Upload
samson-richardson
View
222
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
dr. Muh. Ardi Munir, M.Kes, Sp.OT, FICS, M.HDept. of Anatomy / Orthopaedic &Traumatologi UnTad
General Principles of Musculoskeletal System
Functions of the Musculoskeletal System
- Support and frame work- Protect the body and its organs- Provide motion / locomotors function- Hemopoetik system- storage & exchange of Calcium & phosphate ions
Major Substructures
- skeleton- joints- ligaments- muscles- tendons- neurological elements responsible for locomotor control.
Properties
- macroscopic- microscopic- physiologic- biochemistry- biomechanics
SkeletonConsists: bones & cartilagesBones: - provide a framework of levers - protect organ - contain marrow --> produce blood cells - storage & exchange of Ca & phosphate ions
Cartilage: - hyaline: articular, costal, respiratory, nasal - elastic: external ear, epiglottis - fibrocartilages: intervertebral disc, meniscus
Bones- Types: long, short, flat, irregular- Parts: compact - spongious - medullary cavity
diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis periosteum
- blood & nerve supply - microscopic structure- development:
osteogenesis & ossification increase in size & maturity, & aging
Skeleton
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Cartilages
Types: - hyaline in embryo, epiphysial disc, ribs, articular, respiratory tract - fibrocartilage in certain cartilagineous joint, articular disc - elastic cartilage in auricle & auditory tube
Joints (arthroses)
Classification: synarthroses: - articulationes fibrosae & cartilagineae diarthroses : - articulationes synoviales
OR Solid joints : - fibrous & cartilagineous joints Cavitated joints: - synovial joints
Morphology of a Synovial Joint
Synovial joints
Types: according to axis of movement: - uni-, bi-, triaxial
According to the shapes of articular surfaces: - plane, hinge (ginglymus), condylar, spheroidal,
ellipsoidal, pivot (trochoid), saddle
Synovial JointsMovements:
- active - passive
Blood supply: plexus subsynovial nerve supply : - vasomotor fibers - pain fibers - fibers to detect speed and direction of
movement - fibers to detect joint position
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Muscle cells/myocytes function --> movement
• Classification - Skeletal muscle - Cardiac muscle - Smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle fibers - extrafusal - intrafusal (muscle spindle)
• endomysium• fasciculi• perimysium• epimysium
Attachment of skeletal muscle
• Tendons
• Aponeuroses
• Fascia
• Origin
• Insertion
Naming of Muscles
o The names given to individual muscles usually descriptive, based on their:
- shape - size - number of heads or bellies - position - depth - attachment - action
• These terms are often used in combination
Blood Supply
• From adjacent vessels: one or several anastomosing vessels
• Artery enters on the deep surface• Form neurovascular bundle with veins and
nerves• Veins have valves• Lymphatic vessels commence at epimysium
& perimysium
Motor Units
• A functional unit formed by a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
• Accounts for simultaneous contraction of a number of fibers within a muscle
• Size: small in muscles for precision tasks large in postural muscles
Gradation of muscle contraction
Strategy:
•Increase the impulse frequency of motorneuron
•Increase the number of motor unit recruited
Fiber type of adult skeletal muscle
• Classification of muscle fibers – morphology: red, white – histochemistry: myosin ATPase, myosin
phenotype – physiology: fast & slow contracting, fatigue
resistant. – biochemistry: oxidative, glycolytic, etc.
Muscle Histochemistry
Functional implications of shape and fiber architecture
Direction of action:• The resultant force generated by a muscle is
directed along the line of tendon
• Muscle with twist geometry: the fibers shorten and brought to the same plane
Force and Range of Contraction
Force: - Summation of actin-myosin cross-bridges - depend on the cross sectional area
Range: - Summation of subtraction of min-max
overlapping between actin and myosin - depend on the length of the fibers
Study of muscle action
• Anatomical method• Localized electrical stimulation• Manual palpation• EMG• EMG + other tools• Clinical method
Actions of muscles
• Isometric vs isotonic contraction
• concentric vs eccentric
Classification of muscle role
• Prime mover
• antagonist
• fixator
• synergist
Biomechanics
• First Class Lever
• Second Class Lever
• Third Class Lever
PUSING ….. ??PUSING ….. ??