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RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENTS
DR MOHAMMED MALIK AFROZ
CONTENTS1. X RAY MACHINE AND ITS COMPONENTS2. IOPA X RAY FILM – SIZE 03. IOPA X RAY FILM SIZE 24. OCCLUSAL X RAY FILM5. LEAD BARRIER6. LEAD APRON7. DEVELOPER SOLUTION8. FIXER SOLUTION9. X RAY FILM HOLDER10. DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOX11. X RAY TUBE DIAGRAM12. LEAD FOIL13. BLACK WRAPPING PAPER
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVETo know different equipments (materials) in x
ray roomImportance of each equipment
Different components of Machine1. High frequency x ray
generator2. Mobile stand containing the main power board3. Control timer unit4. X ray exposure switch x ray exposure button5. Horizontal arm6. Rectangular arm7. On/off switch with LED8. Handle9. Front Brakes
IOPA X RAY FILMS CLASSIFICATION1. Based On There Usage
Intraoral Films Extra Oral Films
2. Based On There Exposure
Direct Exposure Films Indirect Exposure Films
3. Based On There Size4. Based On There Speed
COMPOSITION
1. Base 0.2mm thick Polyester
Polyethylene Teraphthalate
2. Emulsion Silver Halide Grains Vehicle Matrix.
LEAD FOIL – USE – TO PROTECT X RAY EXPOSURE TO OTHER AREAS OF BODY
BLACK WRAPPING PAPER – USE – TO AVOID MOISTURE CONTAMINATIONTO AVOID ACCIDENTAL LIGHT LEAKAGE
A. Plastic CoverB. Black Wrapping
PaperC. X ray FilmD. Black Wrapping
PaperE. Lead Foil
IOPA X RAY FILMS – contd…
Digital X Ray SensorsRVG SENSORS – RADIO – VISIO – GRAPHY SENSORS
It is a digital sensor which is connected by a wire to the computer
The sensor transfers the image directly on the computer
There is very less processing time involved as it is done by computer it self
Disadvantage – cost and taking care of the sensors, difficult to place along with wire
Advantages – less time, more sensitive than the x ray film
Digital X Ray Sensors – contd…PSP SENSOR – photo stimulable phosphor plate It is same size as that of x ray filmMore sensitive than the x ray filmAfter taking a radiograph in the same
way as x ray filmThe sensor is passed through a reader
which is connected to the computerThe reader transfers the image on to
the computerAdvantages – no wire hence easy to
operate, more sensitive than x ray film and rvg, sensor is reusable, sensor is more flexible
Disadvantages – cost, more processing time as it uses a reader to transfer the image on computer
RADIATION PROTECTIONLEAD APRON1. Should be worn by the
operator always2. Pregnant patients should
wear the lead apron before exposure
3. It is not advisable to exposure the pregnant patient to radiation in her 1st and 3rd Trimester.
4. If only one lead apron is available then it should be worn by the operator rather than the patient.
RADIATION PROTECTION – contd..
1. It is made up of lead and usually has wheels and a glass window in it
2. It protects the operator and other persons from exposure to x rays
3. Operator goes behind the shield before exposure after he arranges the patient and readies the machine
4. The window in the shield helps the operator to see before exposure that the patient is in the correct position
LEAD BARRIER
INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERSPARALELLING X RAY FILM HOLDERS
It has a ring and x ray holder which are connected to each other by a plastic or metal rod
The ring is used to guide the x ray tube and is kept outside the patient mouth
The x ray film holder is used to place the x ray film in it.
The metal rod is used to increase or decrease the gap between x ray tube ring and x ray film holder
There are different holders for different side
INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERS – CONTD…IOPA X RAY FILM HOLDER/ SNAP ‘A’ RAY FILM HOLDER
Use – to hold the x ray film in patient mouth
It has got a larger beak and a small beak between which x ray film is placed
The larger beak is where the patient bites on the film
The other end of the holder is used to hold the x ray film for anterior teeth exposure
PROCESSING OF X RAY FILM
DEVELOPER SOLUTION
COMPOSITION OF DEVELOPER SOLUTION
FUNCTIONS OF EACH COMPONENT IN DEVELOPER SOLUTION
FIXER SOLUTIONCOMPOSITION OF
FIXER SOLUTIONFUNCTION OF
EACH COMPONENT IN FIXER SOLUTION
Composition Of Developer1. Developer
Pyrazolone Derivatives(1 – Phenyl 3 Pyrazolidine)
Hydroquinine – it provides an e- to reduce oxidized Phenidone to its original form.
Function/use – Is the main component of developer solution which helps in developing the x ray film
2. Activator – sodium or potassium hydrozide Developer is active at alkaline pH
Function/use – It keeps the developer solution in active state and at alkaline pH as developer gives electrons during x ray film developing
Developer Solution
3. Preservative – Sodium Sulfite. Function/use –
Prevents developer from getting oxidized It combines with brown oxidized developer to
make it colourless4. Restrainer – potassium bromide or
BenzotriazoleFunction/Use –
It is more effective in reducing the unexposed silver halide crytals from getting developed
If the film is kept for too long in the developer solution then developer solution can reduce even exposed crystals.
Fixer Composition1. Clearing Agent – Aquous solution of
Ammonium Thiosulphate or Hypo.Function/Use
It dissolves silver halide grainsIt forms stable water soluble substances with
silver ionsIt does not have a rapid effect on metallic
silver grains but excessive fixation results in gradual loss of film density
2. Acidifier – Acetic Acid is used which maintains the fixer solution at 4 – 5 pH
Function/UseIs required to promote good diffusion (entry) of
Thiosulphate (main fixer conponent) into the x ray film emulsion
3. Preservative – Ammonium SulfiteFunction/Use – It prevents oxidation of
Thiosulphate solution4. Hardener – Aluminium SulfiteFunction/Use –
Aluminium complexes with the gelatin during fixing and prevents damage to gelatin during subsequent handling.
DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOXCONTENTS –
Developer jarWater jarFixer jarWater jar
USE – to develop the x ray film
X RAY TUBE
THANK YOU