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3qif;&JrIESihfywfoufí t"dyÜm,fzGihfqkdcsufrsm;tay: aumif;rGefaomokH;oyfcsuf? ñTef;udef;rsm;? ¤if;wdkY\tm;omcsuf tm;enf;csufrsm;? xkdYtjyif wkdif;xGmrIrsm;ESifh qufpyfywfoufí t,ltqqkdif&mESihf pm&if;udef;*Pef;qkdif&mjyóemrsm;udk Haughton and Khandker, Handbook on Poverty and Inequality (Washington,

D-C-World Bank, 2009)wGif zwf½Iapvdkygonf/

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11/ wkdif;wmrIrsm; odkYr[kwf tñTef;udef;rsm;udk owfrSwfa&G;cs,f&effjzpfygonf/ tpm;tpm[kqdk&mwGif vlwpfOD;twGuf wpfaeYvQif tpm;tpmpm;oHk;rItenf;qHk; u,fvkd&D 2100cefY&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf/,if;onf touf&Sif&eftwGuf vkdtyfaompm;oHk;rIjzpfygonf/ trdk;tumtwGufrl tcsKdUolwdkYuvlav;OD;pm oufu,frdk;tcef;i,fwpfcktwGif; aexkdif&rIrsKd;onf vHkavmufrIr&Sd[k ,lqMuygonf/xdkYaMumifh rdom;pkwpfpktwGuf oifhavsmfaom aexkdifrIqdkonfudk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&mü oufqdkif&mEkdifiH\tajctaeay: rlwnfygvdrfhonf/ t0wftxnfudpöwGifvnf; tvm;wlyifjzpfygonf/ tylydkif;&moDtwGuf oifhwifhaomt0wftpm;rsm;onf tvmpum;(Alaska) odkYr[kwf ajrmuf0if½dk;pGef;wGifaexkdifolrsm;twGufrl oifhavsmfrnfr[kwfay/ &SyftusÐ? vHkcsnfESifh zdeyfwpf&ef&Sdygu ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owGif vHkavmufNyD[k ,lqEkdifygonf/ aomufokH;a&twGufrl vrf;avQmufc&D; 15rdepfxufrMum aomtuGmta0;twGif;&SdEkdif&rnf[k tBuHjyKMuygonf/ usef;rma&;udpörSmrl ñTef;udef;rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ udk,fcEmtav;csdefrjynfhonfh odkYr[kwf tm[m&rjynfh0onfhuav;rsm;? uav;zGm;aoEIef;?aq;cef;ESifhaq;½Hkusef;rma&; Xmersm;odkY oGm;a&mufukoEkdifrI ? q&m0ef olemjyK 0rf;qGJvufonfrsm;&&SdEkdifrI? tdwfcsftdkifAGD-td'fpf? iSufzsm;? wDbD ponfht"duusonfh a&m*grsm; jzpfyGm;EIef; ponfwdkYjzifhowfrSwfMuygonf/ ynma&;wGifvnf; ñTef;udef;rsm;pGm owfrSwfEkdifygonf/ rlvwef;ausmif;tNyD;ausmif;xGuf&aom uav;rsm;EIef;? tdrfaxmifOD;pD;\ ynma&;tqifh? aus;&GmwGif ausmif; odkYr[kwfq&m&&SdEkdifrI ponfwdkYESifh wkdif;wmMuygonf/

12/ ¤if;ñTef;udef;rsm;udk owfrSwfNyD;onfhtcg qif;&JrIudkowfrSwfazmfxkwf&ef rnfodkYqufvufaqmif&GufMu rnfenf;[k pOf;pm;&ef&Sdvmygonf/ vli,frsm;twGufqdkvQif t*FvefEdkifiH b&pöawmwuúodkvf(Bristol University) rS ygarmu© a';Apfa*:'ef(David Gorden)u tBuHjyKcsufrsm;&Sdygonf/¤if;tBuHjyKcsufrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifEkdifonfh ñTef;udef;ckepfckudk owfrSwfazmfxkwfxm;ygonf/ þñTef;udef;rsm;teufrS ESpfck odkYr[kwf xkdYxufydkonfh ñTef;udef;rsm;tay: vdkufrrDEdkifbJ aexkdifMu&onfhvli,frsm;udk qif;&Jol[k owfrSwfygonf4/

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13/ qif;&JrIt"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufESifhñTef;udef;rsm;udk owfrSwfNyD;onfhtcg ,if;wdkYudktajccHíqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIudk wdkif;wm&ef vkdtyfygonf/ ,if;odkYjyKvkyf&mwGif tqifhoHk;qifh&Sdygonf/4David Gorden, "Indicators of Poverty and Hunger" Expert Group Meeting on Youth Development Indicators (New York: United Nations, December2005). ñTef;udef; 7ckwGif ñTef;udef;tpk 2-ck&Sdonf/ tpkwpfckpDwGif csKdUwJhrI (Deprivation) ESihf tvGeftrif;csKdUwJhrI (Severe Deprivation) [líowfrSwfxm;ygonf/ ,if;ñTef;udef; 7ckrSm (1)tpm;tpm? (2)a&? (3)oefY&Sif;a&;tdrfomrsm;? (4)usef;rma&;? (5)trdk;tum? (6)ynma&;? (7)owif;&&SdrI[líjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- owif;&&SdrIwGif tdrfü a&'D,dk odkYr[kwf ½kyfjrifoHMum; (xkwfvTihfay;aeonfhowif;rD'D,mrsm; pojzihf)udk &&SdxdawGUEkdifrI vkH;0r&Sdjcif;jzpfygu csKdUwJhrI (Deprivation) twGif; usa&mufaeonf/ odkYaomf owif;pmrsm;? a&'D,dk? ½kyfjrifoHMum;? uGefysLwm? odkYr[kwf zkef;rsm; tdrfwGifr&Sdygu (owif;t&if;tjrpfvkH;0r&Sdygu) tvGeftrif;csKdUwJhrI (Severe Deprivation) trsKd;tpm;twGif; usa&mufonf/

- 5 -14/ yxrtqifhrSm tdrfaxmifpk ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;jzpfygonf/ qif;&JrIESifhywfoufí wdkif;wmrItm;vHk;onf ¤if;ppfwrf;aumuf,lrItay: rlwnfygonf/ ppfwrf;aumuf,l&mwGif oifhavsmfaompm&if;tif;enf;ynmudk a&G;cs,ftoHk;jyK&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif us,fus,fjyefYjyeYftoHk;jyKaeaom urÇmhbPf\ vlaerItqifhtwef;wdkif;wmrIppfwrf; Living Standards Measurement Survey(LSMS)enf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,ftoHk;jyKavh&Sdygonf/ xdkenf;vrf;wGif tydkif;oHk;ydkif;&Sdygonf/ tdrfaxmifpkppfwrf;ar;cGef;vTm (Household Questionnaire) wGif tdrfaxmifpkzGJUpnf;xm;yHk ? pm;oHk;rIyHkpH? ypönf;ykdifqdkifrI?ajrydkifqdkifrI? 0ifaiG? tvkyftudkif? ynma&;? usef;rma&;tajctae ponfwdkYESifh ywfoufonfh ppfwrf;ar;cGef;vTmxkwfjcif;rsKd;jzpfygonf/ &yf&Gmar;cGef;vTm (Community Questionnaire) wGif &yf&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm; (aus;&Gm&Sd a&S;rDaemufrDvlBuD;rsm;? t&m&Sdrsm;? q&mrsm;? usef;rma&;vkyfom;rsm;)tm;&yf&GmwpfckvHk;ESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;jref;jcif;rsKd;jzpfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhusef;rma&;aq;cef;ta&twGuf? ausmif;wufEkdifrI? tcGefaumufcHrIESifh pdkufysKd;a&;yHkpH ponfhtcsuftvufrsm; jzpfygonf/ aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh ukefaps;EIef;qdkif&mar;cGef;vTm (Price Questionnaire)jzpfNyD;oufqdkif&mukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;\aps;EIef;udk ar;jref;jcif;jzpfygonf/

15/ tdrfaxmifpkppfwrf;aumufNyD;ygu aemuftqifhrSm qif;&JrIrsOf; (Poverty Line)owfrSwf&efyifjzpfygonf/ qif;&JrIrsOf;udk tajccHvdktyfonf(Basic Needs)[k ,lqaom tpm;tpmESifh tpm;tpmr[kwfaom ukefypönf;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk owfrSwf&efjzpfygonf/ xdkukefypönf;ESihf0efaqmifrIwdkY\wefzdk;udk cefYrSef;wGufcsufjcif;jzihf qif;&JrIrsOf;udk &&Sdygrnf/

16/ qif;&JrIrsOf;trsKd;rsKd;&SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh NrdKUjyrsm;wGifaexkdifolwkdY\ukefusp&dwfonfaus;vufa'owGifaexkdifolwdkY\ ukefusp&dwfxuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;rnfjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif EkdifiHtoD;oD;ü NrdKUjyESifhaus;vufwdkYtwGuf qif;&JrIrsOf;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;avh&Sdygonf/ tpm;taomufonf qif;&JEGrf;yg;olwdkYtwGuf t"duvdktyfcsufjzpfí tpm;taomufqif;&JrIrsOf; (Food PovertyLine) udk tpm;tpmESifh tpm;tpmr[kwfaomukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm;yg0ifonfh taxGaxGqif;&JrIrsOf;(Overall Poverty Line)wdkYudk cGJjcm;owfrSwfavh&Sdygonf/ tcsdefumvtavsmuf qif;&JrIrsOf;udkjyifqifrIjyK&ygonf/ aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIonf taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfygonf/ aemufwpfcsufrSm EdkifiHwpfEkdifiHonf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmygu omrefvlwkdY\ ysrf;rQvlaerItqifhvnf; jrifhwufvmrnfjzpfNyD; xkdajymif;vJrIESifhtnD qif;&JrIrsOf;udk jyifqifowfrSwf&ef vdktyfvmygrnf/

17/ qif;&JrIrsOf;udk owfrSwfNyD;onfhtcg EdkifiHtwGif; qif;&JrItwdkif;tqyrmPudkod&SdEkdifygonf/0ifaiGt& odkYr[kwf pm;okH;rIp&dwfrsm;t& qif;&JrIrsOf;atmufwGif&Sdaeaom vlOD;a&&mckdifEIef;udk wGufcsufod&SdEdkifygrnf/ ¤if;udk vlOD;a&qif;&JrIñTef;udef;(Headcount Poverty Index)odkYr[kwf vlOD;a&t&qif;&JrIEIef;(Poverty Rate)[k ac:qdkygonf/xkdtñTef;udef;rSm wGufcsuf&vG,fulí em;vnf&efvnf;vG,fulonfhtwGuf tokH;rsm;ygonf/ xkdodkYaomenf;vrf;tm;jzifh wdkif;wmí&aom&v'fudk EdkifiH\Absolute Poverty Index [k ac:ygonf/

18/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;udk t"dyÜm,fowfrSwf&mwGif ¤if;wdkY&&Sdaom0ifaiGESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;\ysrf;rQ0ifaiGwdkYjzifh EdIif;,SOfí wkdif;wmowfrSwfonfhenf;vnf; &Sdygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh Oa&myor*¾wGifqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIudkowfrSwf&mü EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&Sd vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ wpfOD;csif;ysrf;rQ0ifaiGudk wGufcsufum

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23/ 2009ckESpfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif touf(65)ESpfatmufvlwpfOD;twGuf qif;&JrIrsOf;udk oef;acgifpm&if;Xmeu wpfESpfvQif a':vm 11161tjzpf owfrSwfazmfjycJhygonf/ uav;ESpfOD;ygvlOD;a&av;a,muf&Sdonfh rdom;pkwpfpk\ qif;&JrIrsOf;udk a':vm 21756tjzpf owfrSwfcJhygonff6/xkduJhodkYowfrSwfrIrS xGufay:vmaom&v'frSm xdkESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHü qif;&JrIEIef; 14.3 &mckdifEIef;&SdaeNyD; vlOD;a& 43.6oef;rSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,if;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifqif;&JrIrsOf;udk pwifwGufcsufcJhonfh (51)ESpftwGif; qif;&JEGrf;yg;olta&twGuftrsm;qkH;jzpfygonff7/

24/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif 0ifaiGrnDrQrIESifhywfoufí *sKd;Zufpwpf*vpf(Joseph Stiglitz)u axmufjy cJh&mwGif tar&duef vlOD;a&\ wpf&mckdifEIef;onf EdkifiH0ifaiG\ av;ykHwpfykHeD;yg;udk

5*sDeDñGTef;udef; (Gini coefficient)onf Lorenz curve (avm&ifhZfrsOf;auG;)rS&&Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif tqif;&JqkH;ESifhtcsrf;omqkH;olrsm;udk cGJjcm;azmfjyNyD;vlOD;a&\ pkaygif;wGufcsufxm;aomtcsKd;udk tvsm;vdkuf0if½dk;wef;wGif azmfjyonf/ pkaygif;wGufcsufxm;aom0ifaiGudk a'gifvdkuf0if½dk;wef;wGif azmfjyonf/6US Census Bureau, Poverty Thresholds for 2009 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years.[http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/poverty/data/threshld/thresh09.html]7USA Today,''Number of people in poverty reaches highest level in 51 Years, ''16 September 2010. [http://www.usatoday.com/nwes/nation/census/2010-09-16- poverty-rate- income-numbers-N.htm]

- 7 -&,lxm;onf[k qdkygonf/ vGefcJhonfh(25)ESpfu olwdkY\a0pkrSm 12&mckdifEIef;om&Sdonf[kvnf; od&ygonf/ xkdYtjyif xdyfwef;wpf&mckdifEIef;\0ifaiGrSm vGefcJhonfhq,fpkESpftwGif; 18&mckdifEIef; jrifhwufvmonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif vlvwfwef;pm;rsm;\ 0ifaiGusqif;vmcJhNyD; NyD;cJhonfhq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrItm;vkH;rSm xdyfwef;tvTmrsm;qDodkYom a&muf&SdoGm;onfudk awGU&SdcJh&onf[kod&ygonf8/

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26/ qif;&JrIrsOf;ESifhywfoufí rMumao;rDuvnf;w½kwfEdkifiHwGif tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;xGufay:vmcJhonfudk awGU&Sd &ygonf/ 2011ckESpfü w½kwfEdkifiH\ qif;&JrIrsOf;udk wpfESpfvQif 1169,GrfrSaeí ,Grf 1500odkY (tar&duef a':vm 175rS 230)odkY wdk;jr§ifhowfrSwfcJhonfhtwGuf qif;&JEGrf;yg;olta&twGuf26.88oef;rS oef;100txd okH;qjrifhwufvmcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;uqif;&JrIrsOf;wdk;jr§ihfjcif;rSm enf;vGef;onf[k a0zefcJhMuNyD; ,Grf 2400txd ESpfqwdk;jr§ifhoifhonf[k qdkMuygonf/ 1985ckESpfrS 2010ckESpfumvrsm;twGif; w½kwfEdkifiH\ pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;tom;wifxkwfvkyfrIwefzdk;(GDP) tq 50rQ wdk;wufvmcJhaomfvnf; qif;&JrIrsOf;rSmrl ig;qrQomwkd;wufvmcJhonf[krSwfcsufjyKcJhMuygonf/

27/ qif;&JrIrsOf;owfrSwfjcif;onf w½kwfEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;t& owdBuD;pGmxm;íaqmif&Guf&aomta&;udpövnf; jzpfygonf/ A[dktpdk;&u qif;&JrIrsOf;udk tenf;i,fomjr§ifhwifrIjyKvdkvsuf&SdNyD;cyfrsm;rsm;wdk;jr§ifhvkdufrnfqdkygu EdkifiHtwGif; qif;&JolOD;a&yrmPrsm;jym;pGmwdk;yGm;vmjcif;twGufrsufESmrvSjzpf& rnfudk a&SmifvTJvdkjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ wpfzufwGif a'oqdkif&mtmPmydkifwdkYurlqif;&JrIrsOf;udk cyfjrifhjrifh wdk;jr§ifhapvdkonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf xkdodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh olwkdY\a'owGif qif;&Jom;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&olrsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmNyD; tpdk;&axmufyHhaiGrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomtultnDrsm; ydkrdk0ifa&mufvmapvdkjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ omrefvlrsm;uvnf; qif;&JrIrsOf;udk

8 Joseph Stiglitz, ''Inequality: of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%,'' Vanity Fair, May 2011. [http://www.vanityfair.com/society/ features/ 2011/05/top-one-percent]9 China Daily News, ''Official: China's poverty line too low,'' 23 August 2006 [http://www.chinadaily. com. cn/china / 2006- 08/23/content-672510.htm]

- 8 -cyfjrefjrefcyfrsm;rsm;jrifhwufapvdkNyD; olwdkYtm; qif;&Jolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&vQif tpdk;&xHrSyHhydk;ulnDrIrsm; &&Sdvdkjcif;aMumihf jzpfygonf/ w½kwftpdk;&taejzifhvnf; qif;&JrIwdkufzsufa&;tpDtpOftwGuf 1980rS 2007ckESpftxd,Grf160bDvD,H (tar&duefa':vm23.9bDvD,H)udk axmufyHhcJhygonf10/

28/ AD,uferfEdkifiHwGifrl (2011ckESpfrS 2015ckESpftxd) ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; qif;&JrIrsOf;topfudkowfrSwfcJhNyD; ,if;rsOf;topft& aus;vufa'oae vlwpfOD;csif;twGuf wpfvvQif AD,uferfa'gifaiG 400000 (tar &duefa':vm 20.5)ESifh NrKdUjya'o&Sd vlwpfOD;csif;twGuf wpfvvQif AD,uferfa'gifaiG 500000 (tar&duef a':vm 25.05) owfrSwfxm;onf/ tpdk;&\xkwfjyef aMunmcsuft&qif;&JrIrsOf;atmuf&Sd tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rSm 2005ckESpfwGif 22&mckdifEIef;&Sdae&mrS 2010jynfhESpfwGif9.45&mckdifEIef;odkY usqif;oGm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf11/qif;&JrIpHEIef;opft& [EGKdif;NrKdUawmfwGif2010jynfhESpfü qif;&JEGrf;yg;onfh tdrfaxmifpkaygif; 114636&Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;xm;NyD; xdkNrKdUaevlOD;a&pkpkaygif;\ 9.6 &mckdifEIef;jzpfygonf/ NrKdUawmftmPmydkifwdkYtaejzifh 2011-2015 ckESpftwGif;pnfyifom ,mtokH;p&dwfbwf*sufaiGxJrS a'gifaiG 5x&DvD,H(tar&duefa':vm 256.41oef;)udkNrdKUaeqif;&JEGrf;yg;ol jynfolvlxktwGuf axmufyHhay;oGm;rnf[k tqdkjyKxm;ygonf/ xdkokdYaqmif&Gufjcif;jzihf 2015ckESpfwGif [EdGKif;NrdKUawmf\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIEIef; ESpf&mckdifEIef;txd usqif;rnf[k cefYrSef;xm;ygonf12/

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10Global Times, ''Poverty line seen as too low''[http://english. sina. com/china/ p/2011/0303/362572. html]11[http://www.thanhnienews.com/2010/Pages/20110204174748.aspx]12 [http://www.ngocentre. org. vn/news/vietnan-hanoi-announces-new-poverty-line-2011-2015]13 EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;t& 0,f,lEkdifpGrf;uGmjcm;rIEIef; purchasing power parity (PPP$) qdkonfrSm tar&duef wpfa':vmjzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif 0,f,lEdkifrnfh ukefypönf;ESifh0efaqmifrItpk (wpfenf;tm;jzifh twlwljzpfaeaomukefypönf;ESifh0efaqmifrItpk)udk tjcm;EdkifiHwGif0,f,l&efokH;pGJ&onhf aiGaMu;,lepfta&twGufjzpfonf/ UNDP, Human Development Report 1997, p. 239 uddk Munfhyg/ ydkrdk&Sif;vif;atmif Oyrm-ypönf;trsKd;trnf4ck ("mwfqD wpfvDwm? qef wpfuDvdk? pm;okH;qD wpfvDwm? Muufom; wpfuDvdk)? 0efaqmifrIESpfck (qHyifn§yfc? NrKdUwGif; wpfuDvdkc&D;oGm;&ef bwfpfum;c)pkpkaygif;onf jrefrmusyfaiG 20000 ukefusrnf[k qdkMuygpdkY/ xdkypönf;av;rsKd;ESifh 0efaqmifrIESpfrsKd;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif a':vm 40ukefusrnfqkdygu 0,fEdkifpGrf;tm;uGmjcm;rIEIef;(PPP)onf (PPP$1=20000/40=Kyats 500) jzpfrnf/ 0,f,lEdkifpGrf;tm;uGmjcm;rIEIef; PPP$ wGufcsufrIudktao;pdwfod&Sdvdkygu World Bank, International Comparisons Program, ICP 2003- 2006 Handbook pmtkyfudk Munfh½Iapvdkygonf/

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45/ TVEs rsm;\pGrf;aqmifrIudk wdefYa&Smifzdef thHMocJh&onf/ TVEs rsm;u ,ckuJhodkY vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;&Sdrnf[k rxifcJhaMumif; olu0efcHcJhonf/ xdkrS&&Sdaomoifcef;pmrSm jynfolvlxktm; txifrao;oifhaMumif;? bmawGvkyfMu[k olwkdYtm;ajymqkdaernfhtpm; olwdkYtusKd;&Sdrnfhtvkyfudk olwdkYudk,fwkdifodMuaomaMumifh olwdkY\qEESifhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;&efomoifhaMumif; jzpfygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;r[mAsL[mwGif xdkuJhodkYaqmif&Gufjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfygonf/

46/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\oabmobm0ESifh taMumif;&if;rsm; / / qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ oabmobm0onf taMumif;t&if;trsKd;rsKd;&SdNyD; ½IyfaxG;aomfvnf; ,if;twGuf r[mAsL[ma&;qGJ&mwGif tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ qif;&J&onfhtaMumif;rSm (u) o,HZmwenf;yg;aoma'o? a0;vH odkYr[kwf y#dyu©&Sd&ma'owGifaexkdifMu&jcif;aMumifh ydkifqdkifrIESihf vlYpGrf;aqmif&nfcsKdUwJhjcif;? (c) touft&G,f? vkyfief;cGiftajctae? usef;rma&;raumif;jcif;? (*) pD;yGm;a&;wkHYqkdif;rIaMumifh tvkyftudkiftcGihftvrf;enf;yg;jcif;? (C) trsKd;orD;jzpfjcif;? wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkjzpfjcif;ESihf roefrpGrf;jzpfjcif;? (i) tkyfcsKyfrItm;enf;jcif;ESifh txl;tcGihfta&;rsm;ay;jcif;wkdYaMumifh qif;&Jcsrf;omuGm[rIjrihfrm;jcif;wdkYudk &ifqkdifaeMujcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/

- 13 -47/ zGHUNzdK;rIESifhqif;&JEGrf;yg;rI / / ta&SUtm&SEkdifiHrsm;onf q,fpkESpfESpfcktwGif; pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIEIef; vsifjrefcJhrIaMumifh qif;&JrIudkwpf0ufavQmhcsapEkdifaMumif; awGUBuHKcJh&ojzifh qif;&JrIavQmhcs&ef?wkd;wufrIEIef; jrefqef&efvdkaMumif; axmufjycJhMuonf16/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufyguvkyfom;vdktyfcsuf jrifhrm;vmygrnf/ tvkyftukdif&&SdrI jrihfrm;vmvQif vkyfcESifh 0ifaiGrsm; wdk;vmrnf/ta&SUtm&S\ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIwGif trsKd;orD;trsm;tjym; vkyfief;cGifodkY0ifa&mufcJhMuonfudkawGUjrifMu&ygonf/ xkdodkY0ifa&mufjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkY\tqifhtwef;udk jrihfrm;ap½HkrQomru qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIudkvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;&SdcJhygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vsifjrefpGmwdk;wufvQif wkd;wufrIESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIwdkYonf ESpfvrf;oGm;qufqHa&;toGifaqmifvmygrnf/ wdk;wufrIEIef;jrihfrm;vmjcif;aMumifhvkyftm;\0,fvdktm;ESifhvkyfcudk jrihfrm;apNyD; wpfzufwGif qif;&JrIudkavsmhusapygonf/ qif;&JrIavsmhusjcif;? 0ifaiGjrihfrm;jcif;wkdYaMumifh vkyftm;\xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;udk wdk;wufapNyD; wkd;wufrIEIef;udkjrefqefapygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIaMumifh jynfolYb@mawmfudk wdk;yGm;apygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpkd;&onf ½kyfydkif;ESifhvlrIa&;tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;twGuf ydkrdkoHk;pGJEkdifNyD; qif;&JrIudkavsmhusapum EkdifiH\xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;udkvnf; jrihfrm;vmapEkdifygonf/

48/ aumif;rGefaomEkdifiHtqifh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcefYcGJrI / / pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIEIef; jrifhrm;jcif;onfqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;twGuf aumif;rGefaomfvnf; tajccHus,fjyefYNyD; vkyftm;udktoHk;jyKrIrsm;aom wdk;wufrIjzpfvQif ydkíaumif;rGefygonf/ þodkYqif;&Jom;rsm;udk taxmuftuljyKaom wdk;wufrI&&Sd&eftwGuf tvkyftudkif&&SdrI yHkrSefwdk;yGm;apEkdifonfh cdkifrmaomEkdifiHtqifh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhrl0g'rsm;&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m aumif;rGefaomEkdifiHtqifh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcefYcGJrIonf tusKd;&SdaomjynfwGif;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudktm;ay;NyD; aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIudk edrfhusapum qif;&Jom;rsm;\ trSef0ifaiGudkrusqif;&ef umuG,fay;ygonf/ xdkYjyif twdk;EIef;ESifh aiGvJvS,fEIef; uarmufurjzpfrIaMumifh t&if;tESD;p&dwfudk avsmhusapNyD; vkyfom;toHk;jyKrI avsmhenf;apjcif;rsKd;rjzpfay:&efvnf; tumtuG,fay;ygonf/ pnf;urf;wusb@maiGoHk;pGJrI? pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIESifh nDwlwef;wl&SdrItwGufvnf;aumif;rGefaom jynfolYb@ma&; pDrHcefYcGJrI&Sd&efvdktyfygonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;\tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jr§ifhwifay;aom ydkrdkrQwonfhwdk;wufrIudk 0ifaiGjrifhvQifjrifhovdk aumufcHaomtcGefpepf? tajccHynma&;?tajccHusef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIESifh tjcm;jynfolYa&;&m0efaqmifrIrsm;wGif vHkvHkavmufavmufcGJa0ay;jcif;wdkYjzifh &&SdEkdifygonf/ aiGtyfESHolrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif;? NydKifqdkifrIjrifhrm;apjcif;? pGrf;aqmif&nfjrifhrm;apjcif;ESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;0iftm;vHk; b@ma&;t&if;tjrpfrsm; &,lEkdifrIus,fjyefYa&;wdkYtwGuf b@ma&;u@udk oifhwifhaomxdef;csKyfjcif;? BuD;MuyfuGyfuJjcif; vdktyfygonf/ tusOf;csKH;ajym&vQif txl;ojzifh wefzdk;jrifhaeaom w&m;0ifaiGvJvS,fEIef;? ukefoG,frIudk t[efYtwm;jzpfaponfhoGif;ukefxGufukefvdkifpifrsm;tygt0if aps;uGufudk uarmufurjzpfapaomaqmif&GufrIrsm;udk cdkifrmonfh EkdifiHtqifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfwpf&yfu z,f&Sm;ay;&ef vdktyfygonf17/

49/ aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfa&; / / aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&;onf qif;&JrIavsmhyg;a&;twGufta&;BuD;ygonf/ aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&;onf cdkifrmaomEkdifiHtqifh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk

16¤if;EdkifiHrsm;rSm tm&S\pufrIxGef;opfpEkdifiHrsm; odkYr[kwf tm&Susm;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfNyD; a[mifaumif? pifumyl? awmifudk&D;,m;ESifh xkdif0rfwdkY yg0ifygonf/17Asian Development Bank, Fighting Poverty in Asia and the Pacific: The Poverty Reduction Strategy,[http://www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/Poverty-Reduction/Poverty-Policy.pdf]

- 14 -wnfaxmifay;Ekdif½kHrQomru xdkrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfay;&efvnf; tmrcHcsufrsm;ay;ygonf/ xdkYtjyif trsm;jynfolY&efyHkaiGudk oHk;pGJ&mwGif xifomjrifom&Sdapjcif;? yk*¾vduu@wdk;wufrItwGuf tm;ay;jcif;? xda&mufaom jynfolY0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;jcif;ESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;jcif;wdkYudk taxmuftuljyKygonf/ jynfolydkifu@wGif pGrf;&nfnhHzsif;jcif;? t*wdvdkufpm;jcif;ESifh tavtvGifhrsm;jcif;wdkYaMumifh jynfolYa&;&m0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh OD;wnfaqmif&Gufaom qif;&JrIwdkufzsufa&;tpDtpOfrsm;udkyHhydk;&mwGif pGrf;tm;pkrvHkavmufrIudk jzpfay:apygonf/ odkYaomf qif;&Jom;rsm; jynfolYa&;&m tajccH0efaqmifrIrsm;r&&SdMujcif;rSm &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIr&Sdjcif;aMumifhomru atmufygtcsufrsm;aMumifhvnf; ay:aygufcJhygonf/ (u) wm0ef,lwm0efcHrIr&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\oabmobm0? (c) a'oqdkif&m txufwef;vTmrsm;updk;rdk;xm;rI? (*) us,fjyefYonfh t*wdvdkufpm;rI? (C) ,Ofaus;rIt& owfrSwfjcif;cHae&aom rnDrQrI? (i) qif;&Jom;rsm;yg0ifjcif; r&SdrIwdkYaMumifhjzpfygonf/ ,if;jyómemrsm;&SdaeonfhtwGuf nhHzsif;aomtkyfcsKyfa&;rS qif;&Jom;rsm;twGufwm0ef,laomtkyfcsKyfa&;odkY pepfajymif;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;yg0ifjcif;r&SdEkdifaom vuf&SdtpDtpOfrsm;onf avmavmq,fjzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifhyg0grnDrQrIrsm;udka&mifjyef[yfaeojzifh xkdodkYaomtajymif;tvJrsm;jyKvkyf&ef cufcJygonf/ xdkrnDrQrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;rjyKEkdifvQif qif;&Jom;wdkY\ vlaerItqifhtwef;udk jr§ifhwifEkdif&efcufcJygrnf18/

50/ vlrIa&;zGHUNzdK;rI / / qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;a&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIwGif us,fjyefYaom vlrIzGHUNzdK;a&;tpDtpOfrsm; yg0if&ygrnf/ xdktxJwGif vlom;t&if;tESD;zGHUNzdK;a&;onf t"dutcsufwpfckjzpfygonf/ vlom;t&if;tESD;onf qif;&Jom;rsm;\ wpfckwnf;aomydkifqdkifrIjzpfojzifh¤if;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;onf qif;&JrIavsmhyg;a&;twGuf ta&;BuD;ygonf/ odkYjzpf&m vlwdkif;onftajccHynma&;? tajccHusef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIESifh tjcm;tajccH0efaqmifrI rsm;udk &&SdEkdif&ygrnf/¤if;wdkYr&&SdvQif qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;a&;?vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif tjynfht0yg0ifa&;wdkYtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;tenf;i,frQom&Sdygrnf/ tjcm; t"due,fy,fwpfckrSm qif;&Jom;rsm;vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ vkyfief;toD;oD;wGif yg0ifEkdifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;wdk;jr§ifhay;a&;jzpfygonf/ tao;pm;acs;aiGvkyfief;? usef;rma&;ESifh obm0o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf&yf&GmtajcjyKtkyfpkrsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onf vlrIt&if;tESD;udk zGHUNzdK;apEkdifonfh toHk;0ifaomenf;vrf;wpfckjzpfygonf/ aemufqHk;wGif qif;&JrIavsmhusa&;twGuf vlrIa&;umuG,fapmifha&SmufrI jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfygonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;onf 'ku©a&muftvG,fqHk;vlYtzGJUtpnf;0ifrsm;jzpf&mtEÅ&m,frsm;? pGefYpm;p&mrsm;udk ydkípDrHcefYcGJwwfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;vHkNcHKrI&&Sda&;wdkYtwGuf taxmuftuljyKaom vlrIumuG,fa&;tpDtpOfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuf tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ xdktpDtpOfrsm;wGiftNidrf;pm;yifpif? tvkyfvufrJhESifh roefrpGrf;tmrcH? obm0ab;&ef? pD;yGm;a&;tMuyftwnf;ESifhjynfwGif;y#dyu©rsm;jzpfyGm;rIudk cHEkdifap&eftwGuf tumtuG,fay;rnfh vlrIzlvHka&;wdkYvnf; yg0ifygonf/

51/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIESifh ,if;\ñTef;udef;rsm; / / jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;enf;wltdrfaxmifpkrsm;\0ifaiGESifh toHk;p&dwfppfwrf;rsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u aumuf,lcJh&m

18Ibid;.

- 15 -¤if;wdkYudktajccHí qif;&JrIñTef;udef;rsm;udk cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ tydkif;(1)wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;xdkñTefudef;rsm;onf qif;&Jolrsm;\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tm½kHpdkufapNyD; ¤if;wdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk zGHUNzdK;rItpDtpOfrsm;wGifyg0if&ef rD;armif;xkd;jyygonf/ yx0Dtaetxm;? wdkif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,fpk,Ofaus;rIESifhvlrIa&;aemufcHtrsKd;rsKd;&SdaeMuaomaMumifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIonf yHkpHrsKd;pHkuGJjym;aeMu&m xkduGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;udk tajccHípdwfcstm;udk;&aomñTefudef;rsm; &,lxm;jcif;onf trSefwu,ftultnDvkdtyfaeolrsm;udk ydkrdkxda&mufpGmtultnDay;Edkifygrnf/ ,if;tcsufrsm;udk þpmwrf;\ tydkif;(3)wGifaqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;ygrnf/

52/ A[kdcsKyfukdifrIavQmhcsjcif; / / zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opft& jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;&Sdtpdk;&toD;oD;onf A[dkcsKyfudkifrIavsmhenf;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;okH;pGJ&ef tcGihftvrf;rsm;&&SdcJhygonf/

]]pepfajymif;oGm;NyDjzpfouJhodkY acwfvnf;vdkufajymif;&rnfjzpfygaMumif; ...A[dku csKyfudkifonfhpepftpm; atmufajcutqifhqifhwm0ef,lNyD; txufudkjyefwm0efcHonfhpepfrsKd;jzihf oGm;Mu&rnfjzpfygaMumif;}} EdkifiHawmfor®wu rSmMum;cJhygonf19/

53/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rItwdkif;twmonf a'otrsKd;rsKd;tvkduf uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf/ a'oqdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\a'otajctaeudk ESHYESHUpyfpyfodjrifojzihf qif;&Jom;rsm;\qEESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkxdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/

54/ jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;? tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJUtpnf;? EdkifiHjcm;om;uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifhtjynfjynfqkdif&mtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@ / / qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIwdkufzsufa&;wGif þtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ta&;ygrIudk þpmwrff;ed'gef;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm; rnfoljzpfap?rnfonfha'owGifaeonfjzpfap ¤if;wkdY\vdktifudk jznfhqnf;ay;&mwGif xkdtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? yk*¾dKvfrsm;\tawGUtBuHK? uRrf;usifrI? wm0ef,lrIrsm;ut&ma&mufaMumif; wifjyNyD;jzpfygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\axmufcHtm;ay;rIESifh 0dkif;0ef;aqmif&GufrIonf qif;&JrIyaysmufa&; r[mAsL[ma&;qGJcsrSwf&mwGifomru ydkíta&;BuD;onfh vkyfief;tpDtpOf csrSwftaumiftxnfazmf&müvnf; ta&;ygaMumif;xyfavmif;wifjyvdkygonf/ ¤if;wdkYyl;aygif;yg0iftaxmuftulay;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;&Sdaprnfhe,fy,ftcsKdUudk þpmwrf;tydkif;(3)wGif qufvufaqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;ygrnf/

55/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ bufaygif;pHkobm0 / / pufrIzGHUNzdK;aomEkdifiHrsm;tzGJU Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)\ zGHUNzdK;rItultnDay;a&;aumfrwDuqif;&JrIqdk&mwGif ]]vlYtpGrf;tpESifh qufET,fonfhpm;oHk;rI? pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkrI? ynma&;? usef;rma&;?tcGifhta&;rsm;? qExkwfazmfrI? odu©m&SdaomtvkyftudkifESifhywfoufaom cRwfNcHKusrItrsKd;rsKd; yg0ifygonf/ ywf0ef;usifpOfqufrjywf xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;ESifh usm;^rtcGihfta&; rnDrQrIjzpfaeonfudkavQmhcsjcif;onf qif;&JrIe,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif t"duusygonf}}[k qdkxm;ygonf20/

56/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIwkdufzsufa&; r[mAsL[ma&;qGJa&;ESifh ywfoufaom tawG;tjrifrsm;udk pm&if;csjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ xdkpm&if;jynfhpkHonf[k r,lqyg/ odkYaomf vuf&Sdtvkyf½kH

19jrefrmhtvif; {NyDv 7&uf? 2011ckESpf/20OECD, Development Assistance Committee (DAC), "Guidelines on poverty reduction" (Paris; OECD, April, 2001)

- 16 -aqG;aEG;yGJ\ ESpf&ufwmumvtwGif; qif;&JrIe,fy,ftm;vHk;udk aqG;aEG;&efrjzpfEkdifyg/ odkYjzpf&mOD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfcsrSwfxm;onhftwdkif; pdkufysKd;a&;? aus;vufa'ozGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avsmhyg;a&;twGuf ¤if;wdkY\ta&;ygyHkudk aqG;aEG;ygrnf/ þonfrSmvnf; oihfawmfaoma&G;cs,frI jzpfygonf/jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vltrsm;pkonf aus;vufa'owGif aexdkifMuNyD; qif;&Jom;trsm;pkonfvnf; aus;vufwGif&Sdaeygonf/ þtvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJü pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh aus;vufa'ozGHUNzdK;a&;udkom aqG;aEG;oGm;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; taMumif;t&mrsKd;pHktay:aqmif&GufMurnfh tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ü qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;a&;udkvnf; qufvuftav;xm;aqG;aEG;Muygrnf/ aqG;aEG;Murnfhbmom&yfrsm;wGif ynma&;? usef;rma&;? EkdifiHtqifh pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? vlrIzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI? pufrIvufrIwnfaxmifa&;?ukefoG,fa&;ESifh b@ma&;zGUHNzdK;rI? ywf0ef;usifa&;&mwdkY yg0ifygrnf/

tcef;(3)pkdufysKd;a&;ESifh aus;vufzGHUNzdK;a&;udk txl;&nfñTef;vsuf

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;vkyfief;tpDtpOfESifhywfoufaom tBuHÓPfrsm;

57/ &nfrSef;csufrsm; / / &nfrSef;csufESpfck&Sdygonf/ yxr&nfrSef;csuftaejzifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&; vkyfief;tpDtpOfa&;qGJ&ef pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh aus;vufzGHUNzdK;a&;udk pOf;pm;&mü pdkufysdK;a&;\tajctaeESifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; rnfrQwdk;wufvmcJhonfudk avhvm&ygrnf/ þtcsufonfta&;BuD;ygonf/ pdkufysdK;a&;u@onf jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkwGif t"duusNyD; pdkufysdK;a&;u@tajctaeaumif;vQif EkdifiHtwGufaumif;ygonf/ odkYaomf pdkufysdK;a&;u@\ tajctaeudkMunfh½HkjzihfrNyD;? v,form;rsm;\ tajctaeudkvnf; Munhf½I&efvdktyfaMumif; umvtwefMumuyifoabmwlvufcHvmMuygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIvkyfief;tpDtpOfwGif þvdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&efBudK;yrf;ygrnf/ 'kwd,&nfrSef;csufrSm or®wBuD;\ rdefYcGef;wGifyg0ifonfh rl0g'vrf;ñTeftopfrsm;ESifhudkufnDaomvkyfief;tpDtpOfa&;qGJtaumiftxnfazmf&efjzpfygonf/ or®wBuD;\rl0g'rsm;udkvkdufemaqmif&GufaMumif;? rnfonfhtwkdif;twmtxdaqmif&GufEkdifaMumif;? rnfodkYaomtuefYtowfrsm;? tcuftcJrsm;&SdaMumif;? ¤if;wkdYudkausmfvTm;&eftwGuf pGrf;&nfESifhEkdifiHa&;qEjyif;xefrI rnfrQvdktyfaMumif; jyo&efvnf;jzpfygonf/ jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHwumtodkif;t0ef;u pdwfyg0ifpm;rI&SdaomaMumifh tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;&ef &nf&G,fygonf/

58/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rItajctae / / þpmwrf;\tydkif;(1)wGif qif;&JrIudkpepfwust"dyÜm,fowfrSwfNyD; wkdif;wm&ef vdktyfaMumif; azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI0efBuD;Xme? A[dkpm&if;tif;tzGJUu ESpftwefMumuyif tdrfaxmifpk0ifaiGESifh toHk;p&dwfppfwrf;rsm;udk aumufcHcJhygonf/ A[dkpm&if;tif;tzGJU\ pDrHudef;XmeESifh ukvor*¾ zGHUNzdK;a&;tpDtpOf(UNDP)wdkYyl;aygif;um bufpHktdrfaxmifpkaexdkifrItajctaetuJjzwfrI Integrated HouseholdLiving Conditions Assessment (IHLCA) udkvnf; ESpfBudrfjyKvkyfcJhygonf/ ¤if;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGifyg0ifaom EkdifiHwpfckvHk;? wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;twGuf qif;&JrItajctaeavhvmcsufwkdYonf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;a&;r[mAsL[ma&;qGJtaumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tajccHaumif;rsm;

- 17 -jzpfygonf/ þtcsdefwGif EkdifiHwumvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf qif;&JrIñTef;udef;rsm;a&;qGJNyD; qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;a&;r[mAsL[mwGif oihfawmfovdk toHk;jyKoihfaMumif; azmfjyvdkygonf/ en;fynmqefaomobm0aMumifh ñTef;udef;rsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef em;vnfoabmayguf&ef*½kwpdkufzwf½Iavhvmoihfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdkpmwrf;yg&v'frsm;tay: t"dyÜm,faumuf,loHk;oyfwifjyrIrsm;ukd tpD&ifcHpma&;om;jyKpkMuaom uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifhoufqdkif&m jrefrmtmPmykdifrsm;uom qufvufaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/

59/ tpkd;&0efBuD;Xmersm;\tcef;u@ / / qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;vkyfief;tpDtpOfudktaumiftxnf azmf&mwGif tpkd;&0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh Xmeqdkif&mrsm;onf t"duusaomtcef;u@rSyg0ifygonf/ ¤if;wkdYwm0ef,l&mu@toD;oD;wGif vkyfaqmifaeonfhvkyfief;rsm;ukd azmfjy½HkrQru¤if;wkdY\vkyfief;e,fy,fwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;twGuf qif;&Jom;rsm;\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef rnfonfhvkyfief;rsm;vkyfcJhonf? rnfokdYaomatmifjrifrIrsm;&cJhonf? rnfonhfjyóemrsm; &ifqkdifcJh&onf? tem*wftwGuf rnfokdYtBuHjyKvdkonf? rnfonfhvkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&efpDrHudef;csvdkonfwkdYudk tav;xm;azmfjyoihfygonf/ xdkvkyfief;ukd vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf aocsmpGmpOf;pm;jyifqifpDrH&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYjzpfí þtvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJü 0efBuD;Xmersm;onf txufygar;cGef;rsm;ESifhywfoufí yPmroabmxm;rsm;wifjyum vmrnfhaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif oufqdkif&mu@tvkduf yDjyifaomvkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;jyKvkyfrnhfpDrHudef;rsm;udk qufvufwifjyEkdifygonf/60/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;r[mAsL[mpmwrf; Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)vkyfief;pOf / / 0efBuD;Xmersm;taejzifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhus&eftwGuf ydkítm½HkpkdufEkdifNyD;xda&mufaom enf;vrf;wpfckrSm EkdifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif usihfoHk;vsuf&Sdonfh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;r[mAsL[mpmwrf;a&;qGJonfhvkyfief;pOfudk csrSwfaqmif&Guf&efjzpfygonf/ xkdodkYa&;qGJ&mwGif EkdifiH&Sdt"duqHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfolrsm;? tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u wufwuf<u<uacgif;aqmifrI jyK&ygrnf/ odkYjzpf&mqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;&efBudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIonf a'ota&;? EkdifiHta&;jzpfojzihf EkdifiHjyifyu csrSwfír&yg/ xdkYaMumifh jynfwGif;vdktyfcsuftay:rlwnfaqmif&Guf&NyD; tvSL&Siftvdkusrjzpfap&yg/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIudkwkdif;wmNyD;vQif yrmPESifhtaMumif;w&m;rsm;ukd qufvufo½kyfcGJpdppf&ygrnf/ avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;tay:tajccHNyD; EkdifiHwGif;qif;&Jom;ta&twGuf avsmhus&ef rnfokdYvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonfudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefYaqG;aEG;&ygrnf/ xdkokdYvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;a&;tay: tusdK;oufa&mufrI trsm;qHk;jzpfaprnfh tpkd;&\vkyfief;rsm;? toHk;jyKrnfhwdk;wufrIñTef;udef;rsm;? tajymif;tvJudk pepfwusapmifhMunfhrnfhtpDtrHrsm;udk a&G;cs,fEkdifygonf/ tm&SESifhypdzdwfa'otwGif;&Sd zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGaMu;&efyHkaiGtzGJU? urÇmhbPf? tm&SzGHUNzdK;a&;bPf? ukvor*¾zGHUNzdK;a&;tpDtpOfwdkYESihf tjcm;EkdifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;twGuf þenf;vrf;udk e,fy,ftrsm;tjym;wGif toHk;jyKaeMuygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonfqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;r[mAsL[mtaumiftxnfazmf&mü ydkíxda&mufrI&Sdap&ef tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;xHrS PRSP ESihfpyfvsOf;í tBuHaumif;ÓPfaumif;rsm;&,lum csrSwfoihfaMumif; tBuHjyKvkdygonf21/

21The World Bank has undertaken PRSP related activities in 67 countries. See World Bank, Board Presentations of PRSP Documents (as of June 2, 2010).[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/boardlist.pdf]See also David Craig and Doung Porter, "Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: A new convergence. What does it miss, and what can be done aboutit?" Regional Conference on National Poverty Reduction Strategies, Organised by World Bank, UNDP, IMF and ADB. Hanoi, Vietnam, 4-6th December 2001).

- 18 -61/ qefpyg;ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI / / jrefrmEkdifiHü qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;a&;twGuf qefpyg;\tcef;u@ESifhywfoufí pOf;pm;p&mtcsuf ESpfcsuf&Sdygonf/ yxrtcsufrSm qif;&Jom;rsm;onfjynfwGif;aps;uGufwGif ¤if;wkdYwwfEkdifaomaps;EIef;jzifh 0,f,lEkdifaom qefyrmPvHkavmufpGm&Sd&efvdktyfcsufjzpfygonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm urÇmay:wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf t"duqefwifykdYonfhEkdifiHjzpfcJhonfhtpOftvmukd jyefvnf&,ljcif;tm;jzifh aus;vufa'o&Sd vltrsm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk;wufjrifhrm;a&;udk rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ þodkYjzifh qefonf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;a&;vkyfief;tpDtpOfwGif ta&;BuD;onfhae&mwGif yg0ifaeygonf/ xkdYtjyif or®wBuD;\rl0g'topfrsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef qefpyg;u@wGif tcGihftvrf;aumif;rsm;&Sdygonf/ xdkodkYaqmif&Gufjcif;jzihf qif;&Jom;rsm;tusKd;&Sd½HkrQomru EkdifiHwpfckvHk;ukd tusKd;&Sdaprnfh pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;pOf pwifaqmif&Gufa&;ukdyg taxmuftuljzpfapEkdifygonf/ odkYjzpf&m qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhyg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf jynfwGif;pm;oHk;rItwGufomru jynfyykdYukeftwGufyg qefpyg;ESifhywfoufonfhudpörsm;ukd atmufwGifqufvufazmfjyxm;ygonf/

62/ qefESifh jynfwGif;pm;eyf&du©mzlvHka&; / / qefonf jrefrmwkdY\t"dutpm;tpmjzpfonf/þae&mwGif abm*aA'\ tdef*s,fvfOya'o (Engel’s Law)udk odxm;vQif tusKd;oufa&mufrI&Sdygrnf/ xdkOya'ou rnfonfhvltzGJUtpnf;rqdk 0ifaiGedrfhrdom;pkwpfpkonf toHk;p&dwftcsKd;trsm;pkudkpm;eyf&du©mtwGuf toHk;jyK&onf/ 0ifaiGjrifhvmonfhtcg tpm;tpmtwGuftoHk;jyK&aom tcsKd;tpm;usqif;oGm;NyD; tdk;tdrf? Mum&SnfcHpm;oHk;ukef? o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? tyef;ajztem;,la&;ESifh rdom;pkvlrIa&;0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf wdk;íoHk;vmygrnf/ A[dkpm&if;tif;tzGJUu aumuf,lonfhppfwrf;rsm;t& jrefrmEkdifiHwGif omrefrdom;pkwpfpk pm;oHk;rItoHk;p&dwf\72&mcdkifEIef;udk tpm;tpmtwGufoHk;pGJae&aMumif;awGU&onf/ xdktpm;tpmtoHk;p&dwf\ ig;yHkwpfyHkudk qef0,f,l&eftwGuf toHk;jyK&ygonf22/ aus;vufa'orsm;ü tpm;tpmtwGuf (txl;ojzifh-qeftwGuf) pkpkaygif;pm;oHk;rIp&dwfrS ukefuscH&aomtcsdK;tpm;onf NrdKUjyaepm;oHk;olrsm;xufydkíjrifhrm;ygonf/ txl;ojzifh csif;jynfe,faus;vufa'orsm;wGif pkpkaygif;pm;oHk;rIp&dwf\ 76&mcdkifEIef;udk pm;eyf&du©mtwGuf toHk;jyKae&NyD; pm;eyf&du©mp&dwfrS qeftwGuftoHk;jyK&aom tcsKd;tpm;onf av;yHkwpfyHkcefY&Sdygonf23/ EIdif;,SOfMunfhrnfqdkvQif tar&duefuJhodkYaom zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHBuD;wpfEkdifiH\ omreftdrfaxmifpkwpfpktpm;tpmtwGuf toHk;jyK&aomtcsdK;tpm;rSm 14&mcdkifEIef;rQom&Sdygonf/ zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHBuD;wpfEkdifiHrSmomr[kwf tm&Sa'owGif;&Sd tjcm;rnfonfhEkdifiHwGifrQ omrefrdom;pkwpfpkonf pkpkaygif;pm;oHk;rIp&dwfudk tpm;tpmtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHuJhokdY oHk;pGJ&jcif;r&Sday/*syefEkdifiHü 23&mcdkifEIef;? xkdif;EkdifiHü 32&mcdkifEIef;ESifh rav;&Sm;EkdifiHü 37&mcdkifEIef;&Sdygonf/ tjcm;zGHUNzdK;rItenf;qHk;EkdifiHrsm;ü tpm;tpmtwGuf oHk;pGJ&aomtcsKd;tpm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHxuf edrfhusygonf/Oyrm- b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHwGif 52&mcdkifEIef;? uarÇm'D;,m;ü 57&mcdkifEIef;ESifh vmtdkü 61&mcdkifEIef;om&Sdygonf24 /

22Central Statistical Organization, Statistical Yearbook 2002 (Yangon: CSO, 2002) table 22.04, p. 423.23Ibid.; table 22.05; p. 431.24For the latter half of the 1990s, the share of food and beverages in the household consumption expenditure of countries in the Asiaand Pacific region were as follows: Singapore (14%), Japan (23%), Taiwan (24%), Hong Kong (26%), Republic of Korea (27%), Thailand(32%), Malaysia (37%), Sri Lanka (41%), China (44%), Mongolia (45%), Philippines (47%), Bangladesh (52%), India (54%), Pakistan (55%),Cambodia (57%), Indonesia (59%), Nepal (61%), Laos (61%), Viet Nam (62%), North Korea (65%), and Myanmar (71%) [Source: SSII, AsianAgrifood Demand Trends to 2010].

- 19 -63/ tpm;tpmtwGuf oHk;pGJaomtcsKd;tpm;jrihfrm;aejcif;onf 0ifaiGedrfhusrIudk jyoaejcif;jzpfygonf/ tpm;tpmtwGuftoHk;jyK&mwGifvnf; trsm;pkjzpfaom 20&mcdkifEIef;rS 25&mcdkifEIef;txd qeftwGuf toHk;jyKae&ygonf/ odkYjzpfí qefudk jynfwGif;aps;uGufwGif oufomaomaps;EIef;jzifh 0,f,lEkdifap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onf wpfenf;tm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd qif;&Jom;wkdY\tcuftcJudk twdkif;twmwpfcktxd oufomaprnfjzpfygonf/

64/ urÇmay:wGif t"duqefwifydkYonfhEkdifiHtjzpf jrefrmEkdifiH\tpOftvmudk jyefvnf&,ljcif; / /urÇmay:wGif t"duqefwifykdYonfhEkdifiHtjzpf jrefrmEkdifiH\tpOftvmukd jyefvnf&,la&;ESifh ywfoufaom tqdkjyKcsufudk aejynfawmfwGif 2009ckESpf 'DZifbmv 15&ufaeYu usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonfh pm;yGJ0dkif;aqG;aEG;yGJESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;tpnf;ta0;ü axmufcHrI&&SdcJhygonf25/ xdktpnf;ta0;\wm0efrSm jrefrmEkdifiHu pOf;pm;jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfaomrl0g'rsm;? tpDtpOfrsm;? vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm;udk tBuHjyK&efESifhaus;vufpD;yGm;a&;jrihfrm;vmum qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;aqmif&Guf&efwkdYjzpfygonf/ urÇmausmftar&duefpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif *sKd;Zufpwpf*vpfZf (Joseph Stiglitz)u t"duajyma[moltjzpfvnf;aumif;? ynm&Sifrsm;\ obmywdtzGJU0iftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhjcif;aMumifh jynfwGif;jynfyrStpnf;ta0;udk tm½HkpkdufrI&&SdcJhygonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;u jrefrmEkdifiHonf urÇmht"duqefwifykdYonfhEkdifiHtjzpf jyefvnfa&muf&Sd&ef tqdkjyK&onfhtaMumif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/Ä qefpyg;onf pdkufysKd;a&;wGif t"duusNyD; v,f,mrdom;pktrsm;pk\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;jzpfjcif;/Ä v,form;ESifh qefpyg;vkyfief;udk urÇmhqefaps;uGuftwGif; aygif;pnf;apjcif;u qeft&nftaoG;ESifhyrmP jrifhrm;vmap&ef qGJaqmifrIjyKNyD; xkdrSwpfqifh aus;vufa'oaevlrsm;twGuf tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;ESifh 0ifaiGjrifhrm;apjcif;/Ä jrefrmhqefvkyfief;udk urÇmhaps;uGuftwGif; aygif;pnf;apjcif;onf xkdvkyfief;twGif;&Sd a'ocHrsm;twGuf EdkifiHwumNydKifqdkifrI wdk;yGm;vmapygrnf/ EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd uRrf;usifaom qefukefonfrsm;taejzifh,if;wdkY\vkyfief;tawGUtBuHKESifh A[kokwwdkYaMumifh 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifEkdifpGrf;&Sdygonf/ qeftaMumif;tenf;i,fomem;vnfNyD; txl;tcGihfta&;&í tusKd;tjrwfcHpm;aeolrsm;taejzihf vkyfenf;vkyf[efrajymif;ygu vkyfief;rSxGufcGm&rnfomjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh qefpyg;vkyfief;u@wGif wef;wl&nfwl,SOfNydKifcGifh&vmum qefpyg;vkyfief;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmaprnfjzpfygonf/Ä qefpyg;u@wGif xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm; jrifhrm;jcif;? txGufwdk;jcif;? 0ifaiGESifh tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;aygrsm; vmjcif;wdkYaMumifh aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIudk avQmhcsNyD; jynfwGif;ü pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkrIudkjrifhrm;aprnfjzpfygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif jrefrmEkdifiHonf urÇmhaps;uGufwGif qeft"duwifydkYonfhEkdifiHjzpfvmygu EkdifiHtwGuf EkdifiHjcm;aiG&&Sda&;wGif qefonf ta&;ygaomt&if;tjrpf jyefvnfjzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/ xdkYtjyif a'owGif;ESifhurÇmwpf0ef;&Sd pm;eyf&du©mzlvHka&; pdk;&drfylyefrIrsm; avsmhyg;oGm;apEdkifygonf/

25U Myint, "Professor Stiglitz and Roundtable and Development Forum Meeting, held at Naypyitaw, 15 December 2009: Comments andFollow-up Action". This paper was presented at a press briefing at Myanmar Egress Capacity Development Centre, Thamada Hotel,Yangon, on 9 January 2010. Sixty-five representatives from 28 domestic and foreign media agencies and organizations attended the briefing.The paper is available at [http://www.irrawaddy.org/web-images/U-Myint-Stiglitz.pdf]

- 20 -Ä tcsKyftm;jzifh qefpD;yGm;a&;ESifhqefwifydkYrIudk jyefvnftm;jznfhay;jcif;jzifh aus;vufa'orS qif;&Jom;wkdY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udkjzpfxGef;aprnfomru trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIvkyfief;pOfudkygtpysKd;aprnfjzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif tpdk;&? ynm&Sifrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;todkif;t0kdif;? t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;jynfyzGHUNzdK;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum;wGif tusKd;&Sd&Sdyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm;jzpfay:p&mtvm;tvmaumif;rsm;vnf; &Sdvmaprnfjzpfygonf/

65/ urÇmhqefaps;uGuftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm; / /qeft"du wifydkYonfhEkdifiHtjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHudk jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef urÇmhqefaps;uGufwGif jrefrmEkdifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;udk jyefvnfqifjcifoHk;oyf&ygrnf/ w&m;0ifudef;*Pef;rsm;t& vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmEkdifiH\pkpkaygif;ydkYukef0ifaiGwGif qefwifydkYrI\ta&;ygrIrSm usqif;aeaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ udkvdkeDacwfumv 1938-39 b@ma&;ESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh qefwefcsdef 3.3oef;wifydkYcJh&m jynfyykdYukef0ifaiG\ 46.72 &mckdifEIef; &SdcJhygonf/ xkdacwftcgu jrefrmEdkifiHonf urÇmay:ü eHygwfwpf qefwifydkYonfhEkdifiHtjzpf&SdaecJhygonf/ 1990-91 rS 1999-2000jynfhESpfumvrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ ysrf;rQqefwifydkYrIyrmPrSm wpfESpfvQif wefcsdef 249000om&Sd&m 1938-39ckESpfuyrmP\ 7.5 &mckdifEIef;om&SdcJhygonf/ þumvwGif jynfyydkYukef0ifaiG\ 6.6 &mckdifEIef;om&SdcJhaMumif; awGU&ygonf/

66/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ydkYukefwGif qef\ta&;ygrIonf 2000-2001ckESpfrS 2007-2008ckESpfumvrsm;wGifxyfrH usqif;cJhygonf/ xkdumvrsm;twGif; pkpkaygif;ydkYukef0ifaiGwGif qefrS&&Sdonfh0ifaiGrSm ESpfpOfysrf;rQ1.6&mckdifEIef;om&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tm&S\qeftdk;BuD;[laom jrefrmEdkifiH\xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh*kPfyk'fudkqHk;½IH;cJhygonf/ 2007ckESpftwGif; pkpkaygif;urÇmhqefwifydkYrIyrmPrSm wefcsdef 28.69oef;jzpfygonf/ ,cktcg urÇmay:wGif xkdif;EkdifiHonf eHygwfwpfqefwifydkYonfhEdkifiHjzpfygonf/ 2007ckESpfwGif xkdif;EkdifiH\ qefwifydkYrIwefcsdef 8.5oef;wifydkYcJhygonf/ ,if;onf pkpkaygif;urÇmhqefwifydkYrI\29.6&mckdifEIef;jzpfygonf/ AD,uferfEkdifiHonf 'kwd,ae&mwGif&SdaeNyD; pkpkaygif;qefwifydkYrIwefcsdef4.6oef;&SdNyD; pkpkaygif;urÇmhqefwifydkYrI\ 16&mckdifEIef;&Sdygonf/ 2007ckESpfwGif tjcm;aomt"duqefwifydkYonfhEdkifiHrsm;rSm tdEd, (4oef;wef)? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk (3.3oef;wef)ESihf ygupöwef(3oef;wef)wdkY toD;oD;jzpfaeMuygonf26/

67/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif w&m;0ifudef;*Pef;rsm;t& 2007-2008 b@ma&;ESpftwGif; qefwifydkYrIwefcsdef 358500om&Sd&m xkdESpfwGif urÇmhqefwifydkYrI\ 1.2 &mckdifEIef;om&Sdygonf/ 1.2&mckdifEIef;qdkonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH\ qefwifydkYrIyrmPt& wGufcsufjcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdodkYr[kwfbJ wefzdk;ukdwGufcsufygu urÇmhqefaps;uGufwGif jrefrmEkdifiH\tcef;u@ ydkíyifusqif;oGm;ygrnf/ jrefrmhqefonf t&nftaoG;edrfhojzihf tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;&&Sdonfhaps;EIef;xuf rsm;pGmedrfhusaeygonf/ 2004ckESpfwGif xkdif;EkdifiHonf qefwefcsdef 10.1oef;txd wifydkYEkdifcJhygonf/ jrefrmhqefwifydkYrI onf urÇmhqefaps;uGufwGif ta&;rygonfhtqifhodkY usqif;oGm;cJhonfhESpfrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ Oyrm-w&m;0ifudef; *Pef;rsm;t& 2006-2007 b@mESpfwGif qefwefcsdef 14500udkom wifydkYEkdifcJhygonf/

26United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service, Rice Situation and Outlook Yearbook/RCS-2007/November,2008; Appendix table 25, p.88.

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68/ jynfwGif;pm;oHk;rItwGuf qeftvHktavmuf&Sd&ef? EkdifiHjcm;aiG&&Sd&eftwGuf jynfyydkYEkdif&ef?qefxkwfvkyfrIESihfukefoG,frIrS EkdifiH\b@mudk yHhydk;a&;wdkYonf jrefrmtpdk;&tqufqufwkdY\ t"duusonfhta&;yifjzpfcJhygonf/ qefpyg;pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;onf jrefrmEkdifiH\vltrsm;pkjzpfaom v,form;rsm;wkdY\ toufarG;rIvkyfief;omru rd½dk;zvmvkyfief;vnf;jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh qefpyg;onfEkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;udpö&yfrsm;ESihfvnf; qufET,faeygonf/

69/ EkdifiHjcm;odkYwifydkY&ef qefydkvQHa&; / / EkdifiHjcm;odkY qefwifydkYEkdif&eftwGuf qeftydktvQH&Sd&ygrnf/vuf&Sd qefxkwfvkyfrIESifh vufusefudkaygif;pyfNyD; cefYrSef;ajcjynfwGif;pm;oHk;rIudk EIwf,lvdkufygu jynfyokdYqefwifydkYEkdifonfhyrmPudk &&Sdygrnf/ xdkYtjyif pepfwusokdavSmifrIr&Sdjcif;ESifh ydk;rTm;rsm;aMumifh avvGihfjcif;? w&m;r0ife,fpyfjzwfausmfukefoG,frIaMumifh ,dkzdwfrIrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygrnf/

70/ w&m;0ifudef;*Pef;rsm;t& 2008-2009 b@ma&;ESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ pyg;txGufrSm rufx&pfwef 35.8oef;[k cefYrSef;xm;ygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\vlOD;a&onf 58.4oef;&SdNyD; xkdESpfwGif qefwifydkYrI rufx&pfwef wpfoef;0ef;usif&Sdygonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif xkdif;EdkifiH\pyg;txGuf rufx&pfwef35oef;&SdNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHxuf tenf;i,favsmhenf;aeygonf/ xdkESpfwGif xdkif;EkdifiH\vlOD;a&rSm 68.4oef;&SdNyD; xkdif;EdkifiH\ qefwifydkYrIrSm rufx&pfwef &Spfoef;rS 10oef;txd&Sdonf[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/xkdtcsufudkMunfhvQif xkdif;EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwdkY\ qefpyg;txGufuGm[rIodyfr&Sdaomfvnf; vlOD;a&10oef; ydkrdkaomxkdif;EkdifiHu jrefrmEkdifiHxuf qefwifydkYrIwGif &SpfqrS 10qausmfaeygonf/ ,if;ESihfywfoufí &Sif;jy&efvdkygonf/ xkdif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf vlaerItqihftwef;jrihfrm;vmrIaMumifh qefudkavQmhpm;vmNyD; tjcm;aomtpm;tpmudk ajymif;vJpm;okH;vmonfhtwGuf qefudkEkdifiH&yfjcm;odkY wifydkYEdkifpGrf;wdk;wufvmaMumif; taMumif;jyMuygonf/ xdktaMumif;jycsufonf rSefuefoihfoavmuf rSefuefygonf/ jrefrmhpdkufysKd;a&;ESifhqnfajrmif;0efBuD;Xme\ cefYrSef;csuft& jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdY\ vlwpfOD;qefpm;oHk;rIrSm wpfESpfvQif 8.5wif; (637.5aygif) &SdNyD; xkdif;vlrsKd;wkdY\ vlwpfOD;csif;qefpm;oHk;rIrSm 3.5wif;(262.5aygif)&Sdonf[k od&ygonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí ydkívG,fulonfhtajzudk ay;olrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ olwdkYu jrefrmESifhxdkif; qefydkYyHkjcm;em;&jcif;rSm pm&if;tif;aMumifhjzpfNyD; jrefrmutxGufudkydkydkomomcefYrSef;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf[k qkdMuygonf/

71/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh urÇmht"duqefwifydkYonfhEdkifiHjyefjzpf&ef jynfwGif;qefpm;oHk;rIudk avQmhcsíaqmif&Guf&ef vG,fulrnfr[kwfyg/ tjynfjynfqkdif&maiGaMu;&efyHkaiGtzGJU\tqdkt& 2008ckESpfwGifjrefrmEdkifiH\vlwpfOD;csif; *sD'DyDrSm tar&duefa':vm 446cefY&SdNyD; xdkif;EkdifiHwGif tar&duefa':vm4116 &Sdonf[k od&ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh vwfwavmwGif jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh xkdif;EkdifiHuJhokdY 0ifaiGjrifhrm;rIaMumifh jynfwGif;qefpm;okH;rIavQmhcsNyD; jynfyodkY qefwifydkY&efrjzpfEkdifao;onfhtwGuf qefxkwfvkyfrIwdk;wuf&efudkom tm;udk;&rnfjzpfygonf/

72/ v,form;wkdYtm; tcGihfta&;rsm; ydkay;jcif; / / qefpyg;xkwfvkyfrIwdk;yGm;vmap&efv,form;wkdYtm; vkdtyfonfhrufvHk;ay;&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ xdktcsufonf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; acwfwpfavQmufwGif tm;enf;cJhygonf/ jrifomonfhydkYukeftcGefrsm;tjyif v,form;rsm;tm; wm0efauspyg;udk aygufaps;xufedrfhNyD;a&mif;csckdif;rIuJhodkYaom rjrifomonfhtcGefrsm;udkaumufcHNyD; tpdk;&\

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b@mudk yHhydk;cJhygonf/ tcGeftajccHusOf;ajrmif;NyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;pGrf;&nf edrfhusaomEdkifiHrsm;wGifþuJhodkYaqmif&Gufavh&Sdygonf/ qefudkoufomaps;jzihf 0,f,l&eftvdktyfqkH;rSm NrdKUjy&Sd qif;&Jom;rsm;jzpfygonf/ xkdvdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&ef v,form;wkdY\ wm0efauspyg;udk tpdk;&u aps;ESdrfh0,f,lNyD; NrdKUjy&Sdqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; aps;aygaygjzihf jyefvnfa&mif;csay;cJhygonf/ NrdKUjy&Sdpm;oHk;olwdkYonfqefomru "mwfqD? vQyfppfrD;? bwfpfum;c? tdrfvc ponfwdkYudkvnf; tpdk;&axmufyHhrIaMumifhoufomaps;EIef;rsm;jzihf 0,f,lcHpm;cGihfrsm;udk &&SdcJhygonf/ xkdokdY NrdKUjy&Sdpm;oHk;olrsm;tm; axmufyHhaMu;tultnDay;aqmif&onfhtwGuf tpdk;&bwf*sufwGif vdkaiGrsm;jycJhygonf/ ,if;vkdaiGudk v,form;wdkYtay: aumufcHonfhtcGefESifh tjcm;tcaMu;aiGrsm;ESifhuscHonfh twGuf NrdKUjy&Sdjynfolrsm;udkaus;vufu@rS taxmuftyHhay;aeonf[k aumufcsufcsEkdifygonf/

73/ txufygtaMumif;t&mrsm;aMumifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm 'ku©cHae&aomv,form;rsm;twGufoufom&m&ap&ef 2003ckESpf {NyDvwGif rl0g'wpfck csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhygonf27/ xdkrl0g'topfwGifta&;BuD;onfhtcsufESpfcsufyg0ifygonf/ yxrtcsufrSm v,form;wkdY tpdk;&udkay;aqmif&onfhwm0efauspyg;udk zsufodrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfNyD; 'kwd,tcsufrSm yk*¾vduu@udk qefwifydkYcGifhjyKcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;tpDtpOfwGif þrl0g'udk yDjyifatmif qufvuftaumiftxnfazmfjcif;jzihf v,form;rsm; &oihf&xkdufaomtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYvdktyfaomrufvHk;ESifh axmufyHhrIrsm;&&Sd&ef aqmif&GufoGm;ygrnf/

74/ qufvufaqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;rsm; / / v,form;wdkY\ b0wkd;wufa&;ESihf urÇmhaps;uGufwGif jrefrmEdkifiH t"duqefwifydkYonfhEkdifiHtjzpf jyefvnfa&muf&Sda&;wkdYtwGuf vkyf&rnfhvkyfief;rsm;? qufvufaqmif&Gufp&mrsm;udk atmufwGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/

75/ pdkufysKd;a&;pm&if;tif; rSefuefpGm&&Sda&; / / pdkufysKd;a&;tajccHudef;*Pef;rsm; rSefuefpGm&&Sda&;udkpwif aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifhqnfajrmif;0efBuD;Xme? aMu;wdkifESifh ajrpm&if;OD;pD;Xme0efxrf;rsm;onf pdkufysKd;a&;tajccHpm&if;tif;rsm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefa&;twGuf ppfwrf;rsm; aumuf,l&ef vdktyfonfhA[kokwESifh t&nftcsif;rsm;&Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk vkyfydkifcGihfESihf vdktyfaompGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;&&SdEkdif&ef qufvufta&;,laqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/

76/ qeftxGufEIef; wdk;jr§ihfa&; / / pdkufysKd;a&;udef;*Pef;rsm; rSefuef&efvdktyfonfhtjyiftjcm;xif&Sm;onfhvkdtyfrIrSm qeftxGufEIef;wdk;jr§ifha&;yifjzpfygonf/ xkdodkYvkyfaqmif&efrSm ajrMoZm?ydk;owfaq;? oifhavsmfonfh a&xdef;csKyfrI? rsKd;aumif;rsKd;oeYfESifh puf,EÅ&m;toHk;jyKrIwdkYuJhodkYaomacwfrDoGif;tm;pkwdkYudk oifhavsmfpGmtoHk;jyKjcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyif ydkrkdoifhavsmfaom aps;EIef;owfrSwfrI?jzefYjzL;rI? odkavSmifrI? a&mif;0,fazmufum;rI? qeft&nftaoG;owfrSwfrI? ukefacsmtjzpfajymif;vJrI?tcGefaumufcHrI? v,form;wdkY\pdwf"mwfudk rxdcdkufaprnfh pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfrI? pnf;½kH;pDrHrI pojzihfvdktyfjyKvkyfoihfonfhudpörsm; &Sdygonf/ txl;ojzihf v,form;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkYBudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrI\toD;tyGifhudk xdkufxdkufwefwefcHpm;cGifh&MuNyD; Mum;vlyGJpm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;u olwdkYtay: rw&m;tjrwfxkwf,lrIrsm;udkvnf; ta&;,laqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/

27U Myint, "The rice issue", (Unpublished paper, Yangon, 19 September 2003.)

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81/ qefxkwfvkyfolESihf pm;okH;oltusKd;udk jyefcsdefnd§ay;jcif; / /tjcm;ta&;ygaomudpörSmqefaps;EIef;ESihfywfoufí xkwfvkyfolESihfpm;okH;oltusKd;udk jyefcsdefnd§ay;&efjzpfygonf/ v,form;rsm;u qefudk aps;EIef;jrifhjrihf jzihfa&mif;csvkdMuovkd pm;oHk;olrsm;bufrSvnf; qefudk aps;EIef;oufoufomomjzifh 0,f,lpm;oHk;vkdMurnfjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfzufuv,form;rsm; qefpdkufysKd;&efqGJaqmifrI&Sdaomaps;EIef;udk owfrSwfay;&efESifh wpfzufwGifvnf; pm;oHk;olrsm; wwfEkdifaomaps;EIef;jzpf

- 24 -

ap&ef rnfodkYaqmif&Guf&rnfudk tajz&Sm&efvdktyfygonf/ þae&mwGif tajzwpfckrSm ukefpnfvnfywf&eftwGuf ukefusaomp&dwfrsm;udk avQmhcs&efyifjzpfygonf/ om"utaejzifh *syefEdkifiH Instituteof Developing Economies rS jrefrmhaus;vufpD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol a'gufwm IkukoOkamoto \ cefYrSef;csuft& pm;oHk;olay;&aom qefaps;EIef;\ 20&mckdifEIef;udkom v,form;rsm;u&&SdaMumif;? usef 80 &mckdifEIef;rSm odkavSmifp&dwf? o,f,lydkYaqmifp&dwf? jzefYjzL;p&dwf? pufBudwfc?qdyfurf;c ponfwdkYjzpfNyD; t&m&Sdi,frsm;twGuf vufzuf&nfzdk;? t&m&SdBuD;rsm;twGuf txl;vufaqmifESifh tvSL'gersm;yg0ifygonf/ þvnfywfp&dwfudk 50 &mckdifEIef;txd avQmhcsEkdifygu ydkxGufvmrnfh 30&mckdifEIef;rS v,form;rsm;a&mif;aps;udk 15&mckdifEIef;ydkíay;EkdifNyD; pm;oHk;olrsm; 0,f,lonfhaps;EIef;udk 15&mckdifEIef;avQmhvdkufygu qefaps;uGufaps;EIef;udkrxdcdkufapbJ aqmif&GufEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/

82/ txufygukefpnfvnfywfp&dwfavQmhcs&ef tqdkjyKcsufonf vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnfhudpöwpfckjzpfygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;uvnf; ,if;udpöudk vufcHBudKqdkMuygvdrfhrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf wef;wl&nfwlaqmif&GufcGifh&&Sda&;ESihf ukefpnfvnfywfa&;p&dwfaumufcHrIrsm;twGuf vkH;yef;ae&rIonf rdrdwdkYtwGuf 0efpnfpvSnfBuD;jzpfaeygonf/

83/ qeft&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifrIrSwpfqifh ydkYukef0ifaiG jrifhrm;a&; / / jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifhaemuftav;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhudpöwpfckrSm jynfyodkY qefwifydkYa&mif;csonfhyrmPxuf wifydkYrIrS&onfh ydkYukef0ifaiGu ydkta&;BuD;jcif;jzpfygonf/ þae&mwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf atmifjrifrIodyfr&SdcJhyg/jrefrmhqefydkYukefonf t&nftaoG;edrfhNyD;&aom aps;EIef;uvnf; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;xuf ododomomedrfhaeygonf/ xdkYaMumifh txl;tm½kHpkduf&efvdkonfhudpöwpfckrSm qeft&nftaoG;udkjr§ihfwifí aps;aumif;aumif;ESihf jynfyaps;uGufwGifa&mif;csNyD; ydkYukef0ifaiGwdk;yGm;&efyifjzpfygonf/ tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGaMu;&efykHaiGtzGJUuvnf; jynfoltrsm;pkpm;okH;onfh omrefqefudk jynfwGif;üvkHavmufpGmxkwfvkyfNyD; t&nftaoG;jrihfqefudk jynfyokdYwifydkYa&mif;csEdkif&ef tm;xkwfoihfaMumif; tBuHjyKxm;ygonf/

84/ twdwftawGUtBuHKrsm;t& v,form;rsm; wm0efauspyg;rsm;udk tpdk;&xHwifoGif;&mwGift&nftaoG;nHhqefrsm;udk oGif;wwfMuaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ xdkYjyif xdkqefrsm;udk tpdk;&t0,f'dkifrsm;wGif pkykHxm;ojzihf qeftrsKd;tpm;ESihft&nftaoG; a&maESmaeNyD; qefaumif;qefoefY&&Sd&eftcuftcJESihfBuKHawGUae&ygonf/ okdY&mwGif 2003ckESpfü qefEkdifiHjcm;wifydkYrIudk yk*¾vduodkY cGihfjyKvkdufonfhtcg qefaumif;rsm; jynfyydkY&ef tvm;tvmydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomfEkdifiHjcm;rSqef0,fvdkolrsm;ESihf qufoG,frI&Sdaom yk*¾vduqefwifydkYolrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSvdktyfcsufrsm;udktwdtusodonfhtavsmuf v,form;rsm;tm; xdkufoifhonfhaps;EIef;ESifh vkdtyfaomoGif;tm;pkrsm;udk axmufyHhay;NyD; qeft&nftaoG;ESihfyrmP&&Sd&ef aqmif&GufMuygonf/ qefukefonfrsm;onfEkdifiHjcm;rS 0,f,lolrsm;owfrSwfonfh pHcsdefpHñTef;udk jynfhrDaprnfh vdktyfaomqefudk vdkufvH0,f,ljcif;?o,f,lydkYaqmifjcif;? BudwfcGJjcif;? tacsmudkifjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfygvdrfhrnf/ xdkt&nftaoG;rDqefrsm;udkEkdifiHjcm;odkY wifydkYEkdifjcif;? EkdifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&Sdjcif;wdkYaMumifh v,form;ESihfukefonfrsm;om tusKd;&Sdonfr[kwf? EkdifiHtwGufvnf; tusKd;&Sdygrnf/ xkdodkYaom tusKd;tjrwf&&Sdap&eftwGufvnf; qefydkYukefvkyfief;wGif wef;wl&nfwl vkyfaqmifcGifh&&SdrSom aqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/

- 25 -85/ ajr,mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; / /w½kwf(wkdifay)ESihf awmifudk&D;,m;wdkYtygt0if EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ajr,mjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;onf aus;vufa'ozGHUNzdK;a&;ESihf EkdifiHhpD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;wGift"duusaomtcef;u@rS yg0ifcJhygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif v,form;rsm;v,fajrydkifqkdifcGifhr&SdbJv,fvkyfydkifcGihfom&Sdygonf/ xkdYaMumifh vuf&SdtajctaewGif ajr,mjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESihfpyfvsOf;ítcsKdUtdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;uJhokdY jrefrmv,form;rsm;udk v,f,mvkyfydkifcGihfrqkH;½IH;ap&ef umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;zdkYvdkygonf/ xdkYtjyif udkvdkeDacwfuwnf;uowfrSwfxm;aom v,fwpf{u usyftenf;i,faumufcHcJhonfhv,fajrtcGefEIef;xm;onf tpdk;&\tcGeftctwGuf r,fr,f&&r&&SdawmhojzihfjyefvnfokH;oyf&ef vkdtyfygonf/ v,fvkyfydkifcGihf&Sdaom v,form;rsm;onf v,fajrrsm;udk taygifxm;í aiGacs;cGifh&oifhaMumif; tBuHjyKcsufrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/

86/ aus;&Gmom;rsm; tpOftquftokH;jyKvmcJhMuaom aus;&GmydkiftcGihfta&;rsm;tm;umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf ay;a&; / / aus;&Gmwdkif;ü teD;tem;ywf0ef;usif&SdawmwGif xif;acGjcif;?a&uefESihfacsmif;rsm;wGif ig;rQm;jcif;? pm;usufwGif uRJEGm;rsm;ausmif;jcif; ponfhtpOftvmrsm;&SdcJhygonf/ xkdae&mrsm;udk ,cktcg oufqdkif&ma'otmPmydkifrsm;u NcHpnf;½dk;cwfí ¤if;wdkY0ifaiG&&eftwGuf tusKd;tjrwfxkwf,lcJhMu&m &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf xkdbHktcGifhta&;rsm; vufvTwfcJhMu&ygonf/ tvm;wlyif aus;&GmteD;&Sd jrpfacsmif;rsm;? uefrsm;wGif ig;zrf;cGifhudk yk*¾vduodkY vkyfydkifcGifha&mif;csvdkufojzifh v,form;rsm; toHk;jyKcGifhr&awmhyg/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;r[mAsL[m\vkyfief;tpDtpOfudk a&;qGJ&mwGif þtcsufrsm;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/

87/ v,f,mr[kwfaomvkyfief;rsm; jr§ihfwifa&; / / em*pfrkefwdkif;ESifh urÇmhb@ma&;tusyftwnf;wdkYvdk ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHonf xdef;csKyfEkdifpGrf;r&Sdyg/ obm0ab;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rsm;jzpfyGm;onfhtcg 'ku©ta&mufqHk;rSm aus;vufa'oaeqif;&Jolrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf pyg;pdkuf½kHomru tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;vkyfudkifaeaom aus;vuftdrfaxmifpkwpfpk odkYr[kwf aus;&Gmwpf&Gmonf xdkuJhodkYaom tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifhawGUvQif ydkícHEkdifpGrf;&Sdygrnf/ aus;vufa'owGif tacsmudkif? jyKjyifrGrf;rHonfh vkyfief;i,frsm;?aqmufvkyfa&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? jyifqifa&;ESifh tjcm;0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm; wnfaxmifumv,f,mr[kwfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;i,frsm; wnfaxmifEkdifygonf/ w½kwfEkdifiHwGif pdkufysKd;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;pOfü NrdKUe,fESifhaus;&Gmvkyfief;i,frsm;onf vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYtwGuf tvkyftudkifzefwD;ay;jcif;? aus;vuf0ifaiGESifhtxGufwdk;atmif aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;wdkYjzifh t"duusaomae&mrSyg0ifcJhygonf28/ urÇmh&moDOwkajymif;vJrI'Pfudk tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;enf;wl jrefrmEkdifiHvnf;cHpm;&rnfjzpfygonf/ xdkenf;wlpGmyif *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;aMumifh urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rsm;rStusKd;qufrsm;onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ydkrdkí*,uf½dkufrIrsm; ay:aygufaprnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&mv,f,mr[kwfaom tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;jr§ifhwifay;jcif;jzifh aus;vufa'oaejynfolrsm;cHEkdif&nfaumif;vmap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&ygrnf/

28txufwGif&Sdaom tydk'f(44) ESihf (45)udk Munfhyg&ef/

- 26 -88/ jynfwGif;pm;oHk;rIvdktyfcsufESifh jynfyqefwifydkYrI nd§EIdif;a&; / / jynfyodkY qefwifydkYa&;udktav;ay;aqmif&Gufygu qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;twGuf jynfwGif;wGifvdktyfaom qefpm;okH;rI rvkHravmufjzpfrnfudk pdk;&drfrIrsm;&SdMuygonf/ qefpyg;xkwfvkyfonfrS jynfyodkYa&mif;csonftxdvkyfief;pOfwpfavQmufwGif vkdtyfaomjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkaqmif&GufcJhygu xdkpdk;&drfrIrsm;udk ausmfvTm;Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf/ urÇmhqefaps;uGufwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifEkdifpGrf;&Sda&;ESifh t"duurÇmhqefwifydkYonfhEkdifiHjzpfvm&ef jynfwGif;&Sdv,form;rsm;udk t&nftaoG;aumif;qefpyg;rsm; ydkrkdxkwfvkyfEkdifa&;ESihf jynfwGif;? jynfyaps;uGufodkY0ifa&mufEkdif&ef rufvHk;ay;&ygrnf/ xdkYtjyif vkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGif;txl;tcGihfta&;ay;xm;jcif;rsm;udk yaysmufatmifaqmif&Gufay;&ygrnf/ ,if;aemuf aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI? aiGvJvS,fEIef;? tcGefaumufcHrI? jynfolYb@ma&; ponfwdkYudkjyKjyifay;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;tay: ,kHMunfrI&&Sdvmap&ef vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfygonf/qefESifhywfoufí ESD;aESmyGJwpfck ZGefvukefwGif aejynfawmfü usif;y&ef&Sd&m Economic and SocialCommission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)ESifh jrefrmtpdk;&\ oufqdkif&m0efBuD;Xmersm;yl;wGJvkyfaqmifoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/

89/ vkyfaqmifNyD;onfrsm;tay: qufvufaqmif&Gufjcif; / / NyD;cJhaomq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vrf;? wHwm;? qnf? a&tm;vQyfppf? aq;½Hk? avqdyf? ausmif;? wuúodkvf ponfhtajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; aqmufvkyfxm;cJhNyD;jzpf&m ,cktcsdefwGif xkdaqmufvkyfNyD; tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;tm; xda&muftusKd;&SdpGm udkifwG,ftoHk;jyKa&;twGuf tvSnhfay;&rnfhtcsdefyifjzpfygonf/,if;tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm;udk xda&mufpGmtokH;csEkdif&ef aumif;rGefaomrl0g'rsm;? tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m,EÅ&m;rsm;udkcsrSwfí jynfolrsm;\ vkyf&nfudkif&nfrsm;ESihf xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;rsm;udk wdk;wufvmatmif vkyfaqmifay;&rnfjzpfygonf/

90/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;tpDtpOf\ t"duvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; / / qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhusa&;tpDtpOfonf jynfolvlxk\ta&;udk aZmif;ay;vkyf&rnfjzpfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihfqnfajrmif;rsm; rnfrQazmufvkyf xm;onfudk wifjyonfhtjyif qnfa&rsm;onf aus;vufa'oqif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;\ v,f,mpdkufuGif;rsm; qDodkY rnfrQa&muf&Sd&efudk od&efvnf;vdkygonf/xdkenf;wlpGm a&tm;vQyfppfpuf½Hku b,fESvHk;aqmufvkyfxm; onf/ r*¾g0yfrnfrQ&Sdonfqdkonfhudef;*Pef;rsm; azmfjyaeonfhtjyif wdkif;jynfwGif qif;&Jom;tdrfaxmifpkaygif; rnfrQvQyfppfudktoHk;csEkdifNyDqdkonfhtcsufESihf vQyfppf"mwftm;aMumifh olwkdY\ vlaerItqihftwef;udk rnfrQtusKd;oufa&mufrI&Sdaponfqdkjcif;ESihf aus;&Gm&Sdtao;pm;vkyfief;rsm; rnfrQxlaxmifEkdifpGrf;&SdcJhonfudkvnf; azmfjyoifhygonf/ xdkenf;wl vrf;? wHwm;rsm; b,fESpif;aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;NyDqdkaom owif;tjyif xkdvrf;? wHwm;rsm;onf EkdifiHwGif;&Sd qif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;aexkdif&modkY a&muf ra&muf? toHk;jyKEkdifpGrf; &Sd? r&Sd qdkonfhtcsufudkvnf; azmfjyoifhygonf/ xkdYtjyif aq;½HkESifhausmif;rsm; tajrmuftjrm;aqmufvkyfxm;onfhowif;udkvnf; od&ygonf/ xdkaq;½kHESihfausmif;rsm;odkY qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm; rnfrQcsOf;uyfí&onfqdkonfudkvnf; azmfjyoihfygonf/ þerlemrsm;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;tpDtpOfwGif OD;pm;ay;azmfjyjcif;jzifh a&SUokdYqufvufvkyfaqmif&ef ta&;ygonfhtcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/

- 27 -

tcef;(4)teD;uyfapmifhMunfhjcif;? jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;

jrefrmEkdifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;t&if;tjrpfqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;(MDRI)

wnfaxmif&eftqdkjyKjcif;

91/ MDRI \ &nf&G,fcsufESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk tusOf;csKH;í þpmwrf;\ tydk'f(6)wGifazmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/ þtzGJUtpnf;wnfaxmifa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ueOD;awG;qcsuftcsKdUrSmatmufygtwkdif;jzpfygonf/

92/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfrI&Sda&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifhynm&Sifydkif;todkif;t0dkif;ESifhvnf; eD;pyfrI&Sda&;twGufMDRI tm; &efukefwGifxm;&SdNyD; aejynfawmfwGif ½kH;cGJwpfckxm;&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/

93/ MDRI \ 'g½dkufwmbkwftzGJUESifh trIaqmif'g½kdufwm\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmuf&Sd uRrf;usifolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ oD;jcm;vkyfief;pOf&Sdygrnf/ MDRI wGif aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfrnfht&mrSeforQ vGwfvyfyGifhvif;rIudk tajccHí aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf/ tzGJUtpnf;\ oufqdkif&mtmPmykdifrsm;u rdrdwdkY\vkyfydkifcGihfudkjznfhqnf;&ef oifhawmfonf[k,lqygu owfrSwfxm;aomabmiftwGif;rS rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mudkrqkd aqG;aEG;NyD;qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;ygrnf/

94/ MDRI \vkyfief; wGifus,fpGmESifh acsmacsmarGUarGUvkyfaqmifoGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf taqmufttHkudk&efukefNrdKU aumif;rGefaomywf0ef;usifwGifxm;&Sdygrnf/ tm&SESihfypdzdwfa'owGif;&Sd tzGJUtpnf;rsm;enf;wl vdktyfaomtaxmuftulypönf;rsm;jzpfonfh zufpf? tD;ar;vf? tifwmeuftjyif enf;ynmESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;taxmuftuljyK0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;vnf; tjynfhtpHkyg&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf/

95/ MDRI \ &nf&G,fcsufrsm; atmifjrifa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\vkyfief;udktaxmuftuljyK&efvkdtyfygu uRrf;usifrI&Sd? oifhawmfonf[k,lqaom jynfwGif;ESihfjynfyrS rnfoYludkrqdk zdwfac:Ekdifygonf/ jynfwGif;rSyk*¾Kdvfrsm;wGif xif&Sm;aom todynm&Sif? twwfynm&Sifrsm;?pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef&Sdolrsm;? EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSyk*¾dKvfrsm;? wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhMDRI \ &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmufatmifjrifa&;twGuf ¤if;wdkY\tjrifudk wifjyvdkMuaomomrefjynfolrsm;vnf; yg0ifEkdifygonf/

96/ jynfyyk*¾Kdvfrsm;wGif EkdifiH&yfjcm;üaexkdifMuonfh tawGUtBuKHESihf t&nftcsif;&Sdaom jrefrmrsm;udk tav;xm;zdwfac:í yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaprnfjzpfygonf/ EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif u@toD;oD;üuRrf;usifrIESihf tawGUtBuKH A[kokwrsm;pGm&Sdaom pdwftm;xufoefonfh jrefrmvli,frsm; pGm&Sdaeygonf/ xdkolwkdY\ yg0iftusKd;jyKjcif;udkvnf; txl;BudKqdkrnfjzpfygonf/ jynfyyk*¾Kdvfrsm;wGifEkdifiHwum\em;vnfrIrsm; ydkrdkjr§ifhwifEkdif&efESifh jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf MDRI \ OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKtpDtpOfudk axmufcHtm;ay;vmapa&;twGuf ,if;\vkyfief;obm0? &nf&G,fcsuf? vkyfief;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk EkdifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;ESihf urÇmhZmwfckHay:&Sd t"duZmwfaqmifrsm; tm½kHpkdufrI&Sdvmap&ef EkdifiH&yfjcm;&Sd jrefrmrsm;tay: rSDcdktm;xm;ygonf/ ,if;tcsufonfta&;BuD;ygonf/ tb,f

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