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Solar Glitter-Microsystems Enabled PV
Dr. Jeffrey S. Nelson
Co-Director, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
Sandia National Laboratories
October 20-21, 2010
Challenges for the PV Industry(DOE Multi-Year Program Plan, NIST Workshop-May 2010)
Silicon:- More efficient use of Si (grams/Wp)
- Move to thinner wafers (<100 m thickness)
- Manufacturing Improvements
Thin-Films:- Overcome performance limitations
- Manufacturable 20% efficient module
Concentrated PV:
- Low cost high efficiency system designs
- Higher efficiency cells (>50%)
- Automated manufacturing and assembly
Organics:- Improved Performance and Reliability
“PV Systems have not
changed much in 30 years!”(NIST Workshop Quote)
PV System Cost
Current Utility
Scale PV Current
Residential
Scale PV
Target
Current PV State-of-the-Art
Concentrated PV (CPV) a-Si
CdTe
Thin-Film CdTe
Opportunities for PV System Cost Reductions
~75% of Module Cost is the Cell
~85% of Cell cost is Materials
PV Learning Curve
Manufacturing Cost Reductions
Rajendra Singh, "Why silicon is and will remain the dominant
photovoltaic material," Journal of Nanophotonics, vol. 3, 032503 (2009), p. 4.
Grid Parity Considerations
Current Grid Parity Solar MarketsHypothetical 2015 Grid Parity Solar Markets
(~2x Lower System Cost)
Grid parity doesn’t assure adoption!
* Capital Cost (another 2x in cost reduction)
* Aesthetics
* Reliability
* …
Solar Glitter: Microsystem-Enabled PV(Sandia R&D Efforts)
Lightweight
Flexible
Rooftop
Utility PV
• Double the efficiency and half the cost
of conventional PV
• high efficiency (cell level >50%,
system level >40%)
• reduced cost (module cost of
~$0.5-1.0/Wattpeak, system cost of
$2-3/Wattpeak).
Thin c-Si PV Cells
10 to 20 m thick; 0.25mm to 1 cm across
Release Thin c-Si PV Cells and Reuse Substrate
Performance of Thin c-Si PV Cells:
14 micor Si Cell
15 % Efficiency
(after 1 year of R&D)
14 micron thick Crystalline Si Cell
Design of High Watt/Gram, Ultra-Thin c-Si & GaAs Photovoltaic Cells
Thin GaAs Cell Performance
Potential Benefits of Small Cells
Thermal
Management
Optical System
And Tracking
Cells on tapeWafer die
Innovative Fab Processes For Assembly
High-Efficiency Concentrated PV Product Platform
Conceptual cross-section of PV cell structure.
This structure removes or reduces many of the
constraints on current multijunction cells.
on order of 1 mm
Small dimensions allow
high-quality, molded
refractive optics
Each junction
independently
electrically connected
Incoming solar
spectrum
Cells grown independently, out of
ideal materials, and proper
thickness for efficient energy
absorption and transmission
Solar Paint and Crystalline Thin-Films?
Figure 4. Non-functional demo of flexible PV structure constructed using c-Si MEPV cells.
High Efficiency Flexible PV Product Platform
• ~0.5 m2 area
• Peak output is 26 W
• Efficiency is <5%
• Cost $334
• Backpack with integrated solar
• Cost $200
• Peak power is 4.5 W
Sandia Approach
More Information
http://www.futurepv.com/node/161
Microsystems-Enabled Photovoltaics:
A Path to the Widespread Harnessing of Solar Energy
Vipin Gupta, Jose Luis Cruz-Campa,
Murat Okandan, Gregory Nielson
Sandia National Laboratories
21
Sandia’s Photovoltaic Facilities
Distributed Energy Technology LabPV Systems Evaluation and Optimization Lab
• Controlled Side-by-Side Component, Array
and System Characterization
• Full-scale cell and module characterization
laboratory
• Comprehensive Data Acquisition Systems
• Grid Integration, Inverters, Combiners,
Disconnects- All Reconfigurable
• Simulate micro-grid or community (25 homes
and businesses), including
•PV
•Storage
•Fuel Cells
•Microturbines
•Diesel gensets
• Testbed for advanced power conversion and
energy management systems
22
Sandia National Laboratories National
Solar Thermal Test Facility
PARABOLIC TROUGH
DISH STIRLING
Questions?