Dr Zainuri Kuliahanatomi Endocrine

8/13/2019 Dr Zainuri Kuliahanatomi Endocrine

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Anatomi endokrin:

dr. Zainuri Sabta N

Departemen Anatomi FKUII


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NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE CONTROL

SYSTEMS: A CONTRAST

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Mechanism of control:

Neurotransmittersreleased in responseto nervous stimuli.

Target Cells:

Muscles

Glands

Other neurones

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Mechanism of control:

Chemical messengersdelivered to targettissues.

Target Cells:

Virtually any or all ofthe cells of the body


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RESULTANT ACTION: Muscular contraction

Glandular secretion TIME TAKEN FOR

ONSET OF ACTION: Milliseconds.

DURATION OF THEACTION: Generally short.

RESULTANT ACTION: Changes in MetabolicActivities.

TIME TAKEN FORONSET OF ACTION: Seconds to hours or

days.

DURATION OF THEACTION: Generally long.

NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE CONTROL

SYSTEMS: A CONTRAST


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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: WHAT?

Endocrines: Without ducts: Ductless glands.

A group of glands all of which lack ducts or

specific channels to release their secretions. All of them secrete or produce Chemical

Messengers or Hormones.

Hormones by definition bring metabolic changes

in target tissues. The target tissuesare usually far awayfrom the

endocrine glands.


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ENDOCRINE GLANDS

HYPOTHALAMUS

PITUITARY GLAND

THYROID GLAND PARATHYROID GLANDS

ADRENAL GLANDS

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS

GONADS: TESTES

OVARY

PLACENTA

MISCELLANEOUSENDOCRINE GLANDS: Thymus ? bukan organ

endokrin

Pineal

Kidney erythropoietin

GIT gastrin, Sekretin Liver Angiotensinogen,

Somatomedin

Heart

Local hormones


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Testes

Ovaries

CLASSICAL ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN THE BODY


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HORMONES PRODUCED IN THE

BODY HYPOTHALAMUS:

CRH, TRH, GHRH, GHIH, GnRH, PIH.

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin.

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND:

ADH, & Oxytocin. THYROID GLAND:

Thyroxin, T3, Calcitonin.


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ADRENAL CORTEX:

Aldosterone, Cortisol, Sex steroids.

ADRENAL MEDULLA:

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine.

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS:

Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Panpolypeptide.


BODY


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TESTES: Testosterone, Estrogen, Inhibin.

OVARY: Estrogens, Progesterone, Relaxin.

PLACENTA: Estrogens, Progesterone, HCG, HPL.

THYMUS: Thymosin.

PINEAL GLAND: Melatonin.


BODY


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1/20/2014 EndoPhysio AntPitPara 12


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PITUITARY GLAND


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PITUITARY GLAND

Synonym: Hypophysis Cerebri.

Pituita = Mucus (Latin)

So named by the Scientist Galen Hypophysis Cerebri = Outgrowth from the

Cerebrum.

Has two important parts:Anterior Pituitary:Adenohypophysis

Posterior Pituitary: Neurohypophysis


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EMBRYOLOGY OF THE PITUITARY

Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis:

Derived from an upward evagination of theRathkespouch (Ectoderm).

Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis:

Derived from a downward growth of theInfundibulumfrom the Diencephalon, a

structure of the Neurectoderm.


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PITUITARY GLAND

DIMENSIONS:

1 cm in diameter.

0.5 to 1 gm in weight.

LOCATION:

Sella turcica

A bony cavity.

DIVISIONS:

Anterior Lobe

Posterior Lobe

Pars Intermedia


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ADENOHYPOPHYSIS:

CLASSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS

CHROMOPHOBES: 50% of the cells

Agranular & Non secretory

CHROMOPHILS:Acidophils: 35%

Secrete: Growth Hormone & Prolactin

Basophils: 15%

Secrete: Glycoproteins : FSH, LH & TSH

Polypeptides : ACTH & MSH


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MODERN CLASSIFICATIONOF

ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL CELLS SOMATOTROPHS:

Secrete Growth

Hormone MAMMOTROPHS:

Secrete Prolactin

THYROTROPHS:

Secrete TSH

GONADOTROPHS:

Are of two types:

FSH type: secrete FSH LH type: secrete LH

CORTICOTROPHS(ADRENOCORTICOME

LANOTROPHS) Secrete ACTH & MSH


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ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES

GROWTH HORMONE: SOMATOTROPIN

THYROTROPIN: THYROID STIMULATINGHORMONE (TSH)

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE(ACTH) GONADOTROPIC HORMONES:

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

LUTEINISING HORMONE (LH); Interstitial CellStimulating Hormone (ICSH)

PROLACTIN


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Adenohypophysial Hormones:

A Mnemonicfor you!Those Giant Gonads Prolong theAction

T= Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

G= Growth Hormone

G= Gonadotropins: FSH & LH

P = Prolactin

A = Adreno Cortico Tropic Hormone (ACTH)


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WHAT IS Hypothalamo-

Hypophyseal AXIS? The connection between the

Hypothalamus, a part of the Nervous

Systemand the Endocrine System. The part of the Nervous System involved

is theHypothalamus.

The part of the Endocrine System involvedis the Pituitary gland, also called asHypophysis Cerebri.


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THE ENDOCRINE ORCHESTRA

The Endocrine glandsact as if they are a

part of an orchestra. The Conductoris

the Pituitary Gland.

The brainsof the

Conductor, whichruns him, is theHypothalamus!

HYPOTHALAMUS

THYROID

ADRENAL

OVARY


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HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSIAL

CONNECTIONS

VASCULAR Between the Median

Eminence (eminentia

mediana) of theHypothalamus & theAnterior Pituitary.

The Hypothalamo-hypophysial portalsystem.

Vascular connection: Carries Hypophysiotropic

hormones.

NEURAL Between the Supraoptic &

Paraventricular Nuclei in

the Hypothalamus & thePosterior Pituitary. The Hypothalamo-

hypophysial tract. Neural connection:

Carries the secretedhormones, ADH &Oxytocin, from theHypothalamus to the PostPituitary.


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H H AXIS: PhysiologicAnatomy


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HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES

Synonym: Hypophysio-tropic Hormones.

Secreted and released by the

Hypothalamic neuro-secretory cells, to acton the Anterior Pituitary cells.

May be Stimulatoryor ReleasingHormones or Inhibitoryin nature.

This hypothalamo - hypophysial system isa Cascade Amplifier.


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CASCADE AMPLIFICATION

HYPOTHALAMUS

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

TARGET GLAND

HypophysiotropicHormones in NanogramsEg:TRH

Adenohypophysial tropicHormones in Micrograms

Eg: TSH

HormoneInMilligramsEg: Thyroxine


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The neuro-secretorycells in the Hypothalamus in turnare regulated bynumerous nerve pathwaysprojectingon to the Hypothalamus.

HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC

HORMONES


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HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC

HORMONES GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)

GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING

HORMONE(GHRH) GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE

( SOMATOSTATIN ) (GHIH)

THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE (PIH)

CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)


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HYPOTHALAMUS

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

GnRH GHRH

GHIH

SS TRH PIH CRH

FSHLH

GROWTHHORMONE TSH PROLACTIN ACTH

RELEASING FACTORS INHIBITING FACTORS


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HYPO

THALAM

OHYPOP

HYSIAL

POR

TAL

SYSTEM

HYPOTHALAMO HYPOPHYSIAL


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HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSIAL

neurovascular tract

Regulator hormon dari HYPOTHALAMUSditranspor ke pituitari anterior melalui SISTEMVENA PORTAE HYPOTHALAMUS. Dengan jalur:CIRCULUS A. CEREBRI (circulus willisi) -a.

Hypophysialis superior plexus primarius(anyaman kapiler di dalam hypothalamus yangmenghasilkan regulator hormon) vena portaehypophysialis plexus secundarius (anyaman

kapiler ke dua di dalam pituitari anterior yangmenghasilkan regulator hormon dihypothalamus dan hormon pituitari) v.Hypophysialis anteriorvena jugularis interna.


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REVIEW: H- H AXIS

Two connections between the two Controlsystems:

Vascular: Between the eminentia mediana(ME) of Hypothalamus & the Anterior Pituitaryor Adenohypophysis The H-H PortalSystem

Neural: Between the SO & PV Nuclei in theHypothalamus & the Posterior Pituitary or theNeurohypophysis The H-H Nervous Tract


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Thyroid

1. Bi-lobed structure in neck;lobes connected by isthmusthat crossed anterior totrachea

2. Gut Endoderm origin3. Begins to function 10 wk of

fetal development4. The normal mass of the

thyroid is about 30 g.5. It is highly vascularised and

receives 80-120 ml ofblood per min.

Th id


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Thyroid

Microscopic spherical sacs called thyroid follicles makes up the mostof thyroid gland.

The wall of each follicle consists primarily of cells called follicular cells, mostof which extend to the lumen of the follicle.A basement membrane surrounds each follicle.When the follicular cells are inactive, their shape is low cuboidal to squamous,but under the influence of TSH they become active in secretion andranges from cuboidal to low columnar in shape.


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Thyroid

1. The follicular cells produce two hormones:thyroxin (tetraiodothyronin) or T4because it contains four atoms of iodine,and triiodothyronin or T3, whichcontains three atoms of iodine.T3 andT4 are also known as thyroid hormones.

2. Between follicles are many fenestratedcapillaries, some connective tissue

3. Follicle cells synthesize and secretecolloid and then pinocytose colloid,process it and release hormones frombasal surface of cell to capillaries

4. Parafollicular (C) cells: A few cells, larger,pale staining, in follicle epithelium or inclusters between follicles. They producethe hormone calcitonin, which helpsregulate calcium homeostasis.


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REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE

SECRETION

PARATHYROID GLANDS


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PARATHYROID GLANDS

Parathyroid glands secretesparathyroid hormone.1. It is small, pea-shaped glands, 3 X 6

m on posterior side of thyroid

2. 2 cells: Chief cells and oxyphil cells3. It regulate the level of calcium in the

body (osteoclast activity) andregulates phosphate levels.

4. this hormone - level of calcium

in blood

5. Hypocalcaemia can result ifparathyroids are removed or


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Skema di sampingmenunjukkan peranancalsitonin (garis hijau),hormon parathyroid (garisbiru) dan calsitriol (garisoranye) dalam hemostasiscalsium. Dalam kerjanyamengatur kadar Ca2+darah, calsitonin dan PTHbersifat antagonis

1. Chief cell: most common, small

polygonal cells with acidophiliccytoplasm; secrete parathyroidhormone

2. Oxyphil cell: less common, larger,acidophilic cytoplasm; functionunknown, may be a different

physiological state of chief cell

ADRENAL GLAND


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1. Terdapat sepasang glandula suprarenalis, yang masing-masing melekat di polus superior ginjal, dibalut lemakperirenal

2. Bentuk piramidal pipih, saat dewasa, masing-masingberukuran tinggi 3-5 cm, lebar 2-3 cm, dan tebal kurangdari 1 cm, serta berat 3.5-5 gr(saat lahir separohnya)

3. Selama perkembangan embrional, gland. Adrenalberdiferensiasi menjadi dua bagian dengan fungsi yangberbeda, yaitu regio besar di bagian perifer (80-90%bagian) disebut cortex dan bagian kecil central disebutmedula.

4. Capsule tersusun oleh jar. Ikat padat irregular5. Capsule membentuk septa/trabeculae6. Stroma tdr dari fibra reticularis & fibroblast

ADRENAL GLAND


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1. Cortex berasal dari mesoderma2. Medulla berasal dari crista neuralis

(ectoderm)3. Kedua regio tsb. sangat vasculer4. Cortex adrenal dibagi 3 lapisan, zona

glomerulosa (Aldosteron &mineralokortikoid), zona fasciculata(Glucocorticoid dan sebagian androgen),

dan zona reticularis memproduksihormon Glucocorticoid dan sebagianandrogen

5. sedangkan medula memproduksikatekolamin, NE, epinefrin, dansebagian kecil dopamin.

GLANDULAE ADRENAL

GLANDULAE ADRENALChromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla ~


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GLANDULAE ADRENALVascularisasi

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons


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Ingat, bahwa pancreas adalah glandula exocrin dan sekaligus sebagaiglandula endokrin. Glandula eksokrin mengelilingi ductus di mana sel-sel tersebut mengeluarkan pancreatic juice (enzim) yang digunakanuntuk proses pencernaan di dalam duodenum. Sel-sel endokrinpancreas terdapat di dalam kelompok/ clusters/area tertentu yang

disebut pulau-pulau langerhan/ISLETS OF LANGERHANS (pancreaticislets). Yang penting untuk diingat adalah, di dalamnya terdapat sel-selalpha dan beta. Sel-sel alpha menghasilkan glukagon, hormon yangakan meningkatkan kadar gula darh apabila kadar gula mendadakturun dari normal. Sedangkan sel-sel beta menghasilkan insulin, yang

bekerja menurunkan kadar gula apabila mendadak naik dari normal.Satu dari organ target hormon insulin dan glukagon adalah hepar,disinilah pengaturan glukosa sangat penting (lebih lanjut bacabiokimia).

Pancreas

Pancreas


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Pancreas

Sel-sel glandulaEpitelial (claster)

Sel-sel Acini (99%) Mensekresi enzymdan cairan

pencernaan(pancreatic Juice)

GLAND.EKSOKRIN

Pancreatic islets (1%) Sel A (17%) -> GlukagonSel B (70%) -> insulinSel D (sedikit) -> somatostatinSel F (sisanya) -> polipeptida

GLAND.ENDOKRINPancreatic islets

Sel-sel acinus


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Mammary Glands

Organs of milkproduction locatedwithin mammae or

breasts Consist of glandular

lobes and adiposetissue

Coopers ligamentssupport the breasts


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Testes

Glandulae Exocrine

Endocrine

Pada bangunan yangdisebut sel-sel intertisial/INTERSTITIALENDOCRINOCYTESmenghasilkan testosteron,

yang merangsangpertumbuhan danmemelihara tanda-tandakelamin laki-laki dan mengaturproduksi sperma.

Regulation of Sex Hormone


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Regulation of Sex HormoneSecretion

Hypothalamusreleases

GnRHor LHRHwhichstimulates

LHor ICSHtoproduce testosterone

FSHto stimulate

sperm cell formation Inhibin inhibits FSH

secretion fromanterior pituitary


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Puberty and Testosterone

Puberty Age at which

individuals becomecapable of sexual

reproduction Before puberty small

amounts oftestosterone inhibitGnRHrelease

During pubertytestosterone does notcompletely suppressGnRHrelease,resulting in increased

FSH,LH, andtestosterone

Testosterone Produced by

interstitial cells,adrenal cortex and

sustentacular cells Causes development

of male sex organsin embryo,

stimulates descent oftestes, causesenlargement ofgenitals andnecessary for sperm

cell formation

Ovarium


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28-50

OvariumFOLIKEL OVARII mengasilkan estrogen, sedang CORPUS LUTEUMmenghasilkan estrogens & progesterone. Estrogens dan

progesterone merangsang perkembangan dan memelihara tanda-tandakelamin wanita, mengatur siklus menstruasi, menyiapkan endometriumuntuk implantasi embrio, dan menjaga kehamilan

Maturation of Follicle and


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Maturation of Follicle andOocyte


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Corpus

luteum


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Menstrual Cycle

Hormone Regulation during


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Hormone Regulation duringMenstrual Cycle


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Perubahan hormonal selama hamil

PLACENTA di dalam uterus

wanita hamil, merupakan organendokrin juga. Pada awalkehamilan, plasentamenghasilkan human chorionicgonadotropin(hCG), yangbekerja menjaga CORPUSLUTEUM di mana corpus luteum

sebagai penghasil estrogen andprogesteroneselamakehamilan. Sedang, padakehamilan akhir plasentamengambil alih corpus luteumsebagai penghasil estrogen&

progesterone. Estrogens &progesterone berfungsi menjagaendometrium selama kehamilandan menyiapkan glandulamammae untuk memproduksisusu (ASI)


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PINEAL GLAND

GLANDULA PINEALIS terletak di otak, sebelah posterior darihypothalamus. Kelenjar ini menghasilkan hormon MELATONIN, yangpengeluaranya di atur oleh irama sircadian siang dan malam. Apabilaterdapat banyak cahaya yang masuk (siang), produksi melatonin

mengalami penurunan drastis. Sebaliknya produksi melatoninmeningkat selama hari gelap, sehingga melatonin disepakati sebagaipengatur jam biologi tubuh (siklus siang-malam) dan memacu aktivitastidur


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Dr Zainuri Kuliahanatomi Endocrine