The 1st Joint Seminar on Agricultural, Resources, and Environmental Economics (JSAREE)

64

ANALYSIS OF THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF MUARA ANGKE’S PORT MARINE DEBRIS

Agnes Sarini Sinaga*1),Dr. Fifi Thamrin, SP, M.Si2), Dr. Nuva, SP, M.Sc3) *1) Student of the Department of Resource Economics and Environment, H44150067

2)Supervisor I, Department of Resource Economics and Environment, SP, M.Si. 3) Supervisor II, Department of Resource Economics and Environment, SP, M.Sc.

(Approved for approval on ..... December 2018)

ABSTRACT Marine debris is a solid material made or processed directly or indirectly,

intentionally or unintentionally, discarded or abandoned in a marine environment (CSIRO, 2014). Muara Angke Port is one of the dirtiest ports in Indonesia. Especially plastic debris which is actually very bad for the environment. there are several objectives to be analyzed in this research, which is: a. Identify the behavior of the people in Muara Angke Port to manage marine waste around the port; b. Analyzing the factors influencing marine debris production in Kapuk Muara Village. This research used logistic regression analysis Keywords: Marine Debris, Muara Angke, Logistic Regression Analysis, Plastic Debris

I INTRODUCTION

I.1 Research Background

Indonesia’s economic growth has increased to 5.27 percent from the previous year

5.07 percent (Central Statistics Agency 2018). Achieving a high rate of economic growth that is possible for the environment because economic growth is positively correlated with the number and quality of resource goods. The use of natural resources will produce waste. More and more natural resources will also produce waste produced (Teddy, 2018). Waste is waste/waste from a business and/or human activity (PP No. 18/1999 Jo PP 85/1999). According to its characteristics, waste consists of liquid waste, gas/particle waste, solid waste and B3 waste (hazardous and toxic materials). Solid waste is the result of waste in the form of solids, sludge or slurry originating from processing and can come from industrial activities. One example of solid waste is a marine waste.

Indonesia is ranked second in the world producing plastic waste to the sea which reached 353 million tons after China reached 262.9 million tons (Jambeck, 2015). According to the Indonesian Plastic Industry Association (INAPLAS) and BPS 2018, plastic waste in Indonesia reaches 64 million tons/year, of which 3.2 million tons are plastic waste thrown into the sea. Based on data from Indonesia Waste Management (SWI) 2018, plastic waste that is recycled effectively is only 7%, ending in 69% of the landfill (TPA), and the rest polluting the environment. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), 2 April 2018 stipulates the Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation Number 97 of 2017 concerning National Policy and Strategy (Jakstranas) for Household Waste Management and Household Waste, at the national, provincial and district/city levels. This regulation is expected to reduce waste by 30% and can handle the management of plastic waste recycling up to 70% by 2025.

The national policy on waste management has a target for reducing GHG emissions by implementing several policies and programs, namely strengthening the waste sector GHG inventory system through a national waste management information system; Increasing the achievement of the target of reducing waste through facilitating the

The 1st Joint Seminar on Agricultural, Resources, and Environmental Economics (JSAREE)

65

composting and utilization of biogas at the source as well as the establishment of a waste bank; and increasing the achievement of the target for handling waste through increasing the level of waste services, applying the principle of circular economy (waste to energy and waste to resource), and increasing the management of landfill at a minimum landfill (Litbang KLHK, 2018).

The government always strives to reduce plastic waste starting from the source. The government, academics or activists often hold seminars and actions that educate the public about using plastic waste. The concept of Reduction, Reuse, Recovery and Recycling is an approach that has long been introduced. But it turns out that education alone is not enough to be able to meet the government’s expectations to reduce plastic waste because the trend of plastic is very high for users of the food and beverage industry, as well as household consumers. For this reason, accurate trash information is needed which will be useful for policy planning in reducing plastic waste in the future, especially in Indonesia. This study intends to determine the factors that influence national plastic waste production. Based on the description of the problems above, various problems can be formulated as follows:

a. What factors influence the production of marine debris in the MuaraAngke Port Area and the relationship between factors?

b. Does government policy have a significant effect in reducing marine waste?

I.2 Problem of Study Waste comes from human consumption, including plastic waste. This is positively

correlated so that the more human populations, the more garbage will be produced. The volume of projections of household waste and similar types of household waste in 2018 reached 66.5 million tons (KLHK 2018). Based on the results of the 2018 Indonesian Sustainable Waste (SWI) study, as much as 60% of municipal waste is organic matter, 14% plastic, 9% paper, 4.3% made from metal and 12.7% other materials. Plastic waste is in the heavy order with weight reaching 10,337,180 tons or 15.71% of the total generation of national waste after the waste food waste is generated, amounting to 42.22% or 27,780,760 tons (KLHK 2018).

From these data, it can be seen that plastic is still a trend for industrial and household consumption. This is still a lesson too because policies and budgets for managing waste are still very little for infrastructure. In addition, there are other factors that cause the production of Indonesian plastic waste. This research is to find out the factors that cause national plastic waste production. Based on the description above, it can be formulated as follows:

a. What is the behavior of the people in MuaraAngke Port to manage waste around the port?

b. What factors influence the production of marine waste (marine waste) in the MuaraAngke Port Area and the relationship between factors?

I.3 Purpose

The purpose of this research is to answer some of the problems

previously stated. Therefore, those can be listed as follows: 1. Identify the littering behavior from those people MuaraAngke Port to manage

marine waste around the port. 2. Analyzing the variables that affect marine debris production in Kapuk Muara.

I.4 Scope of Research

The 1st Joint Seminar on Agricultural, Resources, and Environmental Economics (JSAREE)

66

To maintain this research focus within its scope, the scope of research has to be made. Other things outside this scope are not considered in this research. 1. This research is only focused on marine waste in the MuaraAngke Port Area and is

limited to identifying factors that affect marine waste as an evaluation of government policies on reducing marine waste.

2. The scope of this research were was only about marine debris, especially plastic waste around the MuaraAngke Port.

II METHODOLOGY

II.1 Location and Timeline

This research was conducted in Muara Angke Port, Kapuk Muara, Penjaringan, North Jakarta and started from December 2018 until March 2019.

II.2 Types and Data Sources

Types of data used in this research are secondary data and primary data. Secondary

data were obtained from BPS, KLHK, UNEP, SWI, theses, dissertations and journals by online. Variables used in this research include population, several socio-economic components, community income in the GRDP in KapukMuara, waste production and types around research area (Emannulisa, 2015). Population, GRDP and waste production will be obtained from secondary data contained in reports issued by the North Jakarta City Government. Others will be obtained by direct observations and interviews. The types of data and sources can be presented in Table 1.

II.3 Data Collection Methods

The sampling methods used in this research is convenience sampling method. Convenience sampling is the retrieval of data from respondents who happened to be found

Table 1. The Matrix of Data Analysis Methods Research Objective Data Source Data Analysis Methods

Identify the behavior of the people in MuaraAngke Port to manage marine waste around the port

Primary Data

Descriptive analysis to identify. (quantitative in the form of tabulation and qualitative in the form of narration)

Analyzing the factors that influence marine debris production in KapukMuara Village

Primary Data

Logistic regression analysis with interviews and questionnaires

The 1st Joint Seminar on Agricultural, Resources, and Environmental Economics (JSAREE)

67

and willing to be interviewed. The samples taken are determined by using the Walpole method (1992). This study involved 30 respondents, this number was enough from the minimum statistic requirements stated by Walpole (1992), namely the minimum sample size that could be used as a research design of at least 30 respondents. Respondents are tourists and people who work or live around the Port of MuaraAngke.

II.4 Data Processing and Analysis Methods

The data analysis method used in this research is descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods with logistic data regression analysis. Gravity models are used in this study to analyze the factors that can affect the production of plastic waste in the sea. Secondary data is processed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and Eviews 9.

II.4.1 Descriptive Analysis Descriptive analysis is an approach to analyze qualitative and quantitative data.

Qualitative is a written analysis in describing research problems. This is in the form of narratives that tell about the case that happened and the flow of the solution. Qualitative descriptive methods are used to answer research objectives based on information obtained from observations in the field. The results of observations in the field through interviews or filling out questionnaires by respondents then the data is processed and interpreted to illustrate the reality in the field.

It is different from the quantitative analysis which explains the problem and processing the data through numbers. Quantitative analysis will be presented in tabulation form so that the correlation numbers can be immediately seen. Qualitative analysis will explain the tabulations on respondent characteristics, community behavior towards household waste management and what steps should be taken to solve various waste problems in MuaraAngke port (Emannulisa, 2015).

II.4.2 Logistic Regression Analysis

Logistic regression method is used to determine the factors that influence plastic

waste products in the sea in the MuaraAngke Port area. Logistic regression equation to determine the behavior of respondents in the management of plastic waste and the factors that influence it as follows:

𝑳𝒊 = 𝐥𝐧𝑷𝒊

𝟏− 𝑷𝒊= 𝜶 + 𝜷𝟏𝑺𝑲𝑹𝑱 + 𝜷𝟐𝑼 + 𝜷𝟑𝑷𝑫𝑷𝑻 + 𝜷𝟒𝑩𝑺 + 𝜷𝟓𝑺𝑴𝑨 + 𝜺

Li =composition of marine plastic (kg/day) 𝛼 =constanta βi = regression coefficient SKRJ = job status dummy variable (1 = active worker; 0 = passive worker) U = age variable (year) PDPT =income (Rp) BS =heavy waste variable (kg) SMA =composition of wastedummy variable(1 = plastic; 0 = not plastic)

The 1st Joint Seminar on Agricultural, Resources, and Environmental Economics (JSAREE)

68

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bogner J, Matthews E. 2003. Global Methane Emissions From and Fills: New

Methodology and Annual Estimates 1980-1996. Global Biogeochemical Cycles Journal. vol.17: 34-18.

[BPS] BadanPusatStatistik. 2018. Ekonomi Indonesia Triwulan II-2018 Tumbuh 5,27Persen [Internet]. [diunduh 2018 November 20].

Tersediapada: www.bps.go.id. [BPS] BadanPusatStatistik. 2016. Environtment Statistic of Indonesia [Internet]. [diunduh

2018 November 20]. [BPS] BadanPusatStatistik. 2010. ProyeksiPertumbuhanPenduduk Indonesia

BerdasarkanHasilSensusPenduduk 2010. [Internet]. [diunduh 2018 November 20]. Tersediapada: www.bps.go.id. [CSIRO] The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. 2014.

Marine Debris sources, distribution and fate of plastic and other refuse – and its impact on ocean and coastal wildlife [Internet]. [diunduh 2018 November 20].

Tersediapada: www.csiro.au/marine-debris. Damanhuri E. 2007. Sampah Indonesia. Bandung (ID): TeknikLingkungan ITB. Derraik JGB. 2002. The Pollution of Marine Environtment by Plastic Debris: A review

[ulasbalik]. Wellington (NZ): University of Otago. Emannulisa A. 2015. PengaruhSosialEkonomiTerhadapPerilakuPengelolaanSampah

Rumah TanggaKecamatanSawangan Kota Depok [Skripsi]. Bogor (ID): InstitutPertanian Bogor.

Fathiras N. 2011. AnalisisPengelolaanSampah di TempatPembuanganPasirSembungKabupatenCianjur (Aplikasi Model IPAT) [Skripsi]. Bogor (ID): InstitutPertanian Bogor.

Hetherington et al. 2005. The Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act: A Policy Analysis [Ulasan]. New York (NY): Columbia University New York.

Hermawan R et al. 2017. Economic Impact From Plastic Debris on Selayar Island, South Sulawesi .JITKT. 9(1):327-336.

[ISWA] Indonesia Solid Waste Association. 2018. Implementasi Lima AspekdalamPengelolaanSampah (ID).

Jambecket al. 2015. Plastic Waste Inputs From Land to Ocean [Internet]. [diunduh 2018 November 20].

Tersediapada: science.sciencemag.org. 347(6223):768-770 [KEMENPAR] KementerianPariwisata. 2016. Pembangunan DestinasiPariwisataPrioritas

2016-2019 (ID). [KLHK] KementerianLingkunganHidupdanKehutanan. 2018. Strategi KLHK

TanganiSampah (ID). Leon et al. 2018. Potential Transfer of Organic Pollutans from Littoral Plastics Debris to

The Marine Environtment. Elsevier Ltd. 236:442-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.114.

Manullang CY. 2018. Current Status and Future Prospect of Marine Pollution Research in The Banda Sea. Jurnal of International Symposium on Banda Sea Ecosystem. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/184/1/012007.

Nandi. 2005. KajiankeberadaanTempatPembuanganAkhir (TPA) Leuwigajahdalamkonteks Tata Ruang. Jurnal “GEA” pendidikanGeografi. vol.5 no.9:[halamantidakdiketahui].

[PERPES] PeraturanPresidenRepublik Indonesia Nomor 97 Tahun 2017 TentangKebijakandanStrategi Nasional PengelolaanSampah Rumah TanggadanSampahSejenisSampah Rumah Tangga (ID).

The 1st Joint Seminar on Agricultural, Resources, and Environmental Economics (JSAREE)

69

[PP] PeraturanPemerintahNomor 18 Tahun 1999 TentangPengelolaanLimbahBahanBerbahayadanBeracun (ID).

Prasetiawan T. 2018. UpayaMengatasiSampah di Laut. Puslit BKD. 10(10):13-18. Sahwanet al. 2005. SistemPengelolaanLimbahPlastik di Indonesia. J Tek Ling P3TL-

BPPT. 6(1):311-318. Sahwan FL. 2004. StrategiPengelolaanSampah di KawasanKepulauanSeribu. J Tek Ling

P3TL-BPPT. 5(1):12-16. Sheavly SB, Register KM. 2007. Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concern,

Sources, Impacts and Solutions. J Polym Environ. 159(1):301-305. doi:10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3.

Suwitno E. 2016. NilaiRuangKawasanKampungNelayanMuaraAngke, Jakarta Utara. [skripsi] Yogyakarta (ID): Universitas Gajah Mada.

Wahyono S. 2001. PengelolaanSampahKertas di Indonesia. . J Tek Ling P3TL-BPPT. 2(3):276-280.

Walpole, Ronald E. 1993. PengantarStatistika. Jakarta(ID): PT GramediaPustakaUtama. Zulkarnaen A. 2017. IdentifikasiSampahLaut (Marine Debris) di

PantaiKaramaKecamatanGalesong Utara, danPantaiMandiKecamatanGalesong SelatanKabupatenTakalar [skripsi]. Makassar (ID): UniversitasHasanuddin.

The 1st Joint Seminar on Agricultural, Resources, and Environmental Economics (JSAREE)

70

ATTACHMENT

Appendix 1. Research Framework

Structure 1 Research Framework