pelletisation. Pelletisation involves segregation of the incoming waste into high and low calorific value materials and shredding them separately, to nearly uniform size. The different heaps of the shredded waste are then mixed together in suitable proportion and then solidified to produce RDF pellets. The calorific value of RDF pellets can be around 4000 kcal/ kg depending upon the percentage of organic matter in the waste, additives and binder materials used in the process, if any. Since pelletisation enriches the organic content of the waste through removal of inorganic materials and moisture, it can be very effective method for preparing an enriched fuel feed for other thermo-chemical processes like Pyrolysis/ Gasification, apart from Incineration. Additional advantage is that the pellets can be conveniently stored and transported.

3.7 Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery. Sanitary landfill is a fully engineered disposal option, which avoids harmful effects of uncontrolled dumping by spreading, compacting and covering the wasteland that has been carefully engineered before use. Through proper site selection, preparation and management, operators can minimize the effects of leachates (polluted water which flows from a landfill) and gas production both in the present and in the future. In this process the waste is disposed and is covered with a layer of soil. The compact layer of soil restricts continued access to the waste by insects, rodents and other animals. It also isolates the refuse, minimizing the amount of surface water entering into and gas escaping from the waste (Turk, 1970). Sanitary Landfilling is a necessary component of solid waste management, since all other options produce some residue that must be disposed of through landfilling. However, it appears that landfilling would continue to be the most widely adopted practice in India in the coming few years, during which certain improvements will have to be made to ensure the Sanitary landfilling (

3.8 Waste to Energy Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies consist of any waste treatment process that creates energy in the form of electricity, heat or transport fuels (e.g. diesel) from a waste source. In conventional biogas Conversion to Heat and Power (CHP) plants the equipment for capturing CO2 is not required. Nitrogen and oxygen, the two main components of air, are found usually in biogas in a ratio 4:1. Their presence is mainly due to the air introduced in biogas mixture after the anaerobic digestion so as to remove the excess hydrogen sulfide amounts. Ammonia concentration in biogas is usually most of the times very low, not exceeding 0.1 mg/m3. The presence of ammonia in higher concentration is attributed to the increased nitrogen content of the substrate used (e.g. poultry manure). Hydrogen sulfide quantity in biogas is a decisive factor for its quality. Without the integration of a biogas de-sulfurizing step, hydrogen sulfide concentration may exceed 0.5 % by volume which is a significant amount, capable of causing damages due to corrosion effects to the downstream piping or to the cogeneration engine. Actually, many engine manufacturers and providers suggest an upper limit in hydrogen sulfide concentration of 0.05 % by volume, for a long-life lasting effective operation of the engine. The presence of water, in the gaseous form of vapour,

is inevitable in biogas mixture due to the type of biochemical reactions and collection mechanism of the biogas which takes place during anaerobic digestion. Similarly, hydrogen sulfide gets oxidized to sulphuric acid in presence of water vapour– which is highly corrosive for the engine. High vapour concentration may turn the non-corrosive carbon dioxide into a corrosive compound due to formation of carbonic acid. As a result, water removal from biogas is another necessary pre-treatment step so as to eventually introduce biogas into the cogeneration engines.4 Details of Waste to Energy plants in India are given in Annexure- 1.

4 Report of the Task Force on Waste to Energy (W to E)

4. Siting Criteria The Buffer Zone, as defines the land between the boundary of core activity area that may potentially be used for waste processing and disposal activities as per land use and the boundary of the area owned by the facility within which unacceptable adverse impacts due to these waste processing and disposal activities on the amenity of sensitive land use are possible. This may be represented by the separation distance. Buffer zone area can also help to prevent nuisances to neighbours and impacts to their health or quality of life, as well as environmental impacts to groundwater, air, noise.

Providing buffer zones between an core processing facility and the surrounding community is a good practice. The size of the buffer zone may be dictated by the minimum separation distances specified in provincial or municipal regulations, bylaws, and guidelines (see Table 5). The capacity of the facility, the potential for creating nuisance conditions, topography and wind conditions, and the facility’s specific design controls also factor into determining buffer zone area. As a general rule, the larger the distance from a facility to a sensitive area, the higher the potential to reduce conflicts between the site and adjacent land uses and neighbours related to odour, traffic, noise, and dust. Vegetation, shrubs, trees, and berms can be incorporated into buffer zones to serve as visual barriers and to reduce noise levels. Fencing in buffer zones may also help control litter.

Table 1 Locational Criteria specified in Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management 2000 (CPHEEO, MoUD

Location Distance Lake or Pond No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of any lake or pond. River No landfill should be constructed within 100 m of a navigable river or

stream. Flood Plain No landfill should be constructed within a 100 year flood plain

Highway No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of the right of way of any state or national highway

Habitation A landfill site should be at least 500 m from a notified habitated area. A zone of 500 m around a landfill boundary should be declared a No-Development Buffer Zone after the landfill location is finalized.

Public parks No landfill should be constructed within 300 m of a public park. Critical Habitat Area No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat areas. Wetlands No landfill should be constructed within wetlands

Ground Water Table A landfill should not be constructed in areas where water table is less than 2m below ground surface

Airports No landfill should be constructed 20 km within or the limits prescribed by regulatory agencies (MOEF/ CPCB/ Aviation Authorities)

Water Supply Well No landfill should be constructed within 500 m of any water supply well. Coastal Regulation Zone

A landfill should not be sited in a coastal regulation zone

Unstable Zone A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones such as landslide prone areas, fault zone etc.

Earthquake zone 500m from fault line fracture (urban local bodies in seismic zone 4 &5 consult seismic map)

The area required around the core facility is a key site selection criterion. A processing facility typically requires space for receiving waste, storing waste, segregation of waste and treating the waste. Separation distances between the core facility and sensitive habitats or sources of potable water may help to prevent serious environmental impacts. Similarly, buffer zones area between the facility and neighbouring properties can help temporarily mitigate nuisance impacts until further controls can be implemented. Most provinces, and some municipalities, have established requirements for siting composting, anaerobic digestion (AD), and other waste management facilities.

Factors considered for Buffer Zone:

• The solid waste processing and disposal sites generate odor, wind -blown refuse, noise,

visual impact, traffic, dust, leachate for contamination ground/surface water and

ambient air pollution.

• Generation of Noise pollution due to operation of machineries, DG sets, pumps,

handling of wastes, traffic movements, etc.

• The biological process that involves the microbial activities may be affected by external

agents like spray of pesticides, chemical, paints and other volatile reagents.

• Possible loss of agricultural productivity due to dust particles.

4.1 Buffer Zone Siting Criteria

There are three different approaches for siting the buffer area for Existing Plants. One method is to first define the existing processing facility where land is not available for buffer zone area i.e, Not Feasible (e.g.Okhla Plant), and go for technological interventions (typically, 30 m distances is required). In this case, selection criteria are determined according to the specific technology requirements. As an example, if large-scale, open-composting, which typically requires a large footprint and has higher odour control challenges, requiring greater buffer zone area from sensitive residential areas. This approach is best where location represents a major challenge (e.g., poor social acceptance due to negative experience with waste treatment facilities already implemented in the region, or limited potential available locations)

The second approach is to first identify a location where buffer zone can be given as per the given criteria i.e, Feasible, where is land available for giving the buffer area with the best chance of community acceptance and compliance with regulatory requirements.

The third approach is for Facility where both area and technological interventions can be used i.e, Partially Feasible. In this case it depends on case to case if land is available then buffer zone will be given according to the land availability and if land is not available than will suggest technological approach with some buffer zone area.

1. Existing Facility

- Feasible

- Partially feasible

- Not Feasible

2. New Facility (which got approval)

There is no basis for claiming that one of these approaches is better than the other. In many cases, the approach is dictated by project-specific issues, such as project development timelines, availability of land, and condition of existing waste management facility.

There are a number of issues and criteria that should be considered when siting a buffer zone area for waste processing facility. This fall into three general categories:

1. Environmental considerations

2. Proximity and access considerations

3. Land-use considerations

Environmental considerations

• Water Sources – There are provisions for river, lake and pond in MoUD CPHEEO Manual. • Flood Plains- As per MoUD guidelines landfill should not be constructed within a 100 year

flood plain but as per the discussion with Committee member it was decided to take 20 years data for flood plain area.

• Topography- In hilly areas land availability and also the slope must be taken care of • Wind Speed and Direction- Wind direction is one of the important consideration as it helps

us to know the direction in which the area can be effected due to dust and odour. • Earthquake- While designing makes sure in which seismic zone the site comes under. As

earthquake make effect the linning of the landfill bed.

Proximity and access considerations

• Transportation Network • Utilities and Services

Land-use considerations

• Land Usage and Activities on Adjacent Sites

• Allowable Land Uses and Zoning • Proximity to Airports • Proximity to Other Waste Management Facilities

4.2 Buffer Zones Activities Activities to be prohibited/ regulated and permitted

Activity Buffer Zone

Prohibited Regulated Promoted Activities

Remark Problems/Conflicts

Residential 500m* Yes Odor, wind -blown refuse, noise, visual impact, traffic, dust,

contamination of ground water and

surface water

Commercial activities

500m Yes For small shops and other business related establishment

Adoption of green technology

Yes Shall be promoted

Setting of industries causing pollution

Yes

Waste-to-Energy should be promoted

Yes Non-conventional

Agriculture yes Regulate use of pesticides

contamination

Plantation yes Indigenous species for nature conservation

*A landfill site should be at least 500 m from a notified habituated area. A zone of 500 m around a landfill boundary should be

declared a No-Development Buffer Zone after the landfill location is finalized.(landfill manual by MOEF-chapter 17)

NB: Puduchery Municipality and Dhanbad Municiplaity have already provided Buffer Zone of 500 m around dumping yard.

Punjab Board has issued direction to Ludhiana Municipal Corporation vide letter dated 17.05.2016 to provide Green belt of

minimum 5 meters around the Boundary wall of the dumping site and provide Green Belt in three rows having 15 meters width

around the boundary of plant site.

4.3 Buffer Zone for Waste Processing Facilities (i) Proposed guidelines for New Waste processing facilities:

NB: (1) Including minimum 20 meter width plantation within buffer zone

(2) In cosmopolitan cities, land availability is restricted. Even in some cases 100 m buffer zone is not available. In such cases, control system, green belts and Best Available technologies (BAT) is to be adopted.

(ii) Feasible condition: Proposed guidelines for Existing/ under

construction/Awarded/ restricted availability of land Waste processing facilities:

Capacity of waste processing & disposal facilities (Tonnes/day)

Buffer Zone indicating aerial distance from the tip of core activity area to Outer boundary wall of the facility

(in Meters) Residential Commercial

activities Construction activities

6 -50 30 30 30

51-100

60 60 60

101 & above 100 100 100

NB*: • With min 20m green belt & stringent measures of pollution control • 200m – it should be total distance from the facility - Residents within the premises

including area outside the premises.





6 -50 30 30 30

51-100

60 60 60

101 & above 100 100 100

• Awarded project which have restricted available land, any change may require new site, new permission, EC, etc. leading to delay of the project by 2-3 years.

• NGT Order dt. 22.12.2016 that 20m buffer zone is sufficient and also green belt should be mandatory.

(iii) For Partially feasible- 20m





6 -50 20 20 20

51-100

20 20 20

101 & above 20* 20 20

NB*: • Specific condition like Ghazipur, Bhalswa, where no land is available for Green

belt, recover land from existing dumpsite and develop. • With stringent measures of pollution control and 10 m width of plantation • NGT Order dt. 22.12.2016 that 20m buffer zone is sufficient and also green belt should

be mandatory.

(iv) Not feasible- Stringent measures to be adopted by the Local Authority in

consultation with SPCB/PCC.

4.4 Buffer Zone for Landfill Facilities

(v) New Landfills, Under construction & Awarded landfills Capacity of waste processing & disposal facilities (Tonnes/day)




6 -50 50 50 50 51-100 100 100 100

101 & above 200 200 200 • With minm 30 m width of plantation to act as barrier

• Awarded project which have restricted available land, any change may require new site, new permission, EC, etc. leading to delay of the project by 2-3 years.

(vi) Existing landfill sites (feasible)





6 -50 30 30 30

51-100

60 60 60

101 & above 100 100 100

NB: With stringent measures of pollution control and minimum 20 m width of plantation

(vii) Existing landfill sites (Partially feasible)





6 -50 20 20 20

51-100

20 20 20

101 & above 20 20 20

NB: • With stringent measures of pollution control and 10 m width of plantation • NGT Order dt. 22.12.2016 that 20m buffer zone is sufficient and also green belt

should be mandatory.

(viii) Existing Landfill sites (Not feasible):

The ULB shall take specific measures in consultation with SPCB/PCC for closure/capping of the existing landfill.

4.5 STRINGENT MEASURES FOR CONTROL OF POLLUTION WITHIN WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES

(i) Control of pollution at source: Installation of adequate pollution control devices at

source for emissions and discharges (ii) Resource Conservation: Minimize consumption of water and energy/ fuel. (iii) Recycle: use recycled wastewater, heat energy, waste materials, etc. Leachate to

be recycled in landfill /composting. Treated leachate to be used for plantation & others safe utilities.

(iv) Noise Control: Noise control at source- providing shield, barriers, absorbers, green belts, etc.

(v) Fugitive dust control: Cover all open soil surfaces with grass, carpeting of roads, slow vehicular movements, regular sprinkling of water, reduce dropping distance and waste handling in negative pressure, etc.

(vi) Odor control: avoid odor causing activities, treatment for odorous pollutants, use odor suppressing enzymes/spray, maintenance of vessels/equipments, etc.

4.6 For Existing Processing Facility

Examples of Buffer Zone for landfill, composting and waste to energy plants

Landfill • ISWA- 500 m should be provided depending on the size of landfill, height, wind

direction. • In South Australia 500m buffer distance shall be maintained between areas

dedicated for waste disposal and the nearest surface water. • In Ontario –buffer area shall be atleast 100 m wide at every point • Malaysia- waste treatment and disposal 500m • South Africa- Buffer zone min 200m to 500m • Devon city council (UK)- 500m buffer distance • Bangladesh-250m from the habitat • Hong Kong- 250 m away from the edge of the waste (landfill boundary) • South Australia- Depending on the land use and landfill size, buffer zone varies from

200-500m

According to these different country examples it observed that the minimum buffer area varies from 100-200m and maximum is 500m Composting • Canada- minimum buffer strip between composting facility boundary and adjacent

property. For in-vessel Composting distance between active area and the nearest

residential or institutional building shall be min 500m, nearest commercial or industrial building 250m and nearest property boundary will be min 100m

• Malaysia- production of compost from organic waste- 500m • Devon city Council (UK)- buffer distance 500m Buffer zone varies from min 200m to max 500m from the active area.

Waste-to-Energy • EPA’s guidelines recommended separation distances for industrial residual

emissions is case to case basis for Australia • Devon city Council (UK)- buffer distance 500m • China- 300m buffer zone between incineration plants and local residents Details are given in Annexure-II.

4.7 Noise Control While no specific statutory controls exist for noise from construction sites, all noise nuisances should be reduced wherever possible from vehicles, fixed machinery within the site, blasting, general construction activities, and from movements of vehicles servicing the site.

Ambient noise monitoring has been conducted by CPCB at three various MSW treatment plants. Out of these three two are monitored while plant was not operational

1. M/s Timarpur Okhla, Waste to Energy Plant, Okhla New Delhi, (Monitored on 17.12.2016) Noise level near boundary wall towards Sukhdev Vihar (100mt) is Lmax - 80, Lmin- 55

2. M/s Delhi MSW Solutions Ltd. Bawana, Delhi (Monitored on 19.12.2016 while plant not in operation) Noise level near west side boundary wall (200mt) is Lmax - 68, Lmin- 43

3. M/s IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Service Limited, Gazipur, Delhi (Monitored on 20.12.2016 while plant not in operation) Noise level near boundary wall (Naer RDF Area, 100 mt. from process) is Lmax - 86, Lmin- 55

Suggestions

• Enclose noise prevention equipment • Provide noise attenuation screens, where appropriate • Where an activity is likely to cause a noise nuisance to nearby residents, restrict operating

hours. • Schedule deliveries to the site so that disruption to local amenity and traffic are minimized. • Acoustic approach • Promote Eco friendly facility

5.0 Green Belt

An important aspect of a green belt sometimes overlooked is that the plants constituting green belts are living organisms with limits to their tolerance towards air pollutants. A green belt is effective as pollution sink only within the tolerance limits of constituent plants. The philosophy is that when primary pollutants are taken care of, formation of secondary pollutants will not reach menacing proportions. Primary pollutants of concern are – SO2 ,HF, NO2, CO, CO2, NH3, H2S, Cl, SPM and organics.5 (Annexure- 2 attached showing the selection criteria for plants near the processing facility)

Guidelines for developing green belt as per agro-climatic conditions

(a) Criteria for Selection for Green Belt • The plant species should be fast growing • They should have thick canopy cover • They should be perennial and evergreen • They should have high sink potential • They should be effective in absorbing pollutants without significantly affecting their growth

(b) Plantation around Processing & Disposal site:

Keeping in view the nature of pollutants expected from the disposal site a green belt of 5.0 km width id recommended and the following plant species can be selected for plantation:

• Acacia nilotica (Babul) • Deldergia Sissoo (Shishum) • Acacia auriculiformis (Australian Babul) • Azadirachta Indica (Neem) • Lagerstroemia speciosa (jamun) • Prongamia pinnata (Karanji)

(c) Road Side Plantation in Processing & Disposal Site

Minimum two rows of plants are required for p[lantation on roadside to minimize the pollutants effects. While planting care should be taken to ensure that plants in seconds row fall in between the two plants of the first row. The plant species suitable for plantation on roadside are listed below:

• Cassia siamca (Cassia) • Acacia Nilotica (Babul) • Azadirachta indica (Neem) • Saraca indica (Ashoka) • Pongamia glabra (Mango)

5 Guidelines For Developing Greenbelts, CPCB, March 2000

• Delonix rogia (Gulmohar) • Magnifera indica (Bahunia)

Annexure – 1 Compost Details

Table 2 Land Area Requirements 6

Plant (TPD) 50 100 200 300 500 Total area required for compost plant (Ha)

1 1.5 3 4 6

Green Belt (sq.m.) 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 Buffer Area (sq.m.) 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 Roads (km) 1 1 1.5 2 3

Table 3 Waste to Compost Plant, May 2012-16

Monthly Annual S.No State City Plant

Compost Production Capacity (MT)

Actual Compost Production Capacity (MT)

Compost production capacity (MT)

Actual Compost Production Capacity (MT)

Total: 57853 MT

Total: 12651 MT

Total: 511093 MT

Total: 151809 MT

1 Chhattisgarh Dhamtari 113 42 1,350 500 2 Delhi New Delhi 5775 628 69,300 7541 3 Delhi New Delhi 1650 42 19,800 500 4 Delhi Okhla 2063 652 24,750 7825 5 Goa Panjim 107 19 1,284 225 6 Gujarat Ahmedabad 825 50 9,900 600 7 Gujarat Ahmedabad 1238 836 14,850 10034 8 Gujarat Bhavnagar 825 25 9,900 300 9 Gujarat Dakor 3094 667 37,125 8000

10 Gujarat Godhra 150 129 1,800 1550 11 Gujarat Morbi 150 125 1,800 1500 12 Gujarat Patan 150 129 1,800 1550 13 Gujarat Porbandar 150 138 1,800 1650 14 Gujarat Surat 825 42 9,900 500 15 Gujarat Surendra

Nagar 150 138 1,800 1650

16 Gujarat Vadodara 825 25 9,900 300 17 Karnataka Bangalore 3713 46 44,550 550 18 Karnataka Belgaum 619 176 7,425 2112 19 Karnataka Mangalore 825 59 9,900 703

6 Inter Ministerial Task Force Report by MoUD, May 2005

20 Karnataka Mysore 1031 392 12,375 4707 21 Karnataka Shimoga 413 0 4,950 22 Kerala Calicut 413 284 4,950 3404 23 Madhya Pradesh Indore 1031 667 12,375 8000 24 Maharashtra Pune 2063 189 24,750 2271 25 Maharashtra Nagpur 825 125 9,900 1500 26 Maharashtra Turbhe 2063 692 24,750 8300 27 Rajasthan Jaipur 1238 737 14,850 8844 28 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore 2681 1079 32,175 12950 29 Tamil Nadu Madurai 371 250 4,455 3000 30 Tamil Nadu Trichy 1238 166 14,850 1991 31 Tamil Nadu Conoor 37 27 446 325 32 Tamil Nadu Erode 413 109 4,950 1305 33 Tamil Nadu Metupalyam 144 51 1,733 617 34 Tamil Nadu Pollachi 248 66 2,970 787 35 Tamil Nadu Udumplet 83 35 990 420 36 Telangana Hyderabad 15262 1593 1,83,150 19120 37 Telangana Suryapet 210 25 2,520 300 38 Uttar Pradesh Moradabad 619 250 7,425 3000 39 Uttar Pradesh Muzafarnagar 495 333 5,940 4000 40 Uttar Pradesh Aligarh 454 292 5,445 3500 41 Uttar Pradesh Fatehpur 124 83 1,485 1000 42 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 375 83 4500 1000 43 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad 250 63 3000 750 44 West Bengal Haldia 1031 73 12,375 875 45 West Bengal Kolkata 1500 1021 18,000 12253

Source: Data from MoUD Waste to Energy Details

Table 4 : Operational Waste to Energy Plants S. No State Name of the City/ Town Capacity (MW)

1 Mahrashtra Pune 10 2 Maharashtra Solapur 3 3 New Delhi Okhla 12 4 New Delhi Ghazipur 16 5 Telangana Karimnagar 12 6 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur 11.4 7 Delhi Narela- Bawana 24 Total 88.4

Source: Data from MoUD

Table 5 : Under Construction Waste to Energy Plants

S. No State Name of city/town Proposed capacity (MW)

Probable month of commissioning

1 Andhra Pradesh Vishakhapatnam 15 Mar-17 2 Andhra Pradesh Vijaywada 12 Mar-17 3 Andhra Pradesh Tirupati 5 Mar-17 4 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa 5 Jun-17 5 Andhra Pradesh Nellore 4 Jun-17 6 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur 4 Jun-17 7 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool 1 Jun-17 8 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram 4 Jun-17 9 Andhra Pradesh Tadepalligudem 5 Jun-17

10 Andhra Pradesh Guntur 15 Sep-17 11 Bihar Patna 12 Mar-18 13 Gujarat Surat 11.5 Dec-17 14 Gujarat Rajkot 4 Mar-18 15 Himachal pradesh Shimla 1.7 Mar-18 16 Jharkhand Ranchi 11 Dec-17 17 Karnataka Bengaluru 8 Dec-16 18 Karnataka Bangalore, Karnataka 12 Mar-18 19 Kerala Kochi 10 Dec-17 20 Madhya Pradesh Indore 8 Mar-18 21 Maharashtra Pune 7 Dec-16 22 Maharashtra Thane 10 Dec-17 23 Maharashtra Nagpur 11.5 Dec-17 24 Manipur Imphal 1 Dec-17 25 New Delhi Kidwai Nagar 1.6 Jun-16 26 Odisha Bhubaneswar &

Cuttack, Odisha 11.5 Mar-18

27 Punjab Ludhiana 8 Jun-16 28 Punjab Bathinda 8 Dec-16 29 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore 8 Sep-16 30 Telangana Greater Hyderabad

Municipal Corporation 11 Jun-16

31 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad 6 Mar-18 32 Uttar Pradesh Agra 10 Mar-18

Total 241.8 Source: Data from MoUD

Annexure-2

Selection criteria for plants near the processing facility

Annexure-3

Buffer Zones Indicators for Landfills:

S. No.

Agency/Country Source Reference

1 ISWA – the International Solid Waste Association

Guidelines for Design and Operation of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in Tropical Climates

Landfill sites should not be located in the immediate proximity of occupied dwellings, waterways and water bodies. A minimum distance of at least 500 m should be provided. Depending on the size of the landfill, height, wind direction- large minimum distances might be required

2 Environment Protection Authority (South Australia)

Environmental management of landfill facilities (municipal solid waste and commercial and industrial general waste)

The following minimum buffer distances shall be maintained at municipal solid waste and C&I general waste landfill facilities:

• 500 m to residential development, rural townships and highways or arterial road networks. A lesser buffer may be acceptable where it is considered compatible with the surrounding area and land uses so that there will be an effective buffer of 500 m between the landfill and any sensitive or incompatible land use.

• 3000 m between an airport utilised by turbojet aircraft and 1500 m between an airport utilising piston aircraft respectively, and a landfill that attracts birds (due to food or other wastes). Landfills that abut this buffer zone will need to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of the Civil Aviation Authority and as approved by the EPA.

• A minimum buffer distance of 500 m shall be maintained between areas dedicated for waste disposal and the nearest surface water (whether permanent or intermittent) and the ‘100 year flood plain’.

3 Ontario (East-Central Canada Province)

Landfill standards: a guideline on the regulatory and approval requirements for new or expanding landfilling sites

Regulation 232/98 sets a minimum requirement for the size of the buffer area at a landfilling site. This requirement is given in Section 7 of the Regulation and is as follows:

1. The owner and the operator of a landfilling site shall ensure that the waste fill area is completely surrounded by buffer area in accordance with this section.

2. The buffer area shall be at least 100 metres wide at every point. 3. Subsection (2) does not apply to a buffer area if the buffer area is at least

30 metres wide at every point and a written report confirms that; (a) the buffer area provides adequate space for vehicle entry, exit,

turning, access to all areas of the site and parking;

(b) the buffer area provides adequate space on the surface of the site for all anticipated structures, equipment and activities; and

(c) the buffer area is sufficient to ensure that potential effects of the landfilling operation do not have any unacceptable impact outside the site.

4 Department Of Environment Ministry Of Natural Resources And Environment Malaysia

Guidelines for siting and zoning of industry and residential areas

Waste treatment and disposal- 500 meters

5 Department Of Water Affairs And Forestry Republic Of South Africa

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE DISPOSAL BY LANDFILL

Buffer Zone Minimum Requirements for Site Selection: Communal Landfill: 200m Small Landfill: 200m Medium Landfill:400m Large Landfill:400m

6 Devon City Council (UK) Devon Waste Plan- Protecting Waste Management Capacity

Buffer Distance Hazardous and non-hazardous landfill Physical, physico-chemical and biological treatment Thermal treatment -500m

7 Bangladesh ADB TA: 39295 report on Preparing the Third Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement (Sector) Project

250 m from habitation, sensitive receptors

8 Hong Kong EPD’s publication “Landfill Gas Hazard Assessment - Guidance Note”, is available at EPD’s website at www.epd.gov.hk

For the purpose of protecting the development from the potential hazards of landfill gas migration, an evaluation of the risks posed by landfill gas is required for any development which is proposed within the 250m “Consultation Zone”. The Consultation Zone represents the area of land surrounding the landfill boundary as defined by a line, running parallel to and 250m away from the edge of the waste if this can be identified or, if not the recognized landfill site boundary.

9 South Australia Consultative Draft-Guidelines for Separation Distances as given below

http://www.epd.gov.hk/

Buffer Zones Indicators for Compost Facilities:

S. No.


1 New Brunswick , CANADA Environment and Local Government

Guidelines for the Site Selection, Operation and Approval of Composting Facilities in New Brunswick

2 ADB- Design TABLE 16- Green buffer zone (trees and bushes)- 200 m2

http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg.html




TOWARD SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPAL ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH ASIA A Guidebook for Policy Makers and Practitioners

Specifications for a Compost Facility of 100 Tons per Day

3 Environment Protection Authority-South Australia

Compost guideline The EPA recommends that the operation of composting facilities is avoided in the following locations:

• 1,000 m to land that is for sensitive use • Within the floodplain known as the ‘1956 River Murray Floodplain’ or any

floodplain subject to flooding that occurs, on average, more than one in every 100 years

• Within the Mount Lofty Ranges Water Protection Area and the South East Water Protection Area as declared under Part 8 of the EP Act

• Within 100 m of a bank of a major watercourse (eg Murray, Torrens and Onkaparinga Rivers), or within 500 m of a high-water mark.

4 CANADA- Nova Scotia COMPOSTING FACILITY GUIDELINES

Separation Distances for in-vessel Composting: a The distance between the active area and the nearest residential or

institutional building shall be a minimum of 500 metres. b The distance between the active area and the nearest commercial or

industrial building shall be a minimum of 250 metres. c The distance between the active area and the nearest property boundary shall

be a minimum of 100 metres. d Where it can be demonstrated that particular equipment will not release

odours generated from the composting process into the surrounding environment, the distance between the equipment and the nearest property boundary shall be a minimum of 30 metres.

e The distance between the active area and the nearest watercourse or water body, including salt water, shall be a minimum of 30 metres.

Separation Distances for open windrow composting facilities:

a The distance between the active area and the nearest structure, including residential, institutional, commercial or industrial buildings, shall be a minimum of 500 metres. Where the facility includes more than 1000 tonnes annually of food waste in its feedstock, or exceeds 10 000 tonnes annually of total feedstock, then the separation distance shall be a minimum of 1000 metres.

b The distance between the active area and the nearest property boundary shall be a minimum of 100 metres.

c The distance between the active area and the nearest watercourse or water body, including salt water, shall be a minimum of 30 metres. (d) Where a facility was operational prior to the adoption of this provincial guideline, and whose tonnage of received feedstock has increased over time to exceed 10,000 tonnes, separation distances will not be increased.

5 Department Of

Environment Ministry Of Natural Resources And Environment Malaysia

GUIDELINES FOR SITING AND ZONING OF INDUSTRY AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS

Production of compost from organic waste- 500 m


Buffer Distance Hazardous and non-hazardous landfill Physical, physico-chemical and biological treatment Thermal treatment -500m

Buffer Zones Indicators for Waste to Energy Facilities:

S. No.


1 EPA Victoria, Australia Energy from waste Plants must meet local planning and zoning requirements applicable to the facility, with large facilities sited in appropriate industrial zones with adequate separation distances to sensitive receptors. EPA’s guideline Recommended separation distances for industrial residual air emissions (publication 1518) is CASE to Case Basis

2 Department Of Environment Ministry Of Natural Resources And Environment, Malaysia

Guidelines For Siting And Zoning Of Industry And Residential Areas

Treatment of non-hazardous waste by combustion or incineration or other methods, with or without the resulting production of electricity or steam, substitute fuels, biogas, ashes or other by-products for further use etc.- 350 meters


Buffer Distance Hazardous and non-hazardous landfill Physical, physio-chemical and biological treatment Thermal treatment -500m

4 China September 2008 notice on environmental impact assessments for biomass-fired power plants issued by the MEP and the National Energy Bureau.

300-metre buffer zone between incineration plants and local residents

Documents

Draft GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINING BUFFER AROUND WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES · 2017-02-16 · draft guidelines for maintaining buffer around waste processing and disposal