Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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Chapter 2

One-Dimensional Kinematics (Cont.)

Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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Outline Acceleration

Average acceleration Instantaneous acceleration

Kinematics equation for one-dimensional motion under constant acceleration

Free Fall

Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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Acceleration Average acceleration: the rate of change

of velocity. aav = v/t = (vf – vi )/(tf – ti). SI units: meter per second squared, (m/s2).

Instantaneous acceleration: acceleration at any instant of time.

When acceleration is constant, the instantaneous and average accelerations are the same. Constant acceleration: Both the magnitude

and direction do not change with time.

Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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Example: Average Acceleration Sabb advertises a car that goes

from 0 to 60.0 mi/h in 6.2 s. What is the average acceleration of this car?

An airplane has an average acceleration of 5.6 m/s2 during takeoff. How long does it take for the plane to reach a speed of 150 mi/h? (1 mi = 1609 m)

Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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More about the Directions of Velocity and Acceleration When the velocity and acceleration of an

object have the same signs, the velocity and acceleration point in the same direction and the object speeds up.

When the velocity and acceleration of an object have opposite signs, the velocity and acceleration point in opposite directions and the object slows down.

Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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(a) And (d): Car speeds up

(b) And (c): Car slows down

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Kinematics Equation for 1D Motion under Constant Acceleration

vav = (vi + v)/2.

Table 2-4

Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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Example-Full Speed Ahead A boat leaves at an

initial speed of 1.50 m/s. It speeds up with an acceleration at 2.40 m/s2. (a) How fast is the

boat moving after accelerating for 5.00 s.

(b) How far has the boat traveled in this time?

Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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Free Falling Objects A freely falling object is any object

moving freely under the influence of gravity alone. In real situations, when air resistance can be

neglected, the motion can be approximated as a free fall.

Free fall Dropped (released) from rest Thrown downward Thrown upward

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Acceleration of Freely Falling Object Direction of the free fall acceleration:

The acceleration of an object in free fall is directed downward.

Magnitude of free fall acceleration, g g decreases with increasing altitude and g varies

with latitude 9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface

Assuming the constant value of g=9.80 m/s2 near the Earth surface, free fall is a 1D motion with constant acceleration Both the direction and magnitude do not change.

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Example: Free Fall 1. A person steps off the end of a

3.00-m-high diving board and drops to the water below. (a) How long does it take for the

person to reach the water? (b) What is the person’s speed on

entering the water?

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Example: Free Fall 2. A volcano shoots out blobs of molten

lava, called lava bombs, from ground level. A geologist observing the eruption uses a stopwatch to time the flight of a particular lava bomb that is projected straight upward. If the time for it to rise and fall back to the ground is 4.75 s, and its acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 downward, what is its initial speed?

Dr. Jie Zou PHY 1151G Department of Physics

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Homework Chapter 2, Page 46, Problems: #

30, 44, 64, 65.